The city is located in Western Siberia. What cities are in Western Siberia? Natural resources and minerals of the region

Review of statistical sources and their criticism. Parallel growth of the total population Western Siberia and urban population. Trade and industry as factors for the centralization of the non-agricultural population in cities. Social and class composition of the urban population

The most significant changes in the economic conditions of urban development, which were discussed in the previous chapter, should have been reflected in demographic and economic processes, in quantitative indicators and in qualitative features. Let us first dwell on the quantitative side of these processes; we will consider the qualitative side in the next chapter. Data that can be obtained from statistical sources of that time give some idea of ​​how the process of urban population growth occurred during the period under review.

It is therefore necessary to briefly dwell on the nature of these sources and the degree of reliability of the information they contain.

For the entire 18th century. You can use data from audits made during this century, but in relation to cities, audits at best give only the male population. The data of the fifth revision, which was published by the author of the Statistical Review of Siberia in 1810, contains, in addition to the size of the male population, detailed information about its class composition and the number of houses in cities.

The detailed work on demographic statistics by P. Koeppen (“9th revision”), unfortunately, does not provide information on the population of individual cities. In the 60s, the first editions of the Central Statistical Committee that emerged at that time appeared. The statistical data presented in these works was subjected to the strictest possible verification and control, although the source of this information continued to be the information that was delivered from the localities by administrative bodies. To statistical works containing information about the total urban population or for individual cities Western Siberia, include: “Statistical tables Russian Empire, issue 2. Current population of the empire for 1858 (ed. 1863)" "Tomsk province. List populated areas according to information from 1859.” "Tobolsk province. List of populated places according to information from 1868-1869.”

Of the listed works, the first contains only a summary of the urban population in the Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces. The “List of Populated Places” for the Tobolsk Province contains information relating to a later period, but also provides information on the first list of populated places (ed. 1859).

Information about the population of individual cities Western Siberia are given in the book by I. Zavalishin “Description Western Siberia"(Part I, ed. 1862, II - 1865) with reference to the 10th revision as the source of this information. Comparing these data with others, also based on the 10th revision, it should be assumed that the author slightly changed these data, although he does not directly write about this. Finally, a five-volume publication entitled “Urban Settlements in the Russian Empire” occupies a special place. This edition contains all existing urban settlements in the early 60s. The fifth volume of this publication contains information about the cities of Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces. They contain information about the population for each city for 1858, borrowed from the sources of the Central Statistical Committee.

However, the statistical information provided by all the named sources, since, as we know, they were collected by the city and zemstvo police, can only have a very relative significance. However, this is the only information we have. The compilers of the “Lists of Populated Places”, in terms of their publication, express doubts about the degree of reliability of the given Data, they write: “indicators of the number of houses and courtyards and the number of residents are included in the list not with the purpose of accurately counting the dwellings and population of each camp, district or province, but only to indicate the relative importance of different places” (italics, our R.K.). But these data are not only far from accurate, but also differ in their indicators in different sources.

To give an idea of ​​the degree of discrepancy in the information provided, I will provide data on the urban population of several cities for 1858-1859. according to various sources.

The discrepancy in information about the population of cities from different sources revealed by the table is confirmation that the reliability of this information is very doubtful, but due to the absence of other more reliable sources, one has to choose the one whose information can be considered closer to reality. ^

To do this, we compare the population of several cities for 1858, according to various sources, with data from the previous and subsequent dates. For such a comparison, we have information about the population of cities in 1851 (according to A.G. Gagemeister) and about the population of the same cities in 1875-1876, which is given by “The Economic State of Urban Settlements in Siberia.” Comparing these data,

1 Total population data refers to the same list of cities. In the Tobolsk province: Tobolsk, Berezov, Ishim, Kurgan, Omsk, Tara, Turinsk, Tyumen; Yalutorovsk, Petropavlovsk and Tyukalinsk; in the Tomsk province: Tomsk, Barnaul, Biysk, Kansk, Kuznetsk, Mariinsk, Kolyvan, Narym.

It is important to take into account that the first interval separating 1851 from 1876 lasted 7 years, the second, separating 1858 from 1876, lasted 18 years, i.e. almost two and a half times longer.

The "Lists of Populated Places" give the population increase for Tomeni for the period 1851-1858. by 3,512 people, for the period 1858-.876. for 3,478 people.

“Urban settlements” give 610 and 6,380 people, respectively. For Tomsk, “Lists of populated places” give 7,472 and 12,817 people; “Urban settlements” - 561 and 19,729 people.

If we take into account that those trends in the development of Tyumen towards Tomsk, which we covered in the 3rd chapter, continued to exist during the 2nd half of the 19th century V. (until the construction of the Siberian railway) and intensified in connection with general development commodity-capitalist production in Western Siberia, then one should think that accepting the data from “Urban Settlements” as an average between 1851 and 1876 is much more justified than choosing the “List of Populated Places” as a source. Based on the above considerations, for the final characteristics of the dynamics of the urban population I preferred to accept the information, come on

by "Urban settlements".

How did the total population grow? Western Siberia and in parallel with it the population of cities?

Let us compare data on the number of urban and rural population in both West Siberian provinces for the period 1825-1858.

Urban and rural population growth in Western Siberia in the period 1825-1858. 1

The total population for 1858 is taken according to Statistic. table from 0С" 17о "П" Presence of the population of the empire for 1858",

tr. 179-180. There are no data on urban population in the tables. They are taken: for 1825 from “Statistic, images of cities and towns of the Russian Empire. to 1825,” the amount included the estimated population of Barnaul and Kolyvan; for 1858> from “Urban settlements in Russia. imp."

These data show that the urban population in both West Siberian provinces grew almost equally; the rural population in Tobolsk province. increased at a faster rate than in Tomsk. More accelerated growth of the rural population of Tobolsk province. over these years is explained primarily by its position at the very “entrance” to Western Siberia. At the same time, the fertile lands of Altai were in the monopoly possession of the Cabinet and were not available for mass settlement and development.

Comparing the growth rates of urban and rural populations, we find that over 33 years the urban population has increased by almost half, while the rural population has grown during this time by more than half. The faster growth of the rural population led to a change in the ratio of this population to the urban one: the share of the urban population decreased from 7.8% in 1825 to 7.2% in 1858. By province, the percentage of the urban population decreased accordingly in Tobolsk province. from 8.5 to 7.3, in Tomsk province. from 6.8 to 5.8.

