EntrancePresentation on the theme of the city of Babylon. Presentation on the topic of ancient Babylon
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Topic: “Ancient Babylon. Laws of Hammurabi. Communal government agency « High school No. 44 of the education department of the akimat of the Merken region"
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The purpose of the lesson: - educational: to create conditions for assimilation of knowledge about the emergence and flourishing of a powerful state in the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates, Babylon; - developing: work on development oral speech, set goals for the lesson, apply your knowledge to solve problematic tasks; express your point of view; - educational: create conditions for instilling in schoolchildren respect for creative work, using the example of the first set of laws of Hammurabi to cultivate respect for the laws of the state.
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Objectives: Subject: - organize the work of students to study the ancient code of laws of the Babylonian king Hammurabi; - by examining and comparing individual laws of King Hammurabi, illustrate to students the thesis about social inequality in society. - develop the ability to work in a group, negotiate, develop students’ thinking and speech, the ability to analyze individual articles of laws, and draw conclusions. Interdisciplinary (universal) learning activities): - Cognitive: through independent research work with articles of law through analysis and logical conclusions answer questions and solve the problem of the “fairness” of the laws of King Hammurabi. - Regulatory: act in accordance with the task, make adjustments to the actions of students (when working with a timeline, at the stage of primary consolidation, reflection, etc.) - Communicative: be able to work in a group, cooperate, negotiate, control their actions and learn to analyze group activities. Personal: - orient students towards the ability to organize their activities in the classroom, to understand the reasons for success in their studies - to form a respectful attitude towards other people’s opinions
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Test task: 1. The great rivers of Mesopotamia: A) Nile and Araks B) Tigris and Ganges C) Tigris and Euphrates D) Nile and Indus 2. The first inhabitants of Mesopotamia were called: A) Libyans and Egyptians B) Persians and Medes C) Jews and Assyrians D ) Sumerians and Akkadians 3. The founder of the Sumero-Akkadian kingdom was: A) Sharukkin B) Patesi C) Nabanda D) Uruk 4. The Sumero-Akkadian state reached its highest prosperity under the rule of: A) Naramsin B) Gutea C) Elam D) Urartu 5 The Sumerians mainly built houses from: A) stone B) wood C) brick D) reeds
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Ancient Babylon Babylon is the largest city ancient Mesopotamia, capital of the Babylonian kingdom in the 19th-6th centuries. BC, the most important trade and cultural center of Western Asia. Babylon comes from the Akkadian words “Bab-ilu” - “Gate of God”. Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon.
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POPULATION The oldest settlements discovered in Babylonia proper near modern Jemdet Nasr and ancient city Kish, date back to the end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. The population here was mainly engaged in fishing, cattle breeding and agriculture. Crafts developed. Stone tools were gradually replaced by copper and bronze.
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SLAVE HOLDING Slave owners viewed slaves as cattle, imposing a stigma of ownership on them. All lands were considered to belong to the king. A significant part of them was in the use of rural communities and was processed by free community members.
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The ancient Babylonian state reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi (1792-50 BC). The Code of Hammurabi lists bread, wool, oil and dates as trade items. In addition to small retail trade, there was also wholesale trade. The development of trade entailed further social stratification of rural communities and inevitably led to the development of slavery. Great value had a patriarchal family in which the most ancient types of domestic slavery developed: all its members had to obey the head of the family. Children were often sold into slavery.
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Conquests of Babylon The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (23rd century BC) In the 22nd century. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of Ur, a Sumerian state that subjugated all of Mesopotamia. In the 19th century Coming from the Amorites (a Semitic people who came from the southwest), the first king of the first Babylonian dynasty, Sumuabum, conquered Babylon and made it the capital of the Babylonian kingdom. At the end of the 8th century. Babylon was conquered by the Assyrians and, as punishment for the rebellion, in 689 it was completely destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib. After 9 years, the Assyrians began to restore Babylon.
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1.What is law? The rules by which people live in the state. 2.What do you think, were there laws in Ancient Babylon? King Hammurabi drew up the first laws in antiquity, and they were carved on a high stone slab, which has survived to this day and is now kept in the Louvre Museum. We record the versions on the board: 1) agreed; 2) general rules(laws of life): 3) so that there is order 3. Why do you think these rules - laws - arose? What assumptions and versions of the problem will you have?
