The structure of the ODS. General characteristics of ODS

The musculoskeletal system ensures movement and preservation of the animal’s body position in space, forms the external shape of the body and participates in metabolic processes. It accounts for about 60% of the body weight of an adult animal.
Conventionally, the musculoskeletal system is divided into passive and active parts. The passive part includes bones and their connections, on which the nature of the mobility of bone levers and links of the animal’s body depends (15%). The active part consists of skeletal muscles and their auxiliary devices, thanks to the contractions of which the bones of the skeleton are set in motion (45%). Both active and passive parts have a common origin (mesoderm) and are closely interconnected.

Functions of the movement apparatus:

1) Motor activity is a manifestation of the vital activity of the organism; it is what distinguishes animal organisms from plant organisms and determines the emergence of a wide variety of modes of movement (walking, running, climbing, swimming, flying).

2) The musculoskeletal system forms the body shape - the exterior of the animal, since its formation took place under the influence of the Earth’s gravitational field, its size and shape in vertebrates are characterized by significant diversity, which is explained by the different conditions of their habitat (terrestrial, ground-woody, air , water).

3) In addition, the movement apparatus provides a number of vital functions of the body: searching and capturing food; attack and active defense; carries out the respiratory function of the lungs (respiratory motility); Helps the heart move blood and lymph through the vessels (“peripheral heart”).

4) In warm-blooded animals (birds and mammals), the movement apparatus ensures the maintenance of a constant body temperature;

The functions of the movement apparatus are provided by the nervous and cardiovascular systems, respiratory, digestive and urinary organs, skin, and endocrine glands. Since the development of the movement apparatus is inextricably linked with the development of the nervous system, when these connections are disrupted, first paresis occurs, and then paralysis of the movement apparatus (the animal cannot move).

The basis of the passive part of the movement apparatus is the skeleton. The skeleton is the bones connected in a certain order that form a solid frame (skeleton) of the animal’s body. The skeleton includes about 200-300 bones (Horse -207), which are connected to each other using connective, cartilage or bone tissue. The skeletal mass of an adult animal is 15%. All functions of the skeleton can be divided into two large groups: mechanical and biological. Mechanical functions include: protective, support, locomotor, spring, anti-gravity, and biological functions include metabolism and hematopoiesis (hemocytopoiesis).

15. Bone structure.

Bone has a complex structure and chemical composition. In a living organism, bone contains 50% water, 28.15% organic substances, including 15.75% fat, and 21.85% inorganic substances, represented by compounds of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and other elements. Defatted, bleached and dried bone (macerated) consists of 1/3 of organic substances called “ossein” and 2/3 of inorganic substances.

Every bone (Latin Os - bone) is an independent body. It has a certain shape, size, structure. Bone as an organ in an adult animal consists of the following components closely related to each other:

1) Periosteum - periosteum, is located on the surface of the bone and consists of two layers. The outer (fibrous) layer is made of dense connective tissue and performs a protective function, strengthens the bone and increases its elastic properties. The inner (osteogenic) layer of the periosteum is made of loose connective tissue, which contains nerves, blood vessels and a significant number of osteoblasts (osteoforming cells). Due to this layer, development, growth in thickness and regeneration of bones occur after damage. The periosteum firmly fuses with the bone with the help of connective tissue perforating (Sharpey's) fibers that penetrate deep into the bone. Thus, the periosteum performs protective, trophic and osteoforming functions.

A bone without periosteum, like a tree without bark, cannot exist. The periosteum, with the bone carefully removed from it, can again form bone due to the intact cells of its inner layer.

2) Compact (dense) bone substance - substantiacompacta - is located behind the periosteum and is built from lamellar bone tissue, which forms bone crossbars (beams). A distinctive feature of the compact substance is dense arrangement of bone bars. The strength of the compacta is ensured by its layered structure and channels, inside of which there are blood-carrying vessels. In terms of strength, the compact substance is equal to cast iron or granite.

