Presentation of the main sources of air pollution. Presentation on "air pollution"

Atmospheric pollution Atmospheric air is one of the most important life-supporting natural ingredients on Earth - is a mixture of gases and aerosols of the surface part of the atmosphere, formed during the evolution of the planet, human activity and located outside residential, industrial and other premises. The latest generalizations have confirmed the extreme importance of the atmosphere in the functioning of the biosphere and its high sensitivity to various types of pollution. It is the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere that is the most powerful, constantly acting factor affecting plants, animals, and microorganisms; to all trophic chains and levels; on the quality of human life; on the sustainable functioning of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. Atmospheric air has unlimited capacity and plays the role of the most mobile, chemically aggressive and pervasive agent of interaction between the components of the biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere near the surface.

Atmospheric pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere or the formation in it of physico-chemical compounds, agents or substances, caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural sources of pollution atmospheric air primarily volcanic emissions, forest and steppe fires, dust storms, deflation, sea storms and typhoons. These factors do not have a negative impact on natural ecosystems, with the exception of large-scale catastrophic natural phenomena.

Release into the atmosphere (tons/year) of some components of natural and industrial origin. ComponentNaturalIndustrial Ozone 2*10 9 Minor Carbon dioxide 7*.5*10 10 Carbon monoxide --- 2*10 8 Sulfur dioxide 1.42*10 8 7.3*10 7 Nitrogen compounds 1.4*10 9 1.5 *10 7 Weighted substances (770…2200)*10 6 (960…2615)*10 6

Transport impact Environmental impact motor transport on human health depends on the amount of emitted substances, the level of excess of maximum permissible concentrations, and the duration of a person’s stay near highways. In Kaliningrad, according to State Committee on environmental protection, emissions from motor vehicles for last years are increasing. From 1993 to 1996 they increased in Kaliningrad by 2.4 times, in the region by 1.6. Analysis of air samples shows that air quality is deteriorating. It contains carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, and lead. Thus, if in 1989 nitrogen oxides were present in the emissions of motor vehicles in the region as a whole in the amount of 3-4 thousand tons, then in thousand tons the percentage of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants on highways and near them in recent years is %.

The main pollutants whose content in the atmosphere is regulated by standards, hydrocarbons (HC), as well as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), gaseous carbon disulfide (CS2) , ammonia (NH3), various halogen-containing gases. Environmental pollution from emissions from internal combustion engines has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the increased threat to human health. A comparative description of the main emissions from various vehicles as sources of pollution is given in the table. Vehicle Aerosols Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons Carbon oxides Motor transport 1.1 0.4 6.6 6.4 61.9 Airplanes 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.0 Railway transport 0.1 0, 7 0.2 0.3 Maritime transport 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.5

Cars today in Russia - main cause of air pollution in cities. Now there are more than half a billion of them in the world. Emissions from cars in cities are especially dangerous because they pollute the air mainly at a level of cm from the Earth's surface and especially on sections of highways where there are traffic lights. It should be noted that especially many carcinogenic substances are released during acceleration, that is, while the engine is running at high speeds.

Radiation pollution have a significant difference from others. Radioactive nuclides are nuclei of unstable chemical elements, emitting charged particles and short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation. It is these particles and radiation that enter the human body that destroy cells, as a result of which various diseases can arise, including radiation. There are natural sources of radioactivity everywhere in the biosphere, and humans, like all living organisms, have always been exposed to natural radiation. External exposure occurs due to radiation of cosmic origin and radioactive nuclides in the environment. Internal radiation is created by radioactive elements entering the human body with air, water and food.

The greatest danger is posed by radioactive contamination of the biosphere as a result of human activity. Currently, radioactive elements are widely used in various fields. Negligence in the storage and transportation of these elements leads to serious radioactive contamination. Radioactive contamination of the biosphere is associated, for example, with the testing of atomic weapons. In the second half of this century, nuclear power plants, icebreakers, and submarines with nuclear installations began to be put into operation. During normal operation of nuclear energy and industrial facilities, environmental pollution with radioactive nuclides is a negligible fraction of the natural background. A different situation arises during accidents at nuclear facilities. Thus, during the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in environment Only about 5% of the nuclear fuel was released. But this led to the exposure of many people, large areas were so contaminated that they became hazardous to health. This required the relocation of thousands of residents from contaminated areas. An increase in radiation as a result of radioactive fallout was noted hundreds and thousands of kilometers from the accident site. Currently, the problem of warehousing and storing radioactive waste from the military industry and nuclear power plants is becoming increasingly acute. Every year they pose an increasing danger to the environment. Thus, the use of nuclear energy has posed new serious problems for humanity.

