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Life and scientific activity of V.I. Vernadsky

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Vernadsky natural science noosphere biosphere

Introduction

5. Vernadsky’s contribution to science

7. The appearance of a scientist and a person

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) - Russian naturalist, thinker and public figure. The founder of the complex of modern earth sciences - geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology, hydrogeology, etc. The creator of many scientific schools. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1912; academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917), first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (1919). Professor at Moscow University (1898-1911), resigned in protest against the oppression of students. The ideas of Vladimir Vernadsky played an outstanding role in the formation of the modern scientific picture of the world. At the center of his natural science and philosophical interests is the development of a holistic doctrine of the biosphere, living matter (organizing the earth's shell) and the evolution of the biosphere into the noosphere, in which the human mind and activity, scientific thought become the determining factor of development, a powerful force comparable in its impact on nature with geological processes. Vernadsky's teaching on the relationship between nature and society had a strong influence on the formation of modern environmental consciousness. Vladimir Ivanovich developed the traditions of Russian cosmism, based on the idea of the internal unity of humanity and the cosmos. Vernadsky is one of the leaders of the zemstvo liberal movement and the cadet party (constitutional democrats). Organizer and director of the Radium Institute (1922-39), Biogeochemical Laboratory (since 1928; now the Institute of Geochemistry and analytical chemistry RAS named after Vernadsky). USSR State Prize (1943).

1. Family, childhood and studies of Vernadsky

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was born on March 12 (February 28, old style) 1863, in St. Petersburg. He came from a noble family, the son of economist and professor Ivan Vasilyevich Vernadsky and the first Russian female political economist Maria Nikolaevna Verdnadskaya, née Shigaeva. Both father and mother were famous economists and publicists, a liberal atmosphere of the ideals of the sixties of the 19th century reigned in the family, and they never forgot about their Ukrainian roots. In 1873-1880, V. Vernadsky studied at the gymnasiums of Kharkov and St. Petersburg, in 1881-1885 - at the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. Professors Andrei Nikolaevich Beketov, Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov had a great influence on him. His scientific supervisor was Vasily Vasilievich Dokuchaev. It was under his influence that Veronadsky took up dynamic mineralogy and crystallography. In 1888, based on materials from expeditions conducted under the leadership of Dokuchaev, Vernadsky’s first independent scientific work, “On the phosphorites of the Smolensk province,” was written. V. Vernadsky took an active civic position, participated in the student unrest of 1882, and was elected to student scientific and public organizations. He, together with F.F. and Sergei Fedorovich Oldenburg, Ivan Mikhailovich Grevs, Andrei Nikolaevich Krasnov, Dmitry Ivanovich Shakhovsky and others, created the liberal-oriented circle “Priyutino Brotherhood”. Like some other members of the circle, Vernadsky strived for public education, collaborated in the publishing house “Posrednik”, in the St. Petersburg Literacy Committee. In 1886, Vladimir Vernadsky married Natalya Egorovna, the daughter of State Council member E. P. Staritsky.

2. The beginning of Vernadsky’s creative career

In 1885-1888, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was the keeper of the Mineralogical Cabinet of St. Petersburg University; in 1888-1891, in the best laboratories in Italy, Germany, France and Great Britain, he prepared a dissertation “On the sillimanite group and the role of alumina in silicates.” In 1890-1998 - private associate professor at Moscow University; defended his doctoral dissertation “The Phenomenon of Sliding of Crystalline Matter.” Vladimir Ivanovich turned the scattered collections of the Mineralogical Cabinet of Moscow University into a valuable museum collection, and the cabinet itself into a genuine research institute, in which the famous Vernadsky school arose. He made numerous geological and soil science excursions throughout Russia and Europe, studied geological, paleontological, mineralogical and meteorite collections in the largest museums in the world, and participated in international congresses. Actively participated in social and political activities: zemstvo councilor of the Morshansky district of the Tambov province; in 1891, together with Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy and the newspaper “Russian Vedomosti”, he created a wide public organization to help the hungry.

3. Public and scientific recognition

Since the beginning of the 20th century, V.I. Vernadsky occupied a prominent place in the scientific community and political life of Russia. He maintained active scientific and personal connections with scientists all over the world, right up to Japan. In 1898-1911 - professor at Moscow University, assistant to the rector at the same university, one of the founders and teachers of Shanyavsky Moscow University.

In 1906, Vladimir Vernadsky was elected adjunct of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and appointed head of the mineralogical department of the Peter the Great Geological Museum, in 1908 he was elected extraordinary academician, in 1912 - ordinary academician, in 1914 - director of the Mineralogical and Geological Museum of the Academy of Sciences, in 1915 - Chairman of the Commission for the Study of the Productive Forces of Russia (KEPS), created largely on his initiative. The following institutes were subsequently formed from KEPS: ceramics, radium optical, physicochemical, platinum and others. In 1903, Vernadsky’s monograph “Fundamentals of Crystallography” was published, and in 1908 the publication of separate issues of “An Experience in Descriptive Mineralogy” began. In 1907, Vernadsky began research on radioactive minerals in Russia, and in 1910 he created and headed the Radium Commission of the Academy of Sciences. Work at KEPS stimulated the development of systematic research by Vernadsky on problems of biogeochemistry, the study of living matter and the biosphere. In 1916, he began to develop the basic principles of biogeochemistry, studying the chemical composition of organisms and their role in the migration of atoms in the geological shells of the Earth.

In 1902, Vladimir Vernadsky began giving a course of lectures on history Russian science. Since then, historical and scientific issues have become an integral part of his scientific work. The historical and scientific essay “On the Scientific Worldview,” published in 1902, was reprinted several times. Vernadsky’s pen includes “Essays on the history of natural science in Russia in the 18th century”, “The Academy of Sciences in the first century of its history”, essays on the history of crystallography and soil science, articles on outstanding Russian and foreign scientists.

In the pre-revolutionary years, V. Vernadsky actively participated in the zemstvo movement, in the creation of the magazine “Osvobozhdenie”, the “Union of Liberation” formed around it, and in 1905 in the organization of the Academic Union. He is one of the founders and member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, an active supporter agrarian reform and the abolition of the death penalty. In 1906 and 1915 he was elected member of the State Council from the Academic Curia.

4. Revolution and civil war

After the February Revolution, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Chairman of the Commission on Scientific Institutions and Scientific Enterprises, Comrade of the Minister of Public Education. He actively participated in organizing the Free Association for the Development and Diffusion of Positive Sciences, and in developing plans for the establishment of universities, research institutes and academies. After the October Revolution, Vernadsky became a member of the Small Council of Ministers, which declared the Soviet government illegal. Hiding from arrest, he went to the south of Russia, where he experienced all the horrors of multiple changes of authorities. During the Civil War, V.I. Vernadsky was the president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, which he created together with N.P. Vasilenko (1919), and the rector of Tauride University. Returning to Petrograd in 1921, where he was arrested for a short time, he was involved in the creation of the Radium Institute and its leadership, the Commission on the History of Knowledge. He conducted intensive biogeochemical research and prepared a large manuscript, “Living Matter,” published only in 1978, and published the little books “The Chemical Composition of Living Matter” (1922) and “The Beginning and Eternity of Life” (1922).

Prolonged business trip and return home

In the 1920-1930s, the main works of Vladimir Vernadsky were written in the field of biogeochemistry and the doctrine of the biosphere, philosophy and history of science. In 1922-1926 he was abroad, where he gave a course of lectures at the Sorbonne, worked at the Mineralogical Laboratory of the Museum of Natural History and the Pierre Curie Radium Institute. He tried to find funds for the organization of the International Institute for the Study of Living Matter and in 1924 he published “Essays on Geochemistry” in French, in which he first presented his biogeochemical views in the form of a monograph. In 1926, Vladimir returned to Soviet Russia, in the same year he published the famous book “Biosphere”, and created the Biogeochemical Laboratory (1928). In 1938, the first cyclotron in our country began operating at the Radium Institute, which he headed. He was one of the initiators of the development of work on the intensive study of the atomic nucleus with the aim of using the energy of radioactive decay.

5. Vernadsky’s contribution to science

V. Vernadsky made significant contributions to mineralogy and crystallography. In 1888-1897, he developed the concept of the structure of silicates, put forward the theory of the kaolin core, clarified the classification of siliceous compounds and studied the sliding of crystalline matter, primarily the phenomenon of shear in rock salt and calcite crystals.

