What artistic means of expression is used in the lines. Means of artistic expression

Practical lesson

Before considering the issue of figurative means of language, which include tropes and figures of speech, it is necessary to understand what

Before considering the issue of figurative
means of language, which include tropes and figures of speech,
it is necessary to understand what polysemy or polysemy is
words
There are few words in the Russian language,
who have only one
meaning. Typically these terms are:
leg, copper, suffix,
cellulose.
Have one meaning
some words that call
specific item:
stool, pencil, bedside table,
TV.
Most words have
more than one meaning: I’m going
home; interesting going on
broadcast; the clock goes forward;
the bus doesn't go there; this
the hat suits you very well.
One of the meanings of a multi-valued
words is direct – this
the simplest meaning, not
depending on the context and most
common.
All other values
are called portable -
are specifically defined
context

Trop (Greek tropos)
means "turn"
turn of phrase." This is
change of main
meaning of the word,
transfer of name from
traditionally
designated
object or phenomenon
to another, connected
some kind of semantic
relationship with the first.
Figure (lat. figure -
image, appearance), on the contrary,
- form of speech, not
poetic
thinking: she's not
brings nothing new
expanding our
artistic
cognition. Her main thing
purpose - to strengthen
impression of something, to make it more
bright

Paths and figures of speech (means of artistic expression)

TRAILS
Metaphor
Personification
Epithet
Synecdoche
Metonymy
Comparison
Litotes
Hyperbola
Irony
Sarcasm
FIGURES
Gradation
Anaphora
Epiphora
Oxymoron
Inversion
Non-union (asyndeton)
Multi-Union
(polysyndeton)
Ellipsis

tropes and figures of speech
POETIC VOCABULARY
Epithet - artistic definition:
“golden cloud”, “giant cliff”, “in
desert stunted and stingy."
Comparison - comparison of two
objects or phenomena in order to explain
one of them with the help of the other: “eyes,
like the sky blue”, “look - in rubles
will bestow."
Allegory (allegory) – image
abstract concept through concrete
objects and images.
Irony is a hidden mockery: “I scored
the projectile is tight in the cannon//And I thought: I’ll treat you
friend!//Wait a minute, brother, monsie...”
Litota - artistic
understatement: "a little boy"
"a little man with a fingernail."
Hyperbole – artistic
exaggeration: “resting against the globe
with my feet,//I hold the ball of the sun on
hands..."
Personification - image
inanimate objects, in which
they are endowed with the properties of living things
creatures - the gift of speech, the ability
think and feel: “Caution
the wind//came out of the gate...”
Metaphor is a hidden comparison,
based on similarity or contrast
phenomena: “Spruce sleeved the path for me
curtained” (i.e. branch).
Synecdoche - transfer of the name of the whole
subject to his part: “And it was heard
until dawn, how the Frenchman rejoiced.”
Metonymy is the transfer of a name by contiguity. IN
difference from metaphorical transfer, which
necessarily presupposes the similarity of objects,
phenomena, properties, actions, with metonymy
there is no resemblance, BUT ITEMS
ARE IN SOME LOGICAL
CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER: The whole school came to
stadium; Moscow is ready to vote for again
its mayor; Ate two plates; Canvases
Levitan; Lady in Furs; We use it at work
Ushakov; Levitan exhibition; She
collects Gzhel; Banned from sale
Borjomi
Oxymoron - a combination of words that call
mutually exclusive concepts: “Hot snow”,
"Living Dead"

