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In-line workshop technology for pork production. Flow technology for pork production

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Pig farming is a fast-growing branch of animal husbandry, supplies the market with food products of high nutritional value and good taste, as well as slaughter products - skins, blood and other raw materials for the processing industry.

Currently, the bulk of pork is produced on large pig farms; a large share in pork production is also occupied by medium and small farms of agricultural enterprises, partnerships, and private farms.

Pork production at the complexes is carried out on the basis of industrial technology based on the use of modern methods in selection and breeding work, improvement of herd reproduction, pig feeding systems, mechanization of production processes and production flow. This technology allows maximum use of premises, equipment and animals.

Small pig farms are less productive, but they can produce pork with fairly high efficiency, based on the use of their own less expensive feed, the creation of optimal conditions, the use of summer camps and the introduction of elements of industrial technology that will allow them to produce pork evenly throughout the year.

Knowledge of the biological and breed characteristics of pigs, feeding and housing conditions for animals, and the ability to calculate basic production parameters allows students to master the industrial flow technology of pork production.

Flow technology in pig farming allows, with minimal capital investments, to increase the volume of production and increase labor productivity.

The use of broodstock is closely related to production technology. Currently, reproduction technology is widespread, which provides for the round production of piglets in favorable seasons of the year. Farrowing of the main queens is carried out in 2 periods. The first of them occurs in December-January, the second in July-August. Farrowing of the tested queens takes place in the spring and summer months of April-July. The summer months of the year account for 60-70% of the total number of piglets produced. Considering that the period of raising piglets before being put on fattening is about four months and young animals are handed over for fattening mainly in the 3rd and 4th quarters, in winter there is overcrowding of the premises.

With this technology of reproduction, it is complicated by the use of equipment with high efficiency; in one room, as a rule, different age groups of pigs are kept, and the labor force is not evenly employed.

Based on this, simultaneously with large complexes, it is necessary to increase the intensity of use of the existing capacities of various agricultural enterprises based on the introduction of continuous pork production technology.

Production flow is the main feature of industrial technology in pig farming. Flow ensures year-round uniform production of marketable pork. The enterprise produces products rhythmically throughout the year, at regular intervals, in batches of a certain size and quality. This is ensured by the transition from traditional round farrowing to year-round farrowing.

The introduction of flow technology in pig farming involves solving the following issues:

Development of a cyclogram for continuous rhythmic production of products throughout the year based on the specialization of production premises;

Carrying out redevelopment of existing premises and completion of missing ones in accordance with the production schedule;

Providing livestock with adequate feeding, taking into account the physiological needs of sex and age groups of pigs;

Equipping the main herd of the farm with specially raised replacement young stock.

Flow production is based on the following organizational and technological principles: the sequence of formation of technological groups of pigs; rhythm of production; separate workshop organization of labor; separate content of each technological group in a separate isolated technological section; implementation of the principle “everything is free - everything is occupied”; compliance with the sanitary gap; specialization of buildings; mechanization of production processes; standardization of products. The main structural unit in the organization of continuous production of pork is the technological group, which is formed during the insemination of sows and goes through all phases of the production cycle before the fattening young animals are delivered to the meat processing plant. The peculiarity of the technological group is its integrity and standardization of the livestock, live weight of sows, timing of insemination, synchronization, level of productivity, breed must be of the same type.

With flow technology, technological processes are developed within a strictly defined period of time - the rhythm of production. The rhythm of production is determined by a formula and depends on the capacity of the enterprise and the size of the technological group of sows during the suckling period. The production volume with a flow system is maintained throughout the entire period of operation of the enterprise.

Depending on the capacity of enterprises with flow technology, the production process is organized in four areas:

1. (reproduction) - insemination of queens during the pregnant period;

2. (reproduction) - production of piglets;

3. (rearing) - raising young animals after weaning;

4. (fattening) - fattening pigs.

The production cycle consists of a reproduction cycle, a growing cycle, and a fattening cycle.

The reproduction cycle consists of non-productive time (single state of sows, duration of gestation and suckling periods).

The rearing cycle is determined by the time from the weaning of piglets to their placement for fattening.

The fattening cycle is determined by the time from placing piglets for fattening until they are delivered to the meat processing plant.

The flow and rhythm of pork production is based on the calculation of livestock and machine locations, based on the possibility of maximum use of premises, equipment and animals.

The main condition for the flow method of pork production is the need to divide pigs within sex and age groups into separate technological groups, which, moving in specialized sections, go through all stages of the cycle of reproduction, growing and fattening.

Significance of Pig Farming

Pork production plays a significant role in the country's meat balance. In a number of agricultural enterprises, after cattle breeding, this is one of the largest industries. In addition, pig farming has a number of advantages over cattle breeding, which are determined by the biological characteristics of the animals. These advantages are expressed by a high increase in live weight of young animals, due to increased growth energy, precocity or rapid maturation of animals, a short gestation period and multiple births. These qualities make it possible to quickly increase the number of pigs and adapt their numbers to the currently existing food supply. In addition, the production of pork in terms of payment for feed is in some respects more profitable than the production of meat from cattle and sheep. If, for example, for the production of 1 centner of beef, according to the standards, 6 - 7.5 centners of feed are consumed, then for 1 centner of pork - 4.5 - 5 centners of feed. units

The economic importance of pig farming for agricultural enterprises is that it provides the opportunity to intensify production and, thus, increase income.