In 1890-1911 he developed genetic mineralogy, established a connection between the form of crystallization of a mineral, its chemical composition, genesis and conditions of formation. During these same years, Vernadsky formulated the basic ideas and problems of geochemistry, within the framework of which he carried out the first systematic studies of the laws of the structure and composition of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. From 1907 he conducted geological research on radioactive elements, laying the foundation for radiogeology. In 1916-1940, Vladimir Ivanovich formulated the main principles and problems of biogeochemistry, created the doctrine of the biosphere and its evolution. Vernadsky set the task of quantitatively studying the elemental composition of living matter and the geochemical functions it performs, the role of individual species in the transformation of energy in the biosphere, in the geochemical migrations of elements, in lithogenesis and mineralogenesis. He schematically outlined the main trends in the evolution of the biosphere: the expansion of life on the surface of the Earth and the strengthening of its transformative influence on the abiotic environment; an increase in the scale and intensity of biogenic migrations of atoms, the emergence of qualitatively new geochemical functions of living matter, the conquest of new mineral and energy resources by life; transition of the biosphere to the noosphere. In the 1960s, the “Renaissance of Vernadsky’s ideas” began in the USSR, and in the 1990s there was a boom in reprints of his works in European languages: since 1993, “Biosphere” was published four times in Italy, Spain, Germany, France and the USA and three times - - “Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon.” His ideas were used in the construction of closed ecosystems in space flights and in the grandiose project to create an artificial biosphere (“Biosphere 2”) in the USA. In his historical and scientific works, Vladimir Vernadsky abandoned the cumulative model of the progress of knowledge and showed continuous transformations of the picture of the world and the values of the obtained facts and generalizations, predetermined by a complex of cognitive and socio-cultural factors.

Of the 416 works of V.I. Vernadsky published during his lifetime, 100 are devoted to mineralogy, 70 to biochemistry, 50 to geochemistry, 43 to the history of sciences, 37 to organizational issues, 29 to crystallography, 21 to radiogeology, 14 to soil science, the rest to various problems of science , history, etc.

The largest works of V.I. Vernadsky:

Fundamentals of crystallography. Part 1. Moscow. univers. 1904.

Mineralogy. Parts 1 and 2. Moscow. univers. 1910.

Biosphere. Leningrad.1926.

History of minerals earth's crust. In 2 volumes. 1933.

Essays on Geochemistry. 1934.

Biogeochemical essays. M. 1940.

Collected works in 5 volumes. M. 1954-1960.

Chemical structure biosphere of the Earth and its environment. M. Science. 1965.

Reflections of a naturalist. M. Science. 1977.

Living matter. M. Science. 1978.

Problems of biogeochemistry. Proceedings of the biogeochemical laboratory. M. Science. 1980.

Pages from the autobiography of V.I. Vernadsky. M. Science. 1981.

Selected works on the history of science. M. Science. 1981.

Proceedings on general history Sciences. M. Science. 1988.

Philosophical thoughts of a naturalist. M. Science. 1988.

Biosphere and noosphere. M. Science. 1989

Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M. Science. 1991.

Proceedings on biogeochemistry and geochemistry of soils. M. Science. 1992.

Proceedings on geochemistry. M. Science. 1994.

Journalistic articles. M. Science. 1995.

Proceedings on radiogeology. M. Science. 1997.

Articles about scientists and their creativity. M. Science. 1997.

Scientific works on radiogeology: (from the book V.I. Vernadsky. “Works on radiogeology” M. 1997)

The task of the day in the field of radium.

Radium Institutes.

Radioactive ores in the earth's crust.

On the study of radioactive minerals.

On the need to study radioactive minerals of the Russian Empire.

On the radioactivity of chemical elements in the earth's crust.

Mendeleevite is a new radioactive mineral.

On the concentration of radium by living organisms.

On the concentration of radium by plant organisms.

On the issue of radioactivity of oil drilling waters.

On the study of radium in oil fields of the Union (Together with V.G. Khlopin)

Radioactivity and new problems of geology.

Thorium or mesothorium in seawater?

Problems of radiogeology.

About some current problems of radiogeology.

On the importance of radiogeology for modern geology.

On the need to isolate and preserve pure heavy isotopes of natural radioactive processes.

6. The doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere

In the structure of the biosphere, Vladimir Vernadsky identified seven types of matter:

2) biogenic (arising from living things or undergoing processing);

3) inert (abiotic, formed outside of life);

4) bioinert (arising at the junction of living and inanimate; according to Vernadsky, bioinert includes soil);

5) a substance in the stage of radioactive decay;

6) scattered atoms;

7) matter of cosmic origin.

Vladimir Vernadsky was a proponent of the panspermia hypothesis. Vernadsky extended the methods and approaches of crystallography to the matter of living organisms. Living matter develops in real space, which has a certain structure, symmetry and dissymmetry. The structure of matter corresponds to a certain space, and their diversity indicates the diversity of spaces. Thus, living and inert cannot have a common origin; they come from different spaces, eternally located nearby in Cosmos. For some time, Vernadsky associated the features of the space of living matter with its supposed non-Euclidean character, but for unclear reasons he abandoned this interpretation and began to explain the space of living matter as the unity of space-time.

Vladimir Vernadsky considered an important stage in the irreversible evolution of the biosphere to be its transition to the noosphere stage. The main prerequisites for the emergence of the noosphere:

1) the spread of Homo sapiens over the entire surface of the planet and its victory in competition with other biological species;

2) development of planetary communication systems, creation of a unified information system for humanity;

3) the discovery of such new sources of energy as nuclear, after which human activity becomes an important geological force;

4) the victory of democracies and access to government for the broad masses;

5) the increasing involvement of people in science, which also makes humanity a geological force.

Vernadsky's works were characterized by historical optimism: he saw the irreversible development of scientific knowledge as the only proof of the existence of progress.

7. The appearance of a scientist and a person

Origins life values Vernadsky - the views of the intelligentsia of post-reform Russia, who called for the transformation of society. These views were formed under the influence of the growing worldwide authority of science, amazing discoveries and their technical implementations. Vladimir Vernadsky believed in the purpose of science as the main factor in the improvement of society. Realizing that in Russia the development of science is possible only with the support of the state, the eternal critic of the authorities, Vernadsky, made every effort to strengthen the country’s scientific potential, realizing that the Romanovs and Lenins were leaving, and Russia must withstand the cataclysms of the 20th century. Vernadsky actively defended the freedom of scientific creativity and believed that under the influence of the successes of science, the most immoral regime would be transformed.

From his teachers (A. N. Beketov, A. M. Butlerov, V. V. Dokuchaev, D. I. Mendeleev, I. M. Sechenov, etc.), Vladimir Vernadsky inherited a broad scientific approach and high ethical standards. He fought for honor, freedom, and sometimes the lives of his students, friends and employees who fell under the millstones of the punitive system. Dozens of times Vernadsky sent letters to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, to the Council of People's Commissars, to the USSR Prosecutor's Office, and to the NKVD.

From his first steps in the scientific field, Vernadsky established himself as a broad-minded natural scientist. He tried to integrate various spheres of human knowledge and create major natural science and worldview concepts. This attracted many scientists to him, which made it possible to create powerful scientific schools of world significance.

Conclusion

Vernadsky remains our contemporary. In recent years, he has been increasingly quoted, referred to, and admired. The institutes, laboratories, and commissions he organized continue to operate. We still have a lot of new things to learn about him: a large number of his articles, letters, documents and several monographs have not yet been published. New generations of scientists are destined to “discover” Vernadsky, rethink his ideas, and learn from him the art of synthesis of sciences. Vernadsky was not a master of scientific paradoxes. His ideas, expressed in the form of brief formulations or formulas, are not always able to capture the reader’s imagination. Perhaps that is why he did not become as famous a scientist for the general public as, say, Albert Einstein. (It is also important that in school programs Much attention is paid to physics, and geology is studied casually, as if by the way, very superficially.)

Literature

1. Lectures on descriptive mineralogy (read at Moscow University). M., Tipolitogr. Richter, 1899.

2. Fundamentals of crystallography. Part I, c. I. M., Moscow. Univ., 1904.

3. Mineralogy. Part 1 and part 2. M., Moscow. Univ., 1910.

4. Essays and speeches. I-II., Scientific. Chem.-Techn. ed., M., 1922.

5. Evolution of species and living matter. "Nature", 1928, No. 3.

6. Time problem modern science. Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences, 7 series, OMEN, 1932, No. 4.

7. Regarding the critical comments of Academician A. M. Deborin. Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences, 7 series, OMEN, 1933, No. 3

8. Problems of biogeochemistry. I. The importance of biogeochemistry for the study of the biosphere. L., USSR Academy of Sciences, 1934.

9. Problems of biogeochemistry. II. About the fundamental material and energy difference between living and inert natural themes of the biosphere. M.-L., USSR Academy of Sciences, 1939.

10. Biogeochemical essays. M.-L., USSR Academy of Sciences, 1940.

11. Problems of biogeochemistry. IV. About rightism and leftism. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M.-L., 1940.

12. Goethe as a naturalist. Bulletin MOIP. New series, 1946, vol. 51, Dept. Geol., vol. 21(1).

13. Selected works, vols. I-VI. M., "Science", 1954-1960.

14. Chemical structure of the Earth’s biosphere and its environment. M., "Science", 1965.

15. Reflections of a naturalist. "Nature", 1973, No. 6.

16. On the organization of scientific work. "Nature", 1975, No. 4.

17. Reflections of a naturalist. Space and time in inanimate and living nature. M., "Science", 1975.

18. Reflections of a naturalist. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M., "Science", 1977.

19. Living matter. M., "Science", 1978.

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Introduction

Economic program of noble liberalism of the 19th century. In Russia, she noted the economic ineffectiveness of serf labor, its unproductivity, and unprofitability for society: “serfdom impedes the development of trade and industry.” He proved his proposals using economic methods based on statistical data.