Chemical pollution. The main chemical pollutant of the atmosphere is sulfur dioxide (SO 2), released during the combustion of coal, shale, oil, during the smelting of iron, copper, production of sulfuric acid, etc. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. With a high concentration of sulfur dioxide, dust, smoke in humid, quiet weather in industrial areas, a white or humid smog toxic fog appears, which sharply worsens people's living conditions. In London, during such smog due to exacerbation of pulmonary and heart diseases from December 5 to 9, 1952, 4,000 more people died than usual. Under the influence of intense solar radiation, chemicals released into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises and transport can react with each other, forming highly toxic compounds. This type of smog is called photochemical. The most dangerous pollution of the atmosphere and the entire environment is radioactive. It poses a threat to the health and life of people, animals and plants, not only of current generations, but also of their descendants due to the appearance of numerous mutational deformities. The consequences of such a mutagenic effect on plants, animals and humans are still poorly understood and difficult to predict. In areas of moderate radioactive contamination, the number of people developing leukemia is increasing. Sources of radioactive contamination are experimental explosions of atomic and hydrogen bombs. Radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere during the manufacture of nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors at power plants, during the decontamination of radioactive waste, etc. It has now become clear that there is no such small dose of ionizing radiation that would be safe.

Household pollution. Air pollution with chlorofluoromethanes entails serious negative consequences for humans and other living organisms. or freons (CFCl 3, CF 2 Cl 2). They are used in refrigeration units, in the production of semiconductors and aerosol cans. The leakage of freons leads to their appearance near the thin ozone layer in the stratosphere, located at an altitude of 2050 km. The thickness of this is very small: 2 mm at the equator and 4 mm at the poles under normal conditions. The maximum concentration of ozone here is 8 parts per million parts of other gases.

Aerosol air pollution Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. In some cases, solid components of aerosols are especially dangerous for organisms and cause specific diseases in people. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived as smoke, fog, haze or haze. A significant portion of aerosols are formed in the atmosphere through the interaction of solid and liquid particles with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is microns. About 11 cubic km enter the Earth's atmosphere annually. 0 dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during human production activities. Information about some sources of technogenic dust is given below: PRODUCTION PROCESS DUST EMISSION, MILLION TONS/YEAR 1. Coal combustion 93.60 2. Iron smelting 20.21 3. Copper smelting (without purification) 6.23 4. Zinc smelting 0.18 5. Tin smelting (without purification) 0, Lead smelting 0.13 7. Cement production 53.37 The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, enrichment factories, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and soot factories factories.

Depletion of the ozone layer Currently, depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat to global environmental security. Declining ozone concentrations weaken the atmosphere's ability to protect all life on Earth from harsh ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Living organisms are very vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation, because the energy of even one photon from these rays is enough to destroy chemical bonds in the majority organic molecules. It is no coincidence that in areas with low ozone levels there are numerous sunburns, there is an increase in the incidence of skin cancer, etc. For example, according to a number of environmental scientists, by 2030 in Russia, if the current rate of depletion of the ozone layer continues, additional cases of skin cancer will occur 6 million people. In addition to skin diseases, the development of eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), suppression of the immune system, etc. has also been established. It has also been established that plants under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation gradually lose their ability to photosynthesize, and disruption of the life activity of plankton leads to a break in the trophic chains of aquatic biota ecosystems, etc.

Human activities lead to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases will lead to heating of the lower layers of the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. Any change in the Earth's ability to reflect and absorb heat, including those caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols, will change the temperature of the atmosphere and the world's oceans and disrupt stable patterns of circulation and weather.

Rising average temperatures in the polar regions could cause the ice of Antarctica and Greenland to rapidly melt, causing sea levels to rise sharply, flooding coastal cities and low-lying areas, leading to economic and social disruption.

Rain, snow or sleet that is highly acidic. Acid precipitation occurs primarily from emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). Dissolving in atmospheric moisture, these oxides form weak solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids and fall in the form of acid rain.

