Bernstein, Leopold A. Leonard Bernstein: A Legend of American Music Bernstein l financial statement analysis

Year of issue : 2003

Genre : Economy

Publisher:"Finance and Statistics"

Format: PDF

Quality : Scanned pages

Number of pages: 622

Description : The book gives an idea of ​​the methods of effective accounting policies of US accountants and the degree of its regulation; introduces the methodology for constructing financial statements, including a balance sheet, profit and loss statement, and cash flow statement. The discussion of the essence of the information contained in these documents ends with a consideration of methods for analyzing the financial position of companies, which is carried out on specific data.

For accountants seeking to improve their skills, teachers of accounting and analysis, graduate students and students of economic universities and departments, as well as those who make decisions based on financial statements.

PART I

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS AND ACCOUNTING DATA
Chapter 1. Objectives of financial statement analysis
1.1. The essence of financial analysis
1.2. Approaches to the problem
1.3. Development of investment theory
Chapter 2. Financial Statement Analysis and Accounting
2.1. Financial Statement Analysis Functions
2.2. Initial data for analysis
2.3. Accounting Data Values
2.4. Information limitations of accounting data
2.5. Relative importance of financial statement analysis in the overall scope of decision-making work
2.6. Accounting Functions
Chapter 3. Goals, conditions and standards of accounting - their significance for analysis
3.1. Accounting purposes
3.2. FASB Conceptual Diagram
3.3. Organizing a Conceptual Diagram
3.4. Prerequisites for analysis
3.5. Accounting Principles and Standards
3.6. Human factor
Chapter 4. Tools and Techniques for Financial Statement Analysis - General Overview
4.1. Reconstruction of business activities and operations
4.2. The Importance of Cash Flow Reporting
4.3. Additional Analytical Functions
4.4. Information sources
4.5. Complete set of information
4.6. Basic analysis tools
4.7. Market meters
4.8. Comparability of financial information
4.9. Example of calculating financial ratios
4.10. Checking understanding of relationships
4.11. Main components of financial statement analysis
4.12. The financial analysis using computer technology
4.13. Review of Accounting Principles - Purpose and Focus
Appendix 4a. Sources of information containing performance indicators and financial ratios
Appendix 4c. Example of financial statements
PART II. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - THE BASIS FOR ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF AN ENTERPRISE
Chapter 5. Analysis of current assets
5.1. Cash
5.2. Marketable securities
5.3. Accounts receivable
5.4. Providing data on the current value of financial instruments
5.5. Reserves
5.6. Adjustment when moving from LIFO to FIFO
5.7. Other analytical problems
Chapter 6. Analysis of non-current assets
6.1. Long-term investments
6.2. The most realistic valuation of debt securities
6.3. Accounting by borrowers and creditors of debt restructuring caused by the difficult financial situation of the borrower
6.4. The problem of bank loans
6.5. Material fixed assets
6.6. Intangible assets
6.7. Deferred expenses and reserves for future expenses and payments
6.8. Unrecorded intangible or contingent assets
Chapter 7. Analysis of accounts payable
7.1. Short-term accounts payable
7.2. Long-term accounts payable
7.3. Debt repayment
7.4. Lease liabilities
7.5. Capital lease accounting
7.6. Off-balance sheet financing
7.7. Off-balance sheet liabilities
7.8. Accounts payable for pension plans
7.9. Identification of additional pension debt
7.10. Other payments besides pensions
7.11. Liabilities bordering equity
7.12. revenue of the future periods

7.13. Minority
7.14. Reserves
7.15. Accounting for contingencies
7.16. Contract obligations
7.17. Financial instruments with off-balance sheet risks
7.18. Contingent accounts payable
Chapter 8. Equity Analysis
8.1. Differences between accounts payable and equity instruments
8.2. Classification of shares
8.3. retained earnings
8.4. Book value per share
Chapter 9. Intercorporate Investments, Mergers and Foreign Activities
9.1. Intercorporate investments
9.2. Accounting for business combinations
9.3. Accounting for business combinations
9.4. Accounting for goodwill is the area of ​​greatest concern
9.5. Accounting for foreign economic activity
9.6. Analysis of profit and loss from translation
Chapter 10: Income Statement Analysis: Part I
10.1. Variety of profit concepts
10.2. Accrual of costs and expenses
10.3. Depreciation and reduction of resource depletion costs