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Two rivers flow into Mesopotamia: E_ _ _ _ t and T _ _ r. The country lying between the Euphrates and the Tigris is called D_ _ _ _ _ _ e or M _ _ _ _ _ _ i. The king of the city of Uruk was a favorite hero of legends. His name was G _ _ _ _ _ _ sh. The letter that arose in ancient times in the Southern Mesopotamia is called k _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ь. The famous Babylonian king was X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and. He reigned from __________ to ________ BC. Task No. 1
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Let's start by marking the dates of the reign of King Hammurabi on the time tape and finding out how many years he ruled in Babylon. We work in notebooks on p. 45 task No. 54, and 1 student is at the board. BC AD _______1792__________1750_________________ RH___________________________2012__ Task No. 2 2) How many years did King Hammurabi reign? Answer: 1792-1750=42 years, King Hammurabi ruled in Babylon. 1) How many years ago did the reign of King Hammurabi begin? Answer: 1792+2012=3804 years ago, King Hammurabi began to reign. 3) Which year precedes 1792 and which comes after it? Answer: 1793 BC – precedes; 1791 BC - next after 1792
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Research work in groups with documents: “From the laws of King Hammurabi”): 1st gr. – document 1: “(clause 1) If a person has swornly accused someone of murder, but has not proven it, then the accuser must be punished... (clause 3) If a person has spoken in court for perjury, then this person must be punished ... (p. 5) If a judge examined the case, made a decision, and then changed it, then this judge should be expelled from the judge’s chair and punished with a large fine.” Questions for document 1: Come up with a title for the first paragraph of the law. Why do you think King Hammurabi begins his laws with him? What were the requirements for the judge? What qualities should a judge have?
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Research work in groups with documents: “From the laws of King Hammurabi”): 2nd gr. – document 2: “(p. 218) If a doctor performed a serious operation on a person with a bronze knife and killed him, then the doctor needs to cut off his hands... (p. 237) If a person hired a boatman and a boat and loaded it with goods, and this boatman sank the ship and destroyed everything that was in it, then the boatman must compensate for everything... (p. 239) If a builder built a house, and it collapsed and killed the owner, then this builder must be executed.” Questions for document 2: Draw a conclusion about the level of development of medicine in ancient Babylon. What information about the occupations of the inhabitants of ancient Babylon did you get from Document 2? Were severe punishments used in the Babylonian kingdom?
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Research work in groups with documents: “From the laws of King Hammurabi”): 3rd gr. – document 3: “(clause 8) If a person stole either an ox, or a sheep, or a slave, then he must pay a fine. If he has nothing to pay, then he must be executed... (p. 117) If a person sold his wife, son, daughter into slavery for debts, then they must be in slavery for three years, and on the fourth they will be set free... (p. 282) If a slave said to his master, “You are not my master,” then the master must prove that it is his slave, and then he can cut off the slave’s ear.” Questions for document 3: Who could be called a slave in ancient Babylon? What were the ways to get into slavery? What was the situation of slaves in ancient Babylon? The teachers do this work quite well and answer the questions to which they found answers in the documents.
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Indestructible slavery Slavery has reached significant development. The cost of a slave was low and equal to the hire price for an ox (168 grams of silver). Slaves were sold, exchanged, given as gifts, and passed on by inheritance. The laws protected the interests of slave owners in every possible way, they strictly punished obstinate slaves, established punishments for runaway slaves, and threatened severe punishments for their harborers.
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Babylon reached its greatest peak during the period of the New Babylonian Kingdom (626-538 BC). Nebuchadnezzar II (604-561 BC) decorated Babylon with luxurious buildings and powerful defensive structures. In 538, Babylon was taken by the troops of the Persian king Cyrus, in 331 it was captured by Alexander the Great, in 312 Babylon was captured by one of the generals of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, who resettled most of its inhabitants to the nearby city of Seleucia, which he founded. By 2nd century AD in place of Babylon only ruins remained.
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are the second of the Seven Wonders of the World and the least explored by scientists. Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation has not survived to this day. What is known is that they were located in the legendary city of Mesopotamia (Interfluve) - Babylon, and their creator is considered to be the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC).
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In the 6th century BC, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II gave the order to build marvelous gardens for his beloved wife Amytis. She was a Median princess and in dusty, noisy Babylon, located on a bare sandy plain, she greatly yearned for the green hills of her homeland. The king, in order to please his beloved, decided to create fairy gardens.