Let's remember the definitions of some tropes and figures of speech

Let's remember the definitions of some
POETIC SYNTAX
tropes and figures of speech
Rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations -
enhance the reader’s attention without requiring him to answer: “What
is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?”, “My
friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland // Beautiful impulses!”
Anaphora - unity of command: “I swear on the first day
creation,//I swear by its last day,//I swear by the shame
crime, //And eternal truth triumph.”
Epiphora - unity of endings: “The rain is pouring incessantly,
languid rain..."
Gradation is a kind of grouping of definitions either by
increase or weakening of emotional-semantic
significance: “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, // Everything will pass as if
white apple trees smoke."
Antithesis - opposition: “Black evening, white
snow.wind.wind.”
Invective - a sharp accusation (as opposed to
panegyric-praise): “And you, arrogant descendants...
the meanness of the illustrious fathers."
Unionlessness is a deliberate omission of unions: “They flash by
booths, women, // Boys, benches, lanterns, // Palaces, gardens,
monasteries..."
Polyconjunction - increasing the number of conjunctions between words with
the goal is to slow down speech with forced pauses, to make it
more expressively: “And the waves crowd and rush back, // And again
they come and hit the shore...”
Parallelism - homogeneous syntactic construction
sentences: “Your mind is as deep as the sea, // Your spirit is as high as
mountains".
Inversion is a violation of the generally accepted word order,
rearrangement of parts of the phrase: “...where people’s eyes break off
scanty”, “And the restless guests of this land with the death of a stranger.”
Parcellation - division of a statement; part design
simple or complex sentence as a separate
syntactic structure: His wife called him a weirdo. Sometimes
kindly
Ellipsis is the omission of any members of a sentence for the purpose of
highlighting the remaining words: “We villages are in ashes, cities are in
dust, into swords - sickles and plows ... "
POETIC PHONETICS
Alliteration - repetition of consonants
sounds: “Guns are firing from the pier...”, “
It’s time, the pen asks for peace...”
Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds:
“It became dark in the room.//Overshadows
elephant window.//Or is this a dream?//Ding –
Don. Ding – dong.”
Anaphora – unity of command: “Evening.
Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Stately
the cry of the waves."
Sarcasm - (Greek sarkasmos, from sarkaso - tear
meat) The highest degree of irony, caustic,
caustic mockery, often expressed in
social accusations:
This is who we should respect in the wilderness!
Here are our strict connoisseurs and judges!

Assignment: indicate the means of artistic expression in the given passages:

Icy gaze, pearl of poetry, rain
drumming, the screech of a saw, an ocean of tears, a mountain of books,
chocolate tan, gold hair, ponytail
trains, onion churches, ribbon roads.
metaphor
A star dances before the stars,
The water is dancing like a bell,
The bumblebee dances and blows the pipe,
David dances in front of the tabernacle.
(A. Tarkovsky)
Anaphora
Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me.
I can't find a place in a quiet house
Near the peaceful fire.
(A. Blok)
Epiphora
It’s over with Russia... Lastly
We talked about her, chatted,
They slurped, drank, spat,
They got dirty in dirty squares.
(M. Voloshin)
Gradation
Yesterday I was choking with happiness,
And today I’m screaming in pain.
(R. Ivnev)
Antithesis
There they give the glory to the dead
I am your living hands.
(A. Akhmatova)
Antithesis
They wander through the fields and the village only in
abundance of cows chewing, sheep bleating and
chickens clucking
(I. Goncharov)
Inversion
St. Petersburg - Peter's capital, city
Petra, a city on the Neva, the northern capital,
second Russian capital, northern
Venice.
Periphrase
But there was a wet trace in the wrinkle
Old cliff. Alone
He stands, deep in thought,
And he cries quietly in the desert.
Personification

Every day I look more diligently at
dictionary.
The multi-story hall was shaking,
Sparks flicker in its columns
And full of youth,
feelings.
The heavens applauded the singer,
Will go down into the cellars of words more than once
Then - the stalls and boxes.
art,
S. Marshak
Holding your secret in your hand
Everything decorated the office
flashlight.
Philosopher at eighteen years old.
S. Marshak
Amber on the pipes of Constantinople,
The barge of life has landed on the big
Porcelain and bronze on the table, And,
shallow.
a joy to pampered feelings,
Perfume in cut crystal.
A. Blok
A. S. Pushkin Russian ship that left in
free swimming
Scolded Homer, Theocritus; But
wayward ocean of the world
read Adam Smith.
market with its storms and hurricanes,
A. S. Pushkin
is unlikely to achieve what he wants
shores.
(From newspapers)
Metonymy
Metaphor expanded

Each passage contains the same tropes and figures of speech. Name them.