Chapter 11: Income Statement Analysis: Part 2
11.1. Pension expenses and additional employee benefits
11.2. Elements of periodic pension costs
11.3. Pension obligations
11.4. Accounting for other employee benefits after retirement
11.5. Other additional payments to employees
11.6. Payments for scientific research, survey and development
11.7. Goodwill
11.8. Interest expenses

11.9. Income tax
11.10. Extraordinary gains and losses
11.11. Accounting changes
11.12. Profit and loss statement - the essence of the analysis, overview
Chapter 12. Earnings per share: calculation and estimation
12.1. Calculation of the weighted average value of issued ordinary shares

12.2. Complex capital structure
12.3. Fully diluted earnings per share
12.4. Examples of EPS calculations for business combinations
12.5. Restatement of earnings per share for the previous period
12.6. Additional data requirements in connection with reporting earnings per share
12.7. Accounting statements for changes in earnings per share
Chapter 13. Cash Flow Statement
13.1. Meaning of Cash Flows
13.2. Accounting for cash and cash flows
13.3. Determination of net cash flows from business activities
13.4. Reconstruction of operations
13.5. Determining the amount of cash as a result of business activities - two methods
13.6. Transition from indirect representation to representation of receipts and payments

13.7. Cash flows - problems of their study
Chapter 14. The Effect of Price Changes on Financial Statements
14.1. Research and professional advice
14.2. Objectives of this chapter
14.3. Accounting at current prices
14.4. Accounting at constant prices
14.5. An example of transaction accounting using four reporting schemes

14.6. Analytical considerations when using the current price model
14.7. Analytical considerations when using the constant price model
14.8. Comparison of general and specific price changes
Chapter 15. Auditor's opinion - content and meaning
15.1. What should an analyst know?
15.2. Audit report
15.3. Inconsistency of financial statements with generally accepted accounting principles
15.4. Special reports
15.5. Prerequisites for analysis
15.6. Assumptions arising from the standards that guide the auditor's opinion
15.7. Audit functions from the auditor's point of view
PART III. IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS
Chapter 16. Liquidity Analysis
16.1. Liquidity value
16.2. Working capital
16.3. Coverage ratio
16.4. Turnover ratio of average accounts receivable
16.5. Inventory turnover ratios
16.6. Current liabilities - short-term accounts payable
16.7. Coverage Ratio Interpretation
16.8. Intermediate quick liquidity ratio
16.9. Other indicators of quick liquidity
16.10. The concept of financial flexibility
16.11. Discussion and analysis by company management
Chapter 17: Cash Flow Analysis and Financial Projections
17.1. Review of Cash Flow Models
17.2. Spreadsheets
17.3. Cash Flow Statement Analysis
17.4. Cash Flow Statement Analysis Example
17.5. Valuation of the cash flow statement
17.6. Designing a Cash Flow Statement
17.7. Example of designing a cash flow statement