3) Spongy bone - substantiaspongiosa - is located under the compact substance inside the bone and is also built from lamellar bone tissue. A distinctive feature of the spongy substance is that the bone crossbars are loosely arranged and form cells, so the spongy substance really resembles a sponge in structure. Compared to compact bone, it has much more pronounced deformation properties and is formed precisely in those places where compression and tension forces act on the bone. The direction of the bone beams of the cancellous substance corresponds to the main stress lines. Elastic deformations in the spongy substance are much more pronounced (4-6 times). The distribution of compact and spongy substances depends on the functional conditions of the bone. The compact substance is found in those bones and in those parts of them that perform the functions of support and movement (for example, in the diaphysis of tubular bones). In places where, with a large volume, it is necessary to maintain lightness and at the same time strength, spongy substance is formed (for example, in the epiphyses of tubular bones).

4) Inside the bone there is a bone marrow cavity - cavummedullae, the walls of which from the inside, as well as the surface of the bone beams, are covered with a thin fibrous connective tissue membrane - endoosteum. Like the periosteum, the endosteum contains osteoblasts, due to which the bone grows from the inside and is restored during fractures.

5) In the cells of the spongy substance and the bone marrow cavity there is red bone marrow - medullaossium rubra, in which hematopoiesis processes take place. In fetuses and newborns, all bones form hematopoiesis, but with age, gradually, myeloid (hematopoietic) tissue is replaced by adipose and red bone marrow turns yellow - medullaossiumflava - and loses its hematopoietic function (in domestic animals this process begins from the second month after birth) . The ratio between red and yellow bone marrow in one-month-old calves is 9:1, and in adults it is 1:1. Red bone marrow is stored longest in the spongy substance of the vertebrae and sternum.

6) Articular cartilage - cartilagoarticularis - covers the articular surfaces of the bone and is built of hyaline cartilaginous tissue. The thickness of cartilage varies greatly. As a rule, it is thinner in the proximal part of the bone than in the distal part. Articular cartilage does not have a perichondrium and never undergoes ossification. With a large static load, it becomes thinner.

In addition to the 6 components mentioned above, a growing bone also has others that form bone growth zones. In such a bone there is also metaphyseal cartilage, which separates the body of the bone (diaphysis) from its ends (epiphyses), and three types of specially constructed bone tissue in contact with this cartilage and called subchondral bone.

Motor ensures the movement of the body and its parts in space Protective creates body cavities to protect internal organs Formative determines the shape and size of the body Supportive framework of the body Hematopoietic red bone marrow is the source of blood cells Metabolic bone is the source of Ca, F and other minerals. Functions

The formative determines the shape and size of the body. The protective one creates body cavities to protect internal organs. The motor system ensures the movement of the body and its parts in space. Energy converts chemical energy into mechanical and thermal energy. Functions

Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacral vertebrae (5) Coccygeal vertebrae (4-5) Transverse processes of vertebrae Cervical lordosis Thoracic kyphosis Lumbar lordosis Sacral kyphosis Vertebral canal Vertebral body Intervertebral foramen Sacral canal Spine

Pelvic bones Femurs Tibia Tibia Tarsus Phalanges 6 Cartilage 4 Articular head 1 Articular cavity 2 Periosteum 3 Articular capsule 5 Articular fluid Heel bone Lower limb Patella 7

Functionally, muscles are divided into: - voluntary. They consist of striated muscle tissue and contract at the will of a person (voluntarily). They consist of striated muscle tissue and contract at the will of a person (voluntarily). These are the muscles of the head, torso, limbs, tongue, larynx, etc. These are the muscles of the head, torso, limbs, tongue, larynx, etc. - involuntary. Consist of smooth muscle tissue and are located in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and skin. They consist of smooth muscle tissue and are located in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and skin. The contractions of these muscles do not depend on the will of the person. The contractions of these muscles do not depend on the will of the person.

Some somatic muscles perform functions in the body that are not related to the movements of skeletal parts. These muscles have a unique shape, special location and attachment points. However, in their tissue composition, microscopic structure, mechanisms of operation and methods of regulation, they do not differ from ordinary skeletal muscles.

Muscles in a living organism, even at rest, are never completely relaxed; they are in a state of some tension - tone. tone. Muscle tone is maintained by rare impulses entering the muscles from the central nervous system. Muscle tone helps maintain stability and position.