Thus, by the end of the 50s, the population of the Western Siberian provinces was distributed between city and village in the following proportion (in%):

In order to get a correct idea of ​​the significance of the given indicators of the urban population in both provinces, let us compare them with similar indicators in some provinces of the European part of Russia, taking into account that the average urbanization rate in Russia in 1858 was 10.6%

G0bolskaya lips. in terms of urbanization, % of the provinces are: Tambovokaya (7.3%), Volynskaya (7.2%), Evenskaya (6.9%); to Tomsk province: Kostroma (5.7%), Ryazan (6.2%), lower figures are given by: Vyatka (2.5%), Vologda (4.4%), Samara (4.1% )

As we can see, in terms of the degree of development of the urban population, many central and western provinces of European Russia were on the same level as the Western Siberian provinces. Western Siberia stood in this regard ahead of many other northern, eastern and south-eastern provinces of European Russia.

The unequal change in the growth rates of the urban and non-urban population was caused primarily by the fact that almost the entire influx of new population into the Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces from European Russia fueled the growth of the rural population alone, while the urban population grew mainly due to its natural increase.

This conclusion is supported by the growth of the urban population, which amounted annually to only 1.4% or 14 people per 1,000 inhabitants, i.e. it was approximately within the limits of natural growth. From this we could conclude that the population of cities Western Siberia almost did not increase due to the new population flowing in from outside. But this conclusion, which we reach on the basis of the average population growth rate of all cities, cannot be correct, since this indicator obscures the existing differences between cities. There is no doubt that an influx of new population from outside, although very weak, apparently existed. This assumption is based on the fact that in some cities Western Siberia population growth was lower than natural, and in other years the mortality rate in these cities exceeded the birth rate. For example, the data we have for the period 1860-1869. show that in Tobolsk the excess of mortality over the birth rate was over 4 thousand people. It follows that in other cities the population growth was higher than its natural increase. In any case, it is true that in Western Siberian cities during the period under review there was no process of diversion of the population from villages to the city, from agriculture to industry. The population of cities grew extremely slowly, and its growth was uneven between individual cities. This conclusion is confirmed by population growth rates for individual cities.

The growth of individual cities in 1825-1858.

	Number	population in	Population
			1858 in o/0 to 1825 - 100.
Tobolsk . .
Berezov. . .
Mound....
Turinsk. . .
Tyumen. . .
Yalutorovsk .
Petropavlovsk
Tyukalinsk. .
Barnaul. . .
Kainsk....
Kuznetsk. . .
Mariinsk. .
Kolyvan. .

The table leaves no doubt that the southwestern cities Western Siberia, which grew up in the center of agricultural regions, economically connected with the southern pastoral regions, show the highest population growth, significantly exceeding the rate of natural growth. These are the cities: Petropavlovsk, Kurgan, Ishim, which had an annual increase of 5.6, 4.8 and 2.4%, respectively. These cities include Omsk with an annual growth of 4.4%, although its growth, as we know, is associated almost exclusively with the transfer of the control center from Tobolsk to Omsk in 1838. The cities of Kuznetsk, Tobolsk show an absolute decrease in population; Narym and Tara are close to these cities.

However, the table somewhat obscures the growth process of individual cities. “The fact is that it shows only the relative growth of individual cities, while such dwarf settlements as Berezov, Turinsk, even with a small absolute increase in population, inevitably give a relatively high percentage of growth and, conversely, cities such as Tyumen and Tomsk, fall into the same group with these cities in terms of growth.

Meanwhile, if we take the absolute population growth in cities during 1825-1858. equal to 35.8 thousand people, and trace how it is distributed between cities, it turns out that only five cities, namely: Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Tomsk, Tyumen and Kurgan, account for 1/3 (67%) of the total absolute urban growth - population.

However, the growth of even southwestern cities (Omsk, Petropavlovsk and others) is measured by such insignificant absolute values, that they too are unable to shake the idea of ​​what is inherent in cities Western Siberia stagnant development. The scale of their growth is dwarf. This characteristic feature of their development is well emphasized by observations of re-. moving cities in time from one category to another.

For comparison, we present data on 15 cities and trace their movement for the period 1825-1858.

Analyzing the table on page 156, we find that for 33 years (1825-1858) of the three cities of the lowest group (the cities of Berezov, Tyukalinsk and Narym), only Narym by 1858 remained in the same group. From a group of cities with a population of 1-2 thousand inhabitants (Ishim,

Kurgan, Yalutorovsk, Kamensk) all cities moved to the next category of cities (with a population of 2-5 thousand inhabitants), but out of five cities of this last category

ries (Tara, Turinsk, Petropavlovsk, Biysk and Kuznetsk), only Petropavlovsk managed to move to the next higher category (from 5-10 thousand inhabitants), and Kuznetsk moved to the lower. Tomsk remained in the same category (10-15 thousand people) in which it was in 1825, but in 1858 the city of Tyumen entered the same group.

IN highest category(15-20 thousand inhabitants) both in 1825 and in 1858 there was only one city - Tobolsk, but in 1858 its population decreased. Thus, for 11 cities (out of 15), the highest limit of development remained the group from 2 to 5 thousand. Human. Tomsk and Tobolsk were stuck for a long period in the same groups in which they were in 1825, and only Tyumen and Petropavlovsk managed to “break through,” each into the next higher groups.

To explain the reasons for the stagnant development of the urban population, let us turn to clarifying the nature of industry and trade that were concentrated in them, and their relationship to the evolution of cities. However, to resolve the questions that arise in this case, the sources provide insufficient information, fragmentary and very meager. ! "^

It is known that cities in the period of early feudalism were the largest settlements compared to villages, whose residents were engaged in agriculture and crafts. Subsequently, the cities turned into centers of crafts and trade. In a later period, capitalist industry began to concentrate in cities in the form of manufactories, which, with the advent of the steam engine, turned into large factories and factories. Only at this stage of its development does industry become a factor in the rapid economic development of cities.

If we turn to the available data on industry in cities and villages Western Siberia, then what is first striking is the insignificant size of industrial enterprises, which in the sources of that time are called “factories.” Here are some examples. In 1860 within the Tobolsk province. there were 580 such “plants” and “factories” located in cities and outside cities, and all these enterprises employed only 3,744 workers, which gives an average of only 6.5 people per each. The same enterprises in the same year produced products worth 2,405.8 thousand rubles, which gives an average of 4.1 thousand rubles. production.

