Raw materials issue for the light and textile industries. Light industry Production of woolen fabrics in the world

* The calculations use average data for Russia

GENERAL INFORMATION

Textiles are products made from flexible, soft fibers and threads (fabric, wadding, nets, etc.), usually made from yarn on a loom. Textiles also include matter that is not fabric: knitwear, felt, modern non-woven materials, etc.

Textile industry is a group of light industry branches engaged in the processing of plant (cotton, flax, hemp, kenaf, jute, ramie), animal (wool, silk from silkworm cocoons), artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn, threads, and fabrics. It includes the following types of industry:

cotton

woolen

silk

woolen

silk

• hemp and jute

Textiles are one of the main materials used in light industry. Until the end of the 19th century, only natural materials were used in the textile industry - cotton, wool, silk. Then, artificial (based on natural polymers) and synthetic (from hydrocarbon raw materials) fibers became increasingly widespread.

CLASSIFIER OKVED

According to the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED), textile production belongs to the section 17 of the same name, which has the following major subsections:

17.1 "Spinning textile fibers"

17.2 “Weaving production”

17.3 “Finishing of fabrics and textile products”

17.4 “Production of finished textile products, except clothing”

17.5 “Production of other textile products”

17.6 “Production of knitted fabric”

17.7 “Production of knitted products”

ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION IN THE INDUSTRY

Today, the situation in the world is such that the bulk of textile production is concentrated in developing countries that have sufficient quantities of raw materials (for example, cotton) and cheap labor. Developed countries, importing fabrics, make ready-made garments from them, which are then exported to developing countries. At the same time, territorially, the production itself, which belongs to a developed country, may be located in another state.

The light industry of the USSR covered all stages of production - from the production (growing) of raw materials to the manufacture of garments. Today, the domestic light industry is experiencing serious difficulties, primarily associated with the uncompetitiveness of products in terms of price - Asian countries, using cheap labor, offer significantly cheaper products. At the same time, the quality of Russian fabrics is often significantly higher. The share of domestic products today is no more than 30% of the market. It is almost impossible to determine the quantity more accurately due to the presence of “gray” imports. According to experts, the only competitive segment is the production of workwear, supported by government orders.

At the same time, Russian manufacturers are experiencing a shortage of capital for the development and modernization of enterprises. Demand is significantly reduced due to the crisis state of the economy. Indices of consumer sentiment and business confidence have reached record lows in the past two years. The worst forecasts are associated with the textile and clothing industries.

The course towards import substitution raises some hopes, however, most enterprises are not ready for it due to the lack of sufficient production capacity, as well as due to the high share of imported components in production - from raw materials to equipment. Against the backdrop of the weakening ruble, this becomes critical for the industry.

Some experts do not see the point in locating the full production cycle in Russia and call for repeating world practice, in particular, the development of textile imports from China, as well as the location of clothing production there.

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However, the Russian Government plans to develop programs for the development and subsidization of the industry. In particular, there is a draft program for the development of light industry until 2025, according to which the share of Russian products should increase from 25% to 50%. The analysis carried out as part of the development of this program shows that the synthetic fiber production segment has the greatest potential, which can be based on an already existing petrochemical complex. This will give 2.5 times greater effect than the development of natural textile production.

Based on the results of the analysis, 4 main strategic directions for the development of light industry were identified, one of which relates directly to the textile industry: “the creation in Russia of the production of chemical (synthetic and artificial) fibers with an export orientation, primarily through the development of polyester and viscose fibers and threads. Reorientation of mass textile production to synthetic materials (including both textiles for clothing products and technical textiles). The total effect from the implementation of this direction is 0.19% of GDP, 0.12% of which is the effect from the development of the technical textiles segment.”

The advantage of Russia in this case is its geographical proximity to the main markets for polyester fibers - the CIS countries, China, Turkey, etc. The CIS countries have the greatest export potential - 60-70 thousand tons of exports from the Russian Federation by 2025 and Europe - 100-150 thousand tons. The production volume of polyester fibers in Russia can reach 950 thousand tons, which will meet 80% of domestic demand.

Another promising material is viscose, which is a cheaper alternative to cotton. The raw material for viscose, cellulose, is produced in Russia in sufficient quantities. The export potential of viscose is great. The volume of viscose fibers and threads produced in Russia can reach up to 600 thousand tons, providing up to 80% of local consumption and exporting up to 400 thousand tons to the CIS countries, Europe, Turkey, and Africa.