The noble liberals divided themselves into Westerners and Slavophiles. The difference lay in the attitude towards the Western European experience of economic development.

The noble liberals were joined by bourgeois liberals who defended the bourgeois path of development of Russia. Their representative was I.V. Vernadsky

Encyclopedic information about I.V. Vernadsky are quite meager: Ivan Vasilyevich Vernadsky (24.5.1821-27.3.1884), Russian economist. Professor of political economy at Kyiv, then Moscow universities (1846-56), Main pedagogical institute and the Alexander Lyceum in St. Petersburg (1861-68). Founder and editor of the magazines "Economic Index" (1857-61) and "Economist" (1858-64). Author of works on political economy, history of economic thought, statistics and customs and tariff policy. During the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861, Vernadsky opposed the enslaving conditions for the liberation of the peasants.

A supporter of the development of large capitalist industry in Russia, he considered the laws of capitalism as natural and eternal. Vernadsky's views were criticized by N.G. Chernyshevsky and are better known precisely from his polemical works (in particular, Chernyshevsky presents Vernadsky as an opponent of the liberation of peasants in general, and not on enslaving conditions).

Biography and main works of I.V. Vernadsky

Vernadsky Ivan Vasilievich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Political Economy and Statistics, extraordinary professor in the department of political economy and statistics, collegiate adviser, Orthodox faith, son of a state councilor, from the nobility of the Chernigov province, born in Kiev on May 24, 1821. Initially he studied with F. .WITH. Shimkevich, author of “Cornesword of the Russian Language”. In 1831, he entered the higher department of the Kyiv district theological school as a free student, and, upon the opening of the Kyiv educational district and the reorganization of the Kiev gymnasium, he entered the 3rd grade of the 1st gymnasium. In 1837, with the permission of the trustee, without completing the full course of the gymnasium, which then consisted of 7 classes, he passed the exam at the University of St. Vladimir and was accepted into the institute of state-owned students in the 1st department of the Faculty of Philosophy. While at the university in the 3rd year, he wrote a dissertation on a given philosophical topic, entitled: “To present and critically examine the most remarkable opinions of peoples and thinkers about the state of human souls beyond the grave,” for which he received a gold medal. In 1841, he was awarded the degree of Candidate of Philosophy and assigned to the Podolsk provincial gymnasium as a senior teacher of Russian literature. In this gymnasium, for the ceremonial ceremony, he wrote a speech: “On the significance of the Slavs in the life of Europe,” where he tried to indicate the significance of the main historical phenomena, mainly in the history of the Western Slavs. In 1842, at the call of the local authorities, he moved to the 2nd Kyiv Gymnasium as a senior teacher of Russian literature and filled the position of secretary of the pedagogical council. At this time, he began to study political economy and the faculty (1st department of the university’s Faculty of Philosophy), in which he received his education, soon elected him to occupy the department on this subject at the university, for which Vernadsky was sent to Germany for 3 years, France, England, Belgium and Holland. During his three-year stay abroad, according to instructions, Vernadsky, having familiarized himself with the methods of presentation and teaching content of Berlin professors: Riedel, Diteritsi, Helving, Ritter, Raumer, etc., Heidelberg: Pay, Schlosser, Zepfl, etc., tried to expand the circle of his information through visual study of different countries Western Europe. For this purpose, he visited the Austrian possessions twice, spent part of his vacation time at the Hohenheim Agronomical Institute, attended lectures at various universities, visited western and inner Switzerland, and at the end of 1844, went to Paris. Here he followed the readings of Blanca, Michel Chevalier and others, did not lose sight of the economic debates of the chambers, visited various industrial and charitable institutions, etc. Then he traveled through Belgium, the Rhine provinces and Western Switzerland to Italy to Castellammare, from where went through Paris (1845) to London. In England, Vernadsky tried to familiarize himself with economic institutions, studied the system of poor laws, workhouses, etc. In addition, by traveling through the main industrial cities of Great Britain, he became acquainted with the forms and course of local productivity and trade. He made one of these trips (to Dondi) together with members of the Russian commission to study the flax industry. In 1846, through Holland, Hamburg, Berlin, Copenhagen, Gothenburg, Motala, Stockholm went to Abo, from where he arrived by land to St. Petersburg, where he soon began the exam for the master's degree in political economy and statistics. The dissertation he wrote for this degree: “On the Theory of Needs” was defended by him in 1847, and at the same time he was awarded the title he sought. scientific degree. At the end of the exam, Vernadsky returned to Kiev, where he began, with the rank of adjunct (correction case, from November 7, 1846, adjunct from June 15, 1847) to give lectures on his subject, without stopping them even during the opening soon cholera.

After a year, from the end of the master's exam, Vernadsky began testing for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Political Economy and Statistics at the Imperial Moscow University, which awarded him the degree he sought in 1849. The dissertation he wrote for this purpose was published in the same year under the title: “Historical-critical study of the Italian political economic literature before early XIX century." Upon returning to Kyiv, he, on the recommendation of the Council, was approved as an extraordinary professor in the department he occupied (December 14, 1849). At this time, having completed his “Initial Foundations of Political Economy,” he presented this work to the University Council, which, in 1850, decided to print it at the public expense, which, however, did not happen, due to Vernadsky’s move to Moscow University, he was ordinary professor in the same department until 1856. Bartenev S.A. History of Economic Thought. Digital library RGUI

Vernadsky was a member of the Imperial Geographical Society, the Moscow Society of Agriculture, and the Highest Approved Commission for the Description of the Province of the Kyiv Educational District. In 1856, Vernadsky moved to serve from Moscow to St. Petersburg, where he served as an official of special assignments under the Minister of Internal Affairs, with the rank of state councilor. In 1869, he was appointed manager of the office of the State Bank in Kharkov, and since 1870 he was there as chairman of the Mutual Credit Society and assistant to the chairman of the Kharkov Statistical Committee, holding the rank of full state councilor. In 1876 he moved again to St. Petersburg.

As a scientist, Vernadsky was a follower of the Manchester school of political economy. From 1868-1876, Vernadsky was the manager of the office of a state bank in Kharkov, where he was also the chairman of the mutual credit society and a fellow chairman of the statistical committee. He died in St. Petersburg in 1884.

Works of Vernadsky:

1) in 1848, he published translations of several political and economic stories by Mrs. Marriet (from English) in the magazine “Zvezdochka”;

2) in 1849 he published his doctoral dissertation: A critical-historical study of Italian political-economic literature before the beginning of the 19th century. In the following years, he published mainly critical articles in various magazines: for example,

3) in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education (Part LXXIV): The Problem of Statistics; Subject of political economy (part HS);

4) in Otechestvennye Zapiski: Studies of the productive forces of Russia by Tengoborsky, three articles (1852, vol. LXXX, LXXXI, LXXXII); about op. N. Bunge “The Theory of Credit” (1852, LXXXV); Plan for a statistical description of the provinces of the Kyiv educational district, compiled. D. Zhuravsky (1853, vol. LXXXVIII);

5) in the Moscow Gazette: about the statement of population in 1846; on the economic and statistical atlas of Russia; about Coquelin's Political-Economic Dictionary; about railways; about the book by G. Lardner “Railway economy”; about the Bulletin of the Russian Geographical Society; about the Collection of statistical information, etc. In 1854 he published articles there:

6) Political balance and England (separately, Moscow, 1854 and 2nd, corrected ed., St. Petersburg, 1877);

7) In the Bulletin of the Russian Geographical Society, he constantly published reports on foreign statistical publications, etc. Then he published:

8) translation of the work of L.V. Tengoborsky: On the productive forces of Russia (3 books, 1854-58), with additions and translator’s notes;

9) Historical outline of practical statistics (brochure undated);

10) Abstract of political economy (for teaching at the Main Pedagogical Institute);

11) Romanesque beginning and Napoleonids, St. Petersburg. 1855;

12) Essay on the theory of needs, St. Petersburg, 1857;

13) Essay on the history of political economy, St. Petersburg, 1858;

14) A popular presentation of the basic principles of political economy, St. Petersburg, 1861;

15) About exchange and trade. Public lectures with notes. and appl. articles on the protective system and differential duties in Russia, St. Petersburg, 1865.