18.1. Key elements in assessing long-term solvency
18.2. Importance of capital structure
18.3. Accounting principles
18.4. Adjustments to the carrying amount of assets
18.5. Importance of capital structure
18.6. Principles of using borrowed funds
18.7. Calculation example
18.8. Financial leverage ratio
18.9. Measuring the impact of capital structure on long-term solvency
18.10. Long Term Forecast - Value and Limitations
18.11. Capital structure analysis - structural reports
12.18. Debt to total capital ratio (debt and equity)
18.13. Preferred shares in the capital structure
Chapter 18. Analysis of capital structure and long-term solvency
18.14. Analytically adjusted long-term accounts payable/equity ratio
18.15. Interpretation of capital structure indicators
18.16. Unforeseen event and other types of risk
18.17. Asset allocation indicators
18.18. Profitability is critical
18.19. Profit coverage indicators
18.20. Ratio of profit to fixed costs
18.21. Conditional calculations of coverage ratios
18.22. Covering fixed costs with cash flows
18.23. Stability of cash flows as a result of business activities
18.24. Covering dividends on preferred shares from profits
18.25. Estimation of cost-coverage ratios by profit
18.26. Capital structure, buyout of a controlling stake through a loan, junk bonds and other financial “innovations”
18.27. Essential aspects of the analysis
Appendix 18A. Debt rating
Appendix 18A.1. Corporate bond rating
Appendix 18A.2. Municipal Securities Rating
Appendix 18A.Z. Limitations Inherent in the Rating Process
Appendix 18B. Ratios as predictors of enterprise failure
Appendix 18C. An example of calculating the analytically adjusted long-term debt/equity ratio
Chapter 19. Analysis of return on investment and use of assets
19.1. Different perspectives on performance
19.2. Criteria for assessing performance results
19.3. The value of the return on investment indicator
19.4. Main goals of using ROI
19.5. Basic elements of ROI
19.6. Adjusting the components of the ROI formula
19.7. Asset utilization analysis
19.8. Analysis of earnings per common stock (ROCSE)
19.9. Example of analysis of profit on total assets and equity
19.10. Comparing return on equity with return on shareholders' investment
Chapter 20. Performance Analysis: Part 1
20.1. The Importance of Income Statement Analysis
20.2. Income Statement Analysis
20.3. Financial reporting of diversified enterprises
20.4. Stability and change in revenue amount
Chapter 21. Performance Analysis: Part 2
21.1. Cost of goods sold analysis
21.2. Break-even analysis
21.3. Analytical value of break-even analysis
21.4. Analyzing the relationships between sales volume, accounts receivable and inventory
21.5. Income tax
21.6. Analysis of financial results
Chapter 22. Profit estimation and forecasting
22.1. Earning Quality Assessment
22.2. Assessing profit level and trend
22.3. The concept of Earning Power

22.4. Profit forecasting
22.5. Control over the enterprise’s activities and results
Chapter 23. Comprehensive analysis of financial statements
23.1. Methodology for financial statement analysis
23.2. The importance of the "block approach" to financial analysis.....
23.3. Distinctive features of a properly conducted financial analysis
23.4. Characteristics of special industries or areas of activity
23.5. Example comprehensive analysis Campbell Soup Company financial statements
List of major abbreviations (US)

I don't want to spend my life like Toscanini, studying the same things over and over again.

50 works. I would die of boredom. I want to conduct, I want to play the forte piano. I want to write for Hollywood. I want to compose a symphony y music. I want to try to be a musician in the full sense of the word. I also want to teach. I want to write books and poems. And I believe thatI can do all this in the best possible way.

Leonard Bernstein

American conductor, composerAndeducator Leonard Bernstein was born on August 25, 1918 in Lawrence, Massachusetts, into a family of Jewish emigrants from UkraineSamuel Bernstein and Jenny Resnick Bernstein. Bernstein's maternal grandmother insisted that his grandson be named Louis, but the family preferred to call the boy Leonard or Lenny, and at age 16, Leonard officially took this name for himself when he received his driver's license.

Compared to other famous musicians, Bernstein began to study music quite late. Only at the age of ten did he see a piano for the first time: the composer’s aunt divorced her husband and, moving from Massachusetts to New York, gave the Bursteins some of her things, among which was an old piano. Leonard Bernstein recalled: “I remember touching it the day it was delivered... I had no doubt that my whole life would be connected with music...”

From 1945 to 1947, Bernstein was music director of the New York Symphony Orchestra. After the death of Sergei Koussevitzky in 1951, he headed the orchestral and conducting department at Tanglewood, where he taught for many years. At first 50's Leonard Bernstein collaborated with the Brandeis University Arts Festival. In 1951 he married Chilean actress and pianist Felicia Montealegre, who bore him three children.

Bernstein traveled widely around the world. In 1946 he conducted in London and at the international music festival in Prague. In 1947 he performed in Tel Aviv - this marked the beginning of Leonard's connection with Israel, continuedlied to the end of his life. IN 70s The composer recorded most of his symphonic music with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1953, Leonard Bernstein became the first American conductor invited to Milan's La Scala theater. His debut at the orchestra of the famous opera house was Cherubini’s “Medea” with Maria Callas in the title role.