Tell me, uncle, it’s not for nothing
The answer was eloquent
silence. The super secret is happening:
Moscow, burned by fire,
now uniqueness
Given to the Frenchman?
will happen again.
M. Lermontov
N. Matveeva
He is ready to run after every skirt.
I love lush nature
The suspicious trousers were already
withering.
far.
A. S. Pushkin
Synecdoche
Oxymoron
Friends of Lyudmila and Ruslan!
With the hero of my novel
Without preamble, right now
Let me introduce you.
A. S. Pushkin
Foggy Albion.
Land of the Rising Sun.
Periphrase

10. The task contains metaphors. However, one example came in by mistake. Find it, name the trope or figure of speech.

1) The sun is an eternal window into golden radiance.
2) The memory silently before me develops its long
scroll.
3) I, as a native Petersburger, am pleased that the venue
This congress became a city on the Neva.
4) But even through the street noise I hear the ebb and flow of the whole world
hugging thoughts.
5) The dawn from the garden showered the glass with bloody tears of September.
3-paraphrase
The assignment provides examples of metonymy. However, one example
got in by mistake. Find it, name the trope or figure of speech.
1) Well, eat another plate, my dear!
2) No, my Moscow did not go to him with a guilty head.
3) I read Apuleius willingly, but did not read Cicero.
4) Here, on the new waves, all the flags will visit us.
5) Oh, if only I were as dim as the Sun!
6) But our open bivouac was quiet.
5-oxymoron, comparison

11. The task contains epithets. However, one example came in by mistake. Find it, name the trope or figure of speech.

1) “I’ll tell you frankly,” Panama answered, “Snowden’s fingers are in
don't put your mouth down."
2) I will eat blue grapes with my sweetheart, I will drink golden wine and
watch how the gray waterfall flows onto the flinty wet bottom.
3) The trees are so gloomy, strangely silent.
4) White, white, tin smoke comes out of the chimney.
5) And a gray-haired peasant woman in a worn old scarf rose from
earth, silent, sad, stern.
6) Ring, sultry, red-cheeked, clear, clear day!
1-synecdoche
The assignment contains comparisons. However, several examples were
by mistake. Find them, name the tropes or figures of speech.
1) Then the remote lanes of the soul appear more immeasurable.
2) A chatterbox is like a pendulum: both need to be stopped.
3) And the dream, like the echo of a bell, fell silent.
4) I drink you, captivating life, with my eyes, heart, sighs and
skin.
5) You rushed with the movement of a frightened bird.
6) As the night is blind, so I was blind, and I thought to live blind.
1-metaphor, epithets; 4-metaphor, gradation, epithet.

12. The table on the left shows stanzas of different poets, on the right - the tropes and figures of speech that the author used. Prove that the right side of the table

compiled correctly.
The sidewalk is in the hillocks. Between the snow forks



B. Pasternak
metaphor
comparison
epithet






B. Pasternak
anaphora
asyndeton
metaphor
parcellation


So loud, so young
It's still very recent spring.
personification
epithet
metaphor
S. Marshak
gradation

13. Answers to the task

The sidewalk is in the hillocks. Between the snow forks
Frozen bottles of bare black ice.
Rolls of lanterns, and on the pipe, like an owl,
Unsociable smoke drowned in feathers.
B. Pasternak
metaphor
comparison
epithet
In everything I want to get to the very essence.
At work, looking for a way, In heartfelt turmoil.
To the essence of the past days, To their cause,
To the foundations, to the roots, to the core.
All the time grasping the thread of Fates, events,
Live, think, feel, love, Make discoveries.
B. Pasternak
anaphora
The autumn garden does not remember, fading,
What is buried in the fiery leaves
So loud, so young
It's still very recent spring.
personification
epithet
metaphor
S. Marshak
Asyndeton (no unions)
metaphor
Parcellation (overall
text)
gradation

14. The table on the left shows stanzas of different poets, on the right - the tropes and figures of speech that the author used. Prove that the right side of the table

compiled correctly.
Everything is cleared, betrayed, sold, -


Why did we feel light?
Gradation,
metaphor,
rhetorical question, epithet
A. Akhmatova
Syntactic
parallelism
epithet
metaphor
personification
inversion
anaphora