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The very name of the miracle - the Hanging Gardens - misleads us. The gardens did not hang in the air! And they weren’t even supported by ropes, as they had previously thought. The gardens were not hanging, but protruding.
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The Hanging Gardens were amazing - trees, shrubs and flowers from all over the world grew in noisy and dusty Babylon. The plants were located as they should have grown in their natural environment: lowland plants - on the lower terraces, highland plants - on the higher ones. Trees such as palm, cypress, cedar, boxwood, plane tree, and oak were planted in the Gardens.
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The Hanging Gardens had the shape of a pyramid, consisting of four tiers in the form of protruding balconies, which were supported by columns up to 25 meters high. The lower tier had the shape of an irregular quadrangle. All tiers were planted with beautiful plants. Seeds were delivered to Babylon from all over the world. The pyramid resembled an evergreen flowering hill.
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To prevent the seepage of irrigation water, the surface of each platform was first covered with a layer of reed and asphalt, then brick and lead slabs were laid, and fertile soil was laid on them in a thick carpet, where vegetation was planted. The gardens are formed from arched vaults laid out in a checkerboard pattern in several rows
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The pyramid resembled an ever-blooming hill. For the people of that time, the most surprising thing was not only the design of the gardens itself, but also the irrigation system. Pipes were placed in the cavity of one of the columns. Day and night, hundreds of slaves turned a wheel with leather buckets, bringing water up, pumping it from the river. The magnificent gardens with rare trees, flowers and coolness in the sultry Babylon were truly a miracle.
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Ancient Babylon
Babylon is the largest city of ancient Mesopotamia, the capital of the Babylonian kingdom in the 19th-6th centuries. BC, the most important trade and cultural center of Western Asia. Babylon comes from the Akkadian words “Bab-ilu” - “Gate of God”. Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon.
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Conquests of Babylon
The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (23rd century BC) In the 22nd century. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of Ur, a Sumerian state that subjugated all of Mesopotamia.
In the 19th century Coming from the Amorites (a Semitic people who came from the southwest), the first king of the first Babylonian dynasty, Sumuabum, conquered Babylon and made it the capital of the Babylonian kingdom.
At the end of the 8th century. Babylon was conquered by the Assyrians and, as punishment for the rebellion, in 689 it was completely destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib. After 9 years, the Assyrians began to restore Babylon.
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Babylon reached its greatest peak during the period of the New Babylonian Kingdom (626-538 BC). Nebuchadnezzar II (604-561 BC) decorated Babylon with luxurious buildings and powerful defensive structures. In 538, Babylon was taken by the troops of the Persian king Cyrus, in 331 it was captured by Alexander the Great, in 312 Babylon was captured by one of the generals of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, who resettled most of its inhabitants to the nearby city of Seleucia, which he founded. By 2nd century AD in place of Babylon only ruins remained.
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Ancient Babylonia
Babylonia is a primitive slave-owning (early slave-owning) state of the Ancient East, located along the middle and lower reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
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N A S E L E N I E
The oldest settlements discovered in Babylonia proper near modern Jemdet Nasr and the ancient city of Kish date back to the end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. The population here was mainly engaged in fishing, cattle breeding and agriculture. Crafts developed. Stone tools were gradually replaced by copper and bronze.
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SLAVERY
Slave owners viewed slaves as cattle, imposing a stigma of ownership on them. All lands were considered to belong to the king. A significant part of them was in the use of rural communities and was processed by free community members.
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The ancient Babylonian state reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi (1792-50 BC). The Code of Hammurabi lists bread, wool, oil and dates as trade items. In addition to small retail trade, there was also wholesale trade. The development of trade entailed further social stratification of rural communities and inevitably led to the development of slavery. The patriarchal family was of great importance, in which the most ancient types of domestic slavery developed: all its members had to obey the head of the family. Children were often sold into slavery.
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Enduring Slavery
Slavery has reached significant development. The cost of a slave was low and equal to the hire price for an ox (168 grams of silver). Slaves were sold, exchanged, given as gifts, and passed on by inheritance. The laws protected the interests of slave owners in every possible way, they strictly punished obstinate slaves, established punishments for runaway slaves, and threatened severe punishments for their harborers.
