In what part is Western Siberia located? Northwestern Siberia: Tyumen region, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs

This subdistrict is one region: both districts are part of it, although in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) they are simultaneously subjects of the country. Several natural zones are represented on the territory of the subdistrict - from tundra to forest-steppes. Most of
The Ob and Taz basins are swampy. Forests have low productivity.
But in the depths lie the largest oil and natural gas resources in Russia and very significant at the global level. The first type of resources is distributed within the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug,
the second - the Yamalo-Nenets District.

Tyumen region located within the West Siberian Lowland, which has a low altitude above sea level. Hence the extreme swampiness and abundance of peat. Swamps cover the fourth
part of the lowland area. Oil and gas fields
explored in the thickness of sedimentary rocks. At the same time, oil fields
are confined mainly to the Middle Ob region, while the most powerful gas fields are located in the lower reaches of the Ob,
Taza, on the Yamal Peninsula.

In the Far North, up to approximately 65° N, tundra and
a narrow strip of forest-tundra. The large middle part of the region represents
a taiga-forest zone. Podzolic and peat-bog soils are common here. The forest consists mainly of coniferous trees,
Deciduous forests are widespread in the south of the region. South of the forest area
the forest-steppe extends.

The production structure includes petrochemical,
forestry and agro-industrial complexes. Additional meaning
have mechanical engineering and fishing industries. Produced oil and
gas is transported mainly to other areas. Significant
Some of the unprocessed timber is also transported outside the region.

There are three oil and gas regions: 1) Priuralsky (has
single-layer shallow deposits - 1200-2500 m);
2) Central Siberian (located in the central part of the region, most fields have several oil reservoirs); 3) North Tyumen (gas-bearing region with large deposits). All
These areas are located on the territory of autonomous okrugs.

Tyumen is the first Russian city in Siberia, founded as a prison
(1586). The first settlers were 300 Cossacks and Streltsy. I

Since the 17th century - an important transport point on the trade route from Siberia to
China. Since 1709 - as part of the Siberian province, since 1782 - a district city of the Tobolsk governorship (since 1796 - province). In the 19th century Tyumen became a transit point for immigrants (from 1883 to 1900).
over 500 thousand people) and exiles (here was the Order on Exiles, which registered and distributed them throughout Siberia). Since 1944 - regional center. Since the 1960s. Tyumen serves as a rear base for the development of the Central Ob oil and northern gas fields.
The second city in the southern part of the region is Tobolsk. In 1587, a wooden fort was rebuilt, which later became the core of a stone Kremlin, the first in Siberia. Until 1590 it was under the administrative subordination of Tyumen. From the end of the 16th century. until the 18th century - the main military-administrative and church (in 1620 the Siberian Diocese was established) center of Siberia. From 1708 - a city, the center of the Siberian province, stretching from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean, from 1782 - of the Tobolsk governorship, in 1796-1917. - the center of the Tobolsk province. Currently, one of the largest in the country operates in Tobolsk
petrochemical complexes.

Together, Tyumen and Tobolsk form a single economic complex. It also includes the cities of Zavodoukovsk, Ishim, Yalutorovsk. This is the territory of the old agricultural and commercial development of Siberia. It is the most densely populated, about 70% of it
The population is concentrated in cities and ten urban-type settlements.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug(until 1940 Ostyak-Vogulsky) was formed as a national district in 1930. Khanty And Mansi how ethnic communities developed from the end of the 1st millennium BC The Khanty are known as Ugra from the 11th century, under the name Ostyaks- from the 14th century The old name of the Mansi is Voguls; it has been mentioned in written sources since the 14th century. From the second half of the 12th century. Yugra land was a volost of the Novgorod Republic. In the XVI-XVII centuries. Immigrants from Central Russia began to arrive here. In 1593, the city of Berezovo was founded, in 1594 - the city of Surgut. At the beginning of the 17th century. There were only 10 thousand inhabitants in the district.

In connection with the rapid development of the oil and gas province and, as
consequence, rapid mechanical population growth in the 1960s - 1980s.
the proportion of the titular (“indigenous”) population is low: Khanty -
2%, Mansi - 1.1%. Both peoples belong to the Finno-Ugric language group (Uralic-Yukaghir family). The Khanty are concentrated in the Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Oktyabrsky, and Khanty-Mansi regions, the Mansi - in the Berezovsky and Kondinsky districts. District center - Khanty-Mansiysk city- founded in 1931 as the village of Ostyako-Vogulsk - the center of the Ostyako-Vogulsky national district. Since 1940 it has been called Khanty-Mansiysk, it was part of the Ural region, since 1934 - the Omsk region, since 1944 - the Tyumen region. In 1950 it was transformed into a city.

