How to correctly write double consonants in the root of a word - examples. Double consonants

Today we are all who have gone through modern secondary school, we habitually read spelling “edifications”, such as:

However, at the same time, those who know do not forget how they used to write without spaces at all. Imagine, today we write prefixes together with the root, and prepositions separately. And earlier, when prefixes and prepositions (and everything!) were written together, in continuous text, HOW to distinguish in continuous text, for example, the prefix “ at» ( pier) from the preposition " at» ( at the camp…)?..

It is clear that they were guided by meanings and meanings. But what and how did they think about this when there were no spellings with spaces, when there were no spelling rules like today, when they focused more on meaning?

It is clear that no one (even those who are not at ease with literacy) deliberately wrote two identical consonants, that they actually appeared at the border of parts of words. This means you need to see these boundaries and understand.

It is also clear that the modern Russian language develops through formal rules and new word creation the previous established logic and individual traditions.

But why was it necessary to lose meanings, without which the whole is destroyed!?

Double consonants are obtained if different parts words (for example, in a prefix and a root) there are two identical consonants next to each other: underD + Hold, OT + Drag, Ras + Build etc.

(In fact, the prefix here is “Raz”, not “ras”, but more on that later.)

It’s a pity that now even prefixes and roots turn into almost “signs”, without meaning, with some kind of conventional meaning. But in Antiquity it was different: what we now read as “ support", the ancient intelligent ancestors read meaningfully as “Under Hold” (i.e. “to hold the basis, foundation, essence, foundation”), where “Under” is a name, and not some kind of service unit of language, some "prefix".

And further. There is something to think about here as to why this is done.

When we combine two bricks to make one large brick, then in life we ​​remember that the brick is “double.” Even when we attach another brick to this double brick.

But such common sense does not apply to strange world modern linguistics, where the logical chains are very short, and even then only formal. In addition, some kind of “sclerosis” interferes: therefore, where there were just two bricks, suddenly only one is seen. We're not kidding. Here's an example:

And they get a new education, not related to the previous one: “ calculate+calculate", and not as it actually appears: " race+s+read", while maintaining consistency and continuity in origin.

This is not “academic nonsense” at all, but a methodical formation in the minds of those mastering the Russian language of incoherent logical chains, suspended as if in emptiness, i.e. actually torn off from the living, unshakable foundation of the Living Russian Language and Living Russian Speech. Why oppose one to the other when they are clearly connected in continuity and meaning?

C + Even = Count, Ras + Even = Ra With even

Without + With + Even = Be zs honest

(And in this place, only by the artificial assumption of the language reformers of 1917, the prefix “non-existent in the Russian language” is written demon", resulting in the modern " countless", to the laughter of all sane people who discern stupid subtext and know how to read what is written, and not what is made up: " demon countable"!).

The same situation applies to other similar words:

Ras + C + Triple = Ra ss triple(although in fact here it is necessary “ Ra zs triple" based on the real prefix "Raz").

Without+With+Fatal(from Rock) = Be ss fatal(according to pre-reform: “ Be zs fatal»)…

Introduction of “false prefixes” Ras-" And " Demon-", along with real prefixes " Once-" And " Without-”, in fact, does not result in the “ordering and development of language”, as the reformers wanted, but in the destruction of ancient living meanings in Language and Speech, where every sound, every letter has meaning!

It’s the same here, as a result of the “simplification” reform, i.e. compounds of “normal” words formed by prefixes (such as “Woz+Zha” = Vo zzh A), with those that can be classified as “onomatopoeic” (such as Zhu LJ at).

Although “prefix, prepositions, suffixes” are all quite conventional things for the Living Language (in Antiquity they meant living words, independent ones, and not some kind of “additional parts”), this is not what we are talking about.

The meaning of a word, according to an artificial rule, is nevertheless destroyed and removed. What remains is an incomprehensible but “progressive” neoplasm: “ rein", the spelling of which must now be remembered according to the new rule.

In case of " yeast“It’s also not very clear why one option was chosen, although there are other, more meaningful options (see Dahl’s dictionary): Dro railway and, Dro zzh And. In our opinion, an unspoiled option: Drozzhi, as a more typical case, because we know a lot of such words in the Russian language, where exactly this combination occurs: in zzh And, in and zzh here, there zzh damn, rubbish zzh ah...

“Juniper” also has the same more meaningful version: mo zzh ear.