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Conquests
Nabopolassar and his son and successor Nebuchadnezzar II (604 - 561 BC) were active foreign policy. Nebuchadnezzar II made campaigns in Syria, Phenicia and Palestine
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The last flourishing of Babylon under Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II found its outward expression in the great construction activity of these kings. Particularly large and luxurious structures were erected by Nebuchadnezzar, who rebuilt Babylon, which became largest city Western Asia.
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Wonderful architecture of Babylon
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Hanging Gardens to…
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Babylonia, or Babylonian Kingdom Ancient kingdom in the south of Mesopotamia (the territory of modern Iraq), which arose at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. and lost its independence in 539 BC. e.. The capital of the kingdom was the city of Babylon, from which it received its name. The Semitic people of the Amorites, the founders of Babylonia, inherited the culture of the previous kingdoms of Mesopotamia - Sumer and Akkad. State language Babylonia had a written Semitic Akkadian language, and the unrelated Sumerian language, which fell out of use, was preserved for a long time as a cult language.
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Babylon The city of Babylon was founded in ancient times on the banks of the Euphrates. Its name means "Gate of God". Babylon was one of the largest cities Ancient world and was the capital of Babylonia, a kingdom that existed for one and a half millennia, and then the power of Alexander the Great.
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Old Babylonian period Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, the name of which was later transferred to Babylon. The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (XXIII century BC). In the 22nd century BC. e. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of the Sumerian state of Ur, who subjugated all of Mesopotamia.
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Middle Babylonian period Under Hammurabi's successor Samsu-ilun (1749-1712 BC) in 1742 BC. e. Mesopotamia was attacked by the Kassite tribes, who later formed the Kassite-Amorite state of Khan, which XVI century BC e. controlled most of the country. The official name of the Kassite state was Karduniash. Its kings in the XV-XIV centuries. BC e. owned vast territories of the Lower Euphrates valley, the Syrian steppe - right up to the borders of Egyptian possessions in Southern Syria. The reign of Burna-Buriash II (c. 1366-1340 BC) was the apogee of Kassite power, but after his reign a 150-year period of Babylonian-Assyrian wars began. The Kassite dynasty was finally defeated by the Elamites around 1150 BC. e.
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Herodotus about Babylon “...Babylon was built like this...Lies on vast plain, forming a quadrangle, each side of which is 120 stadia (21,312 m) long. The circumference of all four sides of the city is 480 stadia (85,248 m). Babylon was not only a very large city, but also the most beautiful of all the cities I know. First of all, the city is surrounded by a deep, wide and water-filled ditch, then there is a wall 50 royal (Persian) cubits wide (26.64 m) and 200 cubits high (106.56 m). The royal cubit is 3 fingers larger than the ordinary one (55.5 cm)…
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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, also known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation has not survived to this day, but the memory of it still lives on.
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon The date of the destruction of the Gardens of Babylon coincides with the decline of Babylon. After the death of Alexander the Great, the fairy-tale city fell into disrepair, irrigation of the gardens ceased, as a result of a series of earthquakes the vaults collapsed, and rainwater eroded the foundation. But we will still try to tell about the history of this grandiose structure and describe all its charms.
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Tower of Babel The Tower of Babel, which at that time was simply a miracle of technology, brought glory to its city. Babylon, known from Old Testament, during its three-thousand-year history it was destroyed to the ground three times and each time rose again from the ashes, until it completely fell into decay under the rule of the Persians and Macedonians in the 6th-5th centuries BC.
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Tower of Babel Tower of Babel was dedicated to the biblical tradition. According to this legend, after the Flood, humanity was represented by one people speaking the same language. From the east, people came to the land of Shinar (in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates), where they decided to build a city (Babylon) and a tower high to heaven in order to “make a name for themselves.” The construction of the tower was interrupted by God, who created new languages for different people, because of which they ceased to understand each other, could not continue building the city and the tower and were scattered throughout the earth
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Babylonian mathematics The Babylonians wrote in cuneiform characters on clay tablets, which have survived in large numbers to this day (more than 500,000, of which about 400 are related to mathematics). Therefore, we have a fairly complete understanding of the mathematical achievements of the scientists of the Babylonian state. Note that the roots of the Babylonian culture were largely inherited from the Sumerians - cuneiform writing, counting techniques, etc.