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The main demand for synthetic fabrics in the domestic and foreign markets can be provided by technical textiles. The global technical textiles market is estimated at $130 billion and grows by an average of 3% annually. The volume of the Russian technical textile market in 2012 was estimated in physical terms at 320 thousand tons, and in monetary terms at 77 billion rubles.

Technical textiles have many areas of use: in clothing, agriculture, furniture production, industry, construction, etc. The state plans to develop a number of measures to specifically support the segment and protect it from external influences.

ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE FEDERAL STATISTICS SERVICE

Rosstat data, which the service receives by collecting official data from market participants, may not coincide with data from analytical agencies, whose analytics are based on surveys and the collection of unofficial data.

Figure 1. Dynamics of financial indicators of the industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

Figure 2. Dynamics of financial ratios of the industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

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According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in the period from 2007 to 2015. There is a stable trend of revenue growth in the industry. Since data on sales volumes in physical terms is not available, it is not possible to conclude whether revenue is growing only due to higher prices, or whether sales volumes in units are also growing. At the same time, gross margin and return on sales are also growing. A particularly sharp increase occurred in 2015. These data differ to some extent from data from independent sources.

The indicators of accounts receivable (in 2015 + 67% compared to 2007) and accounts payable (in 2015 + 101% compared to 2007) increased significantly, which indicates problems in mutual settlements with customers and suppliers. High accounts receivable may indicate a shortage of working capital, which can be covered with loans. The dynamics of the debt-to-equity ratio confirms this conclusion: the debt-to-equity ratio increased from 3.66 times in 2007 to 5.62 times in 2015.

Figure 3. Accounts receivable and payable by industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

Figure 4. Shares of regions in gross industry revenue in 2015

CONCLUSION

Despite the positive data from Rosstat, the textile industry in Russia is in a declining state due to the low level of product competitiveness. The market is filled with cheap products from Southeast Asia, most of which are “gray” imports.

Some experts believe that the solution to their current situation is to adopt the experience of developed countries importing textile products. The Government of the Russian Federation, however, has developed programs for the support and development of light industry, including textiles, as its integral part. It is planned to develop a specialized segment of polyester fabrics.

In general, even with a successful process of reorganization of the industry, one can hardly expect its growth in the next 5-7 years. The technologies used in the industry are highly labor and capital intensive.

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- a branch of the economy that includes enterprises for the production of fabrics, clothing production, as well as the production of leather and leather products. These are three main branches of light industry, which in turn are divided into smaller sub-sectors. The volume of shipped goods produced by light industry enterprises in Russia in 2014 amounted to 289.7 billion rubles. Of these, about 44% were in clothing production.

Compared to 2013, there was a decline in production in all sectors of light industry. The production index in the clothing and textile industry for 2014 was 97.5, and in the production of leather, footwear and leather goods this figure was 97.2. According to production indices, light industry sectors occupy 11th and 12th places out of 14 main types of manufacturing industries. In monetary terms, the volume of shipped products decreased by 2.1% compared to 2013, with fabric production and clothing production remaining at the 2013 level, and the decrease in shipment volumes in the leather industry was 11.8%.

To support the light industry in 2014, 1.7 billion rubles were allocated from the Federal budget, and in 2015 the government plans to spend another 1.5 billion on the development of the industry. But, despite these measures, the Russian light industry provides only about 25% of the domestic market, the rest 75% are exported. Today, China has the most developed light industry. At the end of 2014, about 32% of all global light industry products were produced in China. Also among the world leaders in light industry are the countries of South Asia, such as Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The countries of Western Europe and the USA also have a developed light industry, but their main focus is the production of clothing and footwear of famous world brands from raw materials obtained from developing countries. The European leader in the production of light industrial goods is Italy, where a large number of trading houses specializing in the production of clothing, footwear and leather goods are concentrated.

Almost 330 thousand people are employed in the light industry of the Russian Federation. At the same time, about 1/3 of workers work in small enterprises with less than 50 employees. In total, there are about 3.2 thousand small enterprises operating in light industry in Russia. At the end of 2014, their turnover amounted to 22.3% of the total production of Russian light industry, which in monetary terms equals 64.44 billion rubles.

Wages in the industry remain one of the lowest in Russia. In 2014, the average salary for workers in the textile industry and clothing production was 14,468 rubles, and for workers in leather and footwear production - 16,053. Thus, salaries by industry are lower than the average in Russia by 55% and 50%, respectively. The highest average salary for workers employed in leather production is 21,106 rubles, and the lowest for workers employed in fur production is 13,365 rubles.