Bernstein was a leading promoter of the work of modern composers - Samuel BaRbera, Francis Poulenc, avant-garde composers 60's - William ShUman, Roy Harris, Paul Bowles and Wallingford Rigger.He often and willingly performed and recorded the works of his close friend, the American com
positora by Aaron Copland. In his youth, Leonard did this for an hourthen played his “Variations for Piano”, that this work became business card Bernstein pianistA. Leonard Bernstein's compositional style was also influenced by Copland's work. Bernstein is the author of three symphonies, several choral, vocal and piano symphonies.ian cycles, three ballets and two operas. However, his works for musical theater gained the greatest popularity. In total, Leonard Bernstein composed five musicals and one operetta. And here he did not want to be like everyone else: he excitedly collided classical intonations and modern rhythms, cultivating his own special, unique style.lectical style. The composer's daughter Jamie described her father's work this way: “He composed jazz music for concert halls and symphonic music for the Broadway stage.”

Two conductors - one symphony. Mravinsky and Bernstein. Shostakovich's 5th symphony.

At first 40's An up-and-coming choreographer named Jerome Robbins approached Bernstein with his idea for a dance show about three sailors who spend 24 hours in New York City. The result was the ballet The Carefree Ones, which premiered in 1944. This project launched Bernstein's composing career and his collaboration with Robbins, with whom he created two more ballets, Facsimile (1946) and The Dybbuk (1974).

The plot of "Carefree" was developed in the musical "Dismissal to the City." Bernstein's co-authors were director George Abbott and librettists Betty Comden and Adolph Green. Like the ballet, the show was set in New York during World War II, and its main characters - sailors Gabi, Chip and Ozzie - went on leave to New York, where they experienced romantic adventures in the 24 hours allotted to them. The show exuded youth and vigor and did not go unnoticed on Broadway.

In 1971, Bernstein was invited to spend a year at Harvard as the Charles Eliot Norton Distinguished Professor of Poetry. Among the participants in this program were not only outstanding poets and writers, but also art historians and musicians such as Igor Stravinsky and Aaron Copland. Bernstein prepared a series of six lectures for Harvard entitled “The Unanswered Question.” In it, using an interdisciplinary approach that was relevant at the time, he analyzed music through the prism of linguistics, aesthetics, philosophy and musical history. During the year he spent at Harvard, Bernstein became the idol of students and was recognized as “man of the year.”

Leonard Bernstein wrote several books that examined various aspects of musical culture: The Joy of Music (1959), Concerts for Young People, The Infinite Varieties of Music (1966), The Unanswered Question (1976), and Discoveries ( 1982).

In 1990, Bernstein was forced to leave conducting for health reasons. This was not an easy step for a person accustomed to constantly being in the public eye. Five days after the announcementabout leavingLeonardBernstein died.On the day of his funeral procession through the streets of Manhattan, construction workers waved their hats and shouted, "Goodbye, Lenny."

The composer was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn. Children put a conductor's baton in their father's coffinBernstein, the score of Mahler's Fifth Symphony.

musicals.ru ›world/persons/leonard_bernstein

Earlier:Outstanding conductor of the 20th century, composer Leonard Bernstein ()

Leonard Bernstein is an American conductor, composer and pianist, known for his classical and popular works, expressive stage behavior and teaching talent, which manifested itself in the Youth Concert series. He was the first US-born conductor to achieve worldwide recognition. He conducted the New York Philharmonic and wrote numerous compositions, including the opera Candide (1956), the musicals West Side Story (1952) and City Leave (1944), and film scores.

Leonard Bernstein was one of the first musicians to understand the role of television in the musical education of the masses and did so with an almost evangelical zeal. Teaching and mentoring young conductors at Tanglewood Music Center remained his passion until his death in 1990.

Commenting on musical poetics and tonality in his 1973 Harvard Lectures, he stated that no matter how consistent or stochastic or otherwise intellectualized music is, it can always be qualified as poetry because it is rooted in the earth , and that the expressive differences between new idioms ultimately depend on the merit and passion of the individual creative voice.

short biography

Leonard Bernstein was born on August 25, 1918 in Lawrence (Massachusetts, USA), into a family of Jews who emigrated from Rivne (Ukraine). At his grandmother's insistence, he was named Louis, but his parents preferred the name Leonard. At the age of 15 he took it as an official one. His father, Sam Bernstein, was a businessman and initially opposed the boy's interest in music. Despite this, his parents often took him to concerts.

Leonard heard the piano played at a very early age and immediately became interested in the instrument. He began learning to play when Aunt Clara gave his family her piano when she moved after her divorce. Leonard attended Harrison and Boston schools. When his father heard about piano lessons, he refused to pay for them, and Bernstein took up tutoring to continue his studies.