However, the advantages of pig farming over other livestock sectors can be realized if high requirements are met in terms of feed digestibility (at least 80%), a high content of animal proteins in the diet and appropriate conditions for keeping livestock. Pigs are consumers of grain feed, which makes up 85-95% of the diet, depending on the type of feeding adopted. As a rule, these feeds are expensive, and before engaging in pork production, it is necessary to find out whether it will be profitable for the enterprise. Next, they decide on the issue of specialization and size of the industry.

pork flow commodity

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

FSBEI HPE "Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"

Institute of Economics and Finance of Agro-Industrial Complex

discipline: Technology of production, processing and storage of livestock products

Pork production using flow-shop technology

Student: Chernova V.E.

Krasnoyarsk 2012

Introduction

Pork production in large enterprises

Characteristics of pig-breeding complexes

Organization of interbreeding and hybridization in industrial pig breeding

pig breeding industrial hybridization

Pork production in large enterprises

Reproduction diagram (heads)

Number of piglets at farrowing 322

Number of piglets at weaning 300

Piglet mortality during suckling (7%) 22

Number of queens in the group at the time of farrowing: 33

with a fertility of 9.8 piglets

Number of suckling queens 30

Number of emergency farrowings 3

In order for 33 sows to farrow, taking into account the percentage of fertilization (75%), their number at the time of insemination must be increased by 11 heads (25%) and brought to 44 heads.

Quantitative composition of the group of queens in different physiological periods (heads)

Fertilization and pregnancy at 44

critical period (1--32 days)

Final period of gestation 33

(32--114 days)

Lactation period 30

To ensure continuity of production with a one-day rhythm, it is necessary that the enterprise have 152 groups of queens at the same time (162--10): 1, where 162 is the duration of the reproduction cycle (days); 10 -- period of unproductive use of queens (days), associated with re-entry into heat and loss of pregnancy; 1 -- duration of formation of a group of queens in days, rhythm.

A technological group of piglets is formed over two days (2-day rhythm) by combining two groups of 300 animals. It is preserved throughout the entire period of growing and fattening.

Fattening workshop. The fattening workshop of the complex has the following production program:

Age at placing young animals for fattening (days) 106

Age at weaning (days) 222

Duration of the fattening cycle (days) 116

Average live weight of commercial pigs (kg) 112

Total gain during the fattening period (kg) 74

Average daily gain during fattening (g) 637

The difference in the age of the young animals of the next 2

groups, rhythm (days)

Every two days, 600 piglets aged 106 days with an average live weight of 38 kg are fed for fattening and 600 pigs with an average live weight of 112 kg are removed from fattening. At the same time, there are 34,800 pigs in the fattening shop.

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Factors and indicators of efficient pork production in a competitive environment

The factors that determine the efficiency of pork production include: the level of feeding of young pigs based on the total feed consumption per head per year, centners of feed, units; cost of 1 quintal of feed. units annual diet; share of concentrated feed in the diet, %; balanced diet in terms of nutrients, especially digestible protein; level of concentration of pig farming in terms of pig population density per 100 hectares of arable land and per unit of production area; the level of material and monetary costs and direct labor costs per head; level of specialization of pig farming in terms of the share of cash proceeds from the sale of pigs in the structure of revenue from agricultural activities; capitalization of the industry in terms of the specific value of the cost of fixed assets per one pig place and a number of others. The rational use of these factors, even in crisis conditions, allows us to develop the industry quite effectively.

The main reserves for increasing the economic efficiency of production; pork consists of: strengthening the feed base and using complete feed mixtures, balanced, first of all, in feed protein (which is possible by feeding livestock feed prepared at industrial enterprises, as well as in our own workshops, but enriched with all the necessary ingredients); increasing production legume grains directly on farms and their inclusion in the diet of animals, more rational use of waste from meat processing plants, fish factories and other local sources of replenishment of feed protein); improving the breeding and breed qualities of livestock; comprehensive industrialization of the industry; increasing the intensity of use of sows; deepening specialization and ensuring optimal concentration of livestock; the use of interbreed industrial crossing;

introduction of industrial technology for pork production; application in mass production of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress in all elements of the pig farming system, wide dissemination of best practices in this industry; advanced training of personnel; the introduction of progressive forms of organization of production, labor and management, material and moral interest in the final results of labor; the introduction of various forms of organization and stimulation of labor in market conditions; a marketing approach to product sales.

Increasing the efficiency of pig breeding on private farms can be achieved through the exchange of grain of own production for full-fledged industrially prepared feed, the use of local cheap feed resources, timely and high-quality veterinary services, and the provision of pedigree young animals from public farms.

According to A. Shpak and M. Pestis, the problem of increasing the efficiency of pork production is of great socio-economic importance for solving the problem of long-term and sustainable development of livestock farming in the republic, since pig products occupy a significant share in the structure of marketable products of the industry. Therefore, one of the priority areas of economic research at the current stage of development of the agro-industrial complex is the search for reserves for increasing the productivity of pig breeding.