The main specialization of the district is the oil industry. The main deposits of the Middle Ob region are Samotlorskoye, Pravdinskoye, Nizhnevartovskoye, Mepgonskoye, Mamontovskoye, Surgutskoye, Fedorovskoye, etc. The main centers of industry are Surgut (gas-gasoline plant, state district power station, fish processing plant, woodworking), Nizhnevartovsk (building materials plant, fish factory).

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug located in the lower reaches
Ob, extends to the North by the Gydansky and Yamal peninsulas. Until the 17th century
here lived a small population who were engaged in
reindeer husbandry, hunting and fishing. Old-timer population
(mainly Nenets) are distributed unevenly, mainly along the banks of the Ob and other large rivers, as well as in the coastal strip of sea lips - bays. In the tundra zone - on the peninsulas, where in the summer
sensed by reindeer herders, and hunters hunt in winter; the population density is extremely low. The newcomer population is mainly engaged in the development of gas fields (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Gubkinskoye, Yamburgskoye, Yubileinoye, Tazovskoye, etc.), living mainly in cities
(Nadym, Labytnangi, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, etc.) and urban settlements.

District center - Salekhard city- located on the right bank
Ob, near the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone, was founded in 1595 as a Cossack fortress called Obdorsk (from the name of the Ob River and the word “dor”, translated from the Komi language - a place near something). However, the Nenets have long called the village Sale-Kharn, i.e. settlement on the cape. Since the 19th century Russians began to settle permanently in Obdorsk; the settlement was part of the Berezovsky district of the Tobolsk province. IN 1930 The Yamalo-Nenets National District was formed, the center of which was Obdorsk (since 1933 - Salekhard, since 1938 - the city). Currently, the city has fish canning, house-building factories, and the production of building materials.

Opposite Salekhard, on the left bank of the Ob, is the town of Labytnangi. to which the railway line approaches from the station. Chub on the Kotlas - Vorkuta railway. West of Labytnangi - st. Obskaya, where the railway line to the Bovanenkovskoye gas field originates. Another railway - Surgut - Urengoy - provides regular communication with the industrial centers of Siberia. There is a large state district power station in the city of Novy Urengoy.

The development of gas production led to the construction of gas pipelines
large diameter and great length to the Urals, North-West and
to the Center The longest gas pipeline to Western European countries has been laid from Urengoy. An extensive gas pipeline system has been created inside Russia.

Western Siberia is part of the Eastern macro region along with such regions as East Siberian and Far Eastern. For many centuries, the indigenous population of the Eastern macro region was engaged in reindeer husbandry (in the north), hunting and fishing in the taiga, sheep breeding and horse breeding in the steppe regions of the south. After joining Russia, the development of this territory begins. In less than 100 years, the Russian state secured vast territories from the Urals to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

After the abolition of serfdom and especially after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the population in these areas increased greatly. Western Siberia became a major grain and livestock raising region.

The discovery of oil and gas played a major role in the development of the region. As a result, the West Siberian region began to stand out for its powerful economy. During the Soviet years, Western Siberia provided 70% of oil and natural gas production, about 30% of coal, and about 20% of timber harvested in the country. The region accounted for about 20% of the country's grain and the main population of deer. Despite the fact that this district is the smallest in area in the eastern macro region, it has a larger population than the other two districts.

At the moment, our state is experiencing great economic difficulties and a more or less stable position in the world market is provided by the export of oil and gas produced in Western Siberia. Thanks to this, Western Siberia became the country's sponsor of foreign exchange earnings from the sale of oil and gas to other countries. Having become acquainted with the development of the territory, with the natural base and development features of the region, I decided to find out what the current state of the economy, economy and industry of this region is, to determine the main problems and prospects for the development of the region

Composition of territories. Economic-geographical position and physical-geographical position

The West Siberian region ranks third in area in the country among other regions after the East Siberian region and the Far Eastern region; its area is about 3 million square km. The West Siberian region includes: two autonomous okrugs (Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk), five regions (Omsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Tyumen), the Altai Republic, Altai Territory..