College

After graduating from Boston School in 1935, Bernstein attended Harvard, where he studied music with Walter Piston and participated in the choir. After graduation, he entered the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where he received his only highest mark from Fritz Reiner, who taught conducting. He also studied piano with Isabella Vengerova and Heinrich Gebhard.

Carier start

Bernstein was highly regarded as a conductor. He gave many concerts in which the world's leading orchestras participated, composed 3 symphonies, 2 operas, 5 musicals and many other works. However, he is best known as the composer of the music for West Side Story. Leonard Bernstein was also a pianist, teacher, and music director of the New York Philharmonic.

In 1940, he studied at the Talwood Music Center summer with Boston Symphony Orchestra conductor Sergei Koussevitzky and after graduation became his assistant. Later he dedicated his 2nd symphony “The Age of Anxiety” to him.

Unexpected success

In November 1943, Bernstein, recently appointed assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic to Bruno Walter, made an unexpected debut on the big stage due to the latter's illness. He achieved immediate success and immediately became famous, largely due to the fact that the concert was broadcast on national radio. The soloist on that historic day was Joseph Schuster, cellist of the New York Philharmonic, performing Don Quixote by Richard Strauss.

The success was all the more surprising because it musical composition Leonard Bernstein had never conducted before - before the concert, Bruno Walter only managed to show him a small fragment. This remarkable performance can be heard today thanks to a recording of the CBS radio broadcast, which was released on CD.

International recognition

After the war, Bernstein conducted the New York Symphony Orchestra (along with Leopold Stokowski), and from that moment his international career began to develop. In 1949, he conducted the world premiere of Olivier Messiaen's Turangalila Symphony.

When Sergei Koussevitzky died in 1951, Bernstein became head of the orchestral and conducting departments at Tanglewood Music Center, where he taught until his death in 1990.

In 1951, he conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra in the world premiere of Charles Ives's 2nd Symphony. The composer, too old and infirm to attend the concert, listened to its broadcast on the radio. He was amazed by the enthusiastic reception of the symphony, written between 1897 and 1901. and never performed before. Throughout his career, Bernstein did much to popularize the music of this unique American composer.

Programs for youth

Leonard Bernstein was appointed music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1957, a position he held until 1969. He rose to prominence in the United States with CBS's series of 50 televised concerts for young people, a continuation of the Omnibus programs broadcast in early 1950. -X.

The premiere took place just weeks after he became chief conductor of the New York Philharmonic. He became a celebrity not only thanks to his talent, but also to the educational work he carried out at these concerts. Some of these musical lectures have been released in audio recordings, and some of them have won Grammy awards. To this day, the series of concerts for young people remains the longest-running program about classical music ever shown on commercial television. The shows ran from 1958 to 1972 and are currently available in DVD format.

Foreign trips

In 1947, Bernstein visited Tel Aviv for the first time and since then has maintained contact with the people of Israel throughout his life. He held an inaugural concert there in 1957 and subsequently recorded extensively. In 1967, Bernstein spoke on Mount Scopus to commemorate the reunification of Jerusalem.

In 1959, he went with the New York Philharmonic on a tour of Europe and Soviet Union. Some of the concerts were recorded by CBS. The main event of the tour was Bernstein's performance of Shostakovich's 5th Symphony in the presence of the composer, who came on stage to congratulate the conductor and musicians. Upon returning to the United States, this symphony was recorded by Columbia Records at Boston's Symphony Hall.

In 1960, the conductor began making the first complete recordings of all nine of Gustav Mahler's completed symphonies, enlisting the help of the composer's widow Alma. The success of these recordings, along with Leonard Bernstein's concerts, greatly revived interest in Mahler, who led the New York Philharmonic from 1904 to 1907.

Work in Vienna

In 1966, Bernstein made his debut at the Vienna Opera, where he conducted Verdi's Falstaff (staged by Luchino Visconti with Dietrich Fischer-Deskau as Falstaff).

In 1970 he returned to participate in Otto Schenck's production of Beethoven's Fidelio. In 1986, Bernstein conducted his own opera A Quiet Place here. Bernstein's final farewell to the State Opera happened by chance in 1989. After a performance of Modest Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina, he unexpectedly walked onto the stage and hugged conductor Claudio Abbado in front of a stunned but applauding audience.