Thus, the “factory” enterprises of that time were more likely to be craft workshops. But averages inevitably smooth out real differences.

In the same Tobolsk province. there were enterprises that reportedly employed a larger number of workers. For example, the four distilleries in this province employed 1,408 people, which gives an average of 352 people each; 158 people worked at the cloth factory (in Omsk). But the number of these enterprises was small, and they did not change the overall picture.

The dwarf nature of enterprises was also characteristic of the industry of the Tomsk province. The exception in this province is the mining industry of the Altai District, which is based on forced labor. However, elements of greater or lesser forced labor were an integral part of all larger distilleries, cloth factories and other enterprises. In a society with undeveloped economic relations, large-scale industry could arise and exist only on the basis of forced labor, the labor of serfs, exiles, convicts, soldiers, etc.

The industry itself Western Siberia characterized by great uniformity.

It can be divided into the following groups:

industry for processing animal raw materials: leather, elk, lard, soap, candle-nosal, etc.;

industry for processing plant raw materials: distillery, brewery, vodka, oil, rope, stationery, turpentine, etc.;

industry for processing fossil raw materials: brick, pottery, glass, etc.

other, which consisted of large number forges and mills, on the one hand, and individual enterprises concentrated in cities such as Tyumen and Tomsk (foundry, etc.), on the other hand.

The tools used in these enterprises were tools designed for individual use, clumsy and routine. General conditions for the development of industrial production in Western Siberia, namely, fragmentation, narrowness and isolation of individual purely local markets, should have caused a state of stagnation in the forms of production.

However, it is incorrect to classify the entire industry Western Siberia to the type of either craft or feudal manufacture. In fact, most of the small industry was in a state of transition from crafts to small-scale commodity production and the transformation of the artisan into a commodity producer. With the gradual expansion of production for the sale of products at local markets and fairs, the laws of commodity production begin to apply.

Some industries that worked for a larger market are invaded by commercial capital in the form of a merchant-buyer and a merchant-distributor of material. Merchant capital, making its way into these industries, subjugates the production of small commodity producers. This process occurs most clearly in such industries as tanning, lard production, etc., and in individual cities such as Tyumen and Tomsk. However, capital was not able to immediately expel the old methods of production in those industries where it penetrated, transform the instruments of production used in them into modern productive forces driven by the efforts of many people, handicraft tools into a system of machines, a small workshop into a capitalist factory .

With this only possible approach to the issue, it becomes clear why urban industry, extremely modest in size, could not, by its social nature, be a factor driving forward the development of urban settlements.

A clear confirmation that the industry of that time could not be a city-forming factor is the distribution of the amount of industrial production between city and village in 1860.

The table shows the “uniform” distribution of industry between cities and villages, but this “uniformity” resulted entirely from the overall extremely low economic condition Western Siberia and the state of the industry itself.

Transport routes for transporting raw materials were in a pitiful state. Interregional connections were still undeveloped. Industrial products were sold mainly in local markets. The only exceptions were products such as leather, rendered lard, and bread wine, which were sold to other remote parts of the country. Industry was based on primitive technology.

Under these conditions, the city did not have any economic advantages that made it capable of attracting industrial production. Some industries definitely avoided the city, but not at all for the reason why, in the words of F. Engels, “every individual capitalist constantly strives to transfer his production from what is necessarily generated by capitalism big city into the field of rural production."

The general underdevelopment of economic conditions was the reason that industry often preferred the countryside, where it was in direct contact with the local sales market, the market for raw materials or the place of procurement of wood fuel.

While settling outside the cities, this industry was at the same time unable to transform a village into a city for the reason that it was powerless to move and develop those small towns in which it partly settled.

Which branches of industry gravitated primarily to cities or predominantly to villages, which showed a kind of “indifference” to their location, an idea of ​​this can be given by the distribution of industrial enterprises (the so-called “plants” and “factories”) between city and village.

Distribution of industrial enterprises between towns and villages in Tobolsk province. in 18601.

Industrial sectors	Number of industrial p		enterprises
	in cities	more cities
Including:
Industrial enterprises
liquid processing industry
raw materials....
Industrial enterprises
race processing
vegetable raw materials. . .
Industrial p edprnya-
Claim processing service
solderable raw materials....

The “urban” industries were predominantly: candle making (production of candles for offices and the more prosperous urban population), soap making, brick making (for the urban construction of individual houses, churches, public places), pottery (production of pots, cups, dishes for urban and rural consumers ). “Rural” industries were predominantly: distillery, oil, glass, etc., which used large amounts of wood fuel. The “neutral” ones included lard and leather. These were the most common productions; over half of all enterprises in the province were engaged in leather processing and lard refining. They were almost exactly half divided between city and countryside (144 in cities, 152 in villages).

In the process of forming the population of cities, trade, especially wholesale, and the storage and distribution functions associated with it, played a more significant role than industry. The development of trade and the clarification of its significance in the life of cities was given ample space in the previous chapters of this book.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to clarify the characteristics of this process by clarifying its quantitative side, due to the lack of statistical data on the turnover and cargo turnover of cities. Information about the number of merchants registered in the guild in individual cities acquires some significance.

In Tobolsk province. in 1860, 848 trade certificates were issued. There were only 18 capitals of the 1st guild, that is, capitals engaged primarily in wholesale trade, of which nine were in Tyumen, and only one in Tobolsk itself. The largest number of traders with trade certificates was in Petzdavlovsk (173), but these were mainly small traders who traded according to the certificates of the 2nd guild, then Kurgan and others.

It is quite obvious that the capitals involved in trade belonged overwhelmingly to small ones. Each city was “as if enclosed in itself” and was connected only with the surrounding residents by the needs for life supplies.

The fragmentation of cities and the lack of activity in trading activity in them served mainly to the formation of a large number of rural fairs and markets, which bred a huge number of small traders who moved from one market to another throughout the year. Trade, dispersed among small markets and fairs, could not be a factor in the centralization of the population in a few cities.

A certain role in the process of centralization of the urban population was played by the administrative and partly military functions of cities, which also caused certain economic consequences.

Under the influence of administrative and military functions, a certain circle of residents (officials, military) is created in cities. Entering general composition population, they influence the economic life of the city with their needs and ways of satisfying these needs. In Omsk, the military-bureaucratic environment left a real stamp on the life of the city, but it was also a noticeable factor in Tobolsk, Tomsk, and Barnaul.

The economic functions of cities are the factor that at the same time determines the social composition of the population.