Each foot consists of 26 bones, connected to each other by ligaments and muscles, and also has 61 receptors that are responsible for the functioning of a specific human organ. Ligaments are a kind of connecting bands that pull the bones together with the help of muscles, giving the shape of the foot. On the plantar surface of the foot there is also a protective dense broad ligament - the plantar aponeurosis. Foot structure

Clinical picture With statistical flatfoot, painful areas appear: 1. In the sole: the center of the arch and the inner edge of the heel. 2. In the back of the foot: the central part, between the navicular and talus bones. 3. Under the inner and outer ankles. 4. Between the heads of the tarsal bones. 5. In the lower leg muscles (overload). 6. In the knee and hip joints (changes in biomechanics). 7. In the thigh (strain of the fascia lata). 8. In the lumbar region (compensatory strengthening of lordosis).

Constant headache, curvature of the spine (scoliosis or skyphoscoliosis), pinched intervertebral discs, foot deformation (growth of a “painful bone” on the big toe), poor circulation of the lower extremities, swelling and pain in the ankles, changes in the area of ​​the knee joints Consequences of flat feet

A healthy foot is the path to health. On the sole of the foot there are nerve endings that send nerve impulses to the organs for which they are responsible. Eastern medicine, if you have pain in these organs, you can advise getting rid of them by massaging these areas or acupuncture.

Conservative treatment In the initial stages, thermal treatment (foot baths), limiting the load, rational shoes, massage, exercise therapy, walking barefoot on uneven surfaces and sand, walking on tiptoes, jumping, and outdoor games are recommended. For severe flat feet, use insoles with arch modeling and orthopedic shoes. Prevention (rational footwear, massage, walking barefoot, physical education) prevents flat feet. Surgical treatment: Transplantation (for severe forms of flat feet, constant severe pain) of the peroneus longus tendon to the inner edge of the foot, for bone changes - wedge-shaped or crescent-shaped resection of the talocalcaneal joint, knocking out a wedge from the navicular bone. After the operation, a plaster cast is applied for 4-5 weeks.

Self-massage The shin should be stroked, rubbed with your palms, kneaded, and patted with your fingertips. Massage the shin from the ankle to the knee, mainly the inner surface of the shin. The foot should be stroked and rubbed with the back of the bent fingers. The plantar surface of the foot should be massaged from the toes to the heel; It is useful to use special rubber mats and massage rollers.

How to choose shoes for flat feet A leather upper is a must. Leather soles are also desirable; the heel is low, in children's shoes it should occupy at least a third of the sole in order to support the heel and the rear segment of the arch; wide toe; good quality leather; the sole is flexible, no platforms; You can also use special orthopedic insoles and instep supports (orthoses)

An abbreviation is a unit of speech that is formed by reducing several words to one or two or three letters each. In Russian speech they can be represented by a variant of a compound word or an initial type. In the first case, a combination of morphemes is assumed, in the second, only the initial letters are taken. What does the abbreviation “ODS” mean? Its decoding for different areas of activity is given below.

The role of abbreviations and classification

So, as already indicated above, the abbreviation can be represented by two main types, and it is necessary to indicate a third, special case. Thus, we get the classification:

• initial options;
• compound words;
• acronyms.

The latter type is a letter combination that is read and pronounced as a continuous word, and not letter by letter, unlike the initial version. Examples of such abbreviations: NATO (alliance), NASA (space agency), RAS (academy), ABVA (a group from Sweden), VUZ (educational institution) - all these words have long been perceived not as abbreviations, but as commonly used ones.

Examples of words obtained by the complex abbreviation method are: maternity hospital, terrorist attack, collective farm, party committee, regional committee, Komsomol (as we see, during the time of socialist rule, such abbreviations became firmly established in the life of society).

Initial forms, read letter by letter: FBI, FMS, KGB. As a separate form, we can also distinguish such abbreviations that were developed to define an already existing specific single concept, for example, comprehensive automobile insurance except liability (CASCO).

Abbreviations make people's lives easier by shortening complex and long words and phrases, while saving human effort and time.

Reduction of ODS

Speaking about various types of abbreviations, it should be noted that in different areas of human activity the same combinations of letters can have completely different meanings and be in no way connected in meaning.

Thus, the abbreviation JV can be interpreted as a “joint venture” when it comes to economic relations, and as a “north pole” in the context of geography.

The abbreviation ODS implies completely different interpretations, depending on what field of activity we are talking about. Medicine, biology, and construction perceive the reduction of the general labor force differently. The decoding will be different for each industry. Next, we will consider in detail each of the interpretation options.