In addition, from 1857-61 he published in St. Petersburg the “Economic Index, Statistical, Economic,” a political and industrial magazine published weekly (in - 8), and “The Economist: Supplement to the Index” (1858-60 ). Vernadsky carried out the translation of Tengoborsky's works and the publication of the Economic Index with the close participation of his wife Marya Nikolaevna Vernadskaya (née Shigaeva), a famous writer in Russian economic literature. Her articles: “Women’s Labor”; “About children's education”; "Aristocratic Labor"; "Household"; “On initial training”; “The social significance of economic laws”; "The Appointment of a Woman"; “On Slaves” and others on economic issues, as well as a number of bibliographic notes on outstanding works in the field of economic Russian and foreign literature, published in the Index, were included in the collected works of her (St. Petersburg, 1862). Gorodetsky V.K. History of Economic Thought. Electronic library of Omsk State Pedagogical University

In 1881, Vernadsky published a translation from French of Storch’s famous work “Course of Political Economy” (St. Petersburg, in his own printing house), providing it with his notes.

The teachings of V. I. Vernadsky as the basis for a new worldview

Classical understanding worldview [Dilthey 1912] as a set of views, assessments, principles and imaginative ideas that determine the most general vision, understanding of the world, a person’s place in it, as well as life positions, programs of behavior, actions of people, and the concept of the noosphere are closely related. The noosphere takes us to new things noospheric worldview[Grachev 2013].

In the works of V.I. Vernadsky there are many reflections on the scientific worldview. He writes: “The scientific worldview is the creation and expression of the human spirit; Along with it, religious worldview, art, public and personal ethics, social life, philosophical thought or contemplation are manifestations of the same work. Like these major reflections of the human personality, the scientific worldview changes in different eras among different peoples, has its own laws of change and certain clear forms of manifestation” [Vernadsky 2000: 23].

Solution environmental problems V.I. Vernadsky saw it in a change in worldview and ideological principles, that is, in noospheric thinking. Therefore, nowadays Vernadsky’s doctrine of the transition of the biosphere into the noosphere is of particular relevance, which can serve as the basis for fundamental research into environmental problems and the practical search for their resolution. It is in understanding the patterns of development of the biosphere that the key to rational environmental management lies.

The Earth is a very complex system. The part where life exists is called biosphere. The ancient Greek word " bios" means "life". The boundaries of the biosphere lie just below and just above the surface of the planet. There are various habitats (biotopes) - areas of land or water with a special climate, soil, etc. Together with the animals and plants that inhabit them, they form ecosystems. The mutual connections between the components of an ecosystem support its vitality. But no ecosystem can exist in isolation: it exchanges light, heat, water, nutrients, and organisms with the world.

The noosphere is an area of interaction between society and nature, within the boundaries of which intelligent human activity becomes the determining factor of development.

The concept of the noosphere was proposed by E. Leroy, who interpreted it as a “thinking” shell formed by human consciousness. E. Leroy emphasized that he came to this idea together with his friend - the greatest geologist, evolutionary paleontologist and Catholic philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. At the same time, Leroy and Teilhard de Chardin were based on lectures on geochemistry, which in 1922–1923. read at the Sorbonne by Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945). Leroy's theory found its most complete embodiment in the development of Teilhard de Chardin, who shared not only the idea of abiogenesis (revitalization of matter), but also the idea that the final point of development of the noosphere will be merging with God. The human mind as a spiritual component of the noosphere is faced with the choice of a paradigm for solving global environmental problems.

According to V.I. Vernadsky, the main prerequisites that will contribute to the irreversible process of the formation of the noosphere are: humanity becoming united, the transformation of means of communication and exchange, the discovery of new sources of energy, the rise of well-being, the equality of all people, the exclusion of wars from the life of society. Vernadsky concludes that humanity, in the course of its development, is turning into a new powerful force, transforming the face of the planet with its thought and labor.

The main thing is to justify the inevitability of the transition of the biosphere to the state of the noosphere, which is the ideal of reasonable human intervention in biosphere processes under the influence scientific achievements. Many of Vernadsky’s predictions have already come true, and many have yet to be realized by humanity, because the ideal of intelligent human influence on biosphere processes has not yet been achieved.

Understanding such opportunities for solving global environmental problems, but in the interests of every person, is very important; this allows us to hope that scientific and technological progress (STP) promoted mind, allows you to solve all environmental problems.

Solving almost any environmental problem is possible through the use of advanced scientific thought.

Thanks to technological progress, two main tasks for the survival of humanity are being solved: increasing the efficiency of using the natural resource potential of the Planet and using the new forces of Nature for the benefit of Humanity.

The most important role in the life of humanity is played by:

Environmental resources;

Resources for food production;

Energetic resources;

Resources for the production of structural materials, etc.

The most important, necessary part of the noospheric process is the unconditional awareness by humanity and each person of their role and responsibility for the formation of the noosphere. The entire accumulated experience of humanity - spiritual, cultural, individual - must be carefully and thoroughly studied and used to the maximum to solve this grandiose task. You need to learn to understand thoughts and ideas expressed not only in different languages, but also in different conceptual systems.

Noospheric worldview, philosophy and religion

In our country, two extremes can be noted: one is associated with the period the dominance of Marxism-Leninism, based on atheism, that is, the denial of religion and the dominance of the leading role of science, the other extreme is dominance of religion, based on 20-century-old Middle Eastern folklore, which reduces the role of science and human reason and attributes everything to the will of God.

Our country is characterized by a “shuffle” from teaching “Fundamentals of Scientific Atheism” in humanities faculties to the opening of the Department of Theology at MEPhI.

In philosophy, this is largely associated with the opposition of materialism and idealism and the eternal debate about who and what is more primary: consciousness or matter. The doctrine of the noosphere can largely put everything in its place, since it not only does not deny the presence of the Spirit, but also gives it a sphere of habitation - the noosphere, connecting it primarily with the biosphere, that is, with the existence of all life on Earth and around it.

It can be assumed that the noosphere is very close to the concept "Ether of the Universal Mind". In this case, it must already be stated that the noosphere expands into outer space and “noocosmos” appears - the space of the Mind. Thus, the noosphere is part of the noocosmos, that is, the Universal Mind or God in the religious sense. Further development of the noosphere may lead to noospheric worldview or again to religion, in fact, to faith in the Universal Mind. What is Leninism? This is also a religion. And even closer to the classical form: commandments, relics, etc. What if we take other religions? We'll see about the same thing.

For example, Hubbardism can be distinguished from new religions: there are commandments, there are more of them than Christians (not 10, but 21), but their content is still approximately the same. But the installation is new - faith in success(not the worst goal).

When mentioning cosmism, one cannot help but refer to the prominent Russian philosopher Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov. He is in late XIX V. already foresaw that at the end of the 20th century. began to be called "global environmental problems".

Fedorov laid the foundations of a worldview that could open new ways for understanding the place and role of man in the Universe. Unlike many who tried to build a universal planetary and cosmic worldview, relying on Eastern religions and occult ideas about the world, Fedorov believed that the medieval worldview was untenable after the Copernican discovery, which gave man a cosmic perspective. But the main thing, according to Fedorov, in the teachings of Christ is the news of the coming bodily resurrection, victory over the “last enemy” - death; he maintained his faith in this unshakably, putting forward the paradoxical idea that this victory would be accomplished with the participation of creative efforts and labor united in the fraternal family of Humanity. He sincerely believed in real, scientifically proven longevity.

The noospheric worldview is associated with religious beliefs. Belief in the power of human reason inevitably leads to faith in general, but, as a rule, this does not go well with religious beliefs based on folklore from 20 centuries ago.

Everything in the world more people who “believe in God without intermediaries,” that is, they recognize God, but do not believe and do not recognize the clergy, and especially new movements. There are 25% of people in the world who believe in God without intermediaries: in the USA - 50 million people, in China - 700 million people, in Russia - 23 million people.

New religions arise. Ratiotheism- this is a blind faith in science, technology and technology, which originated in the Age of Enlightenment, but only in the 20th century. won a mass audience and became a real competitor to faith in God.

Science, which is the highest form of the rational, has become the idol to which everything that cannot be algorithmized and objectified is sacrificed. The phrase “scientists have proven that...” for modern people indicates the absolute truth of the following statement. You may not agree with the last statement. Often what seems to be true at some point later turns out to not correspond to this concept. A certain sacrament always remains and is the basis on which it rests faith. In our opinion, faith should not be in the truth of certain judgments, but in the Power of the Universal Mind. The sage said: “Few know how much you need to know in order to know how little we know.” Nature does not easily part with its secrets, but we are learning more and more, and using the “new forces of Nature” more and more effectively, as V.I. Vernadsky said.

Active longevity of people in the context of longevity of the biosphere as a whole

Average duration The lives of most earthlings have been steadily increasing since 1840, and there is no sign of this process slowing down. The facts testify to this. Thus, over the past 50 years, residents of thirty developed countries of the world have become twice as likely to cross the 80-year mark. In 1950, the probability of surviving to age 80–90 was on average 15% for women and 12% for men. In 2002, this figure was already 37% for women and 25% for men. Therefore, it is likely, experts conclude, that more than half of the babies born in developed countries these days will live to be 100 years old.

The feeling of happiness is the psychological basis of longevity. And happiness depends more on our internal attitudes than on external conditions.

