Graphic work. Practical and graphic work on drawing Graphic work 1 on drawing

Algorithm

Analysis of the geometric shape of an object

Boss

Shoulder

Shaft

Vertex

View

Main view

Viewadditional

Local view

Screw

Sleeve

Dimensions

screw

Fillet

Geometric body

Horizontal

Ready room

Edge

Dividing a circle

Division of a segment

Diameter

ESKD

Drawing tools

Tracing paper

Pencil

Drawing Layout

Construction

Circuit

Cone

Pattern curves

Circular curves

Pattern

Rulers

Line - leader

Extension line

Transition line

Dimensional line

Solid line

Dashed line

Dashed line

Lyska

Scale

Monge method

Polyhedron

Polygon

Modeling

Main inscription

Applying dimensions

Drawing outline

Break

Oval

Ovoid

Circle

Circlein axonometric projection

Ornament

Axonometric axes

Axis of rotation

Projection axis

Axis of symmetry

Hole

Groove

Keyway

Parallelepiped

Pyramid

Projection plane

Prism

Axonometric projections

Projection

Isometric rectangular projection

Frontal dimetric oblique projection

Projection

Groove

Scan

Size

Overall dimensions

Structural dimensions

Coordinating sizes

Dimensionspart element

Gap

Drawing frame

Edge

Drawingtechnical

Symmetry

Pairing

Standard

Standardization

Arrows

Scheme

Thor

Mating point

Protractor

Squares

Simplifications and conventions

Chamfer

Drawing formats

Frontal

Projection Center

Pairing center

Cylinder

Compass

Drawing

Working drawing

Drawing

Dimensional number

Reading the drawing

Washer

Ball

Slot

Engraving

Font

Hatching

Hatching in axonometry

Ellipse

Sketch

GRAPHIC WORK

in teaching, visual design by the teacher and students. information: a simplified sketch of the details of the objects being studied, their symbols; drawing up diagrams, graphs, cartograms, nomograms, etc. tables, etc.; graphic-analytical data processing; signaling marks and arrangement of text fragments. The purpose of G. r. teacher - to give students visible support in understanding what is demonstrated and verbally stated, as well as to contribute to the rationalization of their knowledge. activities. The purpose of G. r. students - to activate the teaching. by contributing your own, for example. mnemonic, working methods. G. r. -, in contrast to the strictly standardized teaching. work, according to a drawing program or other technical. disciplines.

The basis of G. r. is conditional, schematic. graphics, which convey the principle of the structure or functioning of the object under study and are focused on conveying relationships between facts, phenomena, objects, revealing spatio-temporal connections, cause-and-effect, functional dependencies, etc. The possibilities are schematic. graphics have determined its widespread use in various areas of human activity, primarily in the sphere of natural sciences. Sci.

The combination in a schematic the graphics of two principles - abstract-logical and visual-figurative - determined its use in teaching. process. Uch. material, including non-graphic material (fragments of text, numbers, etc.), but graphically organized, orderly placed on a visible plane, is perceived as a whole and its parts and in their interrelations. Using G.R., the teacher introduces the audience not only to a certain amount of information, but also to the way of organizing and systematizing it. Monitoring the implementation of G. r. students, the teacher can timely assess the effectiveness of the organization of their studies. activities, the degree of clarity and intelligibility of their explanations.

G. r. promotes more durable preservation of “reference traces” in visual memory (V.F. Shatalov) - from the color and shape of the graphic. elements, their location, direction, size, etc., - laying auxiliary. basis for reproducing what has been learned. G. r. in the learning process, it not only helps to solve problems of visual display, but also promotes rational organization, systematization of knowledge, instills in students a harmonious design of the material, and prepares them for independence. intellectual work. Sometimes G. r. allows you to detect an error made during measurement, calculation, etc., not noticed during conventional digital recording.

Character of G. r. varies depending on the subject. For precision and technical sciences are characterized by the construction of graphs reflecting functional connections and dependencies: when teaching physics G. r. illustrates the principles of design of devices and machines; in chemistry lessons reflects the transition of quantities and changes into qualitative ones. Introduction to graphic the expression of functions and structural relationships, given in physics, mathematics, and drawing lessons, can be reinforced in other classes. In the subjects of the humanitarian cycle, synchronicities are compiled. tables, cartograms and diagrams that help students develop the ability to consider social phenomena in their development and interdependence.

When performing G. r. it is necessary to take into account that all elements are schematic. graphics (shape, color, size, location, etc.) carry a certain semantic load and due to various reasons may be interpreted differently by students. Therefore, in order to avoid distortion of the teaching. information when choosing cements schematically. graphics, one should strive to ensure that, if possible, they correspond to the characteristics and characteristic features of graphically designated objects.

