4 double consonants in native Russian words. Double consonants: rules for writing and transferring

Words with double consonants are found quite often in the Russian language - these can be both borrowings and native Russian words. The double consonant is used not only in the root, but also at the junction of morphemes. There are certain spelling rules that govern the use of double consonants. These rules are studied in 4th grade.

Double consonants in the roots of native Russian words

In such words, only two consonants can be doubled - these are s and zh, that is, in the root you can find only two combinations - ss and zhzh, and there are quite a few such words.

Thus, s doubles in the word quarrel and its derivatives, as well as in the names of the states of Russia and Belarus and those that originated from them.

The doubled w is used in words such as reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and words (word forms) that are derived from them.

Despite the fact that the verb to burn is written with one letter, in many words formed from it this letter is doubled - burning, burning, and so on.

Double consonants in the roots of borrowed words

In such lexical units, double consonants are most common, and absolutely any letters can be doubled. In this case, you cannot choose any rule; you just have to remember the spelling of such words. Like other words with uncheckable spellings, these belong to the dictionary category, that is, if in doubt, the spelling can be checked in a dictionary. Certificate, ballad, illusion - all these are borrowed words in which the consonants were initially doubled.

Doubled consonants at the junction of morphemes

Such cases are not uncommon in the Russian language - for example, when a prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with it and these consonants are the same: un+disputable=indisputable, etc.

In such cases, difficulties often arise. For example, if a word is formed from the root account, to which the prefix race is added, then it is written with double s, but it is important not to confuse it with words formed using the same prefix, but from a different root - even.

Also in the Russian language there are many suffixes with a doubled consonant, and doubling may occur at the junction of the root and the suffix. Here is an example of the latter case: sailor + sk – sailor.

Complex cases of consonant doubling

Moreover, if he speaks about words that are formed by abbreviation, then if the first stem has a doubled consonant, it is cut off, as, for example, in the word gramophone record.

If a word with a diminutive meaning is formed from a word with double consonants, doubling is preserved: group - group and so on. Also, double consonants before a suffix are usually preserved in other cases: compromise - compromise, although there are exceptions: crystal, but crystal.

As for proper names with a double consonant, diminutive nicknames derived from them are always written with one: Anna - Anka, Alla - Alka and so on.

What have we learned?

There are quite a lot of words in the Russian language with a double consonant. These may be native Russian words and borrowings, but it is the latter that account for the majority of such words. As for the original Russian lexemes, if we talk about the root of the word, only two consonants can be doubled in them - these are s and zh. In borrowings, any consonants can be doubled. There are no rules for checking the spelling of such words; you need to remember them. Doubling a consonant can also occur at the junction of morphemes - root and prefix or root and suffix. There are also suffixes with a double consonant. There are also some tricky double letter spellings that you should pay attention to.

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Spelling of consonants in the root includes three types of rules:

1) spelling of voiced/voiceless consonants;
2) spelling of unpronounceable consonants;
3) double consonants.

Rules 1 and 2 are discussed by us in paragraph 1.14. Changes in consonants in speech, paragraph 1.15. Spelling of consonants. In this paragraph we will dwell in more detail on spelling. double consonants in the root.

For the spelling of double consonants at the junction of morphemes, in suffixes, prefixes, see paragraph 2.5. Prefixes, clause 2.7. Suffixes. Postfixes.

1. At the root of a word, double consonants are written, as a rule, in borrowed words.

Alley, assembly, ballad, column, correspondent, repression, tennis, ton, terrace, effect.

Word point matter:

1. “a unit for assessing the degree of something” ( wind force six);
2. “grade in school, sports, etc.” ( passing score).

Word ball means "big dance party" ( prom).

2. In the roots of Russian words, two identical consonants are written in the following cases:

3. Root double consonants are preserved in derived words.

Wed: program - program - program - program, Cannes - Cannes.

4. Exceptions:

Exercises for the topic “2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root"

• 2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root

II. Double consonants

§ 58. Double consonants are written when a prefix and a root are combined, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: support, threshold, introduce, wipe off, pour in, restore, lawless, counter-revolution.

§ 59. Double consonants are written when combined components compound words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Moscow City Council, chief physician.

§ 60. Double n and double With written when a root and a suffix are combined, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or With :

with suffix -n- , For example: long(length), old(old man) stone(stone), domain(blast furnace), law(law), temporary(the basis time-);

with suffix -sk- , For example: Kotlas(Kotlas), Arzamas(Arzamas), Russian(Rus), but: Tartu(Tartu), Hankou(Hankou);

with suffix -stv- : art(cf. skillful).

Double With also written in past tense verbs when combining stems with -With with return particle -xia , For example: escaped, rushed.

Note. Double n written in numeral eleven.

§ 61. Double n written in suffixes -enn-, -onn- adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, characteristic, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In a word windy and in its derivatives one is written n , but in prefix formations it is written -nn- (windless, leeward).