Nods his head welcomingly



And in the sky I see God.
M. Lermontov


hillocks rising onto the hills, princesses white and red
reaching out to wide rivers, with slender, chiseled bell towers,
carved, rising above the straw and plank everyday life - they


A. Solzhenitsyn
metaphor
comparison
epithet
inversion

15. Answers to the task

Everything is cleared, betrayed, sold, -
The wing of the black death flashes,
Everything is devoured by hungry melancholy,
Why did we feel light?
Gradation,
metaphor,
rhetorical question, epithet
A. Akhmatova
Syntactic
parallelism
epithet
metaphor
personification
inversion
anaphora
When the yellowing field is agitated,
And the fresh forest rustles with the sound of the breeze,
And the raspberry plum is hiding in the garden
Under the sweet shade of a green leaf;
When sprinkled with fragrant dew,
On a ruddy evening or morning at the golden hour,
From under a bush I get a silver lily of the valley
Nods his head welcomingly
Then the anxiety of my soul is humbled,
Then the wrinkles on the forehead disperse,
And I can comprehend happiness on earth,
And in the sky I see God.
M. Lermontov
Having walked the country roads of Central Russia, you begin to understand what the key is
peaceful Russian landscape. He is in the churches. Those who ran up
hillocks rising onto the hills, princesses emerging white and red
to wide rivers, slender, chiseled, carved bell towers
rising above the straw and plank everyday life - they
from afar, from afar they nod to each other, they are from disunited villages, to each other
invisible, rise to a single sky.
A. Solzhenitsyn
metaphor
comparison
epithet
Inversion (last
text sentence)

16. Determine which tropes or figures of speech the author used by choosing from those listed on the right.

1) Every human head is similar
stomach: one digests
food included in it, and the other from
it gets clogged.
2)
Today the old ash tree itself is not
yours - Like a bad dream
worries him. Waves the branches
moves the leaves, and why -
no one can say. And leaves
lungs in discord among themselves, And
the bent branches creak, each
arguing with a friend.

is the beginning ending?
4) The sky wanted snow, beat the street
chills, the wind trembled for integrity
Signs, plaques and staples.
5) You can only hear it somewhere on the street
a lonely accordion wanders.
6) Silent sadness will be consoled, and
playful and thoughtful joy.
epithet
metaphor
metonymy
personification
comparison
antithesis
rhetorical
question
synecdoche

17. Determine which tropes or figures of speech the author used by choosing from those listed on the right.

Every human head is like
stomach: one digests the incoming
food from it, and the other one becomes clogged with it.
2)
Today the old ash tree is not itself, -
It’s as if a bad dream is disturbing him.
Waves the branches, moves the leaves, A
why - no one can say. AND
the leaves are light in discord among themselves, and
bent branches creak with each other
arguing.
3) Where is the beginning of the end that
is the beginning ending?
4) The sky wanted snow, The street was filled with chills,
The wind trembled for the integrity of the signs, plaques
and staples.
5) You can just hear it, somewhere lonely on the street
accordion wanders.
6) Silent sadness will be consoled, and joyful joy will reflect.
epithet
metaphor
metonymy
personification
comparison
antithesis
rhetorical
question
synecdoche

18. Determine which tropes or figures of speech the author used by choosing from those listed on the right.

1. The rain made the roads swampy.
The wind cuts their glass.
He tears the scarf from the willows
And she cuts their heads.





3. This star of the sixties completely retired from cinema and
dedicated her life to protecting our little brothers.
4. If I were small, like the Great Ocean, on tiptoe of the waves
stood up and caressed the moon with the tide.