G. r. implies obligation. combination with other teaching aids and method. techniques.

Russian pedagogical encyclopedia. - M: “Great Russian Encyclopedia”. Ed. V. G. Panova. 1993 .

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TO SAOU SPO "Pedagogical College of Tambov" METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS for performing practical work in the discipline "Engineering Graphics" for students of the specialty "280707 Protection in emergency situations, rescue technician" (Works No. 1-6) TAMBOV, 2013 Author: TARASOV V.E., teacher of special disciplines of the State Autonomous Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Pedagogical College of Tambov" Reviewer: Lappa T.I. Engineering graphics" for students of the specialty "280707 Protection in emergency situations, rescue technician" (Works No. 1-6) Guidelines for performing graphic work in the course "Engineering graphics" are intended for students of the specialty 280707 "Protection in emergency situations." The manual contains the necessary theoretical and reference material for performing graphic works No. 1-6. Recommended by the scientific and methodological council of the college as a teaching aid. INTRODUCTION The program of the course "Engineering Graphics" for students in the specialty of secondary vocational education 280707 Protection in emergency situations, rescue technician determines the amount of knowledge required to carry out mechanical engineering drawings and diagrams. Students perform most of the work independently, so when studying an engineering graphics course they are recommended to familiarize themselves with the requirements of ESKD standards for the execution of drawings. All graphic work by students must be completed in accordance with their version according to the serial number in the educational journal. The purpose of this publication is to familiarize students with fonts, lines, methods for constructing connections, depicting objects, arrangement of views, making cuts, sections and axonometric projections, drawing dimensions and maximum deviations, graphic designation of materials in graphic works and drawing electrical circuits. REQUIREMENTS OF ESKD STANDARDS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF GRAPHIC TASKS The Unified System of Design Documentation (ESKD) is the most important system of permanent technical and organizational requirements that ensure the interchange of design documentation without its re-registration between industries and individual enterprises. It allows for increased unification in the design development of industrial product projects; simplification of document forms and reduction of their nomenclature, as well as graphic images: mechanized and automated creation of documentation and, most importantly, the readiness of industry to organize the production of any product at any enterprise in the shortest possible time. The ESKD presents a set of state standards that establish interrelated unified rules and regulations on the procedure for the development and circulation of design documentation used by various organizations and enterprises. These uniform rules also apply to educational documentation, which may include graphic tasks performed by students, therefore all images must be made clearly, accurately and in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Design Design Document. Assignments are completed on sheets of drawing paper in A3 and A4 format (GOST 2.301-68). After drawing the frame on the sheet in the lower right corner, mark the dimensions of the main inscription of the task, which is the same for all formats. The form of the main inscription is adopted in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.104-68. Images must be made on the scale specified in the assignment, but in compliance with GOST 2.302-68. When filling out the main and other inscriptions, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of GOST 2.304-81. When applying dimensions, it is recommended to use GOST 2.307-68. When tracing an image, the thickness of the main lines should be 0.8 - 1.0 mm, and the thickness of the remaining lines should be in accordance with GOST 2.303-68. LIST OF REFERENCES 1. Bogolyubov S.K.Engineering graphics. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 2004. -352s 2. GOST 2. 303-68. Lines. 3. GOST 2. 304-81. Drawing fonts. 4. GOST 2. 305-68. Images - views, sections, sections. 5. GOST 2. 301-68. Formats // ESKD. General rules for making drawings. GOST 22.301-68 - GOST 2.321-84. M., 1988. 239 p. 6. GOST 2. 302-68. Scale. 7. GOST 2. 307-68. Drawing dimensions and maximum deviations. 8. Levitsky V.S. Mechanical engineering drawing/ V.S. Levitsky. M., 1998. 383 p. 9. Mechanical engineering drawing / G.P. Vyatkin, A.N. Andreeva, A.K. Boltukhin et al. M., 1985. 368 p. 10. Popova G.N. Mechanical engineering drawing / G.N. Popova, S.Yu. Alekseev. St. Petersburg, 1999. 453 p. 11. S.K. Bogolyubov Individual assignments for the drawing course: Practical. A manual for technical school students. - M.: Higher. school, 1989 - 368 pp.: ill. 12. Fedorenko V.A. Handbook of mechanical engineering drawing/ V.A. Fedorenko, A.I. Shoshin. L., 1986. 416 p. PRACTICAL WORK No. 1 DRAWING THE FORMAT AND BASIC LETTER FOR GRAPHIC AND TEXT DOCUMENTS Purpose of the work: to study graphic formats, types of main inscriptions on drawings All drawings must be made on sheets of paper of a standard format. The formats of paper sheets are determined by the dimensions of the outer frame of the drawing (Fig. 3). It is drawn with a continuous thin line. The drawing frame line is drawn as a solid thick main line at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame. A 20 mm wide margin is left on the left for filing. The designation and dimensions of the sides of the formats are established by GOST 2.304-68. Data on the main formats are given in table. 