The West Siberian region is located between the Ural region and the East Siberian region from the west and east and from the Kara Sea to the border with Kazakhstan. The peculiarity of the economic-geographical position (hereinafter referred to as EGP) of the West Siberian region in the vicinity of the Urals and Kazakhstan. The West Siberian region is located in northern and temperate latitudes. The southern part is located in close proximity to the center of origin of the Siberian anticyclone.

EGP within the region is sharply differentiated to the south. Climatic conditions almost everywhere, except for the highlands, are favorable for growing agricultural crops in the northern and central zone. In winter, most of the territory has little wind and dry weather. Western Siberia as a whole receives enough atmospheric moisture for agriculture (900-600mm per year in the taiga), but in the south it is usually not enough (300mm per year). The intensity of solar radiation in the southern regions is 20-25% higher than in Moscow, therefore the soils warm up quickly in the spring, which also promotes the growth of agricultural crops. Western Siberia has an extensive hydrographic network (mainly the Ob-Irtysh system). In the spring, the rivers overflow heavily and have prolonged floods, which is favorable for shipping and rafting of timber. But in the northern regions, navigation is hampered by a relatively short navigation period. In the mountains, rivers are very rapid, which makes navigation and timber rafting difficult, but favors the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The fertile soils of Western Siberia are represented by chernozems and (in the extreme south) dark chestnut soils.

Natural resources and natural conditions

Western Siberia is one of the richest regions in the country in natural resources. A unique oil and gas province has been discovered here. Huge reserves of hard and brown coal, iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated in the region. The area has large reserves of peat, and large reserves of wood, mainly coniferous, are also concentrated. In terms of fish reserves, Western Siberia is considered one of the richest regions of the country. Western Siberia has significant fur reserves. The forest and forest-steppe zones have large tracts of fertile land, which creates favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The largest oil and gas provinces include Samotlor, Fedorovskoye, Varyganskoye, Vatinskoye, Pokurovskoye, Ust-Bulykskoye, Salymskoye, Sovetsko-Sosnytskoye - oil fields, Urengoyskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye - gas fields. Oil and gas here are of high quality. Oil is light, low in sulfur, has a high yield of light fractions, and contains associated gas, which is a valuable chemical raw material. The gas contains 97% methane, rare gases, and at the same time there is no sulfur, little nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oil and gas deposits at depths of up to 3 thousand meters in soft but stable, easily drilled rocks are characterized by a significant concentration of reserves. More than 60 gas fields have been identified on the territory of the complex. One of the most efficient is Urengoyskoye, which provides annual gas production of 280 billion cubic meters. The cost of producing 1 ton of equivalent fuel, natural gas, is the lowest compared to all other types of fuel. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob region. In the future, the importance of northern deposits will increase. Currently, 68% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia. Natural gas is produced mainly in the northern regions. Here are the most significant deposits - Yamburg and the Yamal Peninsula. Plants for processing oil and gas raw materials are located in Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs. The Omsk petrochemical complex includes an oil refinery, synthetic rubber, soot, tire, rubber products, plastics, as well as a cord factory and others. Large oil and gas processing complexes are being created in Tobolsk and Tomsk. The fuel resources of the complex are represented by the Ob - Irtysh and North Sosvinsky brown coal basins. The Ob-Irtysh coal basin is located in the southern and middle part of the Western Siberian Plain. It belongs to the closed category, since its coal-bearing layers, reaching 85 meters, are covered by a thick cover of younger sediments. The coal basin has been poorly studied and its estimated reserves are estimated at 1,600 billion tons, the depth of occurrence varies from 5 to 4,000 m. In the future, these coals can be of industrial importance only if they are underground gasified. The North Sosvinsky basin is located in the north of the Tyumen region, its reserves amount to 15 billion tons. Explored deposits include Otorinskoye, Tolinskoye, Lozhinskoye and Ust-Maninskoye.

The West Siberian TPK has significant water resources. The total river flow is estimated at 404 cubic km. At the same time, the rivers have a hydropower potential of 79 billion kWh. However, the flat nature of the surface makes the use of hydropower resources of the Ob, Irtysh and their large tributaries ineffective. The construction of dams on these rivers will lead to the creation of large reservoirs, and the damage from the flooding of vast forests, and possibly oil and gas fields, will block the energy effect from hydroelectric power stations. Underground thermal waters are of significant interest. They can be used for heating greenhouses and greenhouses, heating agricultural facilities, cities and workers' settlements, as well as for medicinal purposes.