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Babylonian mathematics Babylonian 60 numerals Sumerians and Babylonians used 60 digits position system notation, immortalized in our division of the circle into 360°, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds. They wrote, like us, from left to right. However, the recording of the required 60 digits was peculiar. There were only two icons for numbers, let’s denote them E (units) and D (tens); later an icon for zero appeared. The numbers from 1 to 9 were depicted as E, EE, …. Next came D, DE, ... DDDDDEEEEEE (59). Thus, the number was depicted in the positional 60 system, and its 60 digits in the additive decimal system.
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Writing The oldest known writing system is the Sumerian writing, which later developed into cuneiform. Cuneiform is a writing system in which characters are pressed with a reed stick onto a tablet of wet clay. Cuneiform spread throughout Mesopotamia and became the main writing system of the ancient states of the Middle East until the 1st century. n. e. The wedge-shaped icon captures some general concept(find, die, sell), and the system of additional icons is uniquely tied to the designation of any class of objects. For example, there is an icon indicating a predatory animal: When using it in any text using icons, the author indicates that it was a specific predatory animal: lion ↓↓ or bear.
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Culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonian (actually, Old Babylonian) kingdom united the north and south - the regions of Sumer and Akkad, becoming the heir to the culture of the ancient Sumerians. The city of Babylon reached the pinnacle of greatness when King Hammurabi (reigned 1792-1751 BC) made it the capital of his kingdom.
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Culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonians introduced a positional number system, a precise system for measuring time, into world culture; they were the first to divide an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds, and learned to measure area geometric shapes, distinguish stars from planets and dedicated each day of their “invented” seven-day week to a separate deity (traces of this tradition are preserved in the names of the days of the week in Romance languages). The Babylonians also left to their descendants astrology, the science of the supposed connection of human destinies with the location of the heavenly bodies. All this is far from a complete listing of the heritage of Babylonian culture in our everyday life.
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Architecture There are few trees and stones in Mesopotamia, so the first building material there were mud bricks made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The basis of the architecture of Mesopotamia consists of secular (palaces) and religious (ziggurats) monumental buildings and buildings. The first of the Mesopotamian temples that have reached us date back to the 4th-3rd millennia BC. e. These powerful cult towers, called ziggurat (holy mountain), were square and resembled a stepped pyramid. The steps were connected by stairs, and along the edge of the wall there was a ramp leading to the temple. The walls were painted black (asphalt), white (lime) and red (brick).
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Architecture The design feature of monumental architecture was dating back to the 4th millennium BC. e. the use of artificially constructed platforms, which is explained, perhaps, by the need to isolate the building from the dampness of the soil, moistened by spills, and at the same time, probably, by the desire to make the building visible from all sides. Another characteristic feature, based on an equally ancient tradition, there was a broken line of the wall formed by protrusions. Windows, when they were made, were placed at the top of the wall and looked like narrow slits. The buildings were also illuminated through the doorway and the hole in the roof. The roofs were mostly flat, but there was also a vault.
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Architecture Residential buildings discovered during excavations in the south of Sumer had an internal open courtyard around which covered rooms were grouped. This layout, corresponding climatic conditions country, formed the basis for the palace buildings of the southern Mesopotamia. In the northern part of Sumer, houses were discovered that, instead of an open courtyard, had a central room with a ceiling.
Babylonia, or the Babylonian Kingdom An ancient kingdom in the south of Mesopotamia (the territory of modern Iraq), which arose at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. and lost its independence in 539 BC. e.. The capital of the kingdom was the city of Babylon, from which it received its name. The Semitic people of the Amorites, the founders of Babylonia, inherited the culture of the previous kingdoms of Mesopotamia, Sumer and Akkad. The official language of Babylonia was the written Semitic Akkadian language, and the unrelated Sumerian language, which fell out of use, was preserved for a long time as a cult language.
Babylon The city of Babylon was founded in ancient times on the banks of the Euphrates. Its name means "Gate of God". Babylon was one of the largest cities of the Ancient World and was the capital of Babylonia, a kingdom that lasted for one and a half millennia, and then the power of Alexander the Great. The city of Babylon was founded in ancient times on the banks of the Euphrates. Its name means "Gate of God". Babylon was one of the largest cities of the Ancient world and was the capital of Babylonia, a kingdom that lasted for one and a half millennia, and then the power of Alexander the Great.Ancient world of BabyloniaAlexander the GreatAncient world of BabyloniaAlexander the Great
Old Babylonian period Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, the name of which was later transferred to Babylon. The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (XXIII century BC). In the 22nd century BC. e. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of the Sumerian state of Ur, who subjugated all of Mesopotamia. Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon. The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (XXIII century BC). In the 22nd century BC. e. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of the Sumerian state of Ur, who subjugated all of Mesopotamia.