1. Table 1 Format designation Dimensions of the sides of the format, mmА0841х1189А1594х841А2420х594А3297х420А4210х297 RULES AND ORDER OF WORK The work is carried out in pencil on a sheet of A3 (297x420) or A4 (210x297) format in accordance with given example. The drawing is drawn up with an internal frame (in the form of a solid main line), a margin of 20 mm is left from the borders of the format on the left side, and 5 mm on all other sides. In the lower right corner of the drawing, draw the main inscription (stamp) in accordance with GOST 2.104-68* in accordance with Figure 1. It is recommended to fill in the following columns of the main inscription in the conditions of the educational process (the standard column designation is retained): Column 1 - name of the part or assembly unit (name topics on which the assignment was completed); Column 2 - designation of the document according to the system adopted at the college (name of the group, year, number on the list, number of the work performed - ZChS.31.2011.05.02.); Column 3 - designation of the part material (fill in only on part drawings); Column 4 - do not fill out; Column 5 - weight of the product (do not fill in); column 6 - image scale (in accordance with GOST 2.302-68* and GOST 2.109-73); column 7 - serial number of the sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in); column 8 - the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet of the document); column 9 - name of the educational institution and group number; column 10 - the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document, for example: Developed by: (student) Checked by: (teacher) column 11 - clear spelling of the names of the persons signing the document; column 12 - signatures of persons whose surnames are indicated in column 11; Column 13 - date of signing of the document (indicate the month and year). Fig. 1 The text in the drawing field and in the main inscription is made in 3.5, 5 or 7 mm font, and the dimensional numbers are in 3.5 or 5 mm. An example of filling out the main inscription is given in Figure 2. The work is performed in thin lines, then the final outline of the drawing is made with lines in accordance with their purpose. The outline begins with dash-dotted and solid thin lines, then the main solid lines are outlined: first curved sections, then straight ones. TASK: on a sheet of A4 drawing paper, draw the lines of the drawing frame and the main inscription. PRACTICAL WORK No. 2 IMPLEMENTING A DRAWING FONT Purpose of the work: To study the pits of drawing fonts, to gain skills in writing in a drawing font. GOST 2.304-81 establishes drawing fonts applied to drawings and other technical documents of all industries and construction. The font size determines the height h of capital letters in mm. The line thickness of the font d depends on the type and height of the font. GOST sets the following font sizes: (1.8); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20 (Tables 1, 2). The use of 1.8 font is not recommended and is allowed only for type B. The following font types are installed: Type A with a slope of 75° - d = (1/14)h; Type A without tilt - d = (1/14)h; Type B with an inclination of 75° - d = (1/10)h; Type B without tilt - d = (1/10)h. Font parameters are given in tables 1 and 2. Table 1 - Font parameters, mm Font parameters Designations3,55,07,010,014,0ABABABABABHeight of capital lettersh3,53,55,05,07,07,010101414Height of lowercase lettersc2,52,53,53,55, 05,07,07,01010Spacing between lettersa0,50,70,71,01,01,41,42,022,8Minimum line spacingb5,56,08,08,511,012,016,017,02224Minimum spacing between wordse1,52,12,13,03,04,24 ,26,06,08,4Thickness of font linesd0,250,350,350,50,50,70,71,01,01,4 Table 2 - Width of letters and numbers of type B font, mm Letters and numbersRelative size3,55,07,010,014,0Capital lettersB, V, I, J, K, L, N, O, P, R, T, U, C, H, L, E, Z 6d23469A, D, M, X, S, Yu7d2.53.55711Zh, F, Sh, Ш, ъ8d345.5812Э, Г, З, С5d1.82.53.557 Lowercase lettersA, b, c, d, d, f, h, i, j, k, l, n, o, p, r, y, x, h . 523446d23469 TASK. Using size 10 type B font, write the letters of the alphabet shown (lowercase and uppercase), numbers from 0 to 10 and any two words. A sample of the task is shown in Figure 1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE TASK First you need to prepare a sheet of paper in standard A4 format with a frame at a distance of 5 mm from the edges at the top, right and bottom and 20 mm on the left. The sequence of completing the task of writing a standard type B font, size 10, is as follows: - draw all the auxiliary horizontal straight lines that define the boundaries of the lines of the font; - set aside a distance between lines equal to 15 mm; - set aside the font height h, i.e. 10 mm; - lay down segments equal to the width of the letters plus the distance between the letters; - draw inclined lines for the grid at an angle of 75° using two triangles: with an angle of 45° and with angles of 30° and 60°. Example of completing the task PRACTICAL WORK No. 3 DRAWING LINES Purpose of the work: to gain skills in drawing lines and using drawing tools All drawings are made with lines of various purposes, styles and thicknesses (Table 3). The thickness of the lines depends on the size, complexity and purpose of the drawing. According to GOST 2.303-68, to depict products in drawings, lines of various types are used depending on their purpose, which helps to identify the shape of the depicted product. Table 1 - Types of lines Inscription Line thickness in relation to the thickness of the main line Name Applications A solid thick main line is made with a thickness indicated by the letter s, ranging from 0.5 to 1.4 mm, depending on the complexity and size of the image in a given drawing, as well as on the format drawing. A solid thick line is used to depict the visible contour of an object, the contour of an extended section and part of a section. s/3-s/2 A solid thin line is used to depict dimension and extension lines, hatching sections, a contour line of an overlaid section, a leader line, a line for depicting boundary details (“furnishings”). s/3-s/2 A solid wavy line is used to depict break lines, the line demarcating the view and section s/3-s/2 