Population

The total number of residents of the West Siberian region is 15141.3 thousand people, the growth is positive and amounts to 2.7 people per 100 inhabitants, the role of the migration influx is great. The share of the urban population is over 70%. In general, the region lacks labor resources. If we allow the development of transport in the future, the population density of Western Siberia will increase significantly.

In the region there are two millionaire cities - Omsk (1,160,000 inhabitants), Novosibirsk (1,368,000 inhabitants) and three large cities: Tyumen (493,000 inhabitants), Tomsk (500,000 inhabitants), Kemerovo (517,000 inhabitants). Western Siberia is a multinational region. About ten main nationalities live on its territory: (Russians, Selkups, Khanty, Mansi, Altaians, Kazakhs, Shors, Germans, Komi, Tatars and Ukrainians).

Omsk region 2175 thousand people 6 cities 24 urban villages.

Altai region 2654 thousand people 11 cities 30 urban villages.

Altai Republic 201.6 thousand people urban population 27% 1 city (Gorno-Altaisk) 2 urban-type settlements.

Novosibirsk region 2803 thousand people urban population 74% 14 cities 19 urban-type settlements.

Tomsk region 1008 thousand people urban population 69% 5 cities 6 urban villages.

Tyumen region 3120 thousand people urban population 91% 26 cities 46 urban-type settlements.

Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region 1301 thousand people urban population 92% 15 cities 25 urban villages.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 465 thousand people urban population 83% 6 cities 9 urban villages.

Kemerovo region 3177 thousand people 87% urban population 19 cities 47 urban-type settlements.

Historical and economic conditions

The hypothesis about the oil and gas potential of the West Siberian Plain was first put forward in 1932 by Academician I.M. Gubkin. For many years, supporters of this idea had many authoritative opponents.

In 1953, the first one was discovered - the Berezovskoye gas field. In 1960, the first oil field in Siberia was discovered near the village of Shaim.

At first, geological exploration work was carried out only in the southern regions of the West Siberian Plain, but then research spread to the entire territory, to the subzone of the middle and southern taiga.

In 1961, a group of oil fields was discovered in the middle Ob region and gas fields in the Berezovsky gas-bearing region. In 1965, the Samotlor oil field was discovered. These discoveries marked the beginning of the development of the largest oil and gas province of global importance. After the construction of the Siberian Railway (1891-1916), widespread agrarian settlement of the region began. During the years of development of capitalism in Russia, the region became the largest supplier of wheat and animal oil to the European part and for export. There were also centers of mining, coal and food industries in Western Siberia, but their sizes were very small. In 1924, the first Kuznetsk coke went to the Ural factories. The Western Territory was formed as a result of the division of Siberia in 1930, the Tyumen region was included. During the war, 210 enterprises were evacuated here, which subsequently gave a significant impetus to the development of the economy of the entire region.

Industry

The development of Western Siberia for many years was determined by the needs of the state. Thanks to the large-scale development of natural resources, financed by the state, the region became the main energy and raw material base and the basis for the financial stability of the country. During the reform years, the West Siberian region continued to play the role of a financial “sponsor” of the country. Moreover, its role has intensified: more than two-thirds of the country’s foreign exchange earnings are provided through the export of mineral resources and their processed products. The raw material orientation of the region led to a significantly smaller loss of industrial potential in the reform years compared to European regions. Almost 35% of the West Siberian Plain is occupied by swamps. More than 22% of the entire territory of the plain is peatland. Currently, in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions there are 3,900 peat deposits with total peat reserves of 75 billion tons. The Tyumen Thermal Power Plant operates on the basis of the Tarmanskoye field.

The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises producing energy fuel, but also by a fairly large system of thermal power plants on the middle Ob River and individual energy hubs in oil and gas production areas. The energy system has been significantly strengthened by new state district power plants - Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urengoy.

Currently, the Tomsk and Tyumen regions generate a little more than 2% of the total Russian electricity. The energy sector is represented by a significant number of small, uneconomical power plants. The average installed capacity of one power plant is less than 500 kW. The further development of the electric power industry on the territory of the complex is inextricably linked with cheap associated gas, which, after topping at gas processing plants, will be used for energy purposes. Electricity from the Surgut State District Power Plant is supplied to oil fields, construction sites in the Ob region and to the Ural energy system. Two largest thermal power plants in the system of petrochemical complexes and two state district power plants using associated gas are being built on the territory of the complex in Nizhnevartovsk and Novy Urengoy. The problem of supplying electricity to the northern gas-bearing regions of the Tyumen region, where small, scattered power plants operate, is especially acute.