6. The day is passing and the coolness is
Refreshing and invigorating.
Having rested from the parade,
The city is buzzing with celebration.
This is when couples should meet!
Talkative and lively
Through the gardens and along the boulevards
Moscow is spreading.
Asyndeton
Antithesis
Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
Oxymoron
Periphrase
Personification
Hyperbola
Litotes

19. Determine which tropes or figures of speech the author used by choosing from those listed on the right.

1. The rain made the roads swampy.
The wind cuts their glass.
He tears the scarf from the willows
And she cuts their heads.
2. Our world is wonderfully designed... He has an excellent cook, but, to
unfortunately, such a small mouth that there are more than two pieces
can't miss it; the other has a mouth the size of
arch of the main headquarters, but, alas, I must be content
some German potato dinner.
3. This star of the sixties completely retired from cinema
and dedicated her life to protecting our little brothers.
4. If I were small, like the Great Ocean, on tiptoe
the waves rose, the tide would caress the moon.
5. Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts.
6. The day is passing and the coolness is
Refreshing and invigorating.
Having rested from the parade,
The city is buzzing with celebration.
This is when couples should meet!
Talkative and lively
Through the gardens and along the boulevards
Moscow is spreading.
Asyndeton
Antithesis
Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
Oxymoron
Periphrase
Personification
Hyperbola
Litotes

20. Determine which tropes or figures of speech the author used by choosing from those listed on the right.

1)
2)
3)
4)
From the blood shed in battles, From the ashes
turned to dust, from the torment of the executed
generations, From souls baptized in
blood, From hateful love, From
crimes, frenzies will not occur
righteous Rus'.
2) I called you, but you didn’t look back. I
Tears shed, but you did not condescend.
3) Instead of bread - stone, instead
teachings - beaters.
And a moment later we hear.
How fun and fast
All over the green leaves,
On all the iron roofs,
Along flower beds, benches,
By buckets and watering cans
The passing rain is knocking.
Anaphora
Oxymoron
Syntactic
Parallelism
Ellipsis
Epithet
Asyndeton

21. Determine which figures of speech are used by choosing from those listed on the right.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
This is a cool whistle,
This is the clicking of crushed ice floes,
This is the leaf-chilling night,
This is a duel between two nightingales.
I’m still with you, but in the carriage.
I'm still at home, but on the road.
Writer's weight by car
They measured in conversation:
Genius - on a long ZIL,
Just talent - at Pobeda.
And who failed to achieve
Special success in art,
Buys a Moskvich car.
Or walks.
Like Chekhov.
There was something elusively oriental in his face, but the gray
The huge eyes glowed, burned, and shone with darkness.
Who can't be tired of threats?
Prayers, oaths, imaginary fear,
Notes on six sheets,
Deceptions, gossip, rings, tears,
Supervision of aunts, mothers
And friendship is difficult between husbands!
Anaphora
Ellipsis
Gradation
Inversion
Parcellation
Asyndeton
Syntactically
th
parallelism

22. Determine what tropes or figures of speech are used by the author.

1) Looking at the sun, squint your eyes, and you will boldly see it
spots.
Kozma Prutkov
2) At the window, late for the performance, a blizzard of stockings is knitted from flakes.
B. Pasternak
3) No, I wanted... maybe you... I thought it was time for the baron to die.
A. Pushkin
4) Men - for axes.
5) The rich feast on weekdays, but the poor grieve on holidays.
6) His pen breathes revenge.
A. Tolstoy
7) Pyramid poplars are similar to mourning cypresses.
8) He soon quarreled with the girl. Because of a mere trifle.
9) You - to the cabins! You are in the storerooms!
V. Mayakovsky
10) He laughed loudly, sobbingly.
11) The white fur coat moved further and further along the snowy path of the park.
12) And the stone word fell
On my living breasts.
It's okay, because I was ready
I'll deal with this somehow.
A. Akhmatova

23. Determine what tropes or figures of speech are used by the author.

13) I have a lot to do today:
We must completely kill our memory,
It is necessary for the soul to turn to stone,
We must learn to live again.
A. Akhmatova
14) As if the soul was asking for what it wanted,
And they hurt her undeservedly,
And the heart forgave, but the heart froze,
And he cries, and cries, and cries involuntarily.
K. Balmont
15) You alone burn for me like a star in the silence of the distance;
You are a ship that does not sink in dreams, or in waves, or in darkness.
K. Balmont
16) I fell in love with you unexpectedly, immediately, accidentally.
K. Balmont
17) Dry deserts of shame, Seas of endless tears.
A. Bely
18) And is it about this free will that the Wind cries by the river.
A. Blok