The dashed line is used to depict an invisible contour. The length of the strokes must be the same. The length should be chosen, depending on the size of the image, from approximately 2 to 8 mm, the distance between strokes is 1...2 mm.s/3-s/2The dash-dotted thin line is used to depict axial and center lines, section lines, which are axes of symmetry for superimposed or offset sections. The length of the strokes must be the same and is selected depending on the size of the image, approximately from 5 to 30 mm. The distance between the strokes is recommended to be 2...3 mm.s/2-2s/3The dash-dotted thickened line is used to depict elements located in front of the secant plane (“superimposed projection”), lines indicating surfaces to be heat treated or coated.s/3 -s/2An open line is used to indicate a section line. The length of the strokes is taken to be 8...20 mm depending on the size of the image. s/3-s/2 A solid thin line with kinks is used for long break lines. s/3-s/2 A dash-dotted line with two dots is used to depict details in the extreme or intermediate positions; fold lines on developments The quality of the drawing largely depends on the quality and adjustment of the tools, as well as on their care. Drawing tools and accessories must be kept in full working order. After work, tools should be wiped and stored in a dry place. This prevents warping of wooden instruments and corrosion of metal ones. Before work, you should wash your hands and wipe the squares and crossbar with a soft rubber band. Pencils. The accuracy and precision of the drawing largely depends on the correct sharpening of the pencil. You can sharpen graphite using sandpaper. The student must have three brands of pencil: M-B, TM-HB and T-H. When making drawings with thin lines, it is recommended to use a pencil of grade T. You should trace the lines of the drawing with a pencil TM or M. A lead of grade M should be inserted into the compass. A circular compass is used for drawing circles. A needle is inserted into one leg of the compass and secured with a screw, and a pencil insert into the other. To measure dimensions and plot them on the drawing, use an insert with a needle. Calipers are used to draw circles of small diameter (from 0.5 to 10 mm). For ease of use, the rotating leg moves freely along the axis of the caliper. When drawing circles of large radii, an extension is inserted into the leg of the compass into which a pencil insert is secured. Lines are drawn in a certain direction: Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right, vertical lines are drawn from bottom to top, circles and curves are drawn clockwise. The center of the circle must necessarily be at the intersection of the strokes of the axial and center lines. Hatching in the drawings is performed in the form of parallel lines at an angle of 45° to the center line or to the contour line taken as the main one. The inclination of the hatch lines can be either left or right. Two touching figures are hatched in different directions. If a third figure is adjacent to two touching figures, then you can diversify the hatching by increasing or decreasing the distance between the hatching lines. Non-metallic materials, including fibrous monolithic and slab (pressed) cross-sections are lined with a checkered pattern. TASK: Draw the given lines and images (in accordance with the task option, Figure 1, 2), observing their indicated location. The thickness of the lines should be carried out in accordance with GOST 2.303 - 68, do not apply dimensions. Complete the task on a sheet of A4 drawing paper. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE TASK It is more convenient to begin the task by drawing a thin vertical line through the middle of the inner frame of the drawing, on which marks are made in accordance with the dimensions given in the task. Thin auxiliary horizontal lines are drawn through the designated points to facilitate the graphic part of the task. On the vertical axes intended for circles, points are marked through which the circles are drawn using the lines specified in the task. In training drawings, a solid main thick line is usually made with a thickness of s = 0.8...1 mm. Figure 1 - even numbers of options Figure 2 - odd numbers of options PRACTICAL WORK No. 4 EXECUTION OF A DRAWING OF A DETAIL WITH MATINGS Purpose of work: to study the implementation of mating curves, to draw a part with mates 1. Dividing circles into equal parts Dividing a circle into 4 and 8 equal parts 1) Two mutual perpendiculars to the diameter of the circle divide it into 4 equal parts (points 1, 3, 5, 7). 2) Next, divide the right angle into 2 equal parts (points 2, 4, 6, 8) (Figure 1 a). Dividing a circle into 3, 6, 12 equal parts 1) To find points dividing a circle of radius R into 3 equal parts, it is enough to draw an arc of radius R from any point on the circle, for example point A(1) (points 2,3) (Figure 1 b). 2) We describe arcs R from points 1 and 4 (Figure 1 c). 3) We describe arcs 4 times from points 1, 4, 7, 10 (Figure 1 d). abc where Figure 1 - Dividing circles into equal parts a - into 8 parts; b - into 3 parts; c - into 6 parts; g - into 12 parts; d - into 5 parts; e - into 7 parts. Dividing a circle into 5, 7, equal parts 1) From point A with radius R, draw an arc that intersects the circle at point n. From point n, a perpendicular is lowered to the horizontal center line, obtaining point C. From point C with radius R1 = C1, an arc is drawn that intersects the horizontal center line at point m. From point 1 with radius R2=1m, draw an arc intersecting the circle at point 2. Arc 12=1/5 of the circumference. Points 3,4,5 are found by plotting segments equal to m1 with a compass (Figure 1e). 2) From point A we draw an auxiliary arc of radius R, which intersects the circle at point n. From it we lower a perpendicular to the horizontal center line. From point 1 with radius R=nc, 7 notches are made around the circle and 7 required points are obtained (Figure 1 e). 