It seems that the same situation is with “ LJ tion": this word comes from the original versions, which most likely had " ZZH" But let's not guess.

And, as a conclusion, it is no coincidence that this sound combination ZZh (“ZaZh”), which refers, if it’s a pun, to everything that “ Z A AND izn"! And this is in almost all words that do not have simple onomatopoeia.

And one gets the impression that the selection from the commonly used options was made according to the principle of “as bad and incomprehensible as possible.”

This is what can be said today about the rule, which, according to modern spelling, suggests writing formally, without comprehension LJ.

Ss ora- this noun actually comes from the form “ argument» ( rubbish): you remember well the phraseological unit “ don't wash dirty linen out of the house" Apparently, a situation has been recorded where conflict begins small, “with rubbish.”

They now simply want to include a kind of “neologism” here: Russian, formed through Western (in particular, Polish borrowings of the 17th-18th centuries) forms of word formation relatively recently, at a time when the previous names were removed at the turn of the 18th century " Tartary», « RU sya " And " RU ss and I» (« Rus+Siya" - from Rus with other similar relatives, like: “ Po+Rus+Siya", modern Pru ss and I). When written in continuous text, without spaces, the title was unambiguous “ Rus", but with a kind of adjective form " Siya” (“shining, radiant” - because in Antiquity, as is known from the remaining ancient handwritten books, scribes very often wrote well-known and frequently repeated concepts in abbreviated form!).

Foreign words, since they were introduced into the Russian language, memorize them as is customary now (including for passing tests and exams): A ll her, and pp Arat, Komi ss yeah, those NN is, ho bb and, to mm ersant, uh ff ect, those pp history, oh kk upation, co tt edj, zha NN A…

We won't touch them. They themselves will die out and go out of use as the Native Speech revives.

But we must remember that among them there are also ones that seem to be ours, but have been preserved in other countries, i.e. ancient words common to many peoples, such as: Drama(“Before Ram”), etc. Naturally, they cannot contain double consonants.

Spelling of consonants in the root includes three types of rules:

1) spelling of voiced/voiceless consonants;
2) spelling of unpronounceable consonants;
3) double consonants.

Rules 1 and 2 are discussed by us in paragraph 1.14. Changes in consonants in speech, paragraph 1.15. Spelling of consonants. In this paragraph we will dwell in more detail on spelling. double consonants in the root.

For the spelling of double consonants at the junction of morphemes, in suffixes, prefixes, see paragraph 2.5. Prefixes, clause 2.7. Suffixes. Postfixes.

1. At the root of a word, double consonants are written, as a rule, in borrowed words.

Alley, assembly, ballad, column, correspondent, repression, tennis, ton, terrace, effect.

Word point matter:

1. “a unit for assessing the degree of something” ( wind force six);
2. “grade in school, sports, etc.” ( passing score).

Word ball means "big dance party" ( prom).

2. In the roots of Russian words, two identical consonants are written in the following cases:

3. Root double consonants are preserved in derived words.

Wed: program - program - program - program, Cannes - Cannes.

4. Exceptions:

One consonant is written	A double consonant is written
1. In the first part of compound words: com party (communist party), cor point (correspondent point).
2. In diminutive forms of personal names with the suffix -k-, cf.: All a - Al ka, Ann a - An ka, Kirill - Kiril ka, Rimm a - Rim ka, Savva a - Sav ka.	In other cases, a double consonant is written - All points, Ann Uska.
3. In some derivatives of the word crystal (if written after l): crystalline, crystalline, crystalline, crystalline.	In other derivatives a double consonant is written: crystal ic, crystal IR and etc.
4. In some derivatives of the word column: columnar, columnar, columnar, columnar.	In other words a double consonant is written: columnar, columns of hell, column-shaped and etc.
5. In some derivatives of the word operetta: operet ka, operet full-time, operet full-time.
6. In some derivatives of the word Finn: Finnish, Finland, Finnish.	But: Finno-Ugric.
7. In one of the derivatives of individual words, cf.: antenna - antenna, ton - three-ton, five-ton.	But: antenna point, antenna y. But: tons and etc.

Exercises for the topic “2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root"

• 2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root

The consonant spelling consists of 5 basic rules: 1) verifiable consonants 2) unverifiable consonants, 3) spelling of unpronounceable consonants, 4) double consonants in foreign words, 5) doubling consonants in Russian words.

This abstract discusses last two rules (4 and 5). The first three rules are in the outline.