Some more or less approximate ideas about this can provide information about class groups among the urban population. Let's try to figure out, based on these materials, some of the most character traits social composition of the urban population in the middle of the 19th century.

The most characteristic population group for cities is the one that unites townspeople, guild workers and merchants. This group was in the cities of Tobolsk province. half the population in Tomsk province. about 2/3 of the total urban population.

This group included merchants, small traders, artisans, unskilled workers, small employees and townspeople who did not have specific occupations or were engaged in agriculture and fishing. Tyumen was a typical city in this regard. Among the population of Tyumen, 78.3% belonged to the “urban” class group. The next place after him was occupied by Tomsk, in which townspeople and merchants made up about half of all residents.

The trading functions of some cities should have affected the relative numbers of that part of the population that belonged to the merchant class. Indeed, in cities such as Tyumen, Tomsk and Petropavlovsk, which stood out from the general background for their trading operations, which were predominantly wholesale in nature, members of the merchant class made up almost half of the entire class in the region: 1,529 people out of a total of 3,218 people.

The administrative functions performed by cities led to the presence of a group of officials among the urban population. By the number of inhabitants adjacent to this group, the provincial cities stood out first of all: Tobolsk, Tomsk, as well as the seat of the governor-general of the entire Western Siberia- Omsk city. These same cities were distinguished by the relative number of military personnel. However, in terms of the military population, the city of Omsk broke the record: the military made up 60% of the total population of this city and almost one-third of the entire military population in the region.

These are the statistical data on the urban population and its social composition, very scarce and not entirely reliable, but the only ones that can be used for this purpose. This, however, is far from enough. In order for the economic life of cities to receive more specific, substantive coverage, one should turn to the characteristics of the economic activities of the residents of each individual city.

West Siberian Lowland the third largest plain on our planet after the Russian one. Its area is about 2.6 million square kilometers. The length of the West Siberian Lowland from north to south (from the coast to the mountains of Southern Siberia and) is about 2.5 thousand kilometers, and from west to east (from to) - 1.9 thousand kilometers. The West Siberian Lowland is quite clearly limited in the north by the coastline of the sea, in the south by the hills of Kazakhstan and mountains, in the west by the eastern foothills of the Urals, and in the east by the valley of the Yenisei River.

The surface of the West Siberian Lowland is flat with a fairly insignificant difference in elevation. Small elevations are characteristic mainly of the western, southern and eastern outskirts. There their height can reach about 250-300 meters. The northern and central regions are characterized by lowlands with an altitude of 50-150 meters above sea level.

Along the entire surface of the plain there are flat areas of interfluves, as a result of which they are significantly swamped. In the northern part there are sometimes small hills and sandy ridges. Quite impressive areas on the territory of the West Siberian Lowland are occupied by ancient basins, the so-called woodlands. here they are mainly expressed by rather shallow hollows. Only some of the largest rivers flow in deep (up to 80 meters) valleys.

Yenisei River

The glacier also influenced the nature of the relief of Western Siberia. The northern part of the plain was mainly exposed to it. At the same time, water accumulated in the center of the lowland, as a result of which a fairly flat plain was formed. In the southern part there are slightly elevated sloping plains with many shallow basins.

More than 2,000 rivers flow through the West Siberian Lowland. Their total length is about 250 thousand kilometers. The largest are. Not only are they navigable, but they are also used to generate energy. They feed mainly from melt water and rain (in the summer-autumn period). There are also a large number of lakes here. In the southern regions they are filled with salt water. The West Siberian Lowland holds the world record for the number of swamps per unit area (the area of ​​the wetland is about 800 thousand square kilometers). The reasons for this phenomenon are the following factors: excess moisture, flat topography, and the ability of peat, which is available here in large quantities, to retain a significant amount of water.

Due to the large extent of the West Siberian Lowland from north to south and the uniformity of the relief, there are many natural areas. In all zones, lakes and swamps occupy fairly large areas. are absent here, and the area is rather insignificant.

The zone occupies a large area, which is explained by its northern position West Siberian Plain. To the south is the forest-tundra zone. As mentioned above, the forests in this area are mainly coniferous. The forest-swamp zone occupies about 60% of the territory of the West Siberian Lowland. The strip of coniferous forests is followed by a narrow zone of small-leaved (mainly birch) forests. The forest-steppe zone is formed under flat-flat terrain. Lying here at shallow depths, they cause a large number of swamps. In the extreme southern part of the West Siberian Lowland is located, which is mostly plowed.

The flat southern regions of Western Siberia are rich in ridges - sandy ridges 3-10 meters high (sometimes up to 30 meters), covered with pine forest, and kolki - birch and aspen groves that are scattered among the steppes.

Western Siberia is part of the Eastern macro region along with such regions as East Siberian and Far Eastern. For many centuries, the indigenous population of the Eastern macro region was engaged in reindeer husbandry (in the north), hunting and fishing in the taiga, sheep breeding and horse breeding in the steppe regions of the south. After joining Russia, the development of this territory begins. In less than 100 years Russian state vast territories from the Urals to the shores were consolidated Pacific Ocean.

After the abolition of serfdom and especially after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the population in these areas increased greatly. Western Siberia became a major grain and livestock raising region.

The discovery of oil and gas played a major role in the development of the region. As a result, the West Siberian region began to stand out for its powerful economy. During the Soviet years, Western Siberia provided 70% of oil and natural gas production, about 30% of coal, and about 20% of timber harvested in the country. The region accounted for about 20% of the country's grain and the main population of deer. Despite the fact that this district is the smallest in area in the eastern macro region, it has a larger population than the other two districts.

At the moment, our state is experiencing great economic difficulties and a more or less stable position in the world market is provided by the export of oil and gas produced in Western Siberia. Thanks to this, Western Siberia became the country's sponsor of foreign exchange earnings from the sale of oil and gas to other countries. Having become acquainted with the development of the territory, with the natural base and development features of the region, I decided to find out what the current state of the economy, economy and industry of this region is, to determine the main problems and prospects for the development of the region

Composition of territories. Economic-geographical position and physical-geographical position

The West Siberian region ranks third in area in the country among other regions after the East Siberian region and the Far Eastern region; its area is about 3 million square km. The West Siberian region includes: two autonomous okrugs (Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk), five regions (Omsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Tyumen), the Altai Republic, Altai Territory..