2. Construction of conjugations Conjugation is a smooth transition of one line to another. For accurate and correct execution of drawings, it is necessary to be able to construct conjugations that are based on two provisions: 1. To conjugate a straight line and an arc, it is necessary that the center of the circle to which the arc belongs lies on the perpendicular to the straight line, restored from the conjugation point (Figure 2 a ). 2. To conjugate two arcs, it is necessary that the centers of the circles to which the arcs belong lie on a straight line passing through the conjugation point (Figure 2 b). Figure 2 - Provisions on conjugations a - for a straight line and an arc; b - for two arcs. Conjugation of two sides of an angle with a circular arc and a given radius Conjugation of two sides of an angle (acute or obtuse) with an arc of a given radius is performed as follows: Parallel to the sides of the angle at a distance equal to the radius of the arc R, draw two auxiliary straight lines (Figure 3 a, b). The intersection point of these lines (point O) will be the center of an arc of radius R, i.e. mating center. From the center O, they describe an arc that smoothly turns into straight lines - the sides of the angle. The arc ends at the connecting points n and n1, which are the bases of the perpendiculars drawn from the center O to the sides of the angle. When constructing a mating of the sides of a right angle, it is easier to find the center of the mating arc using a compass (Figure 3 c). From the vertex of angle A, draw an arc of radius R equal to the conjugation radius. Conjugation points n and n1 are obtained on the sides of the angle. From these points, as from centers, arcs of radius R are drawn until they intersect each other at point O, which is the center of conjugation. From the center O, describe the conjugation arc. Figure 3 - Conjugate angles a - acute; b - stupid; in - direct. Conjugation of a straight line with a circular arc Conjugation of a straight line with a circular arc can be performed using an arc with an internal tangency (Figure 4 b) and an arc with an external tangency (Figure 4 a). To construct a conjugation, draw a circle of radius R and a straight line AB using an external touch. A straight line ab is drawn parallel to a given straight line at a distance equal to the radius r (radius of the conjugate arc). From the center O, draw an arc of a circle with a radius equal to the sum of the radii R and r until it intersects the straight line ab at point O1. Point O1 is the center of the mating arc. The conjugation point c is found at the intersection of straight line OO1 with a circular arc of radius R. Conjugation point C1 is the base of the perpendicular dropped from the center O1 to this straight line AB. Using similar constructions, points O2, C2, C3 can be found. In Figure 6 b, an arc of radius R is paired with a straight arc AB of radius r with an internal tangency. The center of the conjugation arc O1 is located at the intersection of an auxiliary line drawn parallel to this line at a distance r with the arc of an auxiliary circle described from the center O with a radius equal to the difference R-r. The conjugation point is the base of the perpendicular dropped from point O1 to this straight line. The mating point c is found at the intersection of straight line OO1 with the mating arc. ab Figure 4 - Conjugation of an arc with a straight line a - with external contact; b - with internal touch. Conjugation of an arc with an arc The conjugation of two circular arcs can be internal, external or mixed. With internal conjugation, the centers O and O1 of the mating arcs are located inside the mating arc of radius R (Figure 5 a). When externally conjugating mating arcs of radii R1 and R2 are located outside the mating arc of radius R (Figure 5 b). With a mixed conjugation, the center O1 of one of the mating arcs lies inside the mating arc of radius R, and the center O of the other mating arc lies outside it (Figure 5 c). abc Figure 5 - Arc mates a - internal; b - external; in - mixed. When drawing the contours of complex parts, it is important to be able to recognize certain types of interfaces in smooth transitions and be able to draw them. To acquire skills in constructing interfaces, perform exercises on drawing the contours of complex parts. To do this, it is necessary to determine the order in which the interfaces are constructed and only then begin to implement them. TASK: Draw images of the contours of the parts indicated in the drawing of the task, apply dimensions. Complete the task on a sheet of A4 drawing paper. Instructions for completing the task When performing each task, a certain sequence of geometric constructions must be observed: - axial, center lines, main descriptive lines; - arcs, roundings; - stroke, shading, extension lines; - dimensions. Variants of the task PRACTICAL WORK No. 5 PERFORMANCE OF VIEWS FROM AN AXONOMETRIC IMAGE OF A PART Purpose of the work: to gain skills in constructing projections of a part model. TASK: construct three types of parts based on this visual image in an axonometric projection in accordance with the task option. The task is performed on sheets of drawing paper in A3 or A2 format (GOST 2.301-68). After drawing the frame on the sheet in the lower right corner, mark the dimensions of the main inscription of the task, which is the same for all formats. The form of the main inscription is adopted in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.104-68. If necessary, images should be drawn to scale, GOST 2.302-68. When filling out the main and other inscriptions, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of GOST 2.304-81. When applying dimensions, it is recommended to use GOST 2.307-68. When tracing an image, the thickness of the main lines should be 0.8 - 1.0 mm, and the thickness of the remaining lines should be in accordance with GOST 2.303-68 (ST SEV 1178-78). Objects in technical drawings are depicted using the method of rectangular projection onto six faces of a hollow cube. It is assumed that the depicted object is located between