According to Jan Rosek, profitability in pork production is a difficult task that any enterprise strives to solve. Pork production today is a land-independent industry that relies primarily on purchased feed. Therefore, the main part of expenses (feed) significantly depends on world prices for grain, soybeans and other components. At the same time, revenue (product sales price) also depends on the situation on the world market. As everyone knows, prices on the world market do not always reflect the cost of production and are largely determined by government policies: subsidies, premiums on export prices, etc. Therefore, pork producers should always be interested in how the world pork market is developing and will continue to develop in order to , react in time and adjust production.

Research shows that the competitiveness of any product, including pig farming, is formed at different stages of production and sales and depends on a number of factors - the price of the product, its quality, novelty, adaptability, development and management efficiency, investment activity, government regulation and credit -financial system, etc.

Types of pig-breeding enterprises

Since the 60s XX century In order to intensify pork production, the transfer of part of the industry to an industrial basis began. Industrial pig farming is characterized by the following features: high concentration of livestock - in some farms, 108 thousand pigs or more are produced and fattened per year; intra-industry specialization and workshop organization of production; rhythmic production throughout the year; comprehensive mechanization and automation of all technological processes; nutritious feeding; optimal conditions of detention; high intensity of use of breeding stock. Industrial pig farming ensures high animal productivity, reduced labor and cost per unit of production, and a sharp increase in labor productivity. At the same time, large social problems are also solved, since the nature of people’s work becomes the same as in factories. At enterprises with industrial pork production there are no pig farms or pig farms; operators and technologists work here, who, with the help of machinery and special equipment, serve 800-1000 or more fattening pigs, spending about 3 man-hours. for the production of 1 quintal of pork.

Pig farming is divided into breeding and non-breeding. Breeding is represented by breeding farms and breeding reproductive farms, whose task is to improve pig breeds and produce highly productive breeding young animals for non-breeding farms that produce pork.

Non-breeding pig farming has recently been represented by various forms of farms.

1. Large pig-breeding enterprises and production associations created on the basis of inter-farm cooperation. They are organized on the basis of shares of several farms. Such associations may include specialized farms for the production of piglets for fattening, farms for growing and fattening pigs. Typically, several farms in the region have breeding farms, produce piglets and send them to one specialized pig fattening farm, which fattens the animals and delivers them to the meat processing plant for slaughter. Large associations also include breeding farms. The relationships between the farms in the association are regulated by agreements.

2. State pig-breeding complexes are large industrial-type enterprises where pork production is based on the use of modern industrial technology. Pork here is produced only using special compound feed produced in feed factories.

3. Specialized farms for the production and rearing of piglets (reproductors) with subsequent sale for fattening.

4. Specialized farms for fattening pigs purchased in breeders. They are usually located near industrial centers and cities and can use food waste for fattening.

5. Large pig farms with a complete production cycle - producing piglets, raising and fattening them.

6. Pig farms of non-specialized farms, subsidiary agricultural farms of enterprises and organizations, where pig breeding is an additional industry for selling meat to the state, organizing public catering and selling piglets to the population. This group also includes private farms of citizens who raise and fatten pigs.

The need for such farms is caused by the following circumstance. Large specialized farms usually produce pork using concentrates - grain from their own production and purchased feed. There is still not enough such feed in the country, especially in lean years, and replacing a significant part with root crops, green feed, waste from processing agricultural products and the food industry on large farms requires a lot of effort and money. All these feeds are bulky, difficult to transport, store and prepare for feeding. Therefore, the biological feature of pigs - omnivory - is poorly used. This drawback is easier to eliminate on small subsidiary farms and personal holdings, where, with minimal expenditure of concentrates, a significant amount of pork can be produced using root crops, food waste, grass, etc.

Characteristics of pig-breeding complexes

All pig-breeding complexes are industrial-type enterprises with continuous production, in which animals are gradually moved from one production facility to another in connection with the insemination of sows, their gestation and suckling, the raising of weaned piglets and the fattening of young animals. After weaning the piglets, the sows are returned to the premises for their next insemination, and the fattening young animals, after reaching the established standards, are sent to the meat processing plant.

The performance of these complexes depends on many reasons and, in particular, on their specialization and volume of work. The highest indicators for pork production have large complexes with a complete production cycle, where specialization and comprehensive mechanization of production are carried out more fully and efficiently.

All complexes with a complete production cycle are closed enterprises. The complex itself includes an industrial farm for growing and fattening pigs, buildings and structures for the treatment and purification of manure waste, a boiler room, a point for maintenance and repair of machinery and equipment, a veterinary station with a sanitary slaughterhouse, an administrative building and other auxiliary buildings.

Large pig-breeding complexes usually have their own breeding reproductive farm, which, for veterinary and sanitary reasons, is not directly included in the complex, but is located at a considerable distance from it.

At industrial complexes, pigs are kept in stalls without walking in individual or group cages, depending on the sex, age and physiological state of the animals. On breeding reproductive farms, stall-and-walk housing of animals is usually used. To feed various groups of pigs, appropriate factory-prepared feed is mainly used.

Breeding reproductive farms are designed for the rhythmic reproduction and raising of replacement gilts for the acquisition and repair of broodstock at large industrial complexes for growing and fattening pigs.

Currently, all industrial complexes for the production of pork and breeding reproductive farms for raising replacement pigs are built according to standard designs.