One of the reasons for such low salaries in the industry is considered to be the high share of shadow business in production, as well as the sale of counterfeit products of foreign and domestic production. For example, the share of shadow imports of shoes to Russia in 2014 amounted to 66.4% of all imported shoes. In shoe sales, shady imports account for 57% of all products sold. About 35% of all shoes and clothing in Russia are sold in markets where trade is carried out by individual entrepreneurs. Unfortunately, most of the products sold are either foreign counterfeits or products produced in Russia in illegal workshops. All this significantly hinders the development of light industry at the all-Russian level, although for some regions light industry enterprises are city-forming. This is especially true for the Ivanovo region of the Russian Federation, where the share of light industry in total production is 33%.

Textile industry

The textile industry is a branch of light industry, which is the basis of the light industry. Textile production refers to the production of yarn, threads, fabrics based on fibers of plant, animal and artificial origin. The textile industry includes the following sub-sectors:

• Production of cotton fabrics;
• Production of woolen fabrics;
• Production of linen fabrics;
• Production of silk fabrics;
• Production of fabrics from artificial fibers;
• Production of nonwoven materials.

Products produced by the textile industry serve as raw materials for other branches of the light industry, and are also used in the manufacture of consumer goods, this primarily applies to non-woven materials.

Nonwoven materials are textile fabrics that are created without the use of weaving technology. That is, the threads are not intertwined, but gluing, needlepunching, felting, and knitting are used to secure them. These materials are subsequently used for the manufacture of shoes and outerwear; non-woven materials produced using paper-making machines are used for the manufacture of napkins, tablecloths and bed linen. Glued nonwoven materials are the most widely used; they are used as a base for polymer coatings, as well as container, wiping, filtering and soundproofing materials.

Production of nonwoven materials in Russia at the end of 2014 amounted to 2.461 billion square meters. meters. This represents just over 1% of global production. In total, about 201 billion square meters were produced in the world over the past year. m of nonwoven materials, which is approximately 7.9 million tons. The leaders in the production of these products are the EU countries, the USA and China.

If we consider the production of fabrics in Russia using weaving equipment, then the bulk of the fabrics produced are cotton. In the structure of the global textile industry, the share of cotton fabrics accounts for 67% of total production; in Russia this figure is 82.7%. In total, in 2014, 1.187 billion square meters were produced in the Russian Federation. m. cotton fabrics. This is 10% less compared to 2013.

In general, 2014 was marked by a significant drop in the production of fabrics made from natural raw materials. Thus, the decline in the production of woolen fabrics amounted to 11.2% and amounted to 11.5 million square meters. meters, and the production of linen fabrics fell by 16.8% to 31.4 million square meters. m. The Ministry of Industry explains this by the lack of raw materials for the textile industry. But we should also not forget that the cost of producing domestic textile products is higher than imported ones, which in turn affects production volumes. Thus, the production of woolen fabrics in the Russian Federation, compared to 2010, decreased by almost half.

The situation is slightly better with the production of fabrics made from artificial fibers, as well as natural silk fabrics. The production of fabrics from artificial fibers in 2014 decreased by only 1% and amounted to 207 million square meters. m. And the production of natural silk fabrics increased by 21% compared to 2013 to 192 thousand square meters. m.

clothing industry

On average in Russia, spending on non-food products accounts for 37% of the total. At the same time, apparel products account for about 8% of Russians’ spending. After an increase in output in 2013 by 5.8%, physical clothing made from fabrics decreased by 0.4% in 2014. As for the shipment of goods from the clothing industry, in monetary terms there is an increase of 5.8%. According to this indicator, growth has been occurring over the past three years. In 2014, the greatest growth in clothing production was shown by the Northwestern Federal District - 52.7%, while a significant decrease in volumes was recorded in the Southern Federal District - 33.5%. For the Federal Districts of Russia, the structure of shipments of clothing production is as follows:

• Central Federal District - 42.4 billion rubles. Share in total shipments – 33.1%
• Northwestern Federal District – 36.3 billion rubles. Share in shipments – 28.4%
• Volga Federal District - 18.9 billion rubles. Share in shipments – 14.8%
• Southern Federal District – 17.7 billion rubles. Share in shipments – 13.8%
• Siberian Federal District – 6.2 billion rubles. Share in shipments – 4.8%
• Ural Federal District – 3.9 billion rubles. Share in shipments – 3%
• North Caucasus Federal District – 1.9 billion rubles. Share in shipments 1.5%
• Far Eastern Federal District - 0.7 billion rubles. Share in shipments 0.5%