24. Determine what tropes or figures of speech are used by the author.

19) The girl sang in the church choir
About all those who are tired in a foreign land,
About all the ships that went to sea,
About everyone who has forgotten their joy.
A. Blok
A. Blok
A. Blok
20) I was sitting by the window in a crowded room,
Somewhere the bows were singing about love.
21) Oh, I want to live crazy:
All that exists is to perpetuate,
The impersonal - to humanize,
The unfulfilled - to realize.
22) And the pain came like a quiet blue light,
And she wrapped herself around her heart like a wrist.
M. Voloshin
23) I hear - history and humanity,
I hear - exile or fatherland.
I read in books - goodness, hypocrisy,
Hope, despair, faith, disbelief.
G. Ivanov

25. Determine what tropes or figures of speech are used by the author.

24) No one gave me so much grief and so much joy as you.
No one gave love so sad And at the same time so joyful.
R. Ivnev
25) The beds are bald and empty,
The furrow in the fields is widowed,
Only cabbage with an elastic belly,
Like a woman, she’s proud of her new clothes.
26) There is one alarm ahead, and one alarm is behind.
S. Klychkov
27) Oh, if only I were as poor as a billionaire!
N. Klyuev
B. Mayakovsky.
28) How many times have I tried to speed up
The time that carried me forward
To spur him on, to scare him, to spur him on,
To hear how it goes.
S. Marshak
29) There was no soul more frank, more subtle and more insightful,
than Turgenev's. There was no talent more captivating than that of Turgenev.
There was no heart more honest and more noble than the heart of Turgenev.

26.

Further tasks related to
analysis of the ones used by the author in
text of visual aids,
similar to those that will be for you
offered in the Unified State Examination.
Enter the names of the trails,
figures of speech or lexical units;
find them in each
proposals.

27.

(1) Whoever wants to see our under-flooded Russia with one glance does not
miss to look at the Kalyazin bell tower.
(2) She stood at the cathedral, in the midst of an abundant trading city, near
Gostiny Dvor, and on the square the streets of two-story
merchant mansions. (3) And no seer then predicted that
this ancient city, which survived cruel devastation from both the Tatars and
Poles, in his eighth century will be an ignorant will
tyrant authorities drowned two-thirds in the Volga: everything would have been saved
the second dam, but they skimped on it.
(4) But what remained from the drowned city was a tall bell tower. (5)
The cathedral was blown up or torn down into bricks for the sake of our future. (6)
But for some reason they didn’t knock down the bell tower, they didn’t even touch it. (7) And here it stands
made of water, good masonry, white brick, in six tiers
tapering upward. (8) Stands, not at all askew, not twisted,
onion and spire - into the sky! (9) And even on a spire - what a miracle? -
the cross survived. (10) From large Volga motor ships waves splash across
white walls, and passengers have been staring from the decks for fifty years.
(11) As if you were wounded, you wander through the sad surviving streets with
rickety houses hastily resettled. (12)
A half-frozen, broken, unfinished city with little remains
old excellent buildings. (13) But among those abandoned here, deceived
there is no other choice but to live. (14) And live here.
(15) And for them, and for everyone, there is a bell tower! (16) Like ours
hope. (17) Like our prayer: no, he won’t let all of Rus' go to the end
Lord drown.
A. Solzhenitsyn

28. Assignment to the text by A. Solzhenitsyn

Reflections of A. Solzhenitsyn, great writer, laureate
Nobel Prize, set the reader up for joint
thoughts. The text is based on a symbol. To convey your
feelings, Solzhenitsyn introduces........................ (sentences 1, 4, 12).
The author writes with bitterness and...................................sentence 5). Wide
are used............(sentences 3, 11, 12). Special
expressiveness is achieved due to...................................
(sentences 11, 16, 17). Among other fine arts
funds...................(8.17).
List of terms:
1) metaphor