The West Siberian region is located between the Ural region and the East Siberian region from the west and east and from the Kara Sea to the border with Kazakhstan. The peculiarity of the economic-geographical position (hereinafter referred to as EGP) of the West Siberian region in the vicinity of the Urals and Kazakhstan. The West Siberian region is located in northern and temperate latitudes. The southern part is located in close proximity to the center of origin of the Siberian anticyclone.

EGP within the region is sharply differentiated to the south. Climatic conditions almost everywhere, except for the highlands, are favorable for growing agricultural crops in the northern and central zone. In winter, most of the territory has little wind and dry weather. Western Siberia as a whole receives enough atmospheric moisture for agriculture (900-600mm per year in the taiga), but in the south it is usually not enough (300mm per year). The intensity of solar radiation in the southern regions is 20-25% higher than in Moscow, therefore the soils warm up quickly in the spring, which also promotes the growth of agricultural crops. Western Siberia has an extensive hydrographic network (mainly the Ob-Irtysh system). In the spring, the rivers overflow heavily and have prolonged floods, which is favorable for shipping and rafting of timber. But in the northern regions, navigation is hampered by a relatively short navigation period. In the mountains, rivers are very rapid, which makes navigation and timber rafting difficult, but favors the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The fertile soils of Western Siberia are represented by chernozems and (in the extreme south) dark chestnut soils.

Natural resources and natural conditions

Western Siberia is one of the richest regions in the country in natural resources. A unique oil and gas province has been discovered here. Huge reserves of hard and brown coal, iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated in the region. The area has large reserves of peat, and large reserves of wood, mainly coniferous, are also concentrated. In terms of fish reserves, Western Siberia is considered one of the richest regions of the country. Western Siberia has significant fur reserves. The forest and forest-steppe zones have large tracts of fertile land, which creates favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The largest oil and gas provinces include Samotlor, Fedorovskoye, Varyganskoye, Vatinskoye, Pokurovskoye, Ust-Bulykskoye, Salymskoye, Sovetsko-Sosnytskoye - oil fields, Urengoyskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye - gas fields. Oil and gas here are of high quality. Oil is light, low in sulfur, has a high yield of light fractions, and contains associated gas, which is a valuable chemical raw material. The gas contains 97% methane, rare gases, and at the same time there is no sulfur, little nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oil and gas deposits at depths of up to 3 thousand meters in soft but stable, easily drilled rocks are characterized by a significant concentration of reserves. More than 60 gas fields have been identified on the territory of the complex. One of the most efficient is Urengoyskoye, which provides annual gas production of 280 billion cubic meters. The cost of producing 1 ton of equivalent fuel, natural gas, is the lowest compared to all other types of fuel. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob region. In the future, the importance of northern deposits will increase. Currently, 68% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia. Natural gas is produced mainly in the northern regions. Here are the most significant deposits - Yamburg and the Yamal Peninsula. Plants for processing oil and gas raw materials are located in Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs. The Omsk petrochemical complex includes an oil refinery, synthetic rubber, soot, tire, rubber products, plastics, as well as a cord factory and others. Large oil and gas processing complexes are being created in Tobolsk and Tomsk. The fuel resources of the complex are represented by the Ob - Irtysh and North Sosvinsky brown coal basins. The Ob-Irtysh coal basin is located in the southern and middle part of the Western Siberian Plain. It belongs to the closed category, since its coal-bearing layers, reaching 85 meters, are covered by a thick cover of younger sediments. The coal basin has been poorly studied and its estimated reserves are estimated at 1,600 billion tons, the depth of occurrence varies from 5 to 4,000 m. In the future, these coals can be of industrial importance only if they are underground gasified. The North Sosvinsky basin is located in the north of the Tyumen region, its reserves amount to 15 billion tons. Explored deposits include Otorinskoye, Tolinskoye, Lozhinskoye and Ust-Maninskoye.

The West Siberian TPK has significant water resources. The total river flow is estimated at 404 cubic km. At the same time, the rivers have a hydropower potential of 79 billion kWh. However, the flat nature of the surface makes the use of hydropower resources of the Ob, Irtysh and their large tributaries ineffective. The construction of dams on these rivers will lead to the creation of large reservoirs, and the damage from the flooding of vast forests, and possibly oil and gas fields, will block the energy effect from hydroelectric power stations. Underground thermal waters are of significant interest. They can be used for heating greenhouses and greenhouses, heating agricultural facilities, cities and workers' settlements, as well as for medicinal purposes.

Population

The total number of residents of the West Siberian region is 15141.3 thousand people, the growth is positive and amounts to 2.7 people per 100 inhabitants, the role of the migration influx is great. The share of the urban population is over 70%. Overall, the area lacks labor resources. If we allow the development of transport in the future, the population density of Western Siberia will increase significantly.

On the territory of the region there are two millionaire cities - Omsk (1,160,000 inhabitants), Novosibirsk (1,368,000 inhabitants) and three major cities: Tyumen (493,000 inhabitants), Tomsk (500,000 inhabitants), Kemerovo (517,000 inhabitants). Western Siberia is a multinational region. About ten main nationalities live on its territory: (Russians, Selkups, Khanty, Mansi, Altaians, Kazakhs, Shors, Germans, Komi, Tatars and Ukrainians).

Omsk region 2175 thousand people 6 cities 24 urban villages.

Altai region 2654 thousand people 11 cities 30 urban villages.

Altai Republic 201.6 thousand people urban population 27% 1 city (Gorno-Altaisk) 2 urban-type settlements.

Novosibirsk region 2803 thousand people urban population 74% 14 cities 19 urban-type settlements.

Tomsk region 1008 thousand people urban population 69% 5 cities 6 urban villages.

Tyumen region 3120 thousand people urban population 91% 26 cities 46 urban-type settlements.

Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region 1301 thousand people urban population 92% 15 cities 25 urban villages.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 465 thousand people urban population 83% 6 cities 9 urban villages.

Kemerovo region 3177 thousand people 87% urban population 19 cities 47 urban-type settlements.

Historical and economic conditions

The hypothesis about the oil and gas potential of the West Siberian Plain was first put forward in 1932 by Academician I.M. Gubkin. For many years, supporters of this idea had many authoritative opponents.

In 1953, the first one was discovered - the Berezovskoye gas field. In 1960, the first oil field in Siberia was discovered near the village of Shaim.

At first, geological exploration work was carried out only in the southern regions of the West Siberian Plain, but then research spread to the entire territory, to the subzone of the middle and southern taiga.