The financial situation in the clothing industry is much better than in the textile industry. At the end of 2014, clothing enterprises accounted for an average of 17%, while in textile production this figure was 2.8%. But, despite good financial performance, the share of imports in the industry continues to grow. In 2014, due to restrictions on the supply of goods to the Russian Federation, legal imports of clothing decreased by 5.5% and amounted to 7.74 billion US dollars. But at the same time, shadow imports have increased. This is confirmed by the fact that production volume in 2014 decreased by 0.4%, legal imports decreased by 5.5%, and sales at the same time increased by 2.5% compared to 2013 (in this case, we mean total sales in the domestic market, and not just sales of goods from Russian manufacturers). Thus, we can confidently say that shadow imports continue to grow, filling the market share of legal imports and goods from Russian manufacturers.

The largest importer of clothing to the Russian Federation is China. The share of imports of Chinese textile clothing is about 48% of the total. Also in the top five are Bangladesh, Vietnam, Türkiye and Italy.

The main directions in clothing production are the production of coats and short coats, jackets, suits, dresses and sundresses, trousers and shorts, as well as sewing workwear.

In 2014, Russian light industry enterprises produced 1,239 thousand coats and short coats. This is the only type of clothing for which there was a decline in production. In 2013, the Russian light industry produced 1,335 thousand units, and in 2012 – 1,469 thousand units. Thus, sufficient stock was formed in the warehouses, which led to a decrease in production volumes.

The bulk of the coats and short coats produced are women's models; in 2014, 1,019 thousand pieces were made, which is 82.2% of the total quantity. 220 thousand men's coats and short coats were produced. The largest companies producing this type of outerwear in the Russian Federation based on the results of 2014:

• OJSC Mayak (Nizhny Novgorod region) – 81,600 units.
• Sinar LLC (Novosibirsk region) – 68,600 units.
• CJSC "Baltic Line" (Kaliningrad region) - 57,300 units.
• JSC "Elegant" (Rostov region) - 46,600 units.

In contrast to the production of coats and short coats, the production of jackets by Russian light industry enterprises has been growing steadily over the past three years. So in 2014, production growth was 12.2%.

In 2014, 3,336 thousand jackets were sewn, of which 2,034 thousand were for men, 1,302 thousand were for women. Compared to 2013, the production of men's jackets increased by 392 thousand pieces, and women's jackets by 239 thousand pieces. The largest Russian manufacturer of jackets is Gloria Jeans CJSC, which is located in the Rostov region. Its share in the production volume of this type of clothing is slightly more than 40%. In 2014, this company produced 1,348 thousand jackets. Other large companies producing jackets in the Russian Federation:

• Vitekskom LLC (Moscow region) – 64,100 units.
• LLC "Ariadna-96" (Rostov region) - 32,300 units.
• OJSC "Kukmor Sewing Factory" (Tatarstan) - 24,500 pcs.

The production of suits increased by 13.8% in 2014. This is the largest increase among all major clothing types. This increase is attributed to the fact that there were small balances of goods in the warehouses of enterprises - at the beginning of the year, about 10% of the shipments of these enterprises.

The bulk of the suits produced are men's, about 90% of all suits are sewn. In 2014, Russian enterprises produced 5,264 thousand suits, of which 4,735 thousand were men's. The largest Russian suit manufacturers:

• CJSC Pskov Garment Factory "Slavyanka" - 330,800 pcs.
• OJSC "Sudar" (Vladimir region) - 183,000 units.
• OJSC "Elegant" (Ulyanovsk region) - 124,100 units.
• OJSC "Peplos" (Chelyabinsk region) - 106,700 units.

The production of dresses and sundresses has more than doubled over the past 5 years. In 2014, 8,867 thousand units were produced. dresses and sundresses. This is 10% more than in 2013. The production of dresses and sundresses is very concentrated and although they are produced in all Federal Districts, at the end of 2014, 73% were produced in the Southern Federal District, and 12.3% in the Central Federal District.

The main manufacturer of dresses and sundresses in Russia is CJSC Gloria Jeans Corporation. Its share accounted for about 68% of all Russian production, which in quantitative terms amounts to 6,008 thousand units. Other large companies producing dresses and sundresses in Russia:

• CJSC PKF "Elegant" (Rostov region) - 171,500 units.
• CJSC "Vyaznikovskaya Garment Factory" (Vladimir region) - 81,100 pieces.
• KP Manufactory LLC (Moscow region) – 53,800 units.

