EntranceWhat is short participle, full participle? How to make a morphological analysis of a participle? Short passive participles Rule of short passive participles.
Passive participles have a full and a short form. In short form they change by number, and in the singular - by gender:
The suffixes –nn- and -enn- (-yonn-) of full passive participles correspond to the suffixes -n- and -en- (-yon-) of short ones:
The remaining short passive participles have the same suffixes as the full ones:
In a sentence, the short passive participle is the predicate:
What are the similarities and differences between the changes of full and short passive participles? What are the similarities between short passive participles and short qualitative adjectives?
1. Form and write down the forms of short passive participles indicated in the samples. Place emphasis. Pay attention to the place of stress in these forms.
1. Started - started, started, started; taken, accepted, occupied. 2. Given - given, given, given; attracted, changed, piled up, placed.
Make up one sentence each with feminine passive participles from the first and second groups.
2. Copy and fill in the missing commas. Underline the participles as parts of the sentence. Highlight the endings of the participles.
1. In front of me is a tall man, in shoes on his bare feet, in an old red... jacket... worn over a shirt at the collar... shirts... one button is torn off. His trousers are wrinkled, his long (n, nn) hair is tousled at the knees. (A. M. Gorky.) 2. From the cards.. looked a rather wide, thin, strong in the cheekbones and jaws, large.. forehead of a youthful face with a straight, kind look. The open collar of the shirt... allowed one to see the neck and collarbones, and this was enough to imagine how well tailored and tightly sewn the whole of Ivan was. (Yu. Nagibin.)
What spellings did you work on?
Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.
As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
- Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic features of participles
There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).
Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.
Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.
Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
- -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Active participles.
Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes
One of the difficult sections in learning participles is spelling short participles and being able to distinguish them from short adjectives. When starting to study this topic, you need to repeat the spelling of short adjectives and arrange the entries in the form of a table. The teacher will then continue it by explaining a new topic. At the end of the lesson, the table will look like this:
Students see that short adjectives contain as many ns as there were in full ones, and the short passive participle is always written with one n.
However, the point is not in the rule itself; it is learned quite easily; the point is that students do not always know how to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle. This is what they need to be taught.
Students know that adjectives with the suffixes -n-, -an-, -yan-, -in-, -enn-, -oni- are formed only from nouns, and participles - only from verbs; Moreover, passive past participles are formed only from transitive verbs and almost always of the perfect form.
Therefore, in order to distinguish short participles from short adjectives, you need to make both of them complete, and then find the word from which this form is derived, for example: the walls are pasted over - pasted over - paste over (verb), courageous fighters - courage (noun) .
We consolidate this material in such exercises.
1. Replace full participles and adjectives with short ones, find the words from which they are derived: painful operation - the operation is painful (illness); plowed fields - the fields are plowed (to plow).
An exhausted horse, deserted shores, a life offer, lost keys, long stockings, young faces, a completed essay, completed work, a learned theorem, a valuable invention, common demands, abandoned things, dispelled doubts.
2. In these phrases, replace the full participle with a short participle and write down the sentences received.
Installed projection lights; fenced hemp plots; plastered old building; interrupted telephone connection; numerous bugs fixed; abandoned water mill; mown oat field.
3. First, orally form full participles from these verbs, then short ones in writing; make up sentences with complete ones.
The fields were plowed and fertilized. The apples were collected and sorted. The magazines were bound and bound. The grass was cut and piled up.
4. Construct sentences from these phrases. As a predicate, use first a short participle and then a short adjective: deserted, dimly lit streets - Deserted streets are dimly lit. The dimly lit streets are deserted.
1) Lost valuables.
2) Suddenly awakened half-asleep guys.
3) Hard lessons learned.
4) Countless tangled tracks.
5) Courageous heroes covered in glory.
5. Commented letter.
1) The desert is mysterious and lifeless until its secrets are unraveled.
2) The silence of the forest is solemn and mysterious.
3) The road is long, the travelers are exhausted, but their will is unyielding.
4) All these books were read during long sleepless nights.
5) Everyone was captured and shocked by his sincere, fiery speech.
6) Numerous northern islands are lost in the icy expanses.
7) I was given a box covered with strange shells.
Natasha was indifferent, restrained and seemingly absent-minded.
Students make mistakes not only in spelling nn and n in adjectives and participles; one often comes across the erroneous spelling of the vowel before n in short participles (seeded, crowned, calmed) and in some singular masculine adjectives (dangerous, slender).
In order not to make mistakes in the spelling of these spellings, students must replace the short form with the full one and use it to determine the part of speech. If this is a participle, then in its short form it retains the same vowel as in its full form (sown - sown, crowned - crowned, calmed - calmed), if it is an adjective, then in the short form of the masculine singular it has a fluent e (clear - clear, slender - slender, dangerous - dangerous, stuffy - stuffy, sultry - sultry).
Students also often mix the short form of the adjective heard (heard, heard, heard), formed from the full form heard, with the short participle heard (heard, heard, heard), formed from the participle heard.
It is also useful to draw students’ attention to the fact that the short form of the adjective worthy is worthy, and worthy is a short participle formed from the verb worthy.
Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle as a special verbal form, but many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.
Communion in Russian
The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with clearly expressed signs of an adjective that answer questions Which? what is he doing? and what did he do? Essentially, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time define its characteristics in a certain period of time. It is precisely this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a frequent mistake in indicating the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse participles with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in sentences. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is a full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of active, passive participles and verbal adjectives.
Similarities of participles with verb and adjective
The participle includes grammatical features of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfect or imperfect, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or unfinished action. May have a reflexive form and may be active or passive. Like adjectives, there are full and short participles. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, case and number, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that participles can only have present and past tenses. It does not have a future tense form. For example: jumping is an imperfect form in the present tense and jumped off is a perfect form in the past tense.
Features of participles
All participles, depending on what attribute they indicate, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the attribute of the object to which the action is directed) and active (indicating the attribute of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guide, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looking; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from a verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From here we can also conclude that the formation of a participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the participle is that it, together with the words dependent on it, quite often forms a phrase, which is highlighted in writing with commas.
Active participles
To form active participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as a basis and a suffix is added to the first conjugation -ush-, -yush-, and to the second -ash-, -box-. For example: galloping - galloping, treating - healing. To form the active participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -t- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: to go - traveling, to carry - carrying.
Passive participles
Passive participles are also formed by replacing suffixes. To form the present tense, suffixes are used for the first conjugation of verbs -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, keep - stored. In order to obtain the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending is taken as the basis -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use a suffix -enn-. For example: paint - painted, whiten - bleached. If the ending of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to obtain a participle the suffix is used -T-. For example: inflate - inflated, flog - flogged.
Short and full communion
Passive participles have two forms: short and full. A short participle has the same grammatical features as a short adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary in number and gender, but are not declined in case. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I'm not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as a toadstool. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both the adjective and the verb, and in a sentence they are always a modifier.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words, forming phrases that have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal characteristics and has become an adjective that depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, taut strings, high spirits. Considering this possibility of a participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle
Although the participle is not isolated as a separate independent part of speech, but is only said to be a special verbal form with elements of an adjective, morphological analysis is still carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is the participle. Next, its morphological characteristics are described: the initial shape is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine gender and singular; describe constant features, which include the following indicators: active participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in a sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-constant features: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in a sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).