The reproductive farm includes premises for keeping pigs, a sanitary inspection station, a veterinary station, a quarantine room, and a manure collector. Such a farm is located near an industrial complex and is organizationally part of it.

The farm's production premises are used as follows. One building is intended for boars and single queens to be inseminated. It also houses an artificial insemination point. The second building is intended for pregnant queens, the next four buildings are for suckling queens with piglets, three buildings are for weaned piglets and two buildings are for replacement young animals. Over-repair young animals are sent for fattening to the industrial zone of the complex.

The microclimate in the premises is maintained by automatic systems of exhaust and supply units. The lairs of suckling piglets are additionally heated with infrared lamps. Depending on the age of the animals, the air temperature is maintained within 18-24 o C, and humidity - 60-75%. Farms are provided with heating, hot and cold water supply, and electricity.

Farms are designed to use ready-made factory-produced feed for all age and sex groups of animals. Feed prepared according to the appropriate recipes is delivered to the pigsties using a ZSK-10 autoloader and distributed by a RS-5A mobile dispenser in wet form.

Removal of manure from production premises is carried out by a system of longitudinal and transverse scraper conveyors, and from walking areas - by an MTZ-80 tractor with a mounted scraper.

Replacement breeding pigs are transferred to industrial complexes at 9 months of age and with a live weight of at least 120 kg.

General principles of flow technology for pork production in industrial complexes

All pig-breeding complexes operate according to a general technological scheme, which is based on continuous production of products throughout the year, i.e. flow-rhythmic movement through areas (buildings) of certain production groups of animals, depending on their purpose, physiological state and age. This movement concerns only sows and young animals of different ages and is determined by the system of raising and fattening young animals in complexes.

The complexes adopted: one-, two- and three-stage growing and fattening of pigs.

With a single-stage or family-nesting method, after weaning from the sows, the piglets remain in the same pens for further rearing and fattening, and the sows are transferred to other pigsties or sections, taking into account their physiological state. In this case, the complex uses two types of production facilities: the first - for keeping single and pregnant queens, the second - for farrowing and further keeping of piglets until they are delivered to the meat processing plant.

With a two-stage rearing method, piglets are left in the premises of suckling queens only until 3 months of age, and then they are transferred to premises for fattening pigs. This production technology is usually used in complexes for the production and fattening of up to 24 thousand pigs per year.

With the three-stage method, weaned piglets are transferred from the premises of suckling sows to the premises for growing, where they are kept until 3-4 months of age. After this, the piglets are transferred to premises for fattening pigs, from where they are handed over for slaughter. This technology is most widespread in large pig-breeding complexes with a complete production cycle, where the following 5 areas are distinguished:

· area of single sows and sows checked for pregnancy;

· section of sows in the second period of gestation;

· area of suckling sows with piglets;

· area for weaned piglets;

· feeding area.

The most important feature of continuous production at pig-breeding complexes is its rhythm.

The rhythm of production refers to the amount of products produced by an enterprise in a certain unit of time. Since the rhythm of continuous production of pork in industrial complexes actually depends on the time required for recruitment and mating or insemination of the initial group of sows, the larger the pig-breeding complex, the shorter the rhythm of production. Thus, at complexes for growing and fattening 108 thousand pigs per year, the production rhythm is 1 day, when growing and fattening 54, 24 and 12 thousand pigs - 2, 8 and 16 days, respectively, i.e. At these complexes, products are delivered in large quantities every day, after 2, 8 and 16 days.

Organization of interbreeding and hybridization in industrial pig breeding

Until now, industrial crossing of pigs of various breeds is widely used in commercial pig farming. However, in practice, simple industrial crossing often does not give the desired effect, since in most cases it is carried out without checking the compatibility of breeds and lines of pigs in specific conditions. In addition, the effect of heterosis often depends on the breeding qualities and operating conditions of the animals used. Therefore, an indispensable condition for such crossing in order to obtain stable heterosis is the use of only highly productive animals of zoned breeds obtained through purebred breeding, and a preliminary check of the selection of breeds.

Depending on the specific conditions, both two- and three-breed crossings are recommended for industrial purposes. Interbreed industrial crossing helps to increase the fertility and productivity of sows, increase the growth energy of crossbred young animals, reduce feed costs and reduce the period of fattening. The economic effect from the introduction of targeted two-breed crossing compared to purebred breeding is 3-7%, with three-breeding - 5-10%.

In two-breed industrial crossbreeding, the main mother breed in most zones of the country is recommended to use large white and its derivative breeds of universal productivity, and specialized meat breeds - Landrace, Duroc, SM-1 - as paternal forms.

In three-breed crossing, the reproduction of cross-bred two-breed pigs is first organized, for the production of which universal breeds are usually used, and specialized meat breeds and types are used as a third for the final crossing. In this case, crossbred young animals can also be obtained by crossing purebred sows with two-breed or multi-breed boars.

The use of hybridization in industrial pig breeding. In pig breeding, hybridization is based on the mating of animals belonging to selected and tested for compatibility lines, factory types and breeds. The introduction of hybridization makes it possible to obtain healthy, highly productive young animals, well balanced in terms of basic economically useful traits and maximally adapted to industrial technology.