The production of trousers, breeches and shorts is the most widespread. In 2014, 21.4 million units were produced. of this product. Compared to 2013, the increase was 400 thousand units. Men's trousers account for 42.3% of total production, the remaining 57.7% is occupied by the production of women's trousers, shorts and breeches. The largest manufacturer of these products in Russia is CJSC Gloria Jeans Corporation. At the end of 2014, this company produced 15,548 thousand trousers, shorts and breeches. Other large Russian companies producing this type of clothing:

• CJSC "Peplos" (Chelyabinsk region) - 136,300 units.
• CJSC Pskov Garment Factory "Slavyanka" - 135,800 pcs.
• CJSC "Alexandria" (Krasnodar region) - 99,300 units.

The production of workwear occupies an important place in the clothing industry, because in addition to the constantly growing demand for products, a significant part of it is sewn in correctional institutions and enterprises of societies for the disabled, thereby providing work for these categories of citizens. In total, about 112 million units of workwear were produced in 2014. Which is 6 million more than in 2013. The total production volume amounted to 37.84 billion rubles.

In addition to the main types of clothing listed above, the Russian light industry produced in 2014:

• Windbreakers and similar products – 769,000 pcs.
• Skirts and trouser skirts – 4,476,000 pcs.
• Men's and women's shirts, blouses and body shirts (except knitted ones) - 4,864,000 pcs.
• Women's coats and short coats made of natural fur – 108,270 pcs.

Production of leather and leather products

The turnover in the leather industry is significantly lower than the total turnover in the clothing and textile industries. In 2014, the revenue of enterprises in this light industry industry amounted to 46.7 billion rubles. This is the worst figure in the last three years. At the same time, enterprises in the industry have a rather low profitability – 6.9%. And the overall net result of enterprises in this light industry sector has been negative for the second year in a row. In 2014, the industry’s financial income was (- 824) million rubles.

This branch of Russian light industry includes three main areas: leather production, footwear production and leather goods production.

Leather production is one of the few sectors of the Russian light industry in which exports exceed imports. Leather production in Russia has been declining since 2010. Compared to the previous year, production decreased by 4.2% and amounted to 2,199.2 million square meters. dm. In the overall structure of production, the main share is made up of chrome leather goods, that is, leather tanned using chromium compounds. The production of hard and soft (yuft) leather is tens of times less.

In the Russian Federation, leather is produced at 22 two enterprises and 20 of them produce chrome leather goods. In addition, 7 enterprises have capacities for the production of yuft leather and 5 for the production of hard leather. Each industry has one that produces more than 40% of the total volume in the country:

• Chrome leather - CJSC "Russkaya Kozha" (Ryazan region) - 1012.7 million sq. dm. (47.2% of total volume).
• Yuft leather - LLC "Vakhrushi-Yuft" (Kirov region) - 20.1 million sq. dm. (55.5% of total volume).
• Hard leather - LLC "Chevro" (Voronezh region) - 9.8 million sq. dm. (51.5% of total volume).

The bulk of leather production is located in the Central Federal District, which accounts for 72.7% of the production of chrome leather and 9.4% of yuft leather goods. Second place is occupied by the Volga Federal District with indicators of 18.7% and 61.3%, respectively. In third place is the Southern Federal District, where the production of chrome leather is 6% of the total, and yuft leather – 26.2%. The share of other Federal Districts in this light industry sector is insignificant.

Leather production is significantly influenced by the amount of imports and exports of products. So in 2013, exports accounted for 28.3% of production volume, and imports – 36.1%. And in 2014, the figures changed dramatically - exports amounted to 48.7%, and imports decreased to 27%.

The main Russian exports are wet blue and crust of cattle, as well as finished leather. Wet blue is a type of tanned leather that is not completely dried, while crust is leather without a grain finish that retains its natural pattern. Wet-blue is sold in standard sheets, and the main buyers of these products in Russia are Italy.

Shoe production in 2014 in the Russian Federation decreased by 6% and amounted to 111 million pairs. Of these, shoes with leather and textile uppers account for 60.8 million pairs, and rubber and plastic shoes account for 41.6 million pairs. 2.8 million pairs of sports shoes and 5.8 million pairs of safety and other footwear were produced.

Although shoe production enterprises are located in 7 Federal Districts, the main volume of production is in the Central District. At the end of 2014, enterprises in this district produced 45.34% of all shoes. The production of footwear products with leather and textile uppers in the districts of the Russian Federation is as follows:

• Central Federal District – 27.57 million pairs;
• Southern Federal District – 14.71 million pairs;
• Volga Federal District – 11.67 million pairs;
• Siberian Federal District – 2.23 million pairs;
• Ural Federal District – 2.21 million pairs;
• North Caucasus Federal District – 1.58 million pairs;
• Northwestern Federal District – 0.89 million pairs.

