Reserve (Vladimir) Palace in Pushkin. Spare palace (Dacha Kochubey) Spare palace in Tsarskoye Selo

Reserve Palace - an architectural monument of the first half of the 19th century V. in the city of Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo).

Built between 1817 and 1824. designed by architect Adam Adamovich Menelas A. Later, Vasily Petrovich Stasov also participated in the design. Architectural style - classicism. Initially, the palace belonged (donated personally by Emperor Alexander I) to the noble Kochubey couple, statesman, Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey and his wife, state lady Maria Vasilievna.

After the count's death in 1835, the palace building was purchased by the Department of Appanages. After which the palace became the residence of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (3rd son of Emperor Nicholas I), and was called Nikolaevsky. After his marriage, the Grand Duke sold the palace back public administration Dvora. And in 1859 the palace received modern name- Tsarskoye Selo Reserve.

In 1875, the palace was transferred to Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (3rd son of Emperor Alexander II), after which the palace was called Vladimirsky.

During the revolution of 1917, the palace was occupied by revolutionary structures. The building was very seriously damaged during the Great Patriotic War, and was actually rebuilt in the 1950s. After which the city House of Pioneers was opened there. Further, in different periods of the Soviet era, there were: a local history museum, a branch of the theater academy, cadet corps FSB. Currently, it houses the wedding palace No. 3.

12. Spare palace. Wedding Palace No. 3

After the end of the war with Napoleon, Alexander I foreign policy turned to internal affairs great country and was in dire need of experienced and progressive managers. One of the emperor’s close associates was Count V.P. Kochubey, connected with him by a former youthful friendship based on a common passion for republican ideas. But times changed and an inevitable cooling set in: Kochubey was disappointed by the emperor’s indecisiveness, half-heartedness, and duplicity on a number of issues; he repeatedly asked for his resignation and finally received it.

In 1816, Kochubey’s nine-year-old son dies, and the entire family leaves Russia, fearing for the health of the remaining children. The count, who was “rich and famous”, and therefore independent, was planning to retire upon his return and the emperor knew about his intention, but really did not want to lose an important official. Apparently, precisely wanting to return the count to service, Alexander I gave Kochubey a truly royal gift at this time - he built a palace in Tsarskoye Selo, not far from his own residence.
The author of the original architectural idea was Alexander I himself, who sketched an architectural sketch and gave it to the architect P.V. for processing. Neelov. Apparently the pencil sketch, put in order by Neelov, was the source document for the further development of the project, which was, as often happened, entrusted to several architects at once. Subsequently, A. Menelas took part in the design process, but the main final decision belonged to the architect V.P. Stasov.

For the construction of the palace, the emperor granted a plot of land between the Pavlovskaya road and the old Moscow highway, where in the first half of the 18th century. On the bank of the Vangazya stream, near the road leading to Grafskaya Slavyanka, there was an old tavern, and after the founding of Pavlovsk in 1777, an outpost with a guardhouse was built.
The main building that now exists was erected in 1817-1818, and even when the palace was being built, the Highest order followed to expand the site granted to Kochubey by more than double. Returning in the summer of 1818, the Kochubeis immediately settled in Tsarskoye Selo. They were greeted with a warm welcome by the imperial family; the Kochubey Palace became the center of social, cultural, and business life.
Kochubey himself almost immediately returned to service and by the end of his life (1834) held the position of Minister of Internal Affairs. Thus, the emperor’s diplomatic move was quite successful, although Kochubey’s attitude towards his activities changed - “He no longer harbored any illusions; the count’s correspondence with Alexander was now completely official in nature...”

After the death of the first owner, in 1835, the palace was bought by Nicholas I from his widow in favor of his heir, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. By the time the Grand Duke came of age, the palace was significantly rebuilt. It was at this time that marble sculptures of lions appeared on the sides of the main entrance of the palace.
Upon completion of construction work, in 1859 the dacha was bought by the Ministry of the Imperial Household, and it officially became known as the Tsarskoye Selo Reserve Palace, serving as a kind of VIP hotel for important people.
In 1875, the Reserve Palace came into the possession of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the son of Emperor Alexander II, and belonged to his family until 1917. Since 1910, the name Vladimir Palace was assigned to it.

After February Revolution, abandoned by the owners, the palace was destroyed. It was alternately occupied by various committees, Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, and governing bodies of the workers' and peasants' government... The palace services housed agronomic and agricultural courses...