Beginning in 1970, Bernstein directed the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, with which he re-recorded many of the works he had previously performed with the New York Philharmonic, including the complete symphonies of Beethoven, Mahler, Brahms, and Schumann.

Also in 1970, he wrote and narrated a 90-minute program filmed in Vienna, which featured the Vienna Philharmonic and artists such as Plácido Domingo (his first televised appearance as one of the soloists in Beethoven's 9th Symphony ). The program premiered in 1970 on Austrian and British television and was subsequently broadcast by CBS on Christmas Eve 1971.

It was dedicated to the celebration of Beethoven's 200th birthday. The show made extensive use of rehearsals and performances of Otto Schenk's Fidelio. The program was originally called "Beethoven's Birthday: Celebration in Vienna." It won an Emmy but was only broadcast once on American television. The recording was kept at CBS until it appeared shortly after Bernstein's death under the new title Bernstein on Beethoven: The Celebration in Vienna. The recording was immediately released on videotape and in 2005 on DVD.

Lectures at Harvard

In 1973, Bernstein was invited to take Charles Eliot Norton's place at his alma mater, Harvard University. Here he gave 6 lectures on music. Leonard Bernstein, borrowing the title from the work of Charles Ive, called the series The Unanswered Question. To analyze and compare musical structures with language, he used terminology from modern linguistics (primarily Noam Chomsky). The lectures have been preserved in book form and on DVD.

Further conducting work

In 1978, Otto Schenk's production of Fidelio, conducted by Bernstein (but with a different cast), was produced by Unitel. Like the Beethoven program, it was shown on A&E after his death and later released on videotape.

In 1979, Bernstein conducted the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for the first and only time at two benefit concerts. Mahler's Symphony No. 9 was broadcast on radio and then released on CD. In 1980, Leonard Bernstein received the Kennedy Center Honors.

In the 1980s, he was conductor and commentator for a PBS series on the music of Beethoven, in which the Vienna Philharmonic played all 9 of his symphonies, several of his overtures, and the Missa Solemnity. The program also featured actor Maximilian Schell reading Beethoven's letters.

last years of life

On Christmas Day 1989, Bernstein conducted Beethoven's 9th Symphony in East Berlin as part of a celebration of the fall Berlin Wall. The concert was broadcast live in 20 countries to 100 million people.

Leonard Bernstein died 5 days after announcing his retirement. His last performance was at Tanglewood on August 19, 1990, when the Boston Symphony performed Benjamin Britten's 4 Interludes and Beethoven's 7th Symphony.

Bernstein is buried in New York's Green-Wood Cemetery next to his wife.

Political activity

Bernstein had been involved in left-wing movements since the 1940s. In the early 1950s, he was blacklisted by the State Department and CBS, but this did not affect his career.

Leonard Bernstein's active spiritual life included participation in the cultural upheaval of the late 1960s. He angered many when he argued that all music other than popular music was old-fashioned. His political activities also attracted criticism. When his wife held a fundraiser for the extremist African-American group the Black Panthers in 1970, Bernstein was accused of anti-Semitism. Publications in the press caused serious damage to his reputation. He also opposed the Vietnam War. The FBI eventually began monitoring his activities.

Authority among musicians

Bernstein was highly regarded as a conductor by many musicians, including members of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (he was an honorary member), the London Symphony Orchestra (he was chosen as Conductor Laureate) and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (of which he was a permanent guest conductor). He achieved particular perfection in performing works by Mahler, Copland, Brahms, Shostakovich, Gershwin (“Rhapsody in Blue” and “An American in Paris”) and, of course, his own.

Posts

From the 1950s to the 1980s, Bernstein collaborated extensively with recording studios. Apart from a few early recordings for RCA Victor, he worked primarily with Columbia, especially during his time as music director of the New York Philharmonic. Many of these performances have been released digitally and re-released by Sony as part of the Bernstein Centennial series. When Columbia lost interest in recording American classical music, the conductor signed an exclusive contract with the German studio Deutsche Grammophon, which lasted until his death.

Personal life

Leonard Bernstein married Chilean actress Felicia Montealegre in September 1951. This was done to dispel rumors and increase the chances of being confirmed for a significant conducting position, since the orchestra's management was conservative. In a letter to her husband, Felicia called him an incorrigible homosexual. This was also confirmed by friends of the famous conductor and composer.