As in other sectors of light industry, there is a clear leader in the Russian shoe industry. The company Bris-Bosfor LLC (Krasnodar Territory) produces 31% of all shoes with leather and textile uppers in Russia, which in quantitative terms amounts to 18.8 million pairs. Other large companies in this industry:

• MuyaProduction LLC (Vladimir region) – 3.44 million pairs;
• CJSC Shoe Firm Unichel (Chelyabinsk region) – 2.98 million pairs;
• CJSC Ralph Ringer (Moscow) – 1.62 million pairs;
• JSC Torzhok Shoe Factory (Tver Region) – 1.47 million pairs.

Exports of Russian shoes are much less than imports. At the end of 2014, 5.65 million pairs were exported for a total amount of 122.4 million US dollars. The main buyers of Russian shoes are CIS countries.

During the same period, 118.23 million pairs of shoes worth 2,281 million US dollars were imported to Russia. The excess of imports over exports in quantitative terms was 21 times, and in monetary terms 18.7 times. This once again confirms the fact that cheaper shoes are imported into the Russian Federation than Russian-made shoes. The main supplier of shoes to Russia is China.

The production of leather goods in the Russian Federation in 2014 decreased by 18.1% and amounted to 15,482 thousand products. This drop is primarily associated with a large number of balances in the warehouses of enterprises, as well as a drop in demand for domestic products of this type. The largest decline in the production of leather goods was recorded in the Northwestern and Central Federal Districts, by 50.3 and 11.5%, respectively. In the city of St. Petersburg, the main center of the leather goods industry of the Russian Federation, production decreased by 51.2%, but in monetary terms, revenue decreased by only 17%. Companies with the largest output of leather goods (bags, folders, suitcases, etc.) in Russia at the end of 2014:

• LLC "Logistic Inform" (St. Petersburg) - 2,684 thousand units.
• Vladimir Leather Haberdashery Factory LLC - 2,479 thousand units.
• CJSC "Medvedkovo" (Moscow) - 633 thousand units.
• CJSC "Piterbag" (St. Petersburg) - 292 thousand units.

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Light industry of the world is an entire sector of the world economy, which is directly involved in the formation of government budgets in many countries around the world. It combines a large number of industries and sub-sectors, among them the following main ones can be distinguished: clothing, footwear, textile. It is these areas that have received strong development, and the industry of the world can no longer do without their products.

The light industry of the world in the modern global economy has slightly changed its registration. Now they do not have large volumes of production of light industry products, especially the three indicated categories. Currently, this species has received a serious impetus and development in developing countries. In this regard, many developed countries have decided not to compete with cheaper products in this regard, but to concentrate their production on the production of expensive branded goods. A striking example of this can be the clothing industry, because many people know European couturiers and fashion designers who, despite small production volumes, nevertheless receive significant profits precisely due to the exclusivity of their goods.

Let's consider the main branches of light industry.

The textile light industry of the world has changed significantly over the past decades. And the main reason for this was the scientific and technological revolution that occurred in the second half of the last century. Previously, all textiles consisted mainly in the production of cotton products and fabrics, and a small segment was occupied by materials such as wool, flax, and artificial fiber. At present, this industry has significantly expanded its range due to the increased use of various synthetic (chemical) fibers and materials in textiles. The textile industry on a global scale is growing at an incredible pace. Today, the main region, which accounts for up to 70% of the total textile volume, is Asia. And if we consider the textile industry from the perspective of the category of goods and products, then we can safely note that Asian countries supply up to 50% of all wool and cotton fabrics. The largest producers of cotton fabrics are China (supplies up to 30%), India (almost 10%), USA, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia. The situation is almost the same. China's share in this segment is 15%, followed by Italy with 14%, Japan, the USA, Turkey and India, and several Western European countries complete the list. But the domestic industry, despite its large share in the production of natural raw materials for textiles, still has a large decline in production, and at the moment cannot be competitive with imported goods without special government development and support programs. But so far no one is particularly worried about this issue at the state level.

Following the textile industry, it should be noted that the clothing and light industry of the world is engaged in the production of clothing and linen and many other products. The picture in this industry is not significantly different from the textile industry. The leading exporters of such products in the world are China, South Korea, India, Colombia, and Taiwan. And developed countries, as mentioned above, specialize only in small volumes of elite, fashionable and individual products.