Medicine

So, reduction of the ODS. The decoding in medicine is simple: the human musculoskeletal system.

This organ system is represented by the bone skeleton and the muscular component, its main functions are:

• Support. The skeleton itself is the main frame of the body, and together with the muscles it literally “holds” the body in the required position, determines the location of the internal organs and fixes them.
• Motor. Thanks to the movable articulation of the vertebrae and joints, as well as through the contraction and work of muscles, the musculoskeletal system provides movement in space.
• Protective. The most important organs - the brain and bone marrow - are under the powerful protection of bone (the skull in the first case and the spine itself in the second). All other organs of the human body are protected in one way or another either by bone (the organs of the chest are protected by the ribs) or by muscles (the abs protect the organs of the abdominal cavity).

Thus, we found out what ODS means in medicine. Decoding in this area reveals the physiological meaning of the concept.

Biology

Let us consider biology as the next branch of knowledge and human activity. The definition says that it is the science of nature, of all living things and of the patterns inherent in organic life. This knowledge system also uses the abbreviation ODS. Biology gives exactly the same interpretation as medicine and interprets the abbreviation as “musculoskeletal system.”

The only difference can be considered that the concept of the musculoskeletal system in biology is a little broader, but in medicine it is specified by the fact that we are talking specifically about a person. In biology, the musculoskeletal system is considered as a set of organs not only of humans, but also of any other animal.

ODS: decoding in construction

What is the interpretation of the abbreviation in the construction industry? When we are talking about the construction of a residential building with an elevator, an industrial building, or a transport facility, the abbreviation ODS is also used. Explanation in this case: combined Represents a set of links for the management or operation of equipment, production, and a transport enterprise. Refers to safety and security systems.

ODS TsUKS - abbreviation decoding

Another area of ​​activity where the ODS reduction is used is saving people. More precisely, the abbreviation is used by people serving in the Ministry of Emergency Situations and in the services under its control. ODS is interpreted in this area as a service.

Often these three letters stand next to others, namely, TsUKS. If we are talking about ODS TsUKS, then we mean the operational duty service of the crisis management center. This unit is engaged in minimizing the consequences of natural disasters and eliminating fires.

Abbreviations occupy a special place in the Russian language. Abbreviations simplify speaking and writing and save time. The same combination of letters can be deciphered differently in different fields of activity, and the abbreviation ODS is proof of this.

Content

The entire set of bones and their connections (joints, ligaments, muscles), coordinated by interconnected nervous structures - this is how the musculoskeletal system (musculoskeletal system, locomotor system) is characterized in anatomy. Playing the role of a protector of internal organs, this apparatus undergoes heavy loads and is susceptible to age-related changes to a greater extent than other body systems. Impairments in the functional ability of the musculoskeletal system lead to deterioration in mobility, so it is important to prevent them at the very beginning.

What is the musculoskeletal system

The muscular frame, connected in a certain way to the bone skeleton through joints and tendons, is the musculoskeletal system. Thanks to the coordinated work of the central nervous system and the ends of the bone levers, conscious mobility of all parts of the body is achieved. At the macroscopic level, the bone structure can be represented as follows:

• periosteum - dense tissue covering the tubular bones, the nerve endings coming from it penetrate inside through micro-holes;
• compact tissue - the substance of the cortical layer of bone, provides storage of chemical elements;
• trabecular substance - spongy tissue consisting of bone partitions located in space in a certain way to ensure the safety of arterial canals and bone marrow.

Structure

Bones, in their entirety, skeleton, muscles and connective structures - this is what makes up the musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal system owes its name to the fundamental elements, which, in addition to the main components, include the following compounds:

• synarthrosis;
• joints;
• tendons;
• ligaments

Active part of the musculoskeletal system

Muscles, diaphragm, and organ walls constitute the active part of the locomotor system. Muscle fiber, consisting of contractile filaments, provides the function of movement of all parts of the musculoskeletal system, including facial expressions. Chemical energy, under the influence of impulses from the brain and spinal cord, is converted into mechanical energy, thereby achieving system mobility.