The forest chemical complex is represented mainly by the logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the wood is exported in unprocessed form (roundwood, ore stands, firewood). The stages of deep wood processing (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) are insufficiently developed. In the future, a significant increase in timber harvesting is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions. The presence of huge reserves of wood, cheap fuel and water will allow the formation of large enterprises in the region for the chemical and mechanical processing of wood raw materials and waste. It is planned to create several timber processing complexes and sawmills and wood processing plants on the territory of the West Siberian complex. Their construction is expected in the cities of Asino, Tobolsk, Surgut, Kolpashevo, in the villages of Kamenny and Bely Yar.

The machine-building complex is formed mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Ishim and Zladoukovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for the oil and gas production and forestry industries, transport, construction, and agriculture. Many enterprises are not yet sufficiently focused on meeting the needs of the subdistrict. In the near future, it is necessary to strengthen the role of Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk as support bases for the development of oil and gas-bearing regions of Western Siberia and to deepen the specialization of the mechanical engineering of these centers in the production of various equipment in the “northern version”. The formation of the machine-building complex on the territory of the Tomsk and Tyumen regions should be subordinated, first of all, to the tasks of providing the necessary, especially low-transportable and special equipment to enterprises and construction sites of the leading sectors of the national economy in the eastern zone of the country and, above all, its northern regions.

In the future, ferrous metallurgy may develop on the territory of the complex. On the basis of Bakchar ores in the south of the Tomsk region, it is possible to build a metallurgical plant. The Bakchar deposit can become the main raw material base for the development of ferrous metallurgy in the eastern zone of the country.

The industrial construction complex is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of petrochemical and forestry enterprises. A number of construction materials are supplied by the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict. There is a certain deficit in the construction base for the creation of civil structures.

The main construction organizations are concentrated in large industrial centers, mainly in the south of the subdistrict. During the period of development of oil and gas resources, the method of complete block, prefabricated construction became widespread here, which can significantly reduce the cost of human labor and speed up the construction of facilities. At the same time, basic construction materials enterprises are being created in Tomsk and Tyumen. Currently, there are 17 concentrated construction hubs operating in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions: Tomsk, Tyumen, Nzhnevartovsk, Surgut, Ust-Balyk, Strezhevsk, Megion, Neftyugansk, Nadym, Tobolsk, Asinovsky, Berezovsky, Urengoy, Yamburg, Kharasaveysky, Beloyarsky, Tugansky and others.

Contacts of enterprises with the outside world are not limited to the export and import of goods. More than 100 joint ventures are registered in the Western Siberian region. The exports of these enterprises amounted to $240 million in 1995. During the first half of 1996, these enterprises produced 4 million tons of oil. Among the largest investors in joint ventures are countries such as the USA, Canada, and Germany. And the most significant joint ventures in terms of scale of activity are: Yuganskfrakmaster, Yugraneft. The priority task in the field of contacts with foreign capital is to attract large-scale lenders to the fuel industry of the region. Among the projects financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are the restoration of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia and the supply of equipment to Samotlor. In 1995, the World Bank provided a targeted loan of $610 million to P/O Kogalymneftegaz.

Speaking about the economic development of the West Siberian region in 1999 and the first half of 2000, we used data from the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation on main economic indicators.

According to these data, Western Siberia is currently one of the ten leading regions that contribute 63.6% of taxes to the total state treasury, of which the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts accounted for 1999. - 9.3%, and in the first half of 2000 - 11.9%.