All air pollutants, to a greater or lesser extent, have a negative impact on human health. These substances enter the human body primarily through the respiratory system. The respiratory organs are directly affected by pollution, since about 50% of impurity particles with a radius of 0. microns that penetrate the lungs are deposited in them. Particles that penetrate the body cause a toxic effect because they: a are toxic (poisonous) by their chemical or physical nature; b) interfere with one or more mechanisms by which the respiratory (respiratory) tract is normally cleansed; c) serve as a carrier of a toxic substance absorbed by the body. In some cases, exposure to one pollutant in combination with others leads to more serious health problems than exposure to either one alone. Big role The duration of exposure plays a role. Statistical analysis allowed us to fairly reliably establish the relationship between the level of air pollution and diseases such as damage to the upper respiratory tract, heart failure, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, and eye diseases. A sharp increase in the concentration of impurities, which persists for several days, increases the mortality rate of elderly people from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

The atmosphere serves as a screen that protects life on Earth from harmful influences from space. It regulates the cycle of water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon. To minimize natural and anthropogenic air pollution, it is necessary: ​​1) to clean emissions into the atmosphere from solid and gaseous pollutants using electric precipitators, liquid and solid absorbers, cyclones, etc.; 2) use environmentally friendly types of energy; 3) use low-waste and non-waste technologies; 4) to achieve a reduction in the toxicity of automobile exhaust gases by improving the design of engines and the use of catalysts, as well as improving existing and creating new electric vehicles and engines running on hydrogen fuel.

municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary comprehensive school No. 15"

Life Safety Basics Lesson in 8th grade

teacher Kataeva A.A.

2015

Subject :

Target:

Study the main sources of air pollution, find ways to solve environmental problems.

• What is atmosphere?
• The role of the atmosphere in natural processes.
• The emergence of the technosphere.
• Sources of air pollution.
• The influence of atmospheric pollution.
• Solving an environmental problem.

Atmosphere – the gaseous envelope of the Earth, consisting of a mixture of gases and impurities.

He is transparent and invisible

Light and colorless gas.

With a weightless scarf

It envelops us.

Technosphere - part of the geographical envelope, transformed by people into technical and man-made objects.

Sources of air pollution

anthropogenic

natural

dust storms;

volcanic eruptions;

fires;

weathering;

decomposition of organisms

industrial enterprises (metallurgy, chemical, pulp and paper);

transport;

thermal power engineering;

heating of homes;

Agriculture

Ozone layer depletion

Ozone layer – air layer in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere)

Impact of atmospheric pollution on human health

1999 – the federal law “On the protection of atmospheric air”

“atmospheric air is a vital component of the natural environment, an integral part of the habitat of humans, plants and animals...”

Ways to protect air

planting forest strips and green areas

installation of dust collection equipment

correct placement of plants and factories

Ecological workshop "Air protection"

Literary station

Write your message on the topic “Air and its protection” to classmates and city residents.

Math station

Solve the problem.

Scientists have calculated that per day one average-sized tree releases as much oxygen into the air as three inhabitants of the Earth need to breathe. Knowing that the population of the city of Michurinsk is 118 thousand people, calculate how many trees need to be planted in the city to ensure the normal functioning of the citizens.

Conclusion

In order for life on Earth to survive, it is necessary to preserve and protect nature and take care of the cleanliness of the air.

We speak in front of all the people,

To prolong nature's life,

Must help nature

Nature's friend is man.

So that the years rush by peacefully,

Century after century blossomed,

Be a friend to all nature

Every person should.

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History of the issue Until the 19th century, there was no air pollution environmental problem, because the only source of pollution was the use of fire, and its consequences were insignificant. But over the past hundred years, the development of industry has “gifted” us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first people could not yet imagine. Millionaire cities have emerged whose growth cannot be stopped. All this is the result of great inventions and conquests of man.

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The problem of air pollution is widespread throughout to the globe, but it is most widespread in areas with a large concentration of large cities and industrial areas. For example, the United States (1220 million tons), Russia (800 million tons) and China (600 million tons) are the leaders in carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

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Aerosol air pollution Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. In some cases, solid components of aerosols are especially dangerous for organisms and cause specific diseases in people. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived as smoke, fog, haze or haze. A significant portion of aerosols are formed in the atmosphere through the interaction of solid and liquid particles with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 11-51 microns. About 11 cubic km enter the Earth's atmosphere annually. dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during human production activities.