During the Second World War, the palace suffered greatly; the interior decoration was completely destroyed. Restoration work was carried out in 1955-1958, the facades returned to their original historical appearance, and the building was actually given to the Palace of Pioneers. Later, the theater studio of the Tsarskoye Selo State Historical Museum was located in the Reserve Palace; the former outbuildings of the estate were occupied by the cadet corps of the FSB of Russia.

For the 300th anniversary of Tsarskoe Selo, a very popular building was opened in the palace

In the early 1600s, Tsar Boris Godunov, trying to establish himself on the throne and win the recognition of the people, started a large stone construction in the Kremlin in order to “feed people” during hungry years. In 1601-1603, on the site of the wooden mansion of the sons of Ivan the Terrible standing on the cut-out, extensive three-story stone chambers were built, which later received the name of the Reserve Palace. The lower tier, buried in the ground, served as a retaining wall. In plan, the new building had the shape of a quadrangle with an inner courtyard bordering the Front Courtyard of the royal residence. The connection between them was carried out through an arch located under the Sretensky Cathedral. Both courtyards were surrounded by arched galleries, characteristic of Renaissance buildings. The southern longitudinal side of the palace extended 52 fathoms along the hillside. The reserve palace was at that time the largest building in Russia.

The external facades of the palace, clearly visible in the engraving of the early 18th century, also bear Renaissance features: pronounced interfloor cornices, window openings decorated with platbands with triangular sandstones. The sparsely spaced small windows of the lower tier, the more frequent rhythm of the windows of the second floor and the rich plasticity of the upper third floor emphasize the monumentality and majesty of the structure.

The stone floors of the new palace, which had economic purposes, were probably built over the wooden residential mansions of Tsar Boris. Their existence is confirmed by information about the destruction of these choirs by Dmitry the Pretender, who reigned in the Kremlin after the overthrow of the power of the Godunovs. Instead, in 1605, False Dmitry built for himself and the future Tsarina Marina Mnishek a new wooden palace, which, according to eyewitnesses, was distinguished by the luxury and splendor of its interior decoration, made in the European style. The mansions were built over the western and southern wings of the Reserve Palace. Judging by the surviving image, they consisted of separate one- and two-story cages, covered with gable roofs and high tents.

After the death of the Pretender, Tsar Vasily Shuisky, elected by the boyars, not wanting to live in the chambers desecrated by the false Tsar, dismantled them and in the same place built new timber mansions for himself and the Tsarina.

Instead of wooden chambers, in 1623 Tsar Michael built the Upper Embankment Garden on the roof of the Reserve Palace, in which fruit and ornamental trees grew, and there were ponds and fountains supplied with water from a water supply system built in 1633 by Christopher Galovey.

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, striving to restore the idea of ​​continuity as the basis of strength state power, tried, as far as possible, to preserve ancient monuments and in 1753 completed the work begun under Anna Ioannovna to restore the dilapidated Embankment Garden as a “thing of state.” At the same time, the walls and vaults of the Reserve Palace, above which the garden was located, were strengthened, and the waterproofing coating of the roof was replaced.

Under Catherine II, who planned the construction of a new Kremlin Palace in the early 1770s, the Reserve Palace, along with other ancient buildings, was dismantled down to the basement, which was in ruins long time was preserved as a retaining wall at the foot of the hill.

This house was established by the manifesto of Catherine II, opened in 1764. The building was built in 1764-1770. K.I.Blank. The church burned down in the first 2 - 3 years of Soviet power. Since 1918, the building has been the Palace of Labor. Former Spare palace. Built in 1753 on the site of the Old Living Yard for palace supplies. From the middle of the 19th century. the building housed the Moscow Nobility Institute for girls of noble birth named after the Emperor Alexandra III in memory of Empress Catherine II. The building housed the Church of Iannuarius the Holy Martyr.

The palace was rebuilt in the beginning. 1930s in the style of constructivism by architect I.A. Fomin.V Soviet time the People's Commissariat of Railways (Narkomput) was located here, and then the Ministry of Railways - “Locomotive House”.

Sources book "Forty Forties", http://wikimapia.org

Novaya Basmannaya Street, 2/1. Russian Railways building - Zhitny Dvor - Reserve Palace in Moscow

The place where the Russian Railways-MPS building is located today on Novaya Basmannaya Street, 2/1 is rich in its history, as is the high-rise building itself on the corner with Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya Street, next to the Krasnye Vorota metro station.

The first known buildings appeared here in the middle of the 17th century after the formation of the Zhitny Dvor. The basis of the complex is the buildings of the Reserve Palace, which date back to the 18th century.