the observer and the corresponding face of the cube (see Fig. 1). The faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes. There are six main projection planes: two frontal -1 and 6 (front view or main view, rear view), two horizontal -2 and 5 (top view and bottom view), two profile -3 and 4 (left view and right view) . The main projection planes are combined into one plane along with the images obtained on them. The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it - the main image - gives the most complete idea of ​​the shape and size of the object. Objects should be depicted in a functional position or in a position convenient for their manufacture. Items consisting of several parts should be depicted in a functional position. The question of which of the main views should be used in the product drawing must be resolved so that with the smallest number of views in combination with other images (local and additional views, sections and sections, extensions), the drawing fully reflects the design of the product. Procedure for completing the task: 1) study GOST 2.305-68, 2.307-68; 2) carefully familiarize yourself with the design of the figure based on its visual representation and identify the main geometric bodies of which it consists; 3) select the appropriate area on a sheet of paper for each type of part; 4) finely draw all the lines of the visible and invisible contour with a pencil, mentally dividing the part into basic geometric bodies; 5) apply all necessary extension and dimension lines; 6) put dimensional numbers on the drawing; 7) fill out the main inscriptions and check the correctness of all constructions; 8) trace the drawing with a pencil. Variants of the task PRACTICAL WORK No. 6 PERFORMING A TECHNICAL DRAWING OF A SIMPLE DETAIL A technical drawing is a visual image that has the basic properties of axonometric projections or a perspective drawing, made without the use of drawing tools, on an eye scale, in compliance with proportions and possible shading of the shape. A technical drawing can be performed using the central projection method, and thereby obtain a perspective image of the object, or the parallel projection method (axonometric projections), constructing a visual image without perspective distortions. Technical drawing can be performed without revealing the volume by shading, with shading of the volume, as well as conveying the color and material of the depicted object. In technical drawings, it is allowed to reveal the volume of objects using the techniques of shading (parallel strokes), scribbling (strokes applied in the form of a grid) and dot shading. The most commonly used technique for identifying the volume of objects is shaking. It is generally accepted that light rays fall on an object from the top left. Illuminated surfaces are not shaded, while shaded surfaces are covered with shading (dots). When shading shaded areas, strokes (dots) are applied with the smallest distance between them, which allows you to obtain denser shading (dot shading) and thereby show shadows on objects. Table 1 shows examples of identifying the shape of geometric bodies and parts using shattering techniques. Rice. 1. Technical drawings with volume revealed by shading (a), scribbling (b) and dot shading (e) Table1. Shading of the form using shading techniques Technical drawings are not metrically defined images if they are not marked with dimensions. An example of constructing a technical drawing in a rectangular isometric projection (isometry) with a distortion coefficient along all axes equal to 1. When the true dimensions of the part are plotted along the axes, the drawing turns out to be 1.22 times larger than the real part. Methods for constructing an isometric projection of a part: 1. The method of constructing an isometric projection of a part from a form-generating face is used for parts whose shape has a flat face, called a form-generating face; The width (thickness) of the part is the same throughout; there are no grooves, holes or other elements on the side surfaces. The sequence of constructing an isometric projection is as follows: * constructing the axes of the isometric projection; * construction of an isometric projection of the formative face; * construction of projections of other faces by depicting the edges of the model; outline of the isometric projection (Fig. 1). Rice. 1. Construction of an isometric projection of a part, starting from the form-forming face 2. The method of constructing an isometric projection based on the sequential removal of volumes is used in cases where the displayed form is obtained as a result of removing any volumes from the original form (Fig. 2). 3. The method of constructing an isometric projection based on sequential increment (adding) of volumes is used to create an isometric image of a part, the shape of which is obtained from several volumes connected in a certain way to each other (Fig. 3). 4. Combined method of constructing an isometric projection. An isometric projection of a part, the shape of which is obtained as a result of a combination of various shaping methods, is performed using a combined construction method (Fig. 4). An axonometric projection of a part can be performed with an image (Fig. 5, a) and without an image (Fig. 5, b) of invisible parts of the form. Rice. 2. Construction of an isometric projection of a part based on sequential removal of volumes Fig. 3. Construction of an isometric projection of a part based on sequential increments of volumes Fig. 4. Using a combined method for constructing an isometric projection of a part Fig. 5. Options for depicting isometric projections of a part: a - with the image of invisible parts; b - without images of invisible parts TASK: in accordance with the task option and the dimensions of the part, construct a technical drawing on A4 format of checkered paper in a rectangular isometric projection. Task options Option 1-2-3 Option 4-5-6 Option 7-8-9 Option 10-11-12 Option 13-14-15 Option 16-17-18 Option 19-20-21 Option 22-23-24 -25 1