Specialized lines are divided into intra-breed and multi-breed or synthetic, which are created through interbreeding of the corresponding types of pigs. When crossing animals of intrabreed lines, breed-linear ones are obtained, and when crossing synthetic lines, interline hybrids are obtained.

When creating specialized lines, the principle of separate selection is usually used, in which maternal forms are selected mainly for reproductive qualities, and paternal forms - for fattening and meat. In all cases, animals are subject to strict requirements regarding the constitution, especially the limbs, as well as the resistance and viability of the offspring.

Increasing the intensity and efficiency of feed production

It is quite obvious that one of the most pressing problems of pig farming, due to its transfer to industrial resource-efficient technologies, is the creation of a high-quality feed base, including, first of all, the production and use of compound feed.

When determining the strategy for the development of the processing industry in the republic, it is necessary to remember that in the conditions of industrial production of livestock products, it is feed that remains the connecting link between animals and nature. Only this link turned out to be ineffective in replenishing the nutritional value of animal feed rations and unprofitable in terms of the resulting products in agricultural enterprises. Figuratively speaking, due to unreasonably inflated prices for compound feed, financial resources are transferred from one pocket to another (the feed industry). The “drip” of lending to enterprises in the feed industry works in such a way that some farms do not have enough harvested crops to repay debts for feed. It's time to call a spade a spade. Compound feeds produced by the domestic industry do not meet the quality and nutritional value of other ever-increasing requirements for them, and are also not competitive with similar world products. Therefore, farms are looking for alternative ways to provide high-quality and affordable feed. It is time for large enterprises in the feed mill industry of Belarus to adapt to modern requirements and conditions of the developing feed market. Of course, this is not an easy question, but you need to find a niche for your consumers.

Currently, the livestock industry of the Republic of Belarus is experiencing serious difficulties in ensuring the completeness of feeding rations and compound feeds for farm animals due to the huge shortage of the most important biologically active substances, such as macro- and microelements, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, antibiotics, antioxidants, etc. Purchased for Outside the republic, premixes do not meet the requirements for ensuring adequate feeding of livestock; they often lack the necessary nutrients or are introduced in insufficient quantities. In addition, imported premixes are very expensive.

The importance of secondary feed resources. One of the directions for solving the problem of replacing grain raw materials in the composition of feed is the maximum utilization of secondary feed resources and raw materials from local sources as feed additives for farm animals.

Currently, in all developed countries of the world, great efforts are being made to reduce the significant share of grain in animal feed. On average, per 1 kg of feed grain mixture there are 5 parts of plant waste: 4 of animal origin and one of food waste, not counting plant waste from technical production. Experience shows that using such a strategy it is possible to increase overall production profitability by 300 and even 400%. However, to use most waste for feed purposes, deep multi-process processing of the feedstock is required.

Pulp. When we talk about pulp, we mean predominantly potato, apple or vegetable pulp. The nutritional value of such feed is, as a rule, low, and its use in productive feed is impractical. Grain and potato stillage. Stillage contains a lot of non-degradable protein, nitrogen-free extractives, salts of various minerals and B vitamins, therefore, despite its high water content, it is considered a valuable feed product. Split grain. Beer marc is a secondary feed product in beer production. When using beer marc, you can expect a positive effect and increased productivity. The greatest efficiency can be obtained by using dry grains and as part of mixed feed. Dry corn feed. Obtained in the production of starch from corn. Dry corn feed is an energy feed and is a very valuable component for animal feed. Thrill. In terms of physical properties, it is characterized by a high capacity of exchangeable bases with pronounced sorption properties. The stimulating effect is explained by their irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract and an increase in the animal’s appetite, as well as a slowdown in the rate of passage of feed through the digestive tract and, thereby, increasing the efficiency of feed use. The motility of the animal’s digestive tract improves.

At present, there is no doubt that the inclusion of natural sorbents, bentonite clays, and tripoli in the diets of farm animals has a positive effect on the digestibility and use of feed nutrients and, as a consequence, on improving their conversion, as well as on increasing animal productivity. It is worth noting that our country has its own tripoli deposits, located mainly in the Khotimsk region.

The use of even part of this waste can influence government policy in the field of import and export of feed and significantly increase livestock productivity.

Bibliography

1. Agro-industrial complex in the Republic of Belarus. Minsk. Institute of Agrarian Economics, NAS of Belarus, 2005 - 108 p.

2. Analysis of economic activities of the agro-industrial complex. Textbook/ G.V. Savitskaya. - 4th ed., revised. and additional pl.: New edition. 2005. -736 p.

3. State program for the revival and development of rural areas for 2006-2010.

4. Degterevich I. Reserves for increasing pork production volumes

5. Production of livestock products in the Republic of Belarus for 2009. Statistical collection: Minsk Institute of Economics

1. http://www.bibliofond.ru/

2. http://www.kgau.ru/distance

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Currently, the bulk of pork is produced on large pig farms; a large share in pork production is also occupied by medium and small farms of agricultural enterprises, partnerships, and private farms.

Flow technology in pig farming allows, with minimal capital investments, to increase the volume of production and increase labor productivity.