Transport

The increase in inter-district freight turnover and intra-district transportation contributed to the expansion of the transport network. On the territory of the region, oil pipelines were built Shaim-Tyumen, Ust-Balyk-Omsk, Aleksandrovskoye-Anzhero-Sudzhensk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk, Samotlor-Tyumen-Almetyevsk, Ust-Balyk-Kurgan-Samara, Omsk-Pavlodar and gas pipelines in the Medvezhye-Nadym- Ural (two stages), Nadym-Punga-Center, Urengoy-Nadym-Ukhta-Torzhok, Vengapur-Surgut-Tobolsk-Tyumen, Yamburg-Center, Nizhnevartovsk-Myldzhino-Tomsk-Novokuznetsk, Yamburg-Western border of Russia. This powerful pipeline transport ensures the delivery of almost 400 million tons of oil and 450 billion cubic meters of gas to consumers. Currently, pipelines with a length of over 10 thousand kilometers have been built to release Tyumen oil. Gas pipelines stretch for more than 12 thousand kilometers. Here, pipes with a diameter of 1420 mm were used for the first time. Rail transport plays a special role in the industrial development of new areas. The Tobolsk-Surgutsk-Nizhnevartovsk railway line was laid from Tyumen through the Shirotnoe Ob region. There are various options for continuing this highway. It can connect to the Trans-Siberian Railway through Tomsk or go to Abalakovo, along the Keta River. On the territory of the complex, logging roads Ivdel-Ob, Tavda-Sotnik, Asino-Bely Yar were built. Road transport is of great importance for solving local problems. Currently, an external and internal paved road ring has been built around Samotlor, and access roads to the Tyumen-Tobolsk-Surgut railway are being created. However, the transport network is not yet sufficiently developed. Per one square kilometer of territory, the length of railways here is almost 3 times less and paved roads are 2 times less than in the country as a whole. River transport is of great importance, the importance of which will increase significantly in connection with the construction of river ports in Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Kolpashevo, and the improvement of navigation on the Tom, Keti, Tura and Tobol rivers.

Agriculture

The agro-industrial complex of the complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. On a small scale, in places where industrial crops are grown - flax, hemp, sunflower - there is primary processing of flax - curly and hemp, and oil production. The livestock branch of the agro-industrial complex includes butter and milk factories, dairy canning plants and production facilities for processing meat, leather, wool, and sheepskin.

Carpet making is an ancient craft of the region (in Ishim and Tobolsk there are mechanized carpet factories). Enterprises in the textile, leather and footwear industries operate using local and imported raw materials. The main centers for processing agricultural raw materials are Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim.

Fishing industry complex - fish production in rivers and lakes, marine fishing in the Gulf of Ob, fish processing and canning. This complex is served by a network knitting factory in Tyumen and a shipyard in Tobolsk, as well as bases for the receiving and transport fleet. Container and can production is located at fish processing plants.

Through the mountains to the sea with a light backpack. Route 30 passes through the famous Fisht - this is one of the most grandiose and significant natural monuments of Russia, the highest mountains closest to Moscow. Tourists travel lightly through all the landscape and climatic zones of the country from the foothills to the subtropics, spending the night in shelters.

Western Siberia is one of the large territorial units of Russia. Its area is 2451.1 thousand km 2, which is 15% of the entire territory of the country.

The industrial development of the region is at a high level and increases in scale every year.

Population of the region

The region's population is about 15 million, and this figure, thanks to active industrial development, is actively increasing. The average population density of Western Siberia is low and amounts to only 2 people per km 2. Such indicators are due to the characteristics of the natural landscape and climate of the region. The distribution of the population in the region itself is not uniform and the density of each region ranges from 0.5 people/km2 (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) to 33 people/km2 (Kemerovo region). Most of the population lives in the riverine regions, as well as in the Altai foothills.

About 73% of the total population are urban residents living in 80 cities in the region. Also in Western Siberia there are 204 settlements that have the status of an urban village. Most of all Russians live in this territory, and only 10% of the total population are small nations, such as Komi, Evenki, Khanty and others.

Industry of Western Siberia

Many people have heard about the fuel and energy capacity of Russia, and in many ways, such popularity was achieved precisely thanks to the industry of Western Siberia. In the region, industrial sectors such as coal, gas, oil, metallurgy, electrical engineering and others are at a high level and continue to develop. Each of these areas produces high productivity results and increases production volumes, which affects the population growth of the region. In terms of the share of industry, each of the regions of the region shows its own indicators, but the leading places in this list belong to the Tyumen and Kemerovo regions.

Fuel industry

Western Siberia is rightly called the base of the country's fuel industry. After all, many enterprises for the extraction and transportation of coal and oil provide not only the country’s need for resources, but are also exported to many countries, thus replenishing the state treasury.

Today, the largest oil refining complex, which processes about 80% of the produced raw materials, is the oil refinery in the city of Omsk. Part of the volume is processed by the oil refinery in Tobolsk. BUT, since transportation from fields to processing sites is quite expensive, today the possibility of building economical mini-refineries is being considered. It is planned to build such industrial facilities in mining areas, thus reducing the cost of fuel.