Passive part

The skeleton, formed by bones of various types, is the passive part of the musculoskeletal system. The structural elements of this area are:

• scull;
• spine;
• chest (ribs and sternum);
• limbs (the upper ones consist of the bones of the forearm, shoulder, hand, the lower ones - from the bones of the femur, lower leg, foot).

Functions

You can understand what functions the system of movement organs performs based on its name, but providing the ability to perform motor actions is far from an exhaustive list of all the functionality of the musculoskeletal system, which is described in the table:

Functions of the musculoskeletal system	Importance for the body
	Provides fixation of internal organs, muscles, tendons and ligaments
Protective	Prevents organ damage
Locomotor	Under the influence of nerve impulses, the interaction of bones and ligaments is achieved, causing muscles to move
Spring	Reduces the degree of load placed on ligaments during physical activity, reduces concussion of organs
Hematopoiesis	Protects red bone marrow where new blood cells are produced
Metabolic	Participates in metabolic processes, ensures constant blood composition
Storage	Formation of a reserve of mineral compounds

Conditions for the correct formation of the musculoskeletal system

Despite the fact that bones seem to be a permanent substance, they are renewed and changed throughout life. Every 10 years, the structural skeletal system is completely replaced, and certain conditions are necessary for the correct formation of its chemical composition. By adhering to the rules below, you can prolong the health of the musculoskeletal system and prevent the development of dysfunction of its departments:

• eating food containing sufficient amounts of calcium and phosphorus;
• ensuring the body receives vital vitamins;
• maintaining muscle activity;
• stress level control;
• compliance with the rest regime;
• rejection of bad habits.

Musculoskeletal disorders

The causes that provoke the occurrence of disorders of the musculoskeletal system are divided into internal and external. Internal ones include those that affect internal organs and systems, contributing to damage to bone tissue. This may be a lack of essential vitamins and minerals in the body (for example, rickets - a form of vitamin deficiency in which bone strength is lost, the cause is a lack of vitamin D). External causes are events uncontrollable by humans that affect the integrity of the bones of the musculoskeletal system, i.e. injuries.

Incorrect body position during movement or at rest (posture) and flattening of the sole (flat feet) have a gradual but constant deforming effect on the locomotor system. All injuries that lead to disorders of the musculoskeletal system can lead to the development of serious diseases if they are not eliminated in the early stages.

Diseases

Partial or complete limitation of one of the functions of the musculoskeletal system is a symptom of the disease. The cause of its appearance divides diseases into primary and secondary. If this pathology occurs as a result of disorders of the locomotor system, then it is considered primary. Secondary are those diseases of the musculoskeletal system that are caused by associated factors. Symptoms, probable causes and suggested treatments are outlined in the table:

Name of the disease of the locomotor system	Symptoms of the disease	Causal factors	Method of treatment
Rheumatoid arthritis	Destructive processes of connective tissue of small joints	Heredity, infections affecting the immune system	Surgical intervention, therapy aimed at reducing pain
	Inflammatory processes occurring in articular bursae	Injuries, repetitive mechanical damage	Antibiotic therapy, hormonal drugs
	Immobility, bone fusion	Post-traumatic infectious lesions	Surgical treatment
Osteoarthritis (osteoarthritis)	Degeneration occurring in cartilage tissues, cartilage rupture	Age-related changes, genetic predisposition, consequences of injuries	Physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises
	Inflammation of the muscles, accompanied by pain during muscle contraction	Hypothermia, exposure to prolonged muscle tension (sports activities, certain types of activities)	Drug treatment using analgesics and painkillers
Tendinitis	Development of tendon dystrophy	Immunological infections, neurological disorders	Compression of the damaged area, in the chronic form it is necessary to take analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
Osteoporosis	Violation of the structure of bone tissue at the microscopic level	Hormonal imbalances, exposure to bad habits, vitamin deficiency	Hormonal therapy, taking vitamin supplements

An integrated approach to treatment

The appearance of the first pain or discomfort when moving should be a reason to consult a doctor. Most diseases of all parts of the musculoskeletal system can be easily cured in the initial stage of the pathological process. Medicine offers a number of preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at improving the health of the spine, among which the following are effective:

• acupuncture;
• manual massages;
• exposure to natural and artificially created factors (magnetic therapy, ultrasound, current, laser);
• physiotherapy;
• prosthetics and other types of surgical interventions;
• medications.

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Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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