3) irony

5) epithets
6) contextual antonyms
7) colloquial words

9) comparison

Answer: 2, 3,5,9,1

29. What figurative language did the author use? Select from those given in the list of terms.

(1) Lermontov always looked for the scale of thoughts, feelings,
desires. (2) And I didn’t find it. (3) Therefore, it was for him to live among people
unbearably hard: he had to constantly bend over to them,
to understand why their thoughts and feelings are so insignificant. (4)
That's why he loved solitude. (5) However, his soul contained all
world and responded with a tragic sound to the slightest pain in this
world. (6) His heart knew no fear, but it constantly
was in pain. (7) The ordinary human heart does not experience such pain.
could stand it. (8) Perhaps this is precisely what explains his
ridiculous death in a ridiculous duel.
List of terms:
1) irony
2) parcellation
3) anaphora
4)gradation
5).hyperbole
6) epiphora
7) synecdoche
8) comparison
9) epithet
10) metaphor

30. What figurative language did the author use? Select from those given in the list of terms.

(1) St. Petersburg figure skating coaches are considered the best
in the world, and their students have received Olympic gold more than once.
(2) And therefore it is quite logical that it is in the northern capital
opened the first Figure Skating Academy in our country. (3)
Now St. Petersburg figure skaters, both experienced and very young,
there is room to turn around. (4) During the grand opening
Academy guests were able to see the performances of the stars
figure skating, whose names are known throughout Russia.
List of terms:
1) spoken words
2) parcellation
3) phraseology
4) metonymy
5)hyperbole
6) paraphrase
7) synecdoche
8) comparison
9) epithet
10) metaphor

31. What figurative language did the author use? Select from those given in the list of terms.

(1) At sunset, before evening tea, he sat on his bicycle, rested his hands on
steering horns and rolled straight into the dawn. (2) He always chose the same path.
(3) He knew this path, narrow, compacted, running along a dangerous
ditches, sometimes paved with cobblestones on which the front wheel jumped, sometimes
pocked with treacherous ruts, then smooth, pinkish, hard. (4) He knew
this path by touch and by eye, as you know a living body, and rolled along it without hesitation
ki, pressing elastic pedals into the rustling emptiness.
(5) In the pine forest on the rough trunks the evening sun lay
fiery red stripes. (6) Sometimes he stopped on the highway and,
leaning on his bicycle, he looked across the fields at one of those forest edges that
They only exist in Russia, distant, jagged, black. (7) And above it is golden
the west was crossed only by a purple cloud, from under which
the rays fanned out.
List of terms:
1) polysyndeton
2) parcellation
3) phraseology
4) litotes
5)hyperbole
6) paraphrase
7) anaphora
8) comparison
9) epithet
10) metaphor

32. The linguistic features of the text are considered. Somebody

Read the text and a review fragment based on the text. In this fragment



number 0.
(1) Cities in general are full of irritation. (2) Big cities are overflowing with it. (3) But
Moscow is the absolute champion in this. (4) And it’s not surprising: that’s how many people are around,
I'm tired of everything intolerably. (5) Moscow was recently declared by scientific researchers to be
either the most or one of the rudest cities in the world. (6) The only people worse than us, it seems, are
Bombay. (7) It’s not even a matter of direct rudeness, to which we are naturally more inclined,
than Europeans or Americans, brought up by centuries of close cohabitation, who respect
each other since the days when mutual respect was introduced by the Colts and Winchesters
ramie (8) But now we are not talking about rudeness, but about irritation, most often hidden, from
which the irritated one suffers most of all. (9) My God, how did they get everything!
(10) Those who don’t drive according to the rules, go ahead, and litter everything around with garbage! (eleven)
Girls talking obscenities to each other all over the street. (12) And young men with pubs
bottles and cans, drinking on the go...
(13) How unfortunate we are, unlucky with our fellow countrymen! (14) Meanwhile, they are us. (15)
Having just cut off someone else’s car, and even driving into oncoming traffic, we are furious,
being cut off themselves or barely missing some goat who captured part of
our strip. (16) Not giving way at the door to someone coming out, we freak out after a few
minutes, leaving through the same door and running into a non-stop crowd pushing towards him.
(17) Shuddering from a loud and unbearably indecent conversation behind your back, do not
we remember what words we just used in our company, and in
all hearing. (18) And we never reach the trash can with a cigarette butt: we hide it in our pocket, so
is it? (19) There’s still a dump all around!
(20) In one store where I sometimes go, the walls are mirrored. (21) And it always happens
it’s the same thing: you look by accident - what kind of freak is walking next to you?! (22) Not right away
you will realize that it is you yourself. (23) I just looked from the outside and was inspired by nature
a natural feeling of disgust towards one’s neighbor. (24) The feeling is explainable. (25) But
life is not beautiful.
According to A. Kabakov