The introduction of flow technology in pig farming involves solving the following issues:

- development of a cyclogram for continuous rhythmic production of products throughout the year based on the specialization of production premises;
- redevelopment of existing premises and completion of missing ones in accordance with the production schedule;
- providing the livestock with adequate feeding, taking into account the physiological needs of sex and age groups of pigs;
- stocking the main herd of the farm with specially raised replacement young stock.

Depending on the capacity of enterprises with flow technology, the production process is organized in four areas:

1. (reproduction) - insemination of queens during the pregnant period;
2. (reproduction) - production of piglets;
3. (rearing) - raising young animals after weaning;
4. (fattening) - fattening pigs.

The production cycle consists of a reproduction cycle, a growing cycle, and a fattening cycle.

The reproduction cycle consists of non-productive time (single state of sows, duration of gestation and suckling periods).

The rearing cycle is determined by the time from the weaning of piglets to their placement for fattening.

The fattening cycle is determined by the time from placing piglets for fattening until they are delivered to the meat processing plant.

The flow and rhythm of pork production is based on the calculation of livestock and machine locations, based on the possibility of maximum use of premises, equipment and animals.

Significance of Pig Farming

The economic importance of pig farming for agricultural enterprises is that it provides the opportunity to intensify production and, thus, increase income.

pork flow commodity

Depending on the size of the farms and the volume of production, different technological reproduction schemes can be used, differing in the length of the period between the cycles of formation of production groups. In this case, the following provisions are taken into account, which form the basis of continuous production:

equal intervals of time (rhythms) through which production groups of pigs are formed, the production of young animals and the sale of commercial pigs;

unification of premises in size with precise specialization of their use for keeping certain groups of pigs;

equipping the premises with modern technological equipment that ensures the creation of optimal conditions for keeping pigs of each age group and increasing labor productivity; unit organization of labor;

creation of normal working conditions for service personnel;

use of premises on an “empty-occupied” principle in order to simplify sanitary, preventive and repair work.

The rhythm of reproduction (reproduction) is the period of time during which a group of suckling queens is formed. This group - its number and total fertility - determines the volume of production at each subsequent stage and at the same time the size of the group of inseminated queens, which depends on the achieved percentage of fertilization. In turn, the size of the group of queens that need to be inseminated during one rhythm determines both the size of the reserve group of gilts and the required number of boars.

The reproduction cycle on small-sized farms is 182 days, of which 114 days are the gestation period, 60 days are the suckling period and 8 days are the period necessary for the queens to come into heat and inseminate them after weaning the piglets. When dividing a herd of queens into three groups, a conveyor belt appears. Every 60-61st day a group of queens is mated. The gestation period (114 days) and the period when the queens come into heat after weaning the piglets (4-8 days) are 120-122 days, so the herd of pregnant queens will constantly consist of two production groups. Every two months, a group of queens will be sent to farrow, from which groups of young stock will then be produced. The period for raising piglets from weaning to fattening is also two months. Therefore, the farm will always have one group of suckling queens with suckling piglets and one group of weanlings. Every two months a group of young animals will be handed over for fattening. The duration of fattening is four months, and while the animals of the first group reach marketable weight, another group will be fed in two months, i.e., there will always be two groups of fattening young animals on the farm - at the age of five-six months and seven-eight months . Thus, six rounds of farrowing will be carried out on the farm annually and six groups of commercial pigs will be sold for meat.

Therefore, on the farm there should always be the following age and sex groups of pigs: boars, single uteruses, first half gestation, second half gestation uterus, suckling ewes with suckling piglets, a group of weaned piglets, two groups of young animals for fattening. In addition to this livestock, the farm must have replacement boars and gilts. With this technological reproduction scheme, the following number of production facilities is required (3).

The optimal weaning period for piglets can be considered 35-42 days, since by this age the piglets are quite well prepared to exist without a uterus, whose milk production potential has been used by 80%.

To organize a flow (conveyor) production technology, it is necessary to have production facilities with a precise specialization of their use for keeping each group of pigs. Thus, in the premises of site No. 1 only single and convulsive queens are kept; section No. 2 - suckling queens with piglets; section No. 3 - weaned piglets and section No. 4 - young animals for fattening.

Every week, certain groups of pigs are formed, which have a precisely established size, they are kept in specialized sections (premises) for a strictly defined time, after which they are transferred to another workshop or sold. After thorough cleaning, repair of equipment and disinfection, a new production group of pigs formed during the current week (rhythm) enters the vacated section (room). The total number of specialized premises should ensure the uninterrupted movement of animals from one workshop to another, thereby maintaining the conveyor rhythm of production.

The duration of the reproduction cycle of a group of queens is calculated from the day on which the sand queen in the group is inseminated.

Consequently, with a seven-day rhythm, the entire broodstock should be divided into 26 groups (more precisely, 178:7 = 25.4 groups), which will ensure the continuity of the arrival of queens for farrowing and the production of young animals throughout the year. The number of queens in groups depends on the volume of the farm's production program and will be different in different periods of gestation and the suckling period.