Rice. 1. Life expectancy of fauna in the biosphere and life expectancy of people

Long-livers know how to manage their mood and see the good side even in troubles. For them, the vessel is always half full, not empty.

The brain is our laziest organ. The hardest thing to overcome is mental laziness. The brain often suffers not from work, but from idleness. It does not wear out at all from vigorous activity., but strengthens and develops. Just like muscles, without work the brain becomes decrepit. This applies to any age. But active brain function is especially important in old age to preserve memory and clarity of mind. If possible, continue to work professionally, help young colleagues, write articles, books, learn foreign languages, solve crosswords, memorize poetry. This prevents brain decrepitude.

But there is no need to overstrain your brain - this can lead to stress and there will be no benefit from such active work. Excessive stress, both mental and physical, is harmful. Among the centenarians there are no professional athletes, but many scientists (members of the Academy of Sciences live longer than businessmen).

The connection between the noospheric worldview and the development of science

The noospheric worldview allows a thinking person to choose a religion to his liking and believe in the power of science and the power of the Universal Mind, without confining himself to blind faith.

The Russian people used to have gods on the edge of the forest, right next to the village, but the Greeks elevated them a little and sent them to Olympus. Then God moved to heaven, but on earth, in the apt expression of A. Pikulenko, “dealer centers” opened, and “dealers” became quite active.

With the destruction of religion and the exaltation of science, the “dealer centers” in our country were research institutes of the Soviet period, which were completely disgraced through their worthlessness and industry attachment, forced scientificism (“the party teaches us that gases expand when heated”).

Now we are witnessing the destruction of science. Both phenomena, thank God, do not reach the point of complete absurdity.

The craving of people and the need for their community, society, for both is obvious, and the noospheric worldview allows us to be both believers and believe in the power of science and the Great role of the Universal Mind, from which new ideas, solutions come to us through intuition and new ones are discovered spheres of use of ideas and knowledge - these wonderful products of the Universal Mind.

Along with further scientific discoveries, the noospheric worldview will develop.

In its development, it is advisable not to repeat the mistakes of the past. Firstly, for this new noospheric worldview there is no need to create any “dealer centers”: neither industry research institutes, nor churches. Secondly, no violence. If some officials are entrusted with this matter, then, firstly, they will “bruise your forehead”, and secondly, they will, as usual, steal all the funding.

The noospheric worldview should be in each of us: in our souls, our minds, our spiritual sphere.

The noospheric worldview refers to a non-confessional type of faith without intermediaries as individuals.

The intermediaries are here - knowledge, science, education.

The power of Man lies in their development, and in the ability to organize a high level of their development - the power of the state. The creative heritage of V.I. Vernadsky teaches us this.

The creative heritage of V. I. Vernadsky is the basis for sustainable development

Quote from V.V. Putin (from a speech at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Summit in November 2000): “Even our compatriot Vladimir Vernadsky at the beginning of the twentieth century. created the doctrine of the space uniting humanity - the noosphere. It combines the interests of countries and peoples, nature, society, scientific knowledge and public policy. It is on the foundation of this teaching that the concept of sustainable development is actually built today.”

Today, human activity has reached a global scale of impact on the biosphere, changing the cycle of substances, the water balance of the planet, having a strong impact on soils, vegetation and animal world. Anthropogenic activities have created new toxic sources of pollution of the biosphere, which ultimately can pose a threat to the existence of man himself. It should also be said about the importance of such problems as strengthening human health, as well as the fight against chronic diseases, pathological aging, the development of new extreme regions of the planet and space, and the improvement of human existence in earthly conditions. Fresh water problems are pressing now, clean air, green cover of the planet, environmental pollution, approaching critical limits in the use of unclaimed ore and energy resources.

Sustainable development is a harmonious process of change in which the use of natural resources, investments and orientation scientific and technological development, personal development and institutional change are aligned and strengthen the capacity to meet human needs. Components of the triune concept: economic, environmental, social.

V. I. Vernadsky’s teaching about the noosphere became the philosophical basis for the concept of sustainable development of the world community, a strategy for balanced economic development and rational use of natural resources. It continues to have a strong influence on the formation of modern environmental consciousness, and, as often happens with great scientists ahead of their time, scientific heritage Vernadsky will still be comprehended and creatively developed by subsequent generations [Vernadsky 2012: 46–47].

Sustainable development of Russia involves solving three interrelated problems:

Creating an efficient economy;

Creation of a favorable environmental environment;

Solving social problems and realizing the rights of citizens to health care.

Rice. 2. The Triple Concept of Sustainable Development

Rice. 3. Schemes of sustainable development (a) and three spheres of the scientific worldview of V. I. Vernadsky (b)

Rice. 4. Spheroidization according to V. I. Vernadsky (a) and noospheric worldview (b)

Rice. 5. Economic components of sustainable development

None of these problems can be solved in isolation from the other. For example, environmental pollution leads to a decrease in economic efficiency and deterioration in public health. Therefore, in turn, to restore the quality of the environment, it is necessary to take appropriate measures both in the economic and social spheres.

Noospheric balance is a balance between the emerging need for new ideas that transform the world, and their emergence and implementation. It can only be achieved through scientific and technological progress, which in turn is impossible without the development of science and education. Noospheric balance must ensure advanced reproduction of resources. And this is closely related to scientific and technical progress and education.

Noosphere, scientific and technological progress and education

“Russia’s salvation lies in raising and expanding education and knowledge. Only in this way is it possible to achieve correct government, only by raising culture is it possible to preserve the greatly shaken global significance of our homeland.”[Vernadsky 1905: 25].

“The learning people are the basis for the broad and peaceful development of humanity”[He also 2002: 215].

“The picture of the world reduced to energy and matter, if we now try to look at it without prejudice, clearly does not correspond to reality... matter can actually be brought into connection with energy (quanta, electrons, ether - in different constructions). But in the world there are also energy regulators - consciousness. Spirituality?[Aka 1987: 339].

The development of the noospheric worldview is closely related to the development of science and education. Here we cannot do without the role of the state. Until the role of scientific and technical progress in economic development is at the proper level, there will be no further development of the noospheric worldview. One could turn a blind eye to this if it did not lead to the degradation of the country, to its transformation into a natural resource appendage of states where the role of scientific and technical progress in economic development is limited high level, which de facto go to the noospheric worldview.

Rice. 6. Noosphere, scientific and technological progress and education

“Value is created not only by capital and labor. It is equally necessary to create an object of value and creation. This element of creativity may coincide with the owner of capital, i.e. its bearer may be a capitalist, or it may coincide with the owner of labor - its bearer may be a worker, but may not coincide with them. It can be brought into the business by a third category of persons, different in their participation in the business and in their composition from both the worker and the capitalist. The results of his creativity can be used - and usually are used - by both workers and capitalists. Both of them can exploit it as a 3rd force, equivalent to them” [cit. from: Aksenov 2010: 302–303].

Russia will fall back to the most remote positions and become a country of illiterate people with an underdeveloped scientific sphere. Should we be surprised that the Bulava does not take off and there are no longer Russian machines or cars, and soon there will be no planes. And even in the production and transportation of oil and gas, we can fall back into the background. NTP is also important there.

That's when financial difficulties await us. But this is not a disaster yet. A catastrophe awaits us when we fall back into the margins of the nuclear industry, and this includes nuclear weapons and nuclear energy - the hope of all humanity both in terms of energy supply and in the sense of solving global environmental, primarily climate, problems.

This is not to say that nothing is being done in the right direction. "Skolkovo", of course, is a positive phenomenon, and approved by the president Russian Federation“Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and technology for the period until 2020 and beyond” is also an important step in the right direction.

But the fact remains: science in universities is withering away in full accordance with the lack of funds for its development. The natural result is a sharp drop in our ratings. Our scientists leave and become Nobel laureates not in their home countries. At home there are no such opportunities as “there”, since there are no science infrastructure.

Global environmental and energy issues

The global nature of environmental problems is not an abstraction - every day thousands of people become victims of natural disasters. Earthquakes and tsunamis not only caused enormous damage, but also raised the question of ways to develop energy in the world and brought global environmental problems to the forefront among all global problems of mankind. The human mind, as the main component of the noosphere, is faced with the choice of a paradigm for solving global environmental problems. The noosphere is an area of interaction between society and nature, within the boundaries of which intelligent human activity becomes a determining factor in development.

Rice. 7. The role of human activity in environmental and energy problems

V.I. Vernadsky wrote: “Humanity, as living matter, is inextricably linked with the material and energy processes of a certain geological shell of the Earth - with its biosphere. It cannot be independent of it for one minute” [Vernadsky 1991].

Rice. 8. Ways to solve global environmental problems

The achievements of scientific and technical progress are the basis for solving environmental problems and sustainable development. The achievements of scientific and technical progress will make it possible to solve any, even the most global, environmental problem: be it global climate change, radioactive waste (there is very little of it), or waste in general (there is a lot of it), and ensure sustainable development. How much we ready and able use the achievements of NTP? Analysis of the current state of scientific and technological progress shows that we are not ready and we cannot, because the role of scientific and technical progress is downplayed, and science and education are deteriorating. The classics of capitalism offer only work And capital. Moreover, they hold the latter in special esteem. Task No. 1 is to restore the role of scientific and technical progress as a development factor.