Adjectives with suffix -yan- (-an-) , formed from nouns, are written with one n , For example: hair, wood, clay, leather. Adjectives wooden, tin, glass written with double n .

With one n the suffix is ​​written -in- in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, and also in a noun hotel.

§ 62. Double n written in passive past participles, for example: reports read at the ceremonial meeting; a soldier wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; a detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

§ 63. Double n written in all adjectives formed from passive participles past tense (or by their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -ovanny, -evanny (except chewed And forged), For example: the patient was prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of selected works by Pushkin was published, sublime style, inscribed triangle, aged wine, trusted person, temperate climate, refined manners, abstract question, absent-minded student, worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted area.

But with one n you should write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ow, -eat , For example: scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickled cucumbers, soaked apples, steamed potatoes, plain-dyed fabric.

Words desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected and some others, defined in dictionary order, are written with two n .

§ 64. Double n written in adverbs -O and in nouns with suffixes -ik, -its-, -ost formed from adjectives, if the latter are written with two n , For example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement(excited); confident, confidence(confident); education, pupil, teacher(well-mannered); protege(set); prisoner(captive); birthday boy(birthday); sennik(hay); rooter(root); in-law(peculiar).

If the adjective has one n , then adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n , For example: confused, confused, confusion(confused); learned, erudition(scientist); hemp(hemp); silversmith(silversmith). Also with one n words are written piece of silver(in the meaning of a coin) and unmercenary(selfless person).

§ 65. Double n written in plural. h. and in feminine and neuter gender units. h. short adjectives, formed from passive past participles, the full form of which is double n eg: groups disciplined and organized; girl well-mannered and smart; they are very absent-minded.

Short passive participles are written with one n , For example: broken, broken, broken, broken; young man brought up Komsomol; girl pampered education; We limited time; students organized to the group.

§ 66. Double and written in words reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: burn, burn, burn, burn, burn.

If there is alternation zg – zzh, zg – zzh should not be written double and , A zzh , For example: you're grumbling(killjoy), cerebellum(brain), come(arrival), Later(old late, let's modernize. late), I'll clutter up(to clutter), and also disdain(cf. old Brezg - “dawn”).

§ 67. Do not write more than two identical consonants in a row, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel(race + quarrel), Odessa(Odessa + Sky), Prussian(Prussian + Chinese), five-ton(five-ton + ny).

§ 68. Writing double consonants in foreign words defined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, excess, essence, But: poster, letter, official, etching, report.

§ 69. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, small group; program - program, program, kilowatt - kilowatt, Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool, Hun - Hun, point(unit of evaluation measure) – five-point; Gall – Gallic; libretto - librettist.

But it is written: crystal(Although crystal), Finnish, Finnish(Although Finn), speakers(Although Column), five-ton(Although ton), operetta(Although operetta).

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem ending with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: recording, group.

All words in the Russian language consist of morphemes - significant parts of words. These include prefixes and suffixes. Roots are special morphemes that contain the semantics of a word. Endings are the formative part of a word. With its help, paradigms such as declension (for nouns) and conjugations (for verbs) are created.

In addition, it is thanks to inflection that categories such as gender and number exist in the Russian language.

Sometimes it happens that double consonants are formed at the junction of morphemes. For example, when a root morpheme ends with the same sound that begins the suffix that follows it, or a prefix ends with the same letter that begins the root. This is reflected in writing by writing double letters, for example:

• support, stone, domain, tell, uprising, v-water, etc.

Double consonants are also written in compound abbreviations if the first abbreviation ends with the same letter with which the second begins:

• Chief physician, Moscow City Council, etc.

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem that ends with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gra m record, gru P org, co n soldier.

In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are preserved, for example: ba ll- high five ll ny, ha ll- ha llьskiy, gu NN- gu NN skiy, compromise ss- compromise ss ny, grue pp a - gru pp ka, diagram mm a - diagram mm ka, program mm a - program mm ka, telegra mm a - telegra mm ka. The same - in proper names, For example: Kanbe pp University, Ka NN Russian Film Festival, Loza NN sky conference, bo NN government, tally NN ancient monuments and so on.

Exceptions. In some words, in the case under consideration, one consonant is written, for example: Krista ll- Krista l ny, fi NN- fi n Sky, Kolo NN a - colo n ka, then NN a - five n ka, fi NN- fi n ka(usually double n pulled together into one n before the suffix - k-a ), opera tt a - opera T ka; in names of persons with a suffix - To , For example: A ll a - A l ka, A NN a - A n ka, Kiri ll- Kiri l ka, Ri mm a - Ri m ka, Sa bb a - Ca V ka, Fili pp- Fili P ka, E mm a - E m ka.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words like By d hold(console By- ) And By dd hold(console under- ). Wed: By d hold hand - po dd hold on in difficult times.

Note 2. In the suffix - ess-a spelled two With (poet ss ah, steward ss ah, clown ss A), in the suffix - is-a one thing is written With (Abbey With ah, actress With ah, director With A).