The group of queens as a production unit is completed and maintained in a constant composition from the moment of insemination until the weaning of the piglets. The capacity of pig barns must correspond to the number of queens in a group during the suckling period, 19 heads in a farm with an annual production volume of 950 tons of pork. Taking into account the fact that some of the queens will produce small litters during farrowing, which are not economically profitable to maintain, and some queens for some reason will be unsuitable for feeding piglets that will be placed on the free teats of other suckling queens, and also taking into account the fact that To ensure that some of the pens in the pig barns are not empty, the number of queens in the group at the time of farrowing should be greater and amount to 24 heads. In addition, the freeness of queens after the first insemination is assumed to be 25%, so the total number of queens making up the production group and subject to insemination within every seven days should be 32.

However, as practice shows, idleness varies widely (from 10 to 30%) and depends on the level of organization of mating and the season of the year. Therefore, in farms in which flow technology is taken as a basis, the number of queens to be mated weekly should be established, depending on the level of their fertility achieved in a given farm and the season of the year. For example, on a farm with a production volume of 950 tons of pork per year, the group that is formed from inseminated queens, with a fertility rate of 80%, should consist of 30 heads. During the first four weeks after insemination, on average, six queens will come back into heat and will be inseminated again and transferred to the group of queens occurring in the current week. The group will be reduced to 24 heads. It remains in this composition during the last three months of pregnancy until farrowing. During farrowing, the nests of five queens will be dismantled, and their piglets will be transferred to other queens. There will be 19 suckling queens in the room (section) with a litter of at least 10 piglets each.

Every seven days, on a certain day of the week, a group of heavily pregnant queens is transferred from workshop No. 1 to workshop No. 2. Seven days before the expected farrowing, they are placed in individual pens of the pigsty-mother barn, designed for farrowing and raising piglets during the suckling period.

Calculations show that when queens are inseminated during the first three days of the week, farrowing mainly occurs in the middle of the week, i.e. after 16 weeks and 2 days (114:7). However, practical observations indicate that the duration of the gestation period, especially in first parities, varies significantly and a certain number of queens can farrow 5-12 days earlier or later. This must be taken into account when determining the time for transferring queens to farrowing. Over the next seven days, the second room (section) is filled with heavily pregnant queens, etc. By the end of the seventh week, after the first group of queens has been transferred to farrowing, the piglets in the first room (section) reach the age of 42 days, they are weaned* from the queens and left in breeding pens for another 14 days and then at the age of 56 days they are transferred to the premises of workshop No. 3 for cultivation. For the next seven days, the section intended for farrowing remains empty, and repairs and disinfection are carried out in it. The section is being prepared to receive a new group of severely ill patients; dew queens.

As a result, to farrow one group of queens and raise piglets under the queens, the room (section) must be occupied for 70 days, and to implement the conveyor, the farm must have ten rooms (sections) for keeping suckling queens (70:7).

In workshop No. 3. The rearing period will last 63 days and the young will reach a weight of 32-34 kg at around 119 days of age. To ensure production flow, the workshop must have a certain number of premises. It is calculated as follows: the number of days that weaned piglets stay in the rearing room is divided by seven (the duration of the production cycle on the farm) and one is added to the resulting figure, i.e. one room required for sanitary and preventive measures and repair work before placement production group of weaned piglets 1(119-56) :7+1 = 10].

The capacity of each section (room) must correspond to the number of piglets in the weaning production group. For a farm with an annual production volume of 950 tons of pork, it will be 170 machine places. As a result, every seven days, taking into account the loss of piglets during the growing period (10 heads), a group of young animals of 160 heads weighing about 32 kg enters the fattening premises.

The length of time animals stay in fattening depends on the average daily weight gain and the weight of fattened young animals when sold to meat processing industry enterprises. When receiving 500 g of gain during the entire fattening to an average weight of 115 kg, the young animals in workshop No. 4 should remain for 166 days [(115-32):0.5], or 24 seven-day periods (166:7). But with continuous production, the fattening workshop should have 26 sections, each of which should accommodate 160 heads. One section remains free every week and is prepared to receive a new batch of young animals, and the second section is for reserve and extension of the fattening period in case of failure to fulfill the technological task for obtaining weight gain.

In workshop No. 3 for growing and in workshop No. 4 for fattening young animals, which have 10 and 26 sections, respectively, the flow will be maintained if the growth rate of young animals is strictly observed. With a decrease in the average daily weight gain, young animals reach the planned weight over a longer period. For example, if the average daily weight gain during fattening is 450 g, then to produce animals weighing 115 kg, 26 seven-day periods will be required [(115-32) : 0.45: 7] and two sections are required for disinfection and reserve, a total of 28 sections.

The most important condition for ensuring the flow of pig production is the correct organization of insemination of queens, which determines the normal course of the entire production process.

The entire technological process in the workshop of single and pregnant queens (workshop Ns 1) is built on the principle of two lines. The first of them is designed to prepare single queens for mating, carry out their insemination and identify animals that are returning to heat - a technological filter. The uterus stays in the premises of this line for 1-3 weeks before insemination (during this time they come into heat after the piglets are weaned and are inseminated) and 35 days after insemination - the so-called critical period of gestation. Every seven days on an industrial farm with a production volume of 950 tons of pork per year, 32 queens should be born, of which:

17 queens after weaning piglets from workshop No. 2, the rejection of queens immediately after weaning piglets is 20%;

two queens transferred to the single group from workshop No. 2 immediately after farrowing, the piglets from which were transferred to other queens;

eight queens that came into heat again during the critical period of gestation;

five gilts (missing number) from the reserve group of replacement gilts prepared for mating.