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Atmospheric pollution from mobile sources In recent decades, due to the rapid development of motor transport and aviation, the share of emissions entering the atmosphere from mobile sources has increased significantly: trucks and cars, tractors, diesel locomotives and airplanes. In the United States as a whole, at least 40% of the total mass of the five main pollutants comes from emissions from mobile sources.

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Motor transport As can be seen from the diagram, the main source of air pollution is motor transport. Cars emit mainly carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The greatest amount of pollutants are emitted when a car accelerates, especially when driving quickly, as well as when driving at low speeds. The relative proportion of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is highest during braking and idling, and the proportion of nitrogen oxides is highest during acceleration. From these data it follows that cars pollute the air especially heavily when stopping frequently and when driving at low speeds.

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Airplanes Although the total emission of pollutants from aircraft engines is relatively small, in the area of ​​the airport these emissions make a decisive contribution to environmental pollution. In addition, turbojet engines (as well as diesel engines) emit a plume of smoke that is clearly visible to the eye during landing and takeoff. A significant amount of impurities at the airport is also emitted by ground vehicles, approaching and departing cars.

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Noise Noise is one of the atmospheric pollutants harmful to humans. The irritating effect of sound (noise) on a person depends on its intensity, spectral composition and duration of exposure. Noises with continuous spectrums are less irritating than noises with a narrow frequency range. The greatest irritation is caused by noise in the frequency range of 3000-5000 Hz.

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The influence of noise on humans Working in conditions of increased noise at first causes rapid fatigue and sharpens hearing at high frequencies. Then the person gets used to the noise, sensitivity to high frequencies drops sharply, and hearing deterioration begins, which gradually develops into hearing loss and deafness. At a noise intensity of 145-140 dB, vibrations occur in the soft tissues of the nose and throat, as well as in the bones of the skull and teeth; if the intensity exceeds 140 dB, then the chest, arm and leg muscles begin to vibrate, pain in the ears and head, extreme fatigue and irritability appear; At noise levels above 160 dB, eardrums may rupture. However, noise has a detrimental effect not only on the hearing aid, but also on the human central nervous system, the functioning of the heart, and causes many other diseases. One of the most powerful sources of noise are helicopters and airplanes, especially supersonic ones.

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The impact of air pollution on humans All air pollutants, to a greater or lesser extent, have a negative impact on human health. These substances enter the human body primarily through the respiratory system. The respiratory organs suffer directly from pollution, since about 50% of impurity particles with a radius of 0.01-0.1 microns that penetrate the lungs are deposited in them.

Diseases caused by air pollution Mostly air pollution causes diseases such as damage to the upper respiratory tract, heart failure, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, and eye diseases. A sharp increase in the concentration of impurities, which persists for several days, increases the mortality of older people from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

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Effect of carbon monoxide on humans CO concentration exceeding the maximum permissible level leads to physiological changes in the human body, and the concentration is more than 750 million to death. This is explained by the fact that CO is an extremely aggressive gas that easily combines with hemoglobin (red blood cells). When combined, carboxyhemoglobin is formed, an increased (above the norm, equal to 0.4%) content in the blood is accompanied by: a) a deterioration in visual acuity and the ability to estimate the duration of time intervals, b) a violation of some psychomotor functions of the brain (at a content of 2-5%), in ) changes in the activity of the heart and lungs (with a content of more than 5%), d) headaches, drowsiness, spasms, breathing problems and mortality (with a content of 10-80%).

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Effect of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric anhydride on humans Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfuric anhydride (SO3) in combination with suspended particles and moisture have the most harmful effects on humans, living organisms and material assets. SO2 is a colorless and non-flammable gas, the odor of which begins to be felt at a concentration in the air of 0.3-1.0 ppm, and at a concentration above 3 ppm SO2 has a pungent, irritating odor. Sulfur dioxide mixed with particulate matter and sulfuric acid (an irritant stronger than SO2), even with an average annual content of 9.04-0.09 million and a smoke concentration of 150-200 μg/m3, leads to an increase in symptoms of difficulty breathing and lung diseases, and with an average daily SO2 content of 0.2-0.5 million and a smoke concentration of 500-750 μg/m3, a sharp increase in the number of patients and deaths is observed.