In 1961, a group of oil fields was discovered in the middle Ob region and gas fields in the Berezovsky gas-bearing region. In 1965, the Samotlor oil field was discovered. These discoveries marked the beginning of the development of the largest oil and gas province of global importance. After the construction of the Siberian Railway (1891-1916), widespread agrarian settlement of the region began. During the years of development of capitalism in Russia, the region became the largest supplier of wheat and animal oil to the European part and for export. There were also centers of mining, coal and food industries in Western Siberia, but their sizes were very small. In 1924, the first Kuznetsk coke went to the Ural factories. The Western Territory was formed as a result of the division of Siberia in 1930, the Tyumen region was included. During the war, 210 enterprises were evacuated here, which subsequently gave a significant impetus to the development of the economy of the entire region.

Industry

The development of Western Siberia for many years was determined by the needs of the state. Thanks to the large-scale development of natural resources, financed by the state, the region became the main energy and raw material base and the basis for the financial stability of the country. During the reform years, the West Siberian region continued to play the role of a financial “sponsor” of the country. Moreover, its role has increased: due to export mineral resources and their processed products provide more than two-thirds of the country's foreign exchange earnings. The region's resource orientation led to a significantly smaller loss of industrial potential in the reform years compared to European regions. Almost 35% of the West Siberian Plain is occupied by swamps. More than 22% of the entire territory of the plain is peatland. Currently, in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions there are 3,900 peat deposits with total peat reserves of 75 billion tons. The Tyumen Thermal Power Plant operates on the basis of the Tarmanskoye field.

The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises producing energy fuel, but also by a fairly large system of thermal power plants on the middle Ob River and individual energy hubs in oil and gas production areas. The energy system has been significantly strengthened by new state district power plants - Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urengoy.

Currently, the Tomsk and Tyumen regions generate a little more than 2% of the total Russian electricity. The energy sector is represented by a significant number of small, uneconomical power plants. The average installed capacity of one power plant is less than 500 kW. The further development of the electric power industry on the territory of the complex is inextricably linked with cheap associated gas, which, after topping at gas processing plants, will be used for energy purposes. Electricity from the Surgut State District Power Plant is supplied to oil fields, construction sites in the Ob region and to the Ural energy system. Two largest thermal power plants in the system of petrochemical complexes and two state district power plants using associated gas are being built on the territory of the complex in Nizhnevartovsk and Novy Urengoy. The problem of supplying electricity to the northern gas-bearing regions of the Tyumen region, where small, scattered power plants operate, is especially acute.

The forest chemical complex is represented mainly by the logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the wood is exported in unprocessed form (roundwood, ore stands, firewood). The stages of deep wood processing (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) are insufficiently developed. In the future, a significant increase in timber harvesting is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions. Availability huge reserves wood, cheap fuel and water will allow the formation of large enterprises in the region for the chemical and mechanical processing of wood raw materials and waste. It is planned to create several timber processing complexes and sawmills and wood processing plants on the territory of the West Siberian complex. Their construction is expected in the cities of Asino, Tobolsk, Surgut, Kolpashevo, in the villages of Kamenny and Bely Yar.

The machine-building complex is formed mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Ishim and Zladoukovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for the oil and gas production and forestry industries, transport, construction, and agriculture. Many enterprises are not yet sufficiently focused on meeting the needs of the subdistrict. In the near future, it is necessary to strengthen the role of Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk as support bases for the development of oil and gas-bearing regions of Western Siberia and to deepen the specialization of the mechanical engineering of these centers in the production of various equipment in the “northern version”. The formation of the machine-building complex on the territory of the Tomsk and Tyumen regions should be subordinated, first of all, to the tasks of providing the necessary, especially low-transportable and special equipment to enterprises and construction sites of leading industries National economy the eastern zone of the country and especially its northern regions.

In the future, ferrous metallurgy may develop on the territory of the complex. On the basis of Bakchar ores in the south of the Tomsk region, it is possible to build a metallurgical plant. The Bakchar deposit can become the main raw material base for the development of ferrous metallurgy in the eastern zone of the country.

The industrial construction complex is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of petrochemical and forestry enterprises. Row building materials supplied by the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict. There is a certain deficit in the construction base for the creation of civil structures.

The main construction organizations are concentrated in large industrial centers, mainly in the south of the subdistrict. During the period of development of oil and gas resources, the method of complete block, prefabricated construction became widespread here, which can significantly reduce the cost of human labor and speed up the construction of facilities. At the same time, basic construction materials enterprises are being created in Tomsk and Tyumen. Currently, there are 17 concentrated construction hubs operating in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions: Tomsk, Tyumen, Nzhnevartovsk, Surgut, Ust-Balyk, Strezhevsk, Megion, Neftyugansk, Nadym, Tobolsk, Asinovsky, Berezovsky, Urengoy, Yamburg, Kharasaveysky, Beloyarsky, Tugansky and others.

Contacts of enterprises with outside world are not limited to the export and import of goods. More than 100 joint ventures are registered in the Western Siberian region. The exports of these enterprises amounted to $240 million in 1995. During the first half of 1996, these enterprises produced 4 million tons of oil. Among the largest investors in joint ventures are countries such as the USA, Canada, and Germany. And the most significant joint ventures in terms of scale of activity are: Yuganskfrakmaster, Yugraneft. The priority task in the field of contacts with foreign capital is to attract large-scale lenders to the fuel industry of the region. Among the projects financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are the restoration of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia and the supply of equipment to Samotlor. In 1995, the World Bank provided a targeted loan of $610 million to P/O Kogalymneftegaz.

Speaking about the economic development of the Western Siberian region in 1999 and the first half of 2000, data from the State Statistics Committee were used Russian Federation according to main economic indicators.

According to these data, Western Siberia is currently one of the ten leading regions that contribute 63.6% of taxes to the general state treasury, of which the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts falls in 1999 - 9.3%, and in the first half of 2000 - 11.9%.