Double consonants in foreign words

In Russian spelling, doubling of consonants can be caused by various reasons.

1. In many borrowed words it is preserved orthography of the source language and we write double consonants in such cases according to tradition, for example: antenna, grammar, colossus . The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign language origin is determined in dictionary order, for example: letter of credit, appeal, appendicitis, fiction, boss, hippopotamus, dilemma, indifferent, irrational, college, coefficient, pessimism, symmetry, rack, chlorophyll, ellipse, essence, effect and others.
2. However with one consonant words are written: aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, amateur, Qatar, midget, privilege, producer, resources, sidewalk, etc.
3. In the suffix -ess- two are written With (poetess, flight attendant ), in the suffix -is- one With (actress, director ).
4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are usually preserved, For example: program - program, telegram - telegram, point - nine-point, Gall - Gallic . Wed: Cannes Film Festival, Bonn Government, Lausanne Conference and so on.
5. But in a number of words, as well as in diminutives proper names persons in the case under consideration is written one consonant, For example:

A) operetta - operetta, column - column, ton - three-tonka, Finn - fink a (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -k-), Finnish;
b) Anna - Anka, Kirill - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka .

Doubling consonants in Russian words

1. In the roots of Russian words, doubling consonants is rare. So, SS written in the word argument , LJ- in words yeast, buzz, juniper and in those formed from them related words: quarrel, buzz, juniper, yeast and others, as well as in the word burning .

2. Double AND written in words and forms derived from the verb burn (burn) using alternation: burn, burn, burn etc. Compare: kindle - kindled, kindle .

Note: When alternating zg/zzh, zg/zzh it is written ZZh, not ZhZh (contrary to the pronunciation), for example: squeal - squeal, arrival - come .

3. in different parts of speech.

4. In other cases, doubling of consonants occurs at the junction of prefix and root(For example, tell ), root and suffix (fog ), and then the spelling of words obeys the morphological principle: we keep the same spelling for each of the morphemes. Therefore, you should carefully analyze the composition of the word if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: proclamation, support, dawn . Wed: give in - give in. The door gave way under the blows (no longer remains in its original position). - The door succumbed to the blows of the crowbar (could not hold back the pressure).

5. Double consonants are written in compound words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: head physician (chief physician).

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem that ends with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record .

II. Double consonants

§ 58. Double consonants are written when a prefix and a root are combined, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: support, threshold, introduce, wipe off, pour in, restore, lawless, counter-revolution.

§ 59. Double consonants are written when combined components compound words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Moscow City Council, chief physician.

§ 60. Double n and double With written when a root and a suffix are combined, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or With :

with suffix -n- , For example: long(length), old(old man) stone(stone), domain(blast furnace), law(law), temporary(the basis time-);

with suffix -sk- , For example: Kotlas(Kotlas), Arzamas(Arzamas), Russian(Rus), but: Tartu(Tartu), Hankou(Hankou);

with suffix -stv- : art(cf. skillful).

Double With also written in past tense verbs when combining stems with -With with return particle -xia , For example: escaped, rushed.

Note. Double n written in numeral eleven.

§ 61. Double n written in suffixes -enn-, -onn- adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, characteristic, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In a word windy and in its derivatives one is written n , but in prefix formations it is written -nn- (windless, leeward).

Adjectives with suffix -yan- (-an-) , formed from nouns, are written with one n , For example: hair, wood, clay, leather. Adjectives wooden, tin, glass written with double n .

With one n the suffix is ​​written -in- in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, and also in a noun hotel.

§ 62. Double n written in passive past participles, for example: reports read at the ceremonial meeting; a soldier wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; a detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

§ 63. Double n is written in all adjectives formed from passive past participles (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -ovanny, -evanny (except chewed And forged), For example: the patient was prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of selected works by Pushkin was published, sublime style, inscribed triangle, aged wine, trusted person, temperate climate, refined manners, abstract question, absent-minded student, worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted area.

But with one n you should write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ow, -eat , For example: scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickled cucumbers, soaked apples, steamed potatoes, plain-dyed fabric.

Words desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected and some others, defined in dictionary order, are written with two n .

§ 64. Double n written in adverbs -O and in nouns with suffixes -ik, -its-, -ost formed from adjectives, if the latter are written with two n , For example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement(excited); confident, confidence(confident); education, pupil, teacher(well-mannered); protege(set); prisoner(captive); birthday boy(birthday); sennik(hay); rooter(root); in-law(peculiar).