Queens and replacement gilts that come into heat are inseminated twice and transferred to individual or small-group pens intended for the production group of queens inseminated in the current week. The group receives a serial number during mating, and it remains with it until the piglets are weaned. In total, 52 production groups are formed during the year according to the number of weeks in the year (365:7 = 52).

Any queen that comes into heat after the second insemination, i.e., has been idle for two astral cycles, is discarded and replaced with a repair one.

The missing number of queens to complete the production group at the time of insemination is filled with replacement gilts from the reserve group, prepared for mating. The number of replacement gilts in the reserve group is calculated so as to satisfy the weekly need for them to repair the broodstock and to be able to replace ewes culled unscheduled. For a farm with an annual production of 950 tons of pork, five replacement gilts are required weekly and three gilts must be in reserve in case of unscheduled replacement of queens that do not regularly come into heat.

Planning for continuous production of pork is inextricably linked with the development of a technological map as the basis for continuous production (see p. 24). Continuity of production necessitates a specific structure of the pig herd, which, in turn, is associated with the need to provide production space, meet the need for feed and replacement young animals.

It is known that more or less intensive use of broodstock and capital buildings is closely related to the organizational system of reproduction. The traditional technology of reproductive pig farming involves the production of piglets during the most climatically favorable seasons of the year. Farrowing of the main queens takes place in two rounds. The first of them is in December-January and the second in July-August. Farrowing of test and one-time queens takes place from March to June, mainly in lightweight facilities and summer camps. The accepted structure of the broodstock, when there are 0.8-1.5 test and one-time queens per main queen, and the above-mentioned farrowing dates lead to a pronounced seasonality in the production of piglets.

The main transfer of young animals for fattening occurs in the third and fourth quarters of the year, which causes congestion in the premises at the end and beginning of the year. This is the reason for certain contradictions in economic and economic relations between the reproductive and fattening industries. As a rule, on reproductive farms, specialized buildings are empty or used for other purposes during spring and summer, and on fattening farms during the second and partially third quarters - due to insufficient supply of young animals.

With seasonal technology, the same premises are used to keep pigs of different age groups and it is impossible to use specialized technological equipment in them. In addition, when receiving a significant number of piglets in summer camps in the spring and summer, additional labor is required, which leads to staff turnover. Labor productivity in these conditions is very low due to insufficient mechanization of production processes.

The success of the introduction of flow technology depends on the constancy of the volume of production and sales of commercial pigs throughout the entire period of operation of the enterprise, since with an increase in production volume there is a violation of the technological relationship between the availability of livestock on the farm and the machine-places for its placement.

Depending on the volume of pork production on a pig farm, different technological reproduction schemes can be used, differing in the length of the period between the cycles of forming groups of pigs and the organizational features of the use of production space.

Nevertheless, flow technology with a seven-day cycle has a number of advantages compared to other rhythms:

a seven-day cycle can be applied on farms with breeding stock starting from 26 heads;

labor and technological processes can be differentiated for each day of the weekly working period, taking into account the fact that the highest human performance occurs on the second, third and fourth day of work, decreasing to a minimum on Saturday and Sunday;

synchronizing the arrival of a group of queens into heat by weaning piglets on Thursday makes it possible to reduce the labor intensity of work on Saturdays and Sundays and streamline the daily, weekly, monthly and annual work and rest schedules.

The master plan of a farm with flow technology is developed taking into account pavilion development. The premises are connected to each other by galleries. According to technological features and in order to comply with sanitary and veterinary rules, the farm is divided into two workshops - reproduction and fattening.

The reproductive workshop includes the following areas: reproduction, there are rooms for boars - one section, single dams and replacement gilts intended for mating - four sections, uteruses of the first and second periods of gestation - eighteen sections;

receiving and raising piglets until weaning - ten sections;

rearing of piglets - ten sections; The fattening shop consists of 26 sections.

In addition to two production workshops with a sanitary break, service, utility and auxiliary structures are located on the farm territory: an administrative office building with a sanitary inspection room, a feed shop, a sanitary slaughterhouse with a veterinary center, a ramp for loading animals onto vehicles, a transformer substation and a workshop for repair and maintenance of equipment and mechanisms. A garage for agricultural machinery and vehicles, a quarantine room for monthly aging of animals brought to the complex and warehouses for storing feed should be located outside the complex.

The organization of production is based on technological schemes for reproduction and fattening, which take into account the biological characteristics of pigs of each age and sex group and ensure sufficiently high productivity of pigs, intensive use of premises, equipment, mechanization and labor. The technological scheme provides for uniformity, rhythm and a constant level of pig production in large homogeneous batches.

The effectiveness of continuous reproduction depends on the following conditions: "

the formation of the queens of each group in a certain short (seven days) period of time, and the insemination of the queens of each subsequent group must follow without a pause;

the presence of a certain number of specialized premises that provide housing for animals in accordance with technological design standards (ONTP-77) at each stage of the technological process and divided into sections with the calculation of their operation on the “empty-occupied” principle. The section is occupied by a new group of pigs after it has been freed from the animals that were kept there for a certain physiological period and disinfected.

In-line workshop technology for pork production. Flow technology for pork production

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