The residential yard appeared here even before it entered territorially city ​​limits old Moscow, which ran along the Zemlyanoy Val line. It was on the outer side of this fortification that the bridgehead was located, the area of ​​which was allocated for the Zhitny Dvor.

In the miraculously preserved drawings, dated 1742, one can see that “... The Residential Yard was located along the passage of Zemlyanoy Gorod and was a series of stone chambers with an entrance hall, a passage gate and two stone round towers on the sides...”.

In the period from 1753 to 1759, the former courtyard was rebuilt and received the name Reserve. His responsibility included issues of procurement and storage. various types food for supply to the royal court. The Palace Office, which managed the property of the entire royal family, was also located here.

During the construction of the Reserve Yard, they did not forget about religious buildings. So, in the main building, on the second floor, two churches were built, consecrated in the name of the martyr Sebastian and the holy martyr Iannuarius.

The new reconstruction can already be seen on the site plan dating back to the end of the eighteenth century. The newly built structure was made in the form of a square and consisted of a number of two-story buildings. The interior space was occupied by an impressively sized courtyard.

The three sides of this unique square were a single structure, but the main building, located on the north side, along modern Novaya Basmannaya Street, 2, stood separately and was connected to the ends of the other buildings by two travel gates.

The facade of the building was decorated on a palace scale in the Baroque style. The central part was crowned by a dome built over the inner church, and it itself was decorated with pilasters, as well as continuous relief of various platbands and panels. On the façade, to emphasize that the building belongs to government agency, a bas-relief of a double-headed eagle was installed.

Due to the beauty of the structure, the Reserve Yard began to be called the Reserve Palace.

In 1802, the façade of the Reserve Palace, which faced Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya and Novaya Basmannaya streets, was decorated in classicist decor.

The fire of 1812 spared the architectural ensemble. Throughout the nineteenth century, the complex was the dominant feature of the Sennaya (now Lermontov Square) and Krasnovorotskaya (now Red Gate Square) areas, along with the architecturally unique Red Gate, which, unfortunately, was demolished during the years of Soviet power.

In 1890, the Institute of Noble Maidens, named after Empress Catherine II, was located in the premises of the Reserve Palace.

In the period from 1902 to 1906, another reconstruction of the palace took place. At this time, the buildings on the eastern, western, and northern sides were built with an additional third floor. The main building on the side of Novaya Basmannaya, 2 was expanded and a double-height main hall was added to the interior space.

At the same time, a passage arch was built on the side of Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya Street, 1.

The general decor was also made in the style of classicism, but in the so-called “new edition” inherent in this architectural style at the beginning of the 20th century. Then Corinthian porticos and blades appeared on the facades, and the surface was decorated with rustication.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, some time later, the former Reserve Palace was given over to house the People's Commissariat of Railways.

In 1923, the 3rd floor was built above the southern building. Six years later - in 1929 - the 4th and 5th floors appeared on the building from the side of Novaya Basmannaya Street, 2, designed by the architect Ivan Rerberg.

Recent significant changes in appearance the buildings were added between 1932 and 1938. According to the project drawn up by the architect Ivan Aleksandrovich Fomin, all buildings were built to five floors, and the facades were designed in the constructivist style. At the corner of the architectural ensemble, a clock tower was erected, which at that time became the defining vertical of the nearby space.

The buildings on Novaya Basmannaya Street, 2/1 are owned by Russian railways and now most Muscovites call this place the Russian Railways building.

http://moscowgrand.ru/10318-Novaja_Basmannaja_21_Zdanie_RZhD_-_Zhitnyj_dvor_-_Zapasnoj_dvorec.html

In the 18th century, there was a tavern in this place, on the bank of the Vangazya stream. By the end of the century, the area began to be improved, and already at the beginning of the nineteenth century (in 1816), Emperor Alexander I donated a plot of land for the construction of a palace to his former very close friend Count (later Prince) Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey. Kochubey, experiencing the death of his little son, intended to go abroad and subsequently completely withdraw from state affairs, while Alexander hoped to keep the prince near him with a luxurious gift.