V.I. Vernadsky at the dawn of the twentieth century. foresaw the unprecedented, limitless power of the energy of the split atomic nucleus. But he also foresaw the boundless danger of treating her unreasonably. On December 29, 1910, at the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences, he made a report “Tasks of the day in the field of radium”: “Sources of radioactivity are opening before us in the phenomena of radioactivity. atomic energy, millions of times greater than all those sources of power that were depicted in the human imagination... On the issue of radium, not a single state or society can be indifferent to how, in what way, by whom and when the sources of radiant energy in its possession will be used and studied.”[Vernadsky 1954: 679]. His prophecy came true. Reason gave us a nuclear reactor, anti-reason gave us Hiroshima, thoughtlessness gave us Chernobyl.

Rice. 9. The legacy of V. I. Vernadsky

Today we are already thinking that nuclear energy will be replaced by bosonic level. The Higgs boson is the golden key to converting mass into energy. The Greatest Discovery This Particle of God, which opens the era of practical use of brilliant ideas, interconnecting mass and energy, confirms the correctness of noospheric ideas and strengthens our faith in the power of the Universal Mind.

Rice. 10. Bosonic energy level

Nuclear energy makes it possible to obtain 120,000 kWh/kg from thermal reactors, fast reactors - 24 × 10 6 kWh/kg, that is, compared to nuclear energy, they are 200 times more efficient. But it has not yet been possible to master not only the bosonic level, but even the thermonuclear level (6 × 10 7 kWh/kg).

Rice. eleven. The path that humanity is taking

The current annual consumption of natural energy resources is 0.0005% of fossil fuel resources (oil, gas and coal combined) or 0.0003% of uranium resources. However, these exhaustible energy resources do not add up to a fifth of the annual flow of solar energy to the Earth, which generates wind energy, hydropower and photosynthetic energy. But there is also the Earth’s enormous geothermal energy, the large-scale development of which is just beginning.

Rice. 12. Energy is the source of sustainable development

Summary

V. I. Vernadsky’s teaching about the noosphere laid the foundation for both a new worldview and the theory of sustainable development.

The role of the noospheric worldview in solving global environmental problems is enormous. V. I. Vernadsky, thanks to his works on the noosphere, laid down the conceptual fundamentals of sustainable development: “The doctrine of the space uniting humanity – the noosphere – combines the interests of countries and peoples, nature, society, scientific knowledge and public policy” (from the speech of V.V. Putin at the Business Summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation in November 2000).

Environmental protection and environmental safety are closely related to the achievements of scientific and technical progress. Today, the achievements of scientific and technical progress are used more to improve production. Their use in environmental protection lags behind the pace of production growth. The role of scientific and technological progress should increase.

The fundamental problem of scientific and technological progress is the creation of new energy sources, which, in turn, is associated with fundamental discoveries in the structure of matter and its conversion into energy. And Vernadsky at the beginning of the twentieth century. one of the first to foreshadow the development of nuclear energy. His work on radioactivity revolutionized the scientific worldview and served as the basis for the creation of a new science.

The noospheric worldview is also the basis for solving specific environmental problems.

The entire scientific and technological progress is associated with the development and improvement of the infrastructure of science and the development of education. The role of scientific and technical progress in the works of V.I. Vernadsky is noted very accurately, and his statements that education and knowledge are the salvation of Russia are relevant to this day.

The words of Vernadsky sound very relevant today: “I consider a sad feature of modern Russian life to be a strange and incomprehensible to me attitude towards science as a luxury” [Vernadsky 1981: 45].

Literature

Aksenov G. P. Vernadsky. ZhZL. M.: Young Guard, 2010. (Aksenov G. P. Vernadsky. Life of outstanding people. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 2010).

Vernadsky V.I. Immediate tasks of academic life // Law. 1905. (Vernadsky V. I. The immediate tasks of the academic life // Pravo. 1905).

Vernadsky V.I. Selected works. T. 1. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1954. (Vernadsky V. I. Selected compositions. Vol. 1. Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954).

Vernadsky V.I. From a letter to N.E. Vernadskaya. June 29, 1893 Vernadovka // Pages of the autobiography of V. I. Vernadsky / comp. N.V. Filippova. M.: Nauka, 1981. (Vernadsky V. I. From the letter to N. E. Vernadskaya. On June 29 1893 Vernadovka // V. I. Vernadsky's pages of the autobiography / ed. by N. V. Filippova. Moscow: Nauka, 1981).

Vernadsky V.I. Chemical structure of the Earth's biosphere and its environment. M.: Nauka, 1987. (Vernadsky V. I. Chemical structure of the Earth's biosphere and its environment. Moscow: Nauka, 1987).

Vernadsky V.I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M.: Nauka, 1991. (Vernadsky V. I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. Moscow: Nauka, 1991).

Vernadsky V.I. On the scientific worldview. Works on the philosophy of natural science. M.: Nauka, 2000. (Vernadsky V. I. On scientific worldview. Works on philosophy of natural sciences. Moscow: Nauka, 2000).

Vernadsky V.I. Problems of higher education of our time / V.I. Vernadsky // About science. T. 2. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 215. (Vernadsky V. I. Problems of the higher education of our time / V. I. Vernadsky // On science. Vol. 2. Saint Petersburg, 2002. P. 215).

Vernadsky V.I. // Globalistics. Personalities, organizations, works. Encyclopedic reference book / ed. I. V. Ilyina, I. I. Mazura, A. N. Chumakova. M.: Alfa-M, 2012. pp. 46–47. (Vernadsky V. I. // Global Studies. Personalia, organizations, works. Encyclopedic reference book / ed. by I. V. Ilyin, I. I. Mazour, A. N. Chumakov. Moscow: Alpha M, 2012. Pp. 46–47).

Grachev V. A. Noospheric worldview and sustainable development // Contribution of V. I. Vernadsky to the development of world civilization: collection. M.: Vernadsky Foundation, 2013. pp. 18–32. (Grachev V. A. Noospheric worldview and sustainable development // Contribution of V. I. Vernadsky in the development of the world civilization: collected works. Moscow: Vernadsky's Fund, 2013. Pp. 18–32).

Dilthey V. Types of worldview and their discovery in metaphysical systems // New ideas in philosophy: collection. St. Petersburg, 1912. No. 1. (Dilthey W. Types of worldview and their discovery in metaphysical systems // New ideas in philosophy: collected works. Saint Petersburg, 1912. No. 1).

(12.03.1863-1945)

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky is a famous Soviet biologist, geologist, chemist, and thinker.

One of Vernadsky's main merits is that he created the doctrine of the biosphere, in which he showed that living organisms influence sedimentary rocks. In the development of this teaching, Vernadsky also considered the noosphere - the biosphere in which humans live.

Detailed biography

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was born on March 12, 1863 in St. Petersburg. His father, Ivan Vasilyevich Vernadsky, worked as a professor of economics at St. Petersburg University.

Five years after the birth of Vladimir Ivanovich, his family moved to Kharkov.

In this city, Ivan Vasilyevich Vernadsky began working as the manager of the State Bank office.

In Kharkov, Vladimir Ivanovich entered the First Classical Gymnasium.

In 1876, the Vernadsky family returned to St. Petersburg. Vladimir Ivanovich continued his studies at one of the best in Russia, the First St. Petersburg Gymnasium.

In 1881, Vladimir Vernadsky entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. At that time, Mendeleev, Butlerov, Sechenov, and Dokuchaev taught there.

Here Vernadsky conducted his first research (under the leadership of V.V. Dokuchaev). It was dedicated to gophers. Vladimir Ivanovich found out that the movement of earth carried out by these animals is quite large.

In 1886, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky graduated from the university and remained there to continue his scientific work, and he became interested in mineralogy.

In 1898, Vladimir Vernadsky headed the department of mineralogy and crystallography at Moscow University.

At that time, mineralogy was mainly concerned with the description and systematization of minerals. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky put forward the idea of the evolution of minerals (connection with the environment, changes in minerals over time). Vernadsky presented the results of his experiments and reflections in his work “History of Minerals of the Earth’s Crust.”

Since 1905, Vernadsky became a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party, which advocated democratic reforms in Russia.

In 1911, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky left (along with other professors) from Moscow University (in protest against the actions of the Minister of Education Casso).

After leaving Moscow University, Vernadsky returned to St. Petersburg and began scientific work. He dealt mainly with those areas that were between generally accepted scientific disciplines(chemistry, geology and biology), as a result of which new sciences appeared - geochemistry and biogeochemistry.

Biogeochemistry of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky dealt with geochemical processes on the surface of the Earth, in which living beings - representatives of the biosphere - play a very important role. He showed that the biosphere is a natural result of the development of the Earth.