Ferrous metallurgy

Another major industry in Western Siberia is ferrous metallurgy. Its main capacity is in the Kemerovo region. It is in this region that enterprises such as the West Siberian Full Cycle Plant, as well as the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, successfully operate.

As for the production of finished rolled metal, a large enterprise in Novosibirsk is also working on this area.

Mechanical engineering

The mechanical engineering industry occupies a special place in the developed industry of Western Siberia. Its largest centers are Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, and the Altai Territory. It is in these regions that the largest engineering enterprises are located, which produce a wide variety of products, from weaving machines to large pieces of agricultural machinery and cars.

Agriculture of Western Siberia

Unlike other neighboring economic regions, the climate and landscape capabilities of Western Siberia have made it possible to develop various areas of agriculture quite widely. The area of ​​agricultural land located in this territory is quite large and amounts to 1/6 of all land allocated for agriculture by the state.

The main regions in which this direction is most developed are the Novosibirsk, Omsk and southern parts of the Tyumen region. In these territories, grain crops and vegetables are actively grown, and livestock farming is well developed.

In the northern regions of this region, reindeer husbandry, fur farming and fishing flourish. But on the territory of the Altai Territory, village residents make their living in beekeeping, antler reindeer husbandry, and also in the industrial procurement of medicinal plants.

In addition, work is currently underway to expand agricultural land in Western Siberia: the Barabinsk forest-steppe is being drained, as well as the Kulinda steppe is being irrigated.

Part West Siberian region includes the following territories:

• Tyumen region (including the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs),
• Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions,
• Altai region,
• Altai Republic.

Almost half of the population (46%) of the Eastern macroregion is concentrated in the West Siberian region on an area of ​​2.4 million km2. The region occupies the territories of the West Siberian Lowland and the mountainous regions of Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair Ridge. The climate of Western Siberia is characterized by continental features, which intensify in the south of the plain. In winter, windless, sunny, frosty weather prevails. In summer, when arctic air masses collide with heated southern air, cyclones occur, accompanied by precipitation. The enormous extent in the meridional direction has led to a clear manifestation of latitudinal zoning in the nature of Western Siberia. There are only zones of broad-leaved and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests here. The far north of Western Siberia is occupied by the tundra zone. Due to the widespread occurrence of swamps in the forest zone of Western Siberia, it is called the forest-swamp zone. Almost 40% of the region's territory is occupied by swamps. High swampiness complicates the development of the richest resources of this region. At the same time, Western Siberian swamps have large reserves of peat. The extreme south of Western Siberia is a steppe zone with plowed chernozem and chestnut soils.

The country's largest oil and natural gas fields are associated with the sedimentary cover of the West Siberian Plain. Over 60% of Russian oil reserves and up to 90% of natural gas are concentrated here. The most important oil fields are concentrated in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Samotlor, Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye), and natural gas fields are in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye fields). In the Kemerovo region, hard coal is mined (Kuznetsk coal basin). Iron ores are mined in the mountainous Shoria. The area has non-ferrous metals, salt reserves (Kulunda lakes), large forest reserves and water resources.

The population of this area is 15.1 million people. The main population is concentrated in the south. The highest population density is in the Kemerovo region (more than 32 people per 1 km 2). The average population density in the area is 6.2 people per 1 km2. The share of the urban population is 73%.

The main role in the economy of the region is played by the fuel and energy complex, metallurgical, chemical, forestry industries, and the agro-industrial complex (grain farming). Within the West Siberian region there are two large economic zones: northern and southern. In the northern economic zone (Tyumen region, northern Omsk and Tomsk regions), economic specialization is determined by the oil and gas industry, as well as the forestry industry. In the southern part of Western Siberia, the Kuznetsk-Altai complex was formed on the basis of coal and ore resources, and the agricultural development of forest-steppe spaces is being carried out. The center of metallurgy in Siberia is Novokuznetsk, the chemical center of the region is Kemerovo. In Kemerovo, due to the developed chemical industry, a difficult environmental situation remains.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Western Siberia, mainly in river valleys, dairy farming has developed. On the drier interfluve uplands, spring wheat is grown, and meat and dairy farming and sheep breeding are developed. Antler reindeer husbandry and beekeeping are preserved in the Altai Mountains. In the north of Western Siberia, reindeer breeding is a traditional occupation of the local peoples - the Nenets, Khanty and Mansi.