August Architect

Alexander I, who acted as the official customer, developed the first design of the palace, wanting it to please the Kochubeys and thereby console them at least a little. The emperor in general had a great penchant for architectural studies, apparently inherited from his august father and grandmother: all buildings erected in the capital had to undergo the highest “approbation”, and we have already written about his participation in the creation and implementation.
In addition to the emperor, the architects Neyolov, Menelas and Stasov contributed pencils to the architectural appearance of the palace. As a result of such creative collaboration, a luxurious building arose in the immediate vicinity of the Imperial Catherine Palace, its forms subtly reminiscent of Italian villas inspired by the great Palladio. In the summer of 1818, Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey returned to Tsarskoye and to the sovereign’s service, becoming Minister of Internal Affairs. All the emperor's plans came true.

Home of the Queen of Spades

The count's wife, Maria Vasilievna Kochubey, was a remarkable lady in many respects. Her usual intimate guests were emperors and members of their families, and she became known in the world from infancy. It was like this: her aunt, the rich and wayward Natalya Kirillovna Zagryazhskaya, daughter of the famous hetman of Ukraine Kirill Razumovsky, immediately after her birth took her from Moscow to St. Petersburg, and, as contemporaries wrote, “All the parents’ demands for the return of their daughter were in vain. Zagryazhskaya arranged it so that the young Vasilchikova remained behind her...”. In her old age, Zagryazhskaya lived in the house of her pupil, including in the palace in Tsarskoe. It is believed that it was she who served as one of the prototypes for the countess in “The Queen of Spades”: Zagryazhskaya, by marriage, was the great-aunt of Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova, and Pushkin often visited her. Until her old age, Zagryazhskaya (and she died in her 90th year, having outlived the poet by more than a month, by the way) was the center of social life: people went to her to play cards (Zagryazhskaya passionately loved Boston, although she played badly), to meet with friends And the right people and listen to her conversations, full of bright and poignant historical anecdotes. Pushkin included some of them in his collection “Table-talk”.

Party at the prince's house

In 1821, the gates of the Catherine Park “To my dear colleagues” were installed on the main compositional axis, ordered by Alexander I in gratitude to the military of the empire, who defeated Napoleon with him. This finally confirmed the “ideological” connection of the palace with the imperial family. And in 1835, this family completely bought it from the wife of the late State Chancellor, Prince Kochubey, and since then the palace entered the department of the Ministry of the Court and was used either by various grand dukes or for the apartments of their entourage. Tsarskoye Selo gardeners organized flower exhibitions here from the greenhouses adjacent to the palace.

In 1875 he settled here Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich with his family. The golden times of the palace, which received the name of Vladimirsky, began: the prince’s family loved the palace very much and usually spent eight months a year here, three of Vladimir Alexandrovich’s five children were born here. Children's birthdays were celebrated with fireworks, which especially delighted aristocratic offspring - modest, but grand ducal. In the archives of the Ministry of the Court there is the following entry: must be brought to the Reserve Palace “by the 30th of this September, i.e. by the birthday of Vel. book Kirill Vladimirovich, inexpensive fireworks... following the example of last year" And “50 pieces each of hand cups and other hand-held firework preparations.”
The holidays of the parents of these children were much more magnificent. Flowers to decorate the balls were brought from the imperial greenhouse, and from the neighboring imperial palace down the street, employees carried silverware. In order for the “statistics of girls and boys” to converge, special lists were compiled of “dancing officers” of the Life Guards of the Hussar, Horse, and Cavalry Guard regiments. There was, of course, a special “dress code”. So, on November 6, 1878, it was ordered to arrive “ladies in cut-out dresses... officers in festive uniforms, civilians in uniforms, tailcoats and ribbons”. Instead of Cinderella's carriage, an emergency train followed for the guests of Vladimir Alexandrovich and his wife Maria Pavlovna from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo; those who wanted to were taken back an hour after the end of the ball. These balls were all-inclusive; you could even ask for an apartment for changing clothes or spending the night.

Cupid's Palace after the tractor and the pioneers

After the revolution, the executive committee of the new authorities was located in the palace for a short time, then it was occupied by various agricultural organizations; until the late 1990s, there was a vintage Fordson tractor near the coach house. In the second half of the 1950s, the building again became a palace - the Palace of Pioneers, then the theater studio of the Tsarskoe Selo State Historical Museum settled in it.
For the 300th anniversary of the city of muses, a large-scale restoration was carried out in the palace, clearing it of historical deposits, and the building again changed its status. Again, to the palace. On June 24, 2010, the Reserve (Vladimir Palace) became the home of Cupid: the Wedding Palace No. 3 was opened there, which in terms of popularity successfully competes with the aristocratic-august Embankment of England.

Address: Tsarskoe Selo, Sadovaya street, building 22.