Middle Babylonian period Under Hammurabi's successor Samsu-ilun (BC) in 1742 BC. e. The Kassite tribes attacked Mesopotamia, later forming the Kassite-Amorite state of Khan, which by the 16th century BC. e. controlled most of the country. Under Hammurabi's successor, Samsu-ilun (BC) in 1742 BC. e. The Kassite tribes attacked Mesopotamia, later forming the Kassite-Amorite state of Khan, which by the 16th century BC. e. controlled most of the country. The official name of the Kassite state was Karduniash. Its kings in the XVXIV centuries. BC e. owned vast territories of the Lower Euphrates valley, the Syrian steppe up to the borders of Egyptian possessions in Southern Syria. The reign of Burna-Buriash II (c. BC) was the apogee of Kassite power, but after his reign a 150-year period of Babylonian-Assyrian wars began. The Kassite dynasty was finally defeated by the Elamites around 1150 BC. e. The official name of the Kassite state was Karduniash. Its kings in the XVXIV centuries. BC e. owned vast territories of the Lower Euphrates valley, the Syrian steppe up to the borders of Egyptian possessions in Southern Syria. The reign of Burna-Buriash II (c. BC) was the apogee of Kassite power, but after his reign a 150-year period of Babylonian-Assyrian wars began. The Kassite dynasty was finally defeated by the Elamites around 1150 BC. e.
Neo-Babylonian period Babylon reached its greatest prosperity during the period of the Neo-Babylonian kingdom (BC). Under Nebuchadnezzar II (BC), new rich buildings and powerful defensive structures appeared in Babylon. Babylon reached its greatest prosperity during the period of the Neo-Babylonian kingdom (BC). Under Nebuchadnezzar II (BC), new rich buildings and powerful defensive structures appeared in Babylon.
“...Babylon was built like this... It lies on a vast plain, forming a quadrangle, each side of which is 120 stadia (m) in length. The circumference of all four sides of the city is 480 stadia (m). Babylon was not only a very large city, but also the most beautiful of all the cities I know. First of all, the city is surrounded by a deep, wide and water-filled ditch, then there is a wall 50 royal (Persian) cubits wide (26.64 m) and 200 cubits high (106.56 m). The royal cubit is 3 fingers larger than the ordinary one (55.5 cm)... “...Babylon was built like this... It lies on a vast plain, forming a quadrangle, each side of which is 120 stadia (m) in length. The circumference of all four sides of the city is 480 stadia (m). Babylon was not only a very large city, but also the most beautiful of all the cities I know. First of all, the city is surrounded by a deep, wide and water-filled ditch, then there is a wall 50 royal (Persian) cubits wide (26.64 m) and 200 cubits high (106.56 m). The royal cubit is 3 fingers larger than usual (55.5 cm)... Herodotus on Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Seven Wonders of the WorldSeven Wonders of the World The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, also known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation has not survived to this day, but the memory of it still lives on. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, also known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation has not survived to this day, but the memory of it still lives on.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon The date of the destruction of the Gardens of Babylon coincides with the decline of Babylon. After the death of Alexander the Great, the fairy-tale city fell into disrepair, irrigation of the gardens ceased, as a result of a series of earthquakes the vaults collapsed, and rainwater eroded the foundation. But we will still try to tell about the history of this grandiose structure and describe all its charms. The date of the destruction of the Gardens of Babylon coincides with the time of the decline of Babylon. After the death of Alexander the Great, the fairy-tale city fell into disrepair, irrigation of the gardens ceased, as a result of a series of earthquakes the vaults collapsed, and rainwater eroded the foundation. But we will still try to tell about the history of this grandiose structure and describe all its charms.
Tower of Babel The Tower of Babel, which at that time was simply a miracle of technology, brought glory to its city. Babylon, known from the Old Testament, was destroyed to the ground three times during its three-thousand-year history and each time rose again from the ashes until it completely fell into decay under the rule of the Persians and Macedonians in the 6th-5th centuries BC. The Tower of Babel, which at that time was simply a miracle of technology, brought glory to its city. Babylon, known from the Old Testament, was destroyed to the ground three times during its three-thousand-year history and each time rose again from the ashes until it completely fell into decay under the rule of the Persians and Macedonians in the 6th-5th centuries BC.