The footwear light industry, in relation to the previous and other industries, was most subject to movement to countries with developing economies. This is largely due to the cheaper labor of workers in such countries. China again retains the leading position on a global scale. According to modern estimates, Chinese products account for up to 40% of the total consumer market in the world.

Therefore, to summarize, we can say that recently the center of light industry on a planetary scale has shifted significantly from Western Europe and the USA to Asian countries.

During the era of scientific and technological revolution, fundamental changes occurred in the global fabric production both in the industrial and territorial structure. The rapid growth in the production of chemical fibers has changed the entire structure and technology of fabric production. Natural fabrics have a powerful competitor - fabrics made from chemical fibers: analogues of silk, wool and cotton. The creation of mixed fabrics from natural and chemical fibers was even more important. Mastering manufacturing technology has made it possible to combine the best physical and other properties of both.

In this case, it is necessary to take into account the technological advantages of using chemical fibers, which are immediately produced in the form of continuous threads (except for staple fibers) and do not require a spinning process, like natural fibers. The use of chemical fibers in the production of silk fabrics allows, due to their strength, to significantly increase the speed of weaving machines, as well as knitting and other machines. The chemicalization of the industry contributed to the development of the production of nonwoven materials that do not require spinning and weaving processes at all.

The textile industry produces the following types of fabrics: mixed fabrics (from different types of chemical fibers with an admixture of natural ones); natural - cotton, wool, silk, linen; knitwear (mostly made from synthetic fibers). The global textile industry consumes over 45 million tons of basic raw materials per year, about 50% of which are synthetic and artificial fibers, approximately 45% - cotton and 4-5% - wool, silk, etc. The world produces more than 100 billion square meters of fabrics (including mixed, cotton, wool, silk, knitted).

Among the regions producing the industry's products, Asia stands out (over 40% of the world's fabric production), which is almost two times ahead of North America and Europe. Moreover, highly developed countries focus primarily on the production of expensive clothing from expensive high-quality fabrics and knitwear, the production of which is located there. (Fig. 3.1)

Among the countries of the world, the greatest increase in production in recent decades has occurred in Asian countries, primarily in China, the Republic of Korea, India, and Thailand. The world leaders in the production of fabrics from natural fibers (in total: cotton, wool and silk) are China, the USA, India, followed by the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Germany, significantly lagging behind.

In the global textile industry, the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, or more precisely, the so-called “mixed” fabrics, the raw materials of which include both chemical fibers (artificial and synthetic) and natural ones, is currently taking first place. They replace and gradually replace natural silk and wool fabrics, and even compete with cotton, since fabrics with the addition of chemical fibers are more practical to wear, better quality, less susceptible to creasing, etc. Types of fabrics known in the past, such as wool or, especially, linen (not speaking of pure silk) fabrics, play a very insignificant role, providing approximately only about 10% of the world's fabric production. The main thing is fabrics made from synthetic fibers (with an admixture of natural ones), of which 35-40 billion square meters are produced, and pure cotton fabrics, the production of which is 30-35 billion square meters. Woolen fabrics now account for only about 3 billion square meters, linen and pure silk are even smaller. But knitted fabrics and products made from them are produced in quantities close to 30 billion square meters. In addition, there is a production of hand-woven fabrics in the world, such as the very famous Indian fabric on the world market - the sari, produced annually in the amount of 5-6 billion square meters. and partially exported.

The main producer of mixed fabrics is still the USA (10 billion sq. m.), although their importance in the textile industry is gradually falling, it is losing its position to China and India. India is in second place - about 4 billion square meters, Japan is close to it. They are followed by China, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. The remaining countries provide less than 2 billion sq. m. fabrics per year.

The main producers of cotton fabrics today are China and India (7-9 billion sq. m.), the USA ranks only fourth in the world with an average annual production of about 5 billion sq. m. Next come Italy and a number of countries with an average production of 1.5 to 2 billion square meters. per year are countries such as Mexico or Pakistan (Table 1). Once the largest fabric manufacturer, Great Britain now produces less than 300 million square meters, second even to Portugal, and covers its needs mainly with imported fabrics coming from third world countries. The main exporters of cotton fabrics, in addition to India and China, were Pakistan, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Egypt. Third World countries today account for more than half of the world's cotton textile exports.

Table 3.1.

Leading countries in the world in the production of cotton fabrics,

2005-2008, million [comp. auto according to source 5]

And only in the production of knitwear, the position of developed countries is still significant (especially Italy), but their role is gradually decreasing due to the organization of knitwear production in developing countries, which today provide almost half of the world production of this type of fabric and products made from them.