The largest cities in Western Siberia:

• Omsk is located on the Irtysh at the intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway. Omsk is the former center of the Siberian Cossacks, a commercial and administrative city, a large industrial hub (petrochemicals, mechanical engineering).
• Tomsk is a scientific center with developed mechanical engineering and chemical industries.
• Tyumen is the first Russian city in Siberia (founded in 1586), a center of diverse industry, and the organizational center of the oil and gas industry in the region.
• Novosibirsk is the largest and at the same time the youngest city in Siberia (1.4 million people). Located near Kuzbass at the intersection of the Ob River and the railways, this city is a center of diversified mechanical engineering and science.

Siberia is one of the most mysterious and harsh regions of the Russian Federation. Here is the famous Lake Baikal, the total area of ​​which is equal to the size of the Netherlands. On its territory is located the Vasyugan swamp - the largest in the whole world. The area of ​​Siberia is about 9.8 million square meters. km, which is more than half of the entire territory of Russia. Located in the northeastern part of Eurasia. What regions is its vast territory divided into?

Regions of Siberia: list

Siberia includes the following territories. Firstly, these are the republics: Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia. Secondly, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky, Khabarovsk. And also the official division of Siberia includes Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen.

Territory of Western Siberia

The regions of Western Siberia occupy an equally vast territory. The list will include the following territories: Altai Territory, Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, part of Khakassia, as well as the Kurgan region. One of the most ancient territories, which was inhabited by people about 1.5 million years ago, is Altai. Its length from west to east is about 600 km. The largest rivers not only of Russia, but of the whole world flow here. These are Ob, Biya, Katun, Charysh. For example, the area of ​​the Ob basin is about 70% of the entire Altai Territory.

Regions of Siberia: eastern part

The territory of Eastern Siberia includes the lands of Buryatia, Transbaikal, Irkutsk region, as well as Tyva, Khakassia, and Yakutia. The development of this area dates back to the 18th century. Then, by decree of Emperor Peter I, a fort was built on the territory of modern Khakassia. This time, namely 1707, is considered the date of the annexation of the Republic of Khakassia to the territory of Russia. The local people the Russians discovered in Siberia were shamans. They believed that the Universe was inhabited by special spirits - masters.

The Republic of Buryatia, with its capital in the city of Ulan-Ude, is considered one of the most picturesque regions of Siberia. There are huge mountain ranges here - the mountains occupy an area four times larger than the plain area. A significant part of the Buryat border lies along the waters of Lake Baikal.

The Republic of Sakha is ahead of all regions of Siberia and the Far East in size. Moreover, Yakutia is also the largest region of Russia. More than 40 percent of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. About 80% of the territory of Yakutia is occupied by taiga.

Omsk and Tomsk regions

The main city of the Omsk region is Omsk. Geographically, this area is a flat area with a continental climate. There are taiga forests, forest-steppes and steppes here. Forest occupies about 24% of the entire territory of the region. The territory with its center in the city of Tomsk is one of the most inaccessible. After all, most of it is represented by taiga forests. There are a large number of deposits of valuable natural resources: oil, gas, metals and peat.

Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions

The Tyumen region is located on a flat territory. In terms of its area, it is in third place among the administrative subjects of Russia, in the Arctic, tundra and forest-tundra regions. The main oil and gas reserves of Russia lie here. The Novosibirsk region is famous for its rivers. There are about 350 rivers on its territory, as well as the main water artery, the Ob. There are also more than 3 thousand lakes here. regions - continental. It was first inhabited by representatives of Mongoloid tribes in the 7th-6th centuries. BC e.

Transbaikalia

The regions of Siberia amaze with their beauty and therefore are always attractive to tourists. One of such territories is the Trans-Baikal Territory. It is located in the eastern and south-eastern territory of Lake Baikal. Its center is the city of Chita. There are very long and severe winters here, and the warm season, on the contrary, is fleeting.

Far East and Western Siberia

The Far East is home to most of the Russian rivers, the mouths of which flow into the Pacific Ocean. Only about 5% of Russia's population lives here. Sometimes the Transbaikalia region is also included in this territory. Since the regions of Siberia are known for their vastness, disputes often arise regarding the division of its lands.

Western Siberia is located on the vast West Siberian Plain. Its area is about 2.6 million square meters. km. Its territory also contains a large amount of natural resources - minerals. There are about 2 thousand river arteries here.