But the main period of upheaval in Leonard Bernstein's biography began in 1976, when he decided that he could no longer hide his sexuality. He left his wife for the music editor of a classical music radio station in San Francisco, Tom Cothren. The following year, Felicia was diagnosed with lung cancer, and her husband returned to her until she died on June 16, 1978. He often spoke of his guilt.

Most biographies of Leonard Bernstein say that after this his lifestyle became less moderate and his personal behavior became more rude. However, his social status and many of his close friends remained the same, and he resumed his busy work schedule.

It would take a long time to list the merits and achievements of Leonard Bernstein; During his life he held many wonderful concerts and wrote many magnificent works. Perhaps one of Leonard's most important achievements was his 10-plus years as music director of the New York Philharmonic.

Leonard Bernstein is an American composer, conductor, writer and pianist. He became one of the first conductors of American origin and education to achieve international fame; according to some sources, he was one of the most talented and successful musicians in the history of the country.

Leonard was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, to Ukrainian Jewish parents Jennie Resnick and Samuel Joseph Bernstein. Leonard is not related to film composer Elmer Bernstein, although the two of them happened to be friends, and they were quite similar in appearance; in the music world they were called the Bernsteins of the West and the Bernsteins of the East. At birth, Bernstein was named Louis, at the insistence of his grandmother; the parents, however, always called their son Leonard, and he himself clearly preferred this name - after the death of his grandmother, he even changed it officially.

Leonard was interested in music from an early age; the father initially did not approve of his son’s hobbies, but still took him to concerts,

and subsequently agreed to pay for his musical education. After leaving school, Bernstein entered Harvard, where he studied music for some time; His biggest influence, however, was local aesthetics teacher David Prall, from whom Leonard adopted an interest in an interdisciplinary approach. After receiving a bachelor's degree with honors, Leonard went to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia (Philadelphia); Studying here gave him much less pleasure, although Bernstein learned something useful from here.

After graduation, Bernstein lived for some time in New York; Along with his friend and neighbor Adolph Green, he performed in the comedy troupe "The Revuers" in Greenwich Village. Social life Leonard was very active; During this period he had relationships with both men and women. In 1940, Bernstein began studying at the Boston Symphony Orchestra's summer institute in a conducting class.

Bernstein had to make his first debut as a conductor quite suddenly; On November 14, 1943, Leonard was informed that the guest conductor had come down with the flu. Bernstein had to replace him almost at the last moment, and without any rehearsals. Leonard coped with his task perfectly - and instantly became a star; the concert at which he suddenly became conductor was broadcast nationally, and The New York Times made a front page story about the replacement. Bernstein began to be invited to performances by major American orchestras.

From 1945 to 1947, Bernstein served as music director of the New York Symphony Orchestra, founded just a year earlier; The orchestra differed from the New York Philharmonic primarily in its focus on a wider audience (and more affordable ticket prices).

After World War II, people started talking about Bernstein at the international level. In 1946 he went on tour to Europe for the first time, in 1947 - for the first time

e performed in Tel Aviv. A year later, he had the opportunity to perform outdoors for troops in Beersheba, in the heart of the desert, during the Arab-Israeli war.

On September 10, 1951, Leonard married Chilean-American actress Felicia Cohn Montealegre. There were rumors that Leonard went to this marriage - after much deliberation and a rather unstable relationship - to maintain his image, on the advice of a colleague. There has been much controversy about Bernstein's orientation; Apparently, Leonard was at least bisexual. At least the first years of marriage, however, turned out to be quite rosy - and subsequently the couple even had three children.

In 1951, Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic in the world premiere of Charles Ives' "Symphony No. 2" - written almost 50 years earlier but never performed. In 1958, Leonard became musical director of the entire orchestra; he held this position until

1969 In 1959, Bernstein went on tour in Europe and the USSR with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra; The key moment of the tour was the performance of Shostakovich's "Fifth Symphony" in the presence of the composer himself.

Bernstein continued to work successfully; he did a lot to reveal to the world several little-known or unfairly forgotten composers. In 1966, Leonard made his debut on the stage of the Vienna State Opera. Bernstein spent some more time in Vienna, simultaneously recording an opera for Columbia Records and organizing his first subscription concert.