Woolen fabrics are produced primarily in Western Europe, but also in China, India and, to a lesser extent, Japan. The total output ranges from 1.5 billion to 2 billion sq. m. in 2008 (Table 2).

Table 3.2

Leading countries in the world in the production of woolen fabrics,

2006-2008, million sq. m. [comp. auto according to source 5]

A country	Years
China
India
France	94,7
Japan
Türkiye	88,3			94,5

Even less linen fabric is produced. In addition to Russia, they are produced in significant quantities in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as in the UK.

The production of natural silk, which at one time had almost disappeared, has begun to revive in the last 20 years, producing very expensive “art” fabrics, mainly in China, Japan, India and Italy.

In addition to factory fabrics, the world continues to produce handicraft fabrics for local needs. However, some of their types as “handicraft” products also enter the world market. The most famous of these is the sari type fabric, which is produced in India.

In the global textile industry, the production of “mixed” fabrics takes first place. The main producers of all types of fabrics are China, India, and the USA; they are significantly inferior to the Republic of Korea and Great Britain.

Related information.

Light industry unites many industries and sub-sectors, the main ones being textile, clothing and footwear. These industries are currently developing especially rapidly in newly industrialized countries and other developing countries, which is largely due to their high supply of raw materials and cheap labor. Industrialized countries, having lost their positions in a number of traditional mass, technically uncomplicated industries (cheap types of fabrics, shoes, clothing and other types of consumer products), retain a leading role in the manufacture of especially fashionable, high-quality, expensive products oriented towards high technology and labor qualifications, a limited circle of consumers (production of carpets, furs, jewelry, standards of shoes, clothing, fabrics from expensive raw materials, etc.).

The textile industry in the era of scientific and technological revolution significantly changed its structure. For a long period of time, the main branch of the world's textile industry remained cotton, followed by wool, linen and processing of man-made fibers. Currently, the share of chemical fibers in global fabric production has increased significantly, while the share of cotton, wool and especially flax has decreased. The creation of mixed fabrics from natural and chemical fibers and knitwear (knitted fabric) was of great importance. The share of chemical fibers in the textile industry of developed countries has especially increased. In the economies of developing countries, the main types of textile raw materials remain cotton, wool, and natural silk, although the share of products made from chemical fibers has recently increased significantly.

Textile industry In general, it is developing at a faster pace in the group of developing countries. Asia has become the main region of the textile industry in the world, providing today about 70% of the total amount of fabrics, more than half of the production of cotton and woolen fabrics.

The main producers of cotton fabrics are China (30% of world production), India (10%), USA, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Pakistan, Italy, Egypt,

Among the leading producers of woolen fabrics are also a significant part of Asian countries. The world's largest manufacturer of these fabrics is China (15%), followed by Italy (14%), Japan, USA, India, Turkey, Republic of Korea, Germany, Great Britain, Spain.

And in the production of the most expensive silk fabrics, with the absolute leadership of the USA (over 50%), the share of Asian countries is also very large, especially India, China and Japan (more than 40%).

The production of linen fabrics decreased significantly. They are produced in large quantities only in Russia and Western European countries (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain).

Developed countries of the world (especially the USA, Italy, Japan, Germany, France), while their share in the production of cotton and woolen fabrics is decreasing, remain the largest producers of knitwear and fabrics made from chemical fibers (synthetic and blended). Although in these types of textile industries their role is steadily declining due to the organization of production in developing countries (India, China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, etc.).

In Russia, which was one of the largest manufacturers of all types of natural fabrics in the world, their production is experiencing a severe decline.

The importance of developing countries in production is also great clothing industry(linen, outerwear, etc.). Many of them, and above all China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, and Colombia, have become the largest producers and exporters of ready-made clothing. Developed countries (especially the USA, France, Italy, etc.) are increasingly specializing in the production of fashionable, elite, individual products,

Shoe industry Among the light industry sectors, the largest movement has moved from developed countries to countries with cheap labor - developing countries. The leaders in the production of footwear have become the People's Republic of China (which has overtaken the former leaders Italy and the USA in its production and produces more than 40% of footwear in the world) and other Asian countries - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand. In developed countries (Italy, USA, Austria, Germany stand out), the production of leather shoes from expensive raw materials, with high labor intensity of production, has been preserved mainly. The developing countries of Asia specialize more in sports and indoor shoes. The largest manufacturer and exporter of such shoes is Italy. In Russia, shoe production has decreased several times in recent years, and the country has transformed from the world's largest shoe producer (in 1990, second only to China) into a significant importer.