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Effect of nitrogen oxides on humans Nitrogen oxides, which combine with hydrocarbons with the participation of ultraviolet solar radiation, form peroxylacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photochemical oxidizers, including peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBN), ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrogen dioxide. All oxidizing agents, primarily PAN and PBN, strongly irritate and cause inflammation of the eyes, and in combination with ozone they irritate the nasopharynx, lead to chest spasms, and at high concentrations (over 3-4 mg/m3) cause severe coughing and weaken the ability to focus on something.

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Ways to solve the problem Air pollution is an important problem that requires an urgent solution. This is understood in all countries and is being undertaken various actions to reduce air pollution. Many enterprises install cleaning filters that significantly reduce the amount of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In some countries, industrial enterprises are moved away from large cities, where the concentration of pollution is already high. In many countries (for example, in the USA), so-called traffic systems are created. “green wave”, significantly reducing the number of traffic stops at intersections, and designed to reduce air pollution in cities

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Plan 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Chemical pollution of the atmosphere.
Sources of chemical pollution
Chemical industry as a source
pollution
Impact chemical substances on
environment
Consequences of pollution
Conclusion

CHEMICAL PRODUCTION.
The chemical industry is a branch of the national economy
producing
various types of chemical products for everyone
industries, agriculture, consumer sectors.
It produces basic chemical products - ammonia, inorganic
acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, soda, chlorine and
chlorine products, liquefied gases; organic products
synthesis – acids, alcohols, ethers, organoelement
compounds, hydrocarbons, intermediates, dyes; synthetic
materials – resins, plastics, chemical and synthetic
fibers, chemicals, household chemicals, etc.
Oil refining and
petrochemical production.

Sources of chemical pollution
In the course of his economic activity, man produces various substances.
All substances produced using both renewable and
Non-renewable resources can be divided into four types:
- starting substances (raw materials);
- intermediate substances (arising or used during the production process);
- final product;
- by-product (waste)

Chemical industry as a source of pollution

Of course, compared to energy and transport, global pollution
through the chemical industry is small, but this is also quite noticeable
local impact. Most organic intermediates and final products
products used or produced in the chemical industry,
made from a limited number of basic petrochemical products.
When processing crude oil or natural gas at various stages of the process,
e.g. distillation, catalytic cracking, desulfurization and alkylation,
occur both as gases and as dissolved in water and discharged into the sewer system
waste. These include residues and waste from technological processes that cannot be
further processing.
Gaseous emissions from distillation and cracking units during oil refining are mainly
contain hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and nitrogen oxides.
That part of these substances that can be collected in gas collectors before exiting
into the atmosphere, burned in flares, resulting in combustion products
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide

When acidic alkylation products are burned, hydrogen fluoride is formed,
entering the atmosphere.
There are also uncontrolled emissions caused by
various leaks, deficiencies in equipment maintenance, violations
technological process, accidents, and
also by evaporation gaseous substances from technological
water supply systems and wastewater.
Of all types of chemical production, the greatest pollution comes from those
where varnishes and paints are made or used.
This is due to the fact that varnishes and paints are often made using
based on alkyd and other polymeric materials, as well as nitro varnishes,
they usually contain a high percentage of solvent
Anthropogenic emissions organic matter in production,
related to the use of varnishes and paints is 350 thousand tons per year, the rest
production of the chemical industry as a whole produces 170 thousand tons per year

Impact of chemicals on the environment

1.
2.
3.
4.
Molecular biological effects
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
processes in the cell
Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects
Impact on the behavior of organisms

Consequences of pollution

Changes under the influence of chemicals
the following ecosystem parameters:
population density;
dominant structure;
species diversity;
abundance of biomass;
spatial distribution of organisms;
reproductive functions.

To reduce and reduce emissions of chemicals at industrial enterprises, the following measures must be taken:

It is necessary to design any production so that
so that emissions are known to be minimal.
It is necessary to strictly observe technological regimes
production.
Mandatory sealing of equipment is required
industries where they are present and produced
chemical compounds (this applies not only
chemical industry).
It is necessary to introduce continuous technological
processes and closed circle of production, circulating
water consumption
It is necessary to take measures to prevent accidents
(for example, scheduled preventative maintenance
equipment).