Working with the New York Philharmonic forced Leonard to somewhat abandon his composing activities, although Bernstein nevertheless wrote a symphony in honor of the recently assassinated President John F. Kennedy. In order to somehow unload his busy schedule, Leonard decided to leave the post of music director - and subsequently did not hold such positions. Perform with Orke

Strom, however, Bernstein continued until his death, periodically going on tour. Leonard also had a good relationship with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra - here he staged all 9 completed symphonies of Gustav Mahler.

Bernstein could have had certain problems due to his political views - like many of his friends and colleagues, Bernstein had actively collaborated with left-wing organizations and movements since the 40s. The US State Department even put Leonard on its blacklist, although this did not particularly affect his career.

After leaving management, Bernstein began writing music more actively; during this period he wrote "MASS: A Theater Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers", the soundtrack for the ballet "Dybbuk"; orchestral-vocal “Songfest” and musical “1600 Pennsylvania Avenue”. The premiere of "MASS" was also planned as an anti-war action; This rather unusual and eclectic work contained certain attacks on Roman Catholicism

ical church.

In 1979, Leonard Bernstein conducted the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for the first and only time in his life.

Until the very end of the 80s, Bernstein continued to write, conduct, teach and create new music. Among his most famous creations of this period, mention should be made of the opera "Quiet Place". Bernstein's last performance as a conductor was on August 19, 1990, with the Boston Symphony. During the next piece, Leonard was attacked by a terrible cough, which almost disrupted the concert; the conductor, however, controlled himself. On October 9, 1990, Bernstein announced his retirement, and 5 days later he died of a heart attack. At the time of his death, Leonard was only 72 years old; Being a heavy smoker, closer to the age of 55, the composer was forced to go into battle with emphysema. The outlines of his memoirs, Blue Ink, were preserved only in electronic form, and the document was password protected and remains unhacked and unread to this day.

- (financial reporting analysis) - a necessary stage in determining the success of a company (enterprise), the quality of management, the effectiveness of its economic and technical policies, audit, business assessment, etc. Manufactured to... ...

financial statement analysis- A necessary stage in determining the success of a company (enterprise), the quality of management, the effectiveness of its economic and technical policies, audit, business assessment, etc. Produced in order to identify and evaluate... ...

ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE INDICATORS- RATIO ANALISISMethod of REPORT ANALYSIS, which consists in bringing together the total absolute values to indicative relative values ​​for a more in-depth study of them. The study of relative indicators as a method of analysis began in the works... ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

CALENDAR YEAR ANALYSIS- In insurance operations: analysis of the amounts of earned insurance premiums and paid losses according to financial statements for the calendar period in comparison with similar indicators for the previous 12 month period... Insurance and risk management. Terminological dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Analysis. Financial analysis study of the main indicators, parameters, ratios and multipliers that give objective assessment financial condition of organizations and the value of company shares... ... Wikipedia

International Financial Reporting Standards- (IFRS) International Accounting Standards (IAS), list of currently valid standards Application of international financial reporting standards in various countries, IFRS, IAS Contents Contents Section 1. Application and ... ... Investor Encyclopedia

Enterprise credit analysis- - a study of a company, which is carried out to determine its ability to fulfill loan obligations. Credit analysis includes: a study of how a potential borrower justifies the need for a loan; analysis… … Banking Encyclopedia

vertical investment analysis- structural investment analysis A type of investment analysis based on the structural decomposition of individual indicators of the financial statements of an enterprise. In the process of carrying out this analysis, the specific gravity of individual... ... Technical Translator's Guide

trend analysis- Collection and processing of data for various periods of time and comparison of each reporting item with a number of previous periods in order to determine the trend, i.e. the main trend of the indicator dynamics, cleared of random influences and individual... ... Technical Translator's Guide

Vertical (structural) investment analysis- (vertical (structural) investment analysis) type of investment analysis based on the structural decomposition of individual indicators of the enterprise’s financial statements. In the process of carrying out this analysis, the specific gravity of individual... ... Economic and mathematical dictionary

vertical (structural) investment analysis- A type of investment analysis based on the structural decomposition of individual indicators of the enterprise’s financial statements. In the process of carrying out this analysis, the specific gravity of individual structural components aggregated into... ... Technical Translator's Guide