33. Assignment to the text by A. Kabakov

The problem that writer A. Kabakov raises in his article is
concerns each of us. The content of the article determined
features of its language, in particular the use....................,
for example, how did they get it all (sentence 9), we’re freaking out
(sentences 15). Intonation expressiveness of speech
is achieved due to.............(proposals 18, 21), as well as
use of exclamatory sentences. For the same purpose, and
also to achieve the compositional integrity of the text
The author resorts to such a figure of speech as......................
(sentences 10, 11 and 12; 15, 16 and 17). Expressiveness of speech
also provides an introduction...........................(sentences 1, 2, 3)
and..................., for example mutual respect was introduced
Colts and Winchesters (proposition 7).
List of terms:
1) metonymy
2) individual author's words
3) synecdoche
4) series of homogeneous members of the sentence
5) epithets
6) litotes
7) colloquial and colloquial words
8) question-and-answer form of presentation
9) parcellation
10) syntactic parallelism

34. Read the text and a fragment of the review compiled based on the text. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Somebody

Read the text and a review fragment based on the text. In this fragment
The linguistic features of the text are considered. Some terms used in
reviews, omitted. Insert in the blank space the numbers corresponding to the term number
from the list. If you don’t know which number from the list should be in the blank space, write
number 0.
(1) For everyone, reality is in himself. (2) And yet all “I” are merged into “WE”: from
individual “I”, sewn together at least by a living thread, but the result is a society. (3) One thing,
made of solitudes. (4) And the most amazing paradox is the city. (5) City, soybean
lingering loneliness. (6) After all, the need to be alone almost coincides with
self-preservation. (7) And if people unite into a society, then only so that at the cost
hard work buys the opportunity to be without each other. (8) They accumulate coin after coin so that
buy walls. (9) There, behind the walls and curtains, their solitudes are organized and
carefully hidden. (10) Thinking something like this, I turned onto Strastnoy Boulevard, and
it smelled of smoke and heat. (11) Asphalt was laid. (12) And at that time I saw one step away from
me, a thin, pale half-girl, half-girl. (13) In folds between long and narrow
eyebrows, in the slight trembling of my lips I felt the loneliness that I had just mentioned
thought. (14) I took a few steps to the side, continuing to watch the girl.
(15) She turned her head abruptly, and we found ourselves eye to eye.
- (16) Why are you looking?
(17) Without resisting the sudden rush of thoughts that had been tormenting me for a long time, I began to say,
that man is either a wolf or a ghost to another. (18) Wolf - takes everything, devours
ruthlessly. (19) Well, if a ghost slides and disappears without leaving a trace, it’s the same
stuffy and cold.
(20) Having finished speaking, I saw a face turning to me, still smiling youthfully.
“(21) I’m here,” (22) she said thoughtfully and climbed onto the steps of the entrance. (23)
Now we are the same height.
(24) And after a slight pause, she added:
- (25) So be it. (26) But there is a third formula: after all, in the end, man to man...
Human.
According to S. Krzhizhanovsky

35. Assignment to the text by S. Krzhizhanovsky

Essay by writer S. Krzhizhanovsky, published back in the 30s
last century, raises a problem that has always faced
person. The author builds the entire essay on the basis of this trope,
how...................................(sentences 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9,17,
18, 19). Expressiveness of speech is given ..............., for example
thin, pale half-girl (sentence 12), in the lungs
lip trembling (sentence 13), ghost... indifferent and cold
(sentence 19). Serves