Graphic and test work in the subject "Drawing" allow you to organize independent, individual and collective work in the classroom, taking into account the characteristics of the students.

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Starting control of drawing training in 8th grade (for 7th grade)

Last name, class:______________________________________________________________

1. What is the subject of study in the subject "Drawing"? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What does it stand for: E S K D?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Name the main lines of the drawing: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Write down the known dimensions of the drawing font and the angle of inclination of the letters for italic font type B: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the types of triangles: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Name the types of quadrilaterals: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. List the names of geometric bodies: ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Types of angles and their designation: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is pairing? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7th grade

1. On HORIZONTAL

1. Build FOUR circle radius 30 mm each
2. into 3, 4, 5 and 6 equal parts

7th grade

GRAPHIC DRAWING WORK

“Dividing a circle into equal parts” Task:

1. On HORIZONTAL On a sheet of notebook located in the center of the working field, draw an axial (center) line for further construction of circles on it.

Line type: dash-dotted thin line.

1. Start constructing circles from the middle of the drawn center line.
2. Build FOUR circle radius 30 mm each using a compass. Please note that the construction of a circle begins with the construction of a perpendicular second center line passing through the center of the circle.
3. Divide the constructed circles from left to right using previously learned methods.into 3, 4, 5 and 6 equal parts. Save auxiliary for constructing the line.
4. As a result of the work done, you should get four regular polygons inscribed in circles.

7th grade

GRAPHIC DRAWING WORK

“Dividing a circle into equal parts” Task:

1. On HORIZONTAL On a sheet of notebook located in the center of the working field, draw an axial (center) line for further construction of circles on it.

Line type: dash-dotted thin line.

1. Start constructing circles from the middle of the drawn center line.
2. Build FOUR circle radius 30 mm each using a compass. Please note that the construction of a circle begins with the construction of a perpendicular second center line passing through the center of the circle.
3. Divide the constructed circles from left to right using previously learned methods.into 3, 4, 5 and 6 equal parts. Save auxiliary for constructing the line.
4. As a result of the work done, you should get four regular polygons inscribed in circles.

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DRAWING - 7TH GRADE

_________________________________________

Graphic work on the topic “Drawing lines.

Working with drawing tools."

1. Draw a square with a side of 15 cm in your workbook on a separate sheet of paper.
2. Divide the square with a diagonal drawn from the lower left corner.
3. In the resulting division areas, perform the following constructions:

A) in one area, draw horizontal lines at intervals of 1 cm.