Transport

The increase in inter-district freight turnover and intra-district transportation contributed to the expansion of the transport network. On the territory of the region, oil pipelines were built Shaim-Tyumen, Ust-Balyk-Omsk, Aleksandrovskoye-Anzhero-Sudzhensk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk, Samotlor-Tyumen-Almetyevsk, Ust-Balyk-Kurgan-Samara, Omsk-Pavlodar and gas pipelines in the Medvezhye-Nadym- Ural (two stages), Nadym-Punga-Center, Urengoy-Nadym-Ukhta-Torzhok, Vengapur-Surgut-Tobolsk-Tyumen, Yamburg-Center, Nizhnevartovsk-Myldzhino-Tomsk-Novokuznetsk, Yamburg-Western border of Russia. This powerful pipeline transport ensures the delivery of almost 400 million tons of oil and 450 billion cubic meters of gas to consumers. Currently, pipelines with a length of over 10 thousand kilometers have been built to release Tyumen oil. Gas pipelines stretch for more than 12 thousand kilometers. Here, pipes with a diameter of 1420 mm were used for the first time. A special role is played in the industrial development of new areas. railway transport. The Tobolsk-Surgutsk-Nizhnevartovsk railway line was laid from Tyumen through the Shirotnoe Ob region. There are various options for continuing this highway. It can connect to the Trans-Siberian Railway through Tomsk or go to Abalakovo, along the Keta River. On the territory of the complex, logging roads Ivdel-Ob, Tavda-Sotnik, Asino-Bely Yar were built. Great importance to solve local problems has road transport. Currently, an external and internal paved road ring has been built around Samotlor, and access roads to the Tyumen-Tobolsk-Surgut railway are being created. However, the transport network is not yet sufficiently developed. Per one square kilometer of territory, the length of railways here is almost 3 times less and paved roads are 2 times less than in the country as a whole. River transport is of great importance, the importance of which will increase significantly in connection with the construction of river ports in Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Kolpashevo, and the improvement of navigation on the Tom, Keti, Tura and Tobol rivers.

Agriculture

The agro-industrial complex of the complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. On a small scale, in places where industrial crops are grown - flax, hemp, sunflower - there is primary processing of flax - curly and hemp, and oil production. The livestock branch of the agro-industrial complex includes butter and milk factories, dairy canning factories and production facilities for processing meat, leather, wool, and sheepskin.

Carpet making is an ancient craft of the region (in Ishim and Tobolsk there are mechanized carpet factories). Enterprises in the textile, leather and footwear industries operate using local and imported raw materials. The main centers for processing agricultural raw materials are Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim.

Fishing industry complex - fish production in rivers and lakes, marine fishing in the Gulf of Ob, fish processing and canning. This complex is served by a network knitting factory in Tyumen and a shipyard in Tobolsk, as well as bases for the receiving and transport fleet. Container and can production is located at fish processing plants.

Through the mountains to the sea with a light backpack. Route 30 passes through the famous Fisht - this is one of the most grandiose and significant natural monuments of Russia, the closest to Moscow high mountains. Tourists travel lightly through all the landscape and climatic zones of the country from the foothills to the subtropics, spending the night in shelters.

This subdistrict is one region: both districts are part of it, although in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) they are simultaneously subjects of the country. Several natural zones are represented on the territory of the subdistrict - from tundra to forest-steppes. Most of
The Ob and Taz basins are swampy. Forests have low productivity.
But in the depths lie the largest oil and natural gas resources in Russia and very significant at the global level. The first type of resources is distributed within the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug,
the second - the Yamalo-Nenets District.

Tyumen region located within the West Siberian Lowland, which has a low altitude above sea level. Hence the extreme swampiness and abundance of peat. Swamps cover the fourth
part of the lowland area. Oil and gas fields
explored in the thickness of sedimentary rocks. At the same time, oil fields
are confined mainly to the Middle Ob region, while the most powerful gas fields are located in the lower reaches of the Ob,
Taza, on the Yamal Peninsula.

In the Far North, up to approximately 65° N, tundra and
a narrow strip of forest-tundra. The large middle part of the region represents
a taiga-forest zone. Podzolic and peat-bog soils are common here. The forest consists mainly of coniferous trees,
Deciduous forests are widespread in the south of the region. South of the forest area
the forest-steppe extends.

The production structure includes petrochemical,
forestry and agro-industrial complexes. Additional meaning
have mechanical engineering and fishing industries. Produced oil and
gas is transported mainly to other areas. Significant
Some of the unprocessed timber is also transported outside the region.

There are three oil and gas regions: 1) Priuralsky (has
single-layer shallow deposits - 1200-2500 m);
2) Central Siberian (located in the central part of the region, most fields have several oil reservoirs); 3) North Tyumen (gas-bearing area with large deposits). All
These areas are located on the territory of autonomous okrugs.

Tyumen is the first Russian city in Siberia, founded as a prison
(1586). The first settlers were 300 Cossacks and Streltsy. I

Since the 17th century - an important transport point on the trade route from Siberia to
China. Since 1709 - as part of the Siberian province, since 1782 - a district city of the Tobolsk governorship (since 1796 - province). In the 19th century Tyumen became a transit point for immigrants (from 1883 to 1900).
over 500 thousand people) and exiles (here was the Order on Exiles, which registered and distributed them throughout Siberia). Since 1944 - regional center. Since the 1960s. Tyumen serves as a rear base for the development of the Central Ob oil and northern gas fields.
The second city in the southern part of the region is Tobolsk. In 1587, a wooden fort was rebuilt, which later became the core of a stone Kremlin, the first in Siberia. Until 1590 it was under the administrative subordination of Tyumen. WITH late XVI V. until the 18th century - the main military-administrative and church (in 1620 the Siberian Diocese was established) center of Siberia. From 1708 - a city, the center of the Siberian province, stretching from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean, from 1782 - of the Tobolsk governorship, in 1796-1917. - the center of the Tobolsk province. Currently, one of the largest in the country operates in Tobolsk
petrochemical complexes.

Together, Tyumen and Tobolsk form a single economic complex. It also includes the cities of Zavodoukovsk, Ishim, Yalutorovsk. This is the territory of the old agricultural and commercial development of Siberia. It is the most densely populated, about 70% of it
The population is concentrated in cities and ten urban-type settlements.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug(until 1940 Ostyak-Vogulsky) was formed as a national district in 1930. Khanty And Mansi how ethnic communities developed from the end of the 1st millennium BC The Khanty are known as Ugra from the 11th century, under the name Ostyaks- from the 14th century The old name of Mansi is Voguls, in written sources mentioned since the 14th century. From the second half XII V. Ugra land was a volost Novgorod Republic. In the XVI-XVII centuries. Immigrants from Central Russia began to arrive here. In 1593, the city of Berezovo was founded, in 1594 - the city of Surgut. At the beginning of the 17th century. There were only 10 thousand inhabitants in the district.