Conclusion

I have considered some aspects
chemical pollution of the environment. This
not all aspects of this huge problem and
only a small part of the possibilities for solving it. To
not completely destroy your habitat and
habitat of all other forms of life, man
it is necessary to be very careful about the environment
environment. This means strict control is required.
direct and indirect production of chemicals
substances, a comprehensive study of this problem,
objective impact assessment chemical products on
environment, research and application of methods
minimizing the harmful effects of chemicals
substances on the environment.

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Atmospheric air, one of the most important life-supporting natural components on Earth, is a mixture of gases and atmospheric aerosols that has developed during evolution. . Atmospheric pollution is the most powerful, constantly acting factor affecting plants, animals, and microorganisms; on the quality of human life. Air pollution

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Atmospheric pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere or the formation in it of physico-chemical compounds and substances, caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural sources of air pollution are primarily volcanic emissions, forest and steppe fires, dust storms, sea storms and typhoons. These factors do not have a negative impact on natural ecosystems.

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Transport pollution The environmental impact of motor transport on human health depends on the amount of substances emitted, the level of excess of maximum permissible concentrations, and the length of time a person stays near highways. . Analysis of air samples shows that air quality is deteriorating. The percentage of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants on and near highways in recent years is 11-16%

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Cars in Russia today are the main cause of air pollution in cities. Now there are more than half a billion of them in the world. Emissions from cars in cities are especially dangerous because they pollute the air mainly at a level of 60-90 cm from the Earth's surface and especially on sections of highways where there are traffic lights.

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Radioactive contamination of the atmosphere There are natural sources of radioactivity everywhere in the biosphere, and humans have always been exposed to natural radiation. External irradiation occurs due to radiation of cosmic origin and radioactive substances, located in the environment. The greatest danger is posed by radioactive contamination of the biosphere as a result of human activity. In the second half of this century, nuclear power plants began to be put into operation. During normal operation of nuclear energy and industrial facilities, environmental pollution constitutes a negligible proportion. A different situation arises during accidents at nuclear facilities.

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Thus, during the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, only about 5% of nuclear fuel was released into the environment. But this led to exposure of many people, and large areas were contaminated to such an extent that they became hazardous to health. This required the relocation of thousands of residents from contaminated areas. An increase in radiation as a result of radioactive fallout was noted hundreds and thousands of kilometers from the accident site. Currently, the problem of warehousing and storing radioactive waste from the military industry and nuclear power plants is becoming increasingly acute. Every year they pose an increasing danger to the environment. Thus, the use of nuclear energy has posed new serious problems for humanity.

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Chemical pollution The main chemical pollutant of the atmosphere is sulfur dioxide, which is released during the combustion of coal, oil, and during the smelting of iron and copper. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. With a high concentration of sulfur dioxide, dust, smoke in humid, quiet weather in industrial areas, white or damp smog appears - a toxic fog that sharply worsens people's living conditions.

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Household pollution Serious negative consequences for humans and other living organisms are caused by air pollution from substances that are used in refrigeration units, in the production of semiconductors and aerosol cans.

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Depletion of the ozone layer Currently, depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat to global environmental security. Declining ozone concentrations weaken the atmosphere's ability to protect all life on Earth from harsh ultraviolet radiation. It is no coincidence that in areas with low ozone levels there are numerous sunburns, an increase in the incidence of people with skin cancer, etc. It has also been established that plants under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation gradually lose their ability to photosynthesize, and disruption of the vital activity of plankton leads to the breaking of the chains of aquatic ecosystems , etc.

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Greenhouse effect Human activities lead to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases will lead to heating of the lower layers of the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. Any change in the Earth's ability to reflect and absorb heat will change the temperature of the atmosphere and the world's oceans and disrupt stable patterns of circulation and weather.

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Rising average temperatures in the polar regions could cause the ice of Antarctica and Greenland to rapidly melt, causing sea levels to rise sharply, flooding coastal cities and low-lying areas, leading to economic and social disruption.

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Rain, snow or sleet that is highly acidic. Acid precipitation occurs primarily due to the release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). Dissolving in atmospheric moisture, these oxides form weak solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids and fall in the form of acid rain.