B) in another area, draw vertical lines at intervals of 0.5 cm.

_______________________________________________________________

Test work on the topic “Subject “Drawing”. Blueprints"

1. What does the subject "Drawing" study?
2. What is a drawing called?
3. List the drawing tools used in drawing lessons at school.
4. List the areas of industry where drawings are used.
5. What can be determined from a product drawing by “reading” it?

When answering questions, you should not rewrite the question itself.

You need to write its serial number and answer

_________________________________________________________

The work must be done clearly and accurately,

trying to draw all lines of the same thickness.

_______________________________________________________________

Goal of the work : learn to make inscriptions in drawing font according to GOST 2.304-81.

Exercise : on A3 format in drawing font (type A) according to GOST 2.304-81, make a title page (example of implementation in Fig. 26 and Appendix 1) according to these dimensions:

SEVMASHVTUZ – font No. 14 – straight

Department No. 3– font No. 7 – slanted

Engineering graphics– font No. 7 – slanted

ALBUM – font No. 14 – straight

drawings forIsemester– font No. 10 – slanted

Student– font No. 7 – slanted

Group– font No. 7 – slanted

Teacher- No. 7 – with slope

Severodvinsk – font No. 7 – straight

20...g. – font No. 10 – slanted

Fig.26. Example of a title page.

Work order:

1. On a sheet of A3 format (295x420 mm), draw a frame (the line type is solid main), retreating 20 mm from the left edge, 5 mm from the remaining edges.

2. Using thin lines, draw an auxiliary grid in accordance with the font sizes given in the assignment (see Fig. 21).

3. Study the design features of the letters (Fig. 22, 23,24). Complete the inscriptions in accordance with the template in Fig. 26.

4. Erase the auxiliary grid. Enclose the text with a solid main line.

2. Construction of some geometric elements. Graphic work No. 2 “geometric drawing”

2.1. Theoretical provisions

2.1.1. Constructing mates

Pairing there is a smooth transition from one line to another, made using an intermediate line. Most often, the intermediate line is a circular arc.

The construction of mates is based on the following geometric positions:

a) the transition of a circle to a straight line will only be smooth when this straight line is tangent to the circle (Fig. 27, a). The radius of the circle drawn to the tangent point A is perpendicular to the tangent line;

b) the transition at a given point A from one circle to another will be smooth only when the circles have a common tangent at a given point (Fig. 27, b).

Rice. 27. Basic concepts of pairing.

The tangent point A and the centers of the circles O 1 and O 2 lie on the same straight line. The tangency is called external if the centers O 1 and O 2 are located on opposite sides of the tangent (Fig. 27, b), and internal if the center is on one side of the common tangent (Fig. 27, c).

In the theory of conjugations, specific terms are used, namely (Fig. 27, d): point O - center of conjugation; R – radius of mate: points A and B – points of mate; arc AB – arc of conjugation.

Solving problems on constructing conjugations is based on the method of geometric places. Geometric place(GM) of the centers of the conjugation circle, the tangent to the line is a straight line parallel to the given one and spaced from it at a distance from the radius of the conjugation circle (Fig. 28, a).

Rice. 28. Geometric locations of points

The geometric location of the centers of the mating circle, tangent to the mating circle, is a circle whose radius is equal to the sum of the radii of the mating circle and the mating circle for an external conjugation or the difference in the radii of these circles for an internal conjugation.

Pairing two straight lines

The algorithm for solving problems of constructing conjugations of two lines for a given conjugation radius can be formulated as follows:

1). Construct the geometric location of the centers of the mating circle for one of the mating lines.

2). Construct a similar geometric locus of centers for the second mating line.

3). The point of intersection of the constructed geometric places is the center of conjugation.

4). Determine the mating point on the first of the mating lines.

5). Determine the mating point on the second of the mating lines.

6). Within the boundaries between the junction points, draw a junction arc.

The construction of a conjugation of two straight lines l 1 and l 2 with an arc of radius R (Fig. 29, a, b) in accordance with the above algorithm is carried out as follows:

– at a distance equal to R, we draw GM 1 parallel to straight line l 1 (l 1 ’);

Rice. 29. Constructing a conjugation of two intersecting lines

– at the same distance, parallel to l 2, we carry out GM 2 (l 2 ’);

– at the intersection of l 1 ’ and l 2 ’ we mark point O - the center of conjugation;

– we lower perpendiculars from O to l 1 and l 2. Accordingly, we obtain points A and B – conjugation points;

– with a center at point O with radius R between points A and B, we draw a conjugation arc.