In connection with the rapid development of the oil and gas province and, as
consequence, rapid mechanical population growth in the 1960s - 1980s.
the proportion of the titular (“indigenous”) population is low: Khanty -
2%, Mansi - 1.1%. Both peoples belong to the Finno-Ugric language group(Ural-Yukaghir family). The Khanty are concentrated in the Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Oktyabrsky, and Khanty-Mansi regions, the Mansi - in the Berezovsky and Kondinsky districts. District center - Khanty-Mansiysk city- founded in 1931 as the village of Ostyako-Vogulsk - the center of the Ostyako-Vogulsky national district. Since 1940 it has been called Khanty-Mansiysk, it was part of the Ural region, since 1934 - the Omsk region, since 1944 - the Tyumen region. In 1950 it was transformed into a city.

The main specialization of the district is the oil industry. The main deposits of the Middle Ob region are Samotlorskoye, Pravdinskoye, Nizhnevartovskoye, Mepgonskoye, Mamontovskoye, Surgutskoye, Fedorovskoye, etc. The main centers of industry are Surgut (gas-gasoline plant, state district power station, fish processing plant, woodworking), Nizhnevartovsk (building materials plant, fish factory).

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug located in the lower reaches
Ob, extends to the North by the Gydansky and Yamal peninsulas. Until the 17th century
here lived a small population who were engaged in
reindeer husbandry, hunting and fishing. Old-timer population
(mainly Nenets) are distributed unevenly, mainly along the banks of the Ob and other large rivers, as well as in the coastal strip of sea lips - bays. In the tundra zone - on the peninsulas, where in the summer
sensed by reindeer herders, and hunters hunt in winter; the population density is extremely low. The newcomer population is mainly engaged in the development of gas fields (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Gubkinskoye, Yamburgskoye, Yubileinoye, Tazovskoye, etc.), living mainly in cities
(Nadym, Labytnangi, New Urengoy, Noyabrsk, etc.) and urban settlements.

District center - Salekhard city- located on the right bank
Ob, near the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone, was founded in 1595 as a Cossack fortress called Obdorsk (from the name of the Ob River and the word “dor”, translated from the Komi language - a place near something). However, the Nenets have long called the village Sale-Kharn, i.e. settlement on the cape. Since the 19th century Russians began to settle permanently in Obdorsk; the settlement was part of the Berezovsky district of the Tobolsk province. IN 1930 The Yamalo-Nenets National District was formed, the center of which was Obdorsk (since 1933 - Salekhard, since 1938 - the city). Currently, the city has fish canning, house-building factories, and the production of building materials.

Opposite Salekhard, on the left bank of the Ob, is the town of Labytnangi. to which the railway line approaches from the station. Chub on the Kotlas - Vorkuta railway. West of Labytnangi - st. Obskaya, where the railway line to the Bovanenkovskoye gas field originates. Another one Railway- Surgut - Urengoy - provides regular communication with the industrial centers of Siberia. There is a large state district power station in the city of Novy Urengoy.

The development of gas production led to the construction of gas pipelines
large diameter and long distance to the Urals, North-West and
to the Center The longest gas pipeline to Western European countries has been laid from Urengoy. An extensive gas pipeline system has been created inside Russia.

Western Siberia is one of the large territorial units of Russia. Its area is 2451.1 thousand km 2, which is 15% of the entire territory of the country.

The industrial development of the region is at high level, and increases in scale every year.

Population of the region

The region's population is about 15 million, and this figure, thanks to active industrial development, is actively increasing. The average population density of Western Siberia is low and amounts to only 2 people per km 2. Such indicators are due to the characteristics of the natural landscape and climate of the region. The distribution of the population in the region itself is not uniform and the density of each region ranges from 0.5 people/km2 (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) to 33 people/km2 (Kemerovo region). Most of the population lives in the riverine regions, as well as in the Altai foothills.

About 73% of the total population are urban residents living in 80 cities in the region. Also in Western Siberia there are 204 settlements having the status of an urban-type settlement. Most of all Russians live in this territory, and only 10% of total number The population consists of small nations such as Komi, Evenki, Khanty and others.

Industry of Western Siberia

Many people have heard about the fuel and energy capacity of Russia, and in many ways, such popularity was achieved precisely thanks to the industry of Western Siberia. In the region, industrial sectors such as coal, gas, oil, metallurgy, electrical engineering and others are at a high level and continue to develop. Each of these areas produces high productivity results and increases production volumes, which affects the population growth of the region. In terms of the share of industry, each of the regions of the region shows its own indicators, but the leading places in this list belong to the Tyumen and Kemerovo regions.

Fuel industry

Western Siberia is rightly called the base of the country's fuel industry. After all, many enterprises for the extraction and transportation of coal and oil provide not only the country’s need for resources, but are also exported to many countries, thus replenishing the state treasury.

Today, the largest oil refining complex, which processes about 80% of the produced raw materials, is the oil refinery in the city of Omsk. Part of the volume is processed by the oil refinery in Tobolsk. BUT, since transportation from fields to processing sites is quite expensive, today the possibility of building economical mini-refineries is being considered. Such industrial facilities They plan to build them in mining areas, thus reducing the cost of fuel.

Ferrous metallurgy

Another major industry in Western Siberia is ferrous metallurgy. Its main capacity is in the Kemerovo region. It is in this region that enterprises such as the West Siberian Full Cycle Plant, as well as the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, successfully operate.

As for the production of finished rolled metal, a large enterprise in Novosibirsk is also working on this area.

Mechanical engineering

The mechanical engineering industry occupies a special place in the developed industry of Western Siberia. Its largest centers are Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, and the Altai Territory. It is in these regions that the largest engineering enterprises are located, which produce a wide variety of products, from weaving machines to large pieces of agricultural machinery and cars.

Agriculture of Western Siberia

Unlike other neighboring economic regions, the climate and landscape capabilities of Western Siberia have made it possible to develop various areas of agriculture quite widely. The area of ​​agricultural land located in this territory is quite large and amounts to 1/6 of all land allocated for agriculture by the state.

The main regions in which this direction is most developed are the Novosibirsk, Omsk and southern parts of the Tyumen region. In these territories, grain crops and vegetables are actively grown, and livestock farming is well developed.

In the northern regions of this region, reindeer husbandry, fur farming and fishing flourish. But on the territory Altai Territory, village residents make a living from beekeeping, antler reindeer husbandry, as well as industrial procurement of medicinal plants.

In addition, work is currently underway to expand agricultural land in Western Siberia: the Barabinsk forest-steppe is being drained, as well as the Kulinda steppe is being irrigated.