Vernadsky expanded the concept of “biosphere” (introduced in the 19th century), calling with this term the shell of the Earth, including the lower part of the atmosphere, almost the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere, to the existence of which living organisms make a significant contribution. This interpretation was not new, but Vernadsky was able to show that most sedimentary rocks are the result of the activity of living organisms.

Vernadsky divided the biosphere into two parts - modern or active (where all sorts of organisms now live) and passive, including the area of life activity of long-dead organisms.

Using the elements he studied, Vladimir Ivanovich showed how living organisms participated in their formation and migration. At the same time, Vernadsky found out that living organisms are concentrators and accumulators of scattered rare substances and chemical elements.”

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky outlined his doctrine of the patterns of connections between chemical elements in his work “Paragenesis of the chemical elements of the earth’s crust.”

In the last years of his life, Vernadsky came to the conclusion that the biosphere is transforming into the noosphere (the term “noosphere” was coined by the French geologist E. Leroy).

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the shell of the Earth in which the activity of the human mind takes on the character of a geological process. He considered the noosphere to be one of the states of the biosphere, the biosphere of people.

Vladimir Ivanovich was one of the organizers of the Cadet Party, and was a member of the Provisional Government in 1917 as a fellow minister of public education.

After the October coup, when Lenin declared the Cadets “the party of enemies of the people,” Vernadsky left for Ukraine. There, in 1918, before the Reds came to Kyiv, he founded the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

In 1920, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky organized the Tauride University in Crimea.

In 1921, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky returned to Russia. He had no problems in Soviet Russia (possibly on Lenin's instructions). One of the reasons for this could be that Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky attended the same student People's Will circle as Alexander Ulyanov (Lenin's brother).

Vladimr Ivanovich’s son Georgy was a private associate professor at St. Petersburg University, then Tauride University, head of the press department in the Wrangel government of the South of Russia, and in 1927 he began working in the United States. He was even a professor at Yale University, heading the department of Russian history.

The academician's daughter, Nina, married Baron Toll, the son of a famous traveler, and went with him to Prague, then to America.

In the thirties, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was “developed by the NKVD” (in connection with the “case of the Russian National Party”), but it never came to arrest.

In the summer of 1940, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky received a letter from his son, to which was attached a newspaper clipping. It reported that his acquaintances, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, split the nucleus of a uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons.

Vernadsky appreciated the potential of this experiment. Therefore, on his initiative, a commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created, which included I.V. Kurchatov and Yu.B. Khariton - the future creators of the Soviet atomic bomb.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky died in 1945, six months before the bombing of Japanese cities.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky(1863-1945) - a brilliant mineralogist, crystallographer, geologist, founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology, the doctrine of living matter and the biosphere, the transition of the biosphere to the noosphere, an encyclopedist scientist deeply interested in philosophy, the history of religions and social sciences.

IN AND. Vernadsky was born in St. Petersburg on March 12, 1863 in the family of the famous economist, professor of the St. Petersburg Alexander Lyceum Ivan Vasilyevich Vernadsky.

After graduating from high school in 1881, Vladimir Vernadsky became a student in the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. In those years, D.I. taught here. Mendeleev, A.N. Beketov, V.V. Dokuchaev, I.M. Sechenov, A.M. Butlerov.

DI. Mendeleev opened the world of science to students, showed the power of scientific thought and the importance of chemistry. V.V. Dokuchaev was his supervisor in geology and mineralogy, which Vernadsky chose as his specialty.

During his student years, Vernadsky began studying fundamental problems of the Earth sciences. Under the influence of V.V. Dokuchaev, he developed ideas about the relationship of living beings with the environment, taking into account their active influence on the processes of soil formation. Under the leadership of V.V. Dokuchaeva V.I. Vernadsky participated in soil expeditions to the Nizhny Novgorod and Poltava provinces, where he walked his first geological route and wrote his first scientific work.

Along with scientific work, Vernadsky embraces the spirit of freethinking characteristic of the capital's students. He actively participated in the public life of the university, worked in the student Scientific and Literary Society, in a circle for the study of literature for the people. Since then, acute social events in which students were actively involved have never left Vernadsky indifferent. He turned out to be an active participant in them, regularly publishing articles in which he raised pressing pressing issues of university education and the general situation of the country. Vernadsky consistently defended autonomy high school, the right of the Council of Professors to guide the entire process of university life, to broad freedom of academic Unions. Defending the interests of the university corporation, V.I. Vernadsky actively collaborated at the beginning of the 20th century with the newspaper “Russian Vedomosti”, as the most popular among the Russian intelligentsia.

At the university, he began a strong lifelong friendship with future major scientists: botanist, soil scientist and geographer A.N. Krasnov, historians brothers S.F. and F.F. Oldenburgami, A.A. Kornilov, I.M. Grevsom, D.I. Shakhovsky and others. In 1886, the closest friends of V.I. Vernadsky united in the “Brotherhood” - a kind of educational circle, the motto of which was: “Work as much as possible, consume as little as possible for yourself, look at other people’s needs as if they were your own.”

In 1885, Vernadsky graduated from St. Petersburg University with a candidate's degree and took the position of keeper of the university's mineralogical cabinet. A year later he married Natalya Egorovna Staritskaya
, with whom they lived together for 56 years “soul to soul and thought to thought.” Their family had two children: son Georgy Vladimirovich Vernadsky (1887-1973), a famous researcher of Russian history, daughter Nina Vladimirovna Vernadskaya-Toll (1898-1985), a psychiatrist; both died in exile in the USA.

In 1890, Vernadsky was invited to the Department of Crystallography and Mineralogy at Moscow University, and was appointed keeper of the mineralogical cabinet. In 1891, at St. Petersburg University, a master’s thesis was defended on the problems of the structure of silicon compounds, and in 1897 V.I. Vernadsky, having defended his doctoral dissertation on the problems of crystallography, and the following year was confirmed as an extraordinary professor.

At Moscow University V.I. Vernadsky worked for 20 fruitful years. In the methodology of teaching mineralogy V.I. Vernadsky became an innovator: he developed new course, in which he proposed a genetic classification of minerals and their communities, taking into account the physicochemical conditions of their formation, and not their properties. He separated crystallography from mineralogy, believing that crystallography was based on mathematics and physics, while he viewed mineralogy as the chemistry of the earth's crust related to geology.

Vernadsky and his students studied natural processes in the field, making excursions almost every summer: several times he was in the Urals, in the Crimea,
Ukraine, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the Dombrovsky basin of Poland and central Russia. In addition, the scientist often traveled abroad. He visited the Ore Mountains of Germany, England, France, the vicinity of Naples, Greece and Sweden.

“The Moscow period of my scientific life was purely mineralogical and crystallographic. But already at that time geochemistry was emerging, and in the study of life phenomena I approached biogeochemistry. Already at this time I immediately entered into the study of radioactivity. I thought a lot about thermodynamics thanks to Le Chatelier’s influence. The history of science, especially Russian and Slavic, and philosophy deeply interested me,” wrote V.I. Vernadsky at the end of his life.

During this period, V.I. Vernadsky conducts serious scientific work. B. L. Lichkov writes about the Moscow period of Vernadsky’s work: “The time of V. I. Vernadsky’s activity from 1890 to 1911 in Moscow is one of the remarkable periods of his life, full of deep creative content and hard work... During these years he created the mineralogical museums of the university and the Higher Engineering courses. In addition, he created the Scientific Research Mineralogical Institute. During these same years, his original ideas in the field of the study of mineral chemical compounds arose and took shape, the basis of his mineralogical system and views on the genesis of minerals was created... He begins to deal with problems associated not with the chemistry of compounds, but with the chemistry of elements, as a result of which the first beginnings of geochemistry were born.” He prepared a whole galaxy of students, including Academician A.E. Fersman, professor Ya.V. Samoilov, corresponding member K.A. Nenadkevich and many other outstanding scientists.

In addition to the scientific activities of V.I. Vernadsky was actively involved in socio-political and government activities, which was closely connected, first of all, with the Tambov region. He visited the Vernadovka estate, located in the Tambov province, almost every summer from 1886 to 1910. In 1892, the scientist was elected a member of the Morshansky district and Tambov provincial zemstvo assemblies. In the zemstvo, he dealt primarily with issues of public education, worked on school commissions, and spoke at zemstvo meetings. IN AND. Vernadsky actively participated in the fight against famine in the Tambov province and created a committee to help peasants. Thanks to his efforts, 121 canteens for 50-55 people each were opened, feeding 6,256 people, including 11 special canteens for the youngest children. IN AND. Vernadsky helped create zemstvo schools and hospitals, and open public libraries. He devoted himself to public service consciously, based on a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the country, believing that the principles of zemstvo self-government should become the basis for the development of Russian state life.