If the adjective has one n , then adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n , For example: confused, confused, confused(confused); learned, erudition(scientist); hemp(hemp); silversmith(silversmith). Also with one n words are written piece of silver(in the meaning of a coin) and unmercenary(selfless person).

§ 65. Double n written in plural. h. and in feminine and neuter gender units. h. short adjectives, formed from passive past participles, the full form of which is double n eg: groups disciplined and organized; girl well-mannered and smart; they are very absent-minded.

Short passive participles are written with one n , For example: broken, broken, broken, broken; young man brought up Komsomol; girl pampered education; We limited time; students organized to the group.

§ 66. Double and written in words reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: burn, burn, burn, burn, burn.

If there is alternation zg – zzh, zg – zzh should not be written double and , A zzh , For example: you're grumbling(killjoy), cerebellum(brain), come(arrival), Later(old late, let's modernize. late), I'll clutter up(to clutter), and also disdain(cf. old Brezg - “dawn”).

§ 67. Do not write more than two identical consonants in a row, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel(race + quarrel), Odessa(Odessa + Sky), Prussian(Prussian + Chinese), five-ton(five-ton + ny).

§ 68. The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, excess, essence, But: poster, letter, official, etching, report.

§ 69. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, small group; program - program, program, kilowatt - kilowatt, Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool, Hun - Hun, point(unit of evaluation measure) – five-point; Gall – Gallic; libretto - librettist.

But it is written: crystal(Although crystal), Finnish, Finnish(Although Finn), speakers(Although Column), five-ton(Although ton), operetta(Although operetta).

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem ending with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: recording, group.

Words with double consonants are found quite often in the Russian language - these can be both borrowings and native Russian words. The double consonant is used not only in the root, but also at the junction of morphemes. There are certain spelling rules that govern the use of double consonants. These rules are studied in 4th grade.

Double consonants in the roots of native Russian words

In such words, only two consonants can be doubled - these are s and zh, that is, in the root you can find only two combinations - ss and zhzh, and there are quite a few such words.

Thus, s doubles in the word quarrel and its derivatives, as well as in the names of the states of Russia and Belarus and those that originated from them.

The doubled w is used in words such as reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and words (word forms) that are derived from them.

Despite the fact that the verb to burn is written with one letter, in many words formed from it this letter is doubled - burning, burning, and so on.

Double consonants in the roots of borrowed words

In such lexical units, double consonants are most common, and absolutely any letters can be doubled. In this case, you cannot choose any rule; you just have to remember the spelling of such words. Like other words with uncheckable spellings, these belong to the dictionary category, that is, if in doubt, the spelling can be checked in a dictionary. Certificate, ballad, illusion - all these are borrowed words in which the consonants were initially doubled.

Doubled consonants at the junction of morphemes

Such cases are not uncommon in the Russian language - for example, when a prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with it and these consonants are the same: un+disputable=indisputable, etc.

In such cases, difficulties often arise. For example, if a word is formed from the root account, to which the prefix race is added, then it is written with double s, but it is important not to confuse it with words formed using the same prefix, but from a different root - even.

Also in the Russian language there are many suffixes with a doubled consonant, and doubling may occur at the junction of the root and the suffix. Here is an example of the latter case: sailor + sk – sailor.

Complex cases of consonant doubling

Moreover, if he speaks about words that are formed by abbreviation, then if the first stem has a doubled consonant, it is cut off, as, for example, in the word gramophone record.

If a word with a diminutive meaning is formed from a word with double consonants, doubling is preserved: group - group and so on. Also, double consonants before a suffix are usually preserved in other cases: compromise - compromise, although there are exceptions: crystal, but crystal.

As for proper names with a double consonant, diminutive nicknames derived from them are always written with one: Anna - Anka, Alla - Alka and so on.

What have we learned?

There are quite a lot of words in the Russian language with a double consonant. These may be native Russian words and borrowings, but it is the latter that account for the majority of such words. As for the original Russian lexemes, if we talk about the root of the word, only two consonants can be doubled in them - these are s and zh. In borrowings, any consonants can be doubled. There are no rules for checking the spelling of such words; you need to remember them. Doubling a consonant can also occur at the junction of morphemes - root and prefix or root and suffix. There are also suffixes with a double consonant. There are also some tricky double letter spellings that you should pay attention to.

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