In the suffix - etta spelled two T, For example: aria tt ah, opera tt ah, symphony tt A.
In a word generals ss imus spelled two With .

Special cases of using this spelling:

a) Combinations of NN and SS.

Double “n” and “s” are written when the root ends in “n” (“s”) and the suffix begins with the same letter:

• With the suffix -n-: stone (stone), long (length), legal - ny (law), den-no (day), etc.;
• With the suffix -sk -: Russian (Rus), Arzamas (ArzamaS);

• With the suffix -stv-: art (but “skillful”).

b) Combination SS.

It is written in past tense verbs whose stem ends in “s”. When forming reflexive verbs:

• Saved, rushed, grazed.

c) Combination NN.

It is written in the suffixes -enn- (-onn-) of adjective names that are formed from nouns:

• Straw, cranberry, station, information, operational, lunch, etc.

Note 1. Exceptions: wooden, tin, glass.

Note 2. The word “windy” is spelled with one “n”, this is also an exception. However, in words of the same root formed with the help of prefixes, according to the rule, a double “n” is written: “windless”, “leeward”, etc.

Double "n" is also spelled in passive past participles that have dependent words:

• Report presented at the seminar.
• A poem memorized.

Double "n" is written in all adjectives that were formed from passive past participles, if they have prefixes or end in - ovanny (-evanny):

• selected stories, reworked exercises, unspoken grievances.
• a crying child, a spoiled child.

Note. Exceptions: forged, chewed.

Double "n" is written V vocabulary words“sacred”, “desired”, “unexpected”, “unexpected”, “unheard of”, “unseen”, etc.

Double "n" is written in nouns with the suffixes -ik, -its, -ost, as well as in adverbs ending in –o in cases where these parts of speech are formed from adjectives written with “nn”. For example:

• accidentally (unintentional), agitated (excited), pupil (well-mannered), korennik (indigenous), etc.

AND

1. Double and written in the roots of words in LJ and, dro LJ And, LJ eating, chewing LJ ah, mo LJ evelnik and of the same root with them. Wed: WHO and eat(cart + burn) - WHO LJ eat(cart + burn), also WHO LJ en.

Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation zg-zzh, zh - zzh not written double and , A zzh , For example: in and zzh at(squeal) Prie zzh at(arrival). Wed: bre zzh it, bru zzh damn, rubbish zzh ah, mo zzh tree and so on.

Note 2. In words bra and eika, bro and And only one thing is written and .

The consonant spelling consists of 5 basic rules: 1) verifiable consonants 2) unverifiable consonants, 3) spelling of unpronounceable consonants, 4) double consonants in foreign words, 5) doubling consonants in Russian words.

This abstract discusses last two rules (4 and 5). The first three rules are in the outline.

Double consonants in foreign words

In Russian spelling, doubling of consonants can be caused by various reasons.

1. In many borrowed words it is preserved orthography of the source language and we write double consonants in such cases according to tradition, for example: antenna, grammar, colossus . The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign language origin is determined in dictionary order, for example: letter of credit, appeal, appendicitis, fiction, boss, hippopotamus, dilemma, indifferent, irrational, college, coefficient, pessimism, symmetry, rack, chlorophyll, ellipse, essence, effect and others.
2. However with one consonant words are written: aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, amateur, Qatar, midget, privilege, producer, resources, sidewalk, etc.
3. In the suffix -ess- two are written With (poetess, flight attendant ), in the suffix -is- one With (actress, director ).
4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are usually preserved, For example: program - program, telegram - telegram, point - nine-point, Gall - Gallic . Wed: Cannes Film Festival, Bonn Government, Lausanne Conference and so on.
5. But in a number of words, as well as in diminutive proper names of persons in the case under consideration, it is written one consonant, For example:

A) operetta - operetta, column - column, ton - three-tonka, Finn - fink a (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -k-), Finnish;
b) Anna - Anka, Kirill - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka .

Doubling consonants in Russian words

1. In the roots of Russian words, doubling consonants is rare. So, SS written in the word argument , LJ- in words yeast, buzz, juniper and in those formed from them related words: quarrel, buzz, juniper, yeast and others, as well as in the word burning .

2. Double AND written in words and forms derived from the verb burn (burn) using alternation: burn, burn, burn etc. Compare: kindle - kindled, kindle .

Note: When alternating zg/zzh, zg/zzh it is written ZZh, not ZhZh (contrary to the pronunciation), for example: squeal - squeal, arrival - come .

3. in different parts speech.

4. In other cases, doubling of consonants occurs at the junction of prefix and root(For example, tell ), root and suffix (fog ), and then the spelling of words obeys the morphological principle: we keep the same spelling for each of the morphemes. Therefore, you should carefully analyze the composition of the word if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: proclamation, support, dawn . Wed: give in - give in. The door gave way under the blows (no longer remains in its original position). - The door succumbed to the blows of the crowbar (could not hold back the pressure).

5. Double consonants are written in compound words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: head physician (chief physician).

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem that ends with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record .