At the beginning of the 20th century. was a member of the Bureau of Zemstvo Councilors, which prepared and organized zemstvo congresses. In November 1904, as a delegate of the Tambov zemstvo, V.I. Vernadsky participated in the work of the second all-Russian zemstvo congress in St. Petersburg, and in July 1905 - in the work of the congress of zemstvo vowels in Moscow. These congresses changed the entire political atmosphere in the country; under their pressure, the tsarist government was forced to introduce civil and political freedoms, issue new Basic Laws of 1906 (constitution) and establish the first Russian parliament - the State Duma, which opened in April 1906.

Actively involved in political life country within the framework of the activities of the constitutional democratic party, V.I. Vernadsky becomes one of the leaders of the liberal movement in the struggle for the introduction of the principles of European democracy in Russia.

During the first Russian revolution, V.I. Vernadsky takes an active part in the preparation and holding of the Founding Congress of the Constitutional Democratic Party, which advocated the judicial protection of human rights, the need to create a state with a limited monarchy, the need for cultural autonomy for nations and the abolition of the death penalty. Until 1919 he remained a member of the Central Committee of the Kadet Party.

Supporting the struggle of professors for the autonomy of universities, in 1906 he was elected to the State Council - the upper house of the Russian parliament and worked in it until March 1917. In protest against the dissolution of the Duma, V.I. Vernadsky filed a petition to resign from its membership, but in March 1907 he was re-elected to the State Council.

In 1911 V.I. Vernadsky resigned as a sign of solidarity with the dismissed professors. He never returned to Moscow University and continued his activities in the Academy of Sciences system. In 1915 V.I. Vernadsky is again elected to the State Council and participates in the last meeting, at which, on behalf of the elected members of the council, a telegram was sent to the Tsar at Headquarters with a proposal to abdicate the throne and transfer power to the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.

During the October Bolshevik coup, Vernadsky headed the Ministry of Public Education in the Provisional Government. He perceives the Bolshevik victory as a tragic defeat for democracy and, under threat of arrest, is forced to leave for Ukraine.

In Ukraine V.I. Vernadsky organized serious scientific work, became the main ideologist, organizer and, in 1918, the first elected president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The modern National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to this day retains at its core the ideas and structure laid down by V.I. Vernadsky. The library created during the civil war in Kyiv is currently the largest National Library of Ukraine, which bears the name of V.I. Vernadsky.

After moving to Crimea in 1919, Vernadsky lectured on geochemistry at Tauride University, and after being elected rector, he actively fought for the preservation of university education in Russia. He emphasized that “with the destruction of Russia that we are experiencing, the existence of a strong and active center of Russian culture and world knowledge, such as a living university, is a factor of great importance, helping to restore a unified state and establish order in it, organize a normal life...”

At this time, in the world of physics, chemistry and technology, after the discovery and explanation of the phenomenon of radioactivity, the idea of the immutability of the atom was rejected. Since 1896, the world's leading scientists began to intensively study radioactivity. In 1910, at the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences V.I. Vernadsky made a report “The task of the day in the field of radium,” in which he outlined a whole program of geological and laboratory research aimed at searching for uranium ores and mastering the energy of atomic decay. At the suggestion of Vernadsky, the first Radiological Laboratory in Russia is being created at the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Academy of Sciences. “Before us, in the phenomena of radioactivity, sources of atomic energy are revealed that are millions of times greater than all those sources of forces that have been imagined by the human imagination. ...We look with hope and fear at our new ally and defender,” he writes prophetically.

In January 1922, on the initiative of V.I. Vernadsky created the Radium Institute in Petrograd, the director of which he was appointed and held this position until 1939, after which his student Academician V.G. became the director. Khlopin.

Back in 1906 V.I. Vernadsky was elected an adjunct in mineralogy of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1912 - a full member of the Academy of Sciences.

Having entered the First World War, Russia began to experience a particularly acute shortage of strategically important types of raw materials, and in 1915 V.I. Vernadsky, together with other scientists, creates and for a long time heads the Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces of Russia at the Academy of Sciences (KEPS), which played an outstanding role in the study of the country's natural resources and the development of science and the economy of the state. In the magazine “Russian Thought” in 1916, he wrote: “These reserves of energy, on the one hand, are composed of that strength, both physical and spiritual, which lies in the population of the state. The more knowledge it has, the greater ability to work, the more simplicity is given to its creativity, the more freedom for the development of personality, the less friction and brakes for its activities - the more useful the energy generated by the population, the more, whatever those external, outside of man, that lie conditions that are found in the natural environment surrounding it. The spiritual energy of man is so great that there has never been a case in history when it was unable to produce useful energy due to a lack of natural material.”

Initially, the activities of KEPS were aimed at solving urgent defense problems of the Russian state. The leading scientific forces of the country were involved in the work, and collections of basic information on all types of raw materials. Vernadsky's closest assistant in KEPS was A.E. Fersman. Gradually, numerous scientific institutes grew out of KEPS.

Since 1916, the first works of V.I. appeared. Vernadsky, dedicated to “living matter”. Studies of living matter in order to determine the average chemical composition of plants and animals, their biomass and productivity for their subsequent quantitative geochemical assessment were started by V.I. Vernadsky in December 1918 in Ukraine in the laboratory of technical chemistry of Kyiv University and continued in 1919 at the Staroselskaya biological station. In 1920, during the work of V.I. Vernadsky at the Taurida University, biogeochemical research was organized at the Salgir fruit-growing station, and a laboratory was created at the university on the problem of “The Role of Living Organisms in Mineralogenesis.”

In 1928, from the “department of living matter” at KEPS on the basis of the Radium Institute, the Biogeochemical Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences (BIOGEL) appeared, where the theoretical, methodological and experimental foundations of the biogeochemical direction of research were laid. Having become its first director, V.I. Vernadsky remained one until the end of his life - for 16 years.

Back at the end of 1921, the rector of the Sorbonne P.E. Appel invited V.I. Vernadsky to read a course of lectures on geochemistry at the Sorbonne. The lectures brought Vernadsky wide fame in scientific circles. At the initiative of the listeners, they were published as a separate book in French called “Geochemistry” (La Géochimie, 1924), which was subsequently published several times in different languages. In “Geochemistry,” Vernadsky reveals not just the structure of the earth’s crust in atomic terms, but the history of atoms, the fate of chemical elements in the eternal and natural coordinated cycle occurring on Earth.

In addition, at this time the scientist worked experimentally at the Radium Institute, which was headed by Marie Curie-Sklodowska and took part in the study of the radioactive mineral curite from the Belgian Congo.

The scientist spent more than three very fruitful years on a business trip. He formalized his ideas about the role of living matter in the earth's crust. Fundamentally important things have been prepared for printing. scientific works: monographs “Biosphere” (1926) in Russian, “History of Minerals of the Earth’s Crust”, article “Living Matter in the Chemistry of the Sea”, as well as a whole series of publications on the problems of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology. At the same time, Vernadsky for the first time approached the understanding of scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon, which resulted in the article “Autotrophy of Humanity” (1925).

The main ideas of V.I. Vernadsky's ideas about the biosphere had developed by the early 1920s. and were published in 1926 in the book “Biosphere”, consisting of two essays: “Biosphere in Space” and “Region
life." According to Vernadsky, the biosphere is an organized, dynamic and stably balanced, self-sustaining and self-developing system. The main feature of its organization is the biogenic migration of chemical elements produced by the forces of life, the source of energy of which is the radiant energy of the Sun. Together with other geospheres, the biosphere forms a single planetary ecological system of a higher order, in which a single planetary organization operates.

At the beginning of the war, in 1941, V.I. Vernadsky and a group of academicians were evacuated to Borovoe, Kazakh SSR, where he stayed for two years. N.E. died and was buried here. Vernadskaya. In recent years, the scientist has been working on a major work, “Chemical structure of the Earth’s biosphere and its environment.” The work was published only in 1965. After returning to Moscow in 1944, his article “A few words about the noosphere” was published about the transformation of the appearance of our planet under the influence of the mind and labor of man.

IN AND. Vernadsky has been using the concept of “noosphere” since the mid-30s. He came to the conclusion that the emergence of man with his scientific thought was a natural stage in the evolution of the biosphere. As a result of human activity, the biosphere must inevitably change radically and move into a new state, which is called the noosphere - the sphere of reason (noos - from the Greek reason). This means that the noosphere is the geological shell of planet Earth, developing under the control of Reason, under the influence of conscious human activity.

In the noosphere, man transforms the Earth not only in accordance with his needs, but also taking into account the laws of the biosphere; noosphere - a natural body, the components of which are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and organic world, transformed by intelligent human activity (later, outer space will also have to be included in the noosphere). Social and state life will have to be built in accordance with the laws of the noosphere; scientific creativity and innovation will become the main meaningful and constructive driving forces. IN AND. Vernadsky firmly believed in the inevitability of just such a development of the biosphere and therefore, until the end of his days, he looked with great optimism at the future of humanity.

The great life of academician V.I. Vernadsky, until the end of his days filled with intense creative work, helping people, charity, saving science and people under the Soviet regime, ended in Moscow on January 6, 1945. He is buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

Life and scientific activity of V.I. Vernadsky

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