The Tower of Babel The biblical legend was dedicated to the Tower of Babel. According to this legend, after the Flood, humanity was represented by one people speaking the same language. From the east, people came to the land of Shinar (in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates), where they decided to build a city (Babylon) and a tower high to heaven in order to “make a name for themselves.” The construction of the tower was interrupted by God, who created new languages for different people, because of which they ceased to understand each other, could not continue the construction of the city and the tower and were scattered throughout the earth. The biblical legend was dedicated to the Tower of Babel. According to this legend, after the Flood, humanity was represented by one people speaking the same language. From the east, people came to the land of Shinar (in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates), where they decided to build a city (Babylon) and a tower high to heaven in order to “make a name for themselves.” The construction of the tower was interrupted by God, who created new languages for different people, because of which they ceased to understand each other, could not continue the construction of the city and tower and were scattered throughout the earth
Babylonian mathematics The Babylonians wrote in cuneiform characters on clay tablets, which have survived in large numbers to this day (more than 400 of them are related to mathematics). Therefore, we have a fairly complete understanding of the mathematical achievements of the scientists of the Babylonian state. Note that the roots of the Babylonian culture were largely inherited from the Sumerians by cuneiform writing, counting techniques, etc. The Babylonians wrote with cuneiform signs on clay tablets, which have survived in large numbers to this day (more than 400 of them are related to mathematics) . Therefore, we have a fairly complete understanding of the mathematical achievements of the scientists of the Babylonian state. Note that the roots of the Babylonian culture were largely inherited from the Sumerians: cuneiform writing, counting techniques, etc.
Babylonian Mathematics Babylonian Hexadecimal Numerals The Sumerians and Babylonians used a hexadecimal number system, immortalized in our division of the circle into 360°, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds. They wrote, like us, from left to right. However, the recording of the required 60 digits was peculiar. There were only two icons for numbers, let’s denote them E (units) and D (tens); later an icon for zero appeared. The numbers from 1 to 9 were depicted as E, EE, …. Babylonian 60s The Sumerians and Babylonians used a 60s positional number system, immortalized in our division of the circle into 360°, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds. They wrote, like us, from left to right. However, the recording of the required 60 digits was peculiar. There were only two icons for numbers, let’s denote them E (units) and D (tens); later an icon for zero appeared. The numbers from 1 to 9 were depicted as E, EE, …. Next came D, DE, ... DDDDDEEEEEE (59). Thus, the number was depicted in the positional 60 system, and its 60 digits in the additive decimal system. Next came D, DE, ... DDDDDEEEEEE (59). Thus, the number was depicted in the positional 60 system, and its 60 digits in the additive decimal system.
Writing The oldest known writing system is the Sumerian writing, which later developed into cuneiform. Cuneiform is a writing system in which characters are pressed with a reed stick onto a tablet of wet clay. Cuneiform spread throughout Mesopotamia and became the main writing system of the ancient states of the Middle East until the 1st century. n. e. The wedge-shaped icon captures some general concept (find, die, sell), and the system of additional icons is uniquely tied to the designation of a certain class of objects. For example, there is an icon indicating a predatory animal: When using it in any text using icons, the author indicates that it was a specific predatory animal: a lion or a bear. The oldest known writing system is the Sumerian script, which later developed into cuneiform. Cuneiform is a writing system in which characters are pressed with a reed stick onto a tablet of wet clay. Cuneiform spread throughout Mesopotamia and became the main writing system of the ancient states of the Middle East until the 1st century. n. e. The wedge-shaped icon captures some general concept (find, die, sell), and the system of additional icons is uniquely tied to the designation of a certain class of objects. For example, there is an icon indicating a predatory animal: When using it in any text using icons, the author indicates that it was a specific predatory animal: a lion or a bear.
Culture of Mesopotamia Many sources testify to the high astronomical and mathematical achievements of the Sumerians, their construction art (it was the Sumerians who built the world's first step pyramid). They are the authors of the most ancient calendar, recipe book, and library catalogue. Many sources testify to the high astronomical and mathematical achievements of the Sumerians, their construction art (it was the Sumerians who built the world's first step pyramid). They are the authors of the most ancient calendar, recipe book, and library catalogue.
Culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonian (actually, Old Babylonian) kingdom united the north and south of the regions of Sumer and Akkad, becoming the heir to the culture of the ancient Sumerians. The city of Babylon reached the pinnacle of greatness when King Hammurabi (reigned BC) made it the capital of his kingdom. The Babylonian (actually, Old Babylonian) kingdom united the north and south of the regions of Sumer and Akkad, becoming the heir to the culture of the ancient Sumerians. The city of Babylon reached the pinnacle of greatness when King Hammurabi (reigned BC) made it the capital of his kingdom.
Culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonians introduced a positional number system, a precise system of measuring time, into world culture; they were the first to divide an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds, learned to measure the area of geometric figures, distinguish stars from planets, and devoted every day to the seven-day system they “invented.” weeks to a separate deity (traces of this tradition are preserved in the names of the days of the week in Romance languages). The Babylonians also left to their descendants astrology, the science of the supposed connection of human destinies with the location of the heavenly bodies. All this is far from a complete listing of the heritage of Babylonian culture in our everyday life. The Babylonians introduced a positional number system, a precise system for measuring time, into world culture; they were the first to divide an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds, learned to measure the area of geometric figures, distinguish stars from planets, and dedicated each day of their “invented” seven-day week to a separate to the deity (traces of this tradition are preserved in the names of the days of the week in Romance languages). The Babylonians also left to their descendants astrology, the science of the supposed connection of human destinies with the location of the heavenly bodies. All this is far from a complete listing of the heritage of Babylonian culture in our everyday life.
Architecture There are few trees and stones in Mesopotamia, so the first building material was mud bricks made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The basis of the architecture of Mesopotamia consists of secular (palaces) and religious (ziggurats) monumental buildings and buildings. The first of the Mesopotamian temples that have reached us date back to the 4th millennium BC. e. These powerful cult towers, called ziggurats (ziggurat holy mountain), were square and resembled a stepped pyramid. The steps were connected by stairs, and along the edge of the wall there was a ramp leading to the temple. The walls were painted black (asphalt), white (lime) and red (brick). There are few trees and stones in Mesopotamia, so the first building material was mud bricks made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The basis of the architecture of Mesopotamia consists of secular (palaces) and religious (ziggurats) monumental buildings and buildings. The first of the Mesopotamian temples that have reached us date back to the 4th millennium BC. e. These powerful cult towers, called ziggurats (ziggurat holy mountain), were square and resembled a stepped pyramid. The steps were connected by stairs, and along the edge of the wall there was a ramp leading to the temple. The walls were painted black (asphalt), white (lime) and red (brick).
Architecture The design feature of monumental architecture was dating back to the 4th millennium BC. e. the use of artificially constructed platforms, which is explained, perhaps, by the need to isolate the building from the dampness of the soil, moistened by spills, and at the same time, probably, by the desire to make the building visible from all sides. Another characteristic feature, based on an equally ancient tradition, was the broken line of the wall formed by the projections. Windows, when they were made, were placed at the top of the wall and looked like narrow slits. The buildings were also illuminated through the doorway and the hole in the roof. The roofs were mostly flat, but there was also a vault. The design feature of monumental architecture was going back to the 4th millennium BC. e. the use of artificially constructed platforms, which is explained, perhaps, by the need to isolate the building from the dampness of the soil, moistened by spills, and at the same time, probably, by the desire to make the building visible from all sides. Another characteristic feature, based on an equally ancient tradition, was the broken line of the wall formed by the projections. Windows, when they were made, were placed at the top of the wall and looked like narrow slits. The buildings were also illuminated through the doorway and the hole in the roof. The roofs were mostly flat, but there was also a vault.
Architecture Residential buildings discovered during excavations in the south of Sumer had an internal open courtyard around which covered rooms were grouped. This layout, which corresponded to the climatic conditions of the country, formed the basis for the palace buildings of the southern Mesopotamia. In the northern part of Sumer, houses were discovered that, instead of an open courtyard, had a central room with a ceiling. Residential buildings discovered by excavations in the south of Sumer had an internal open courtyard around which covered rooms were grouped. This layout, which corresponded to the climatic conditions of the country, formed the basis for the palace buildings of the southern Mesopotamia. In the northern part of Sumer, houses were discovered that, instead of an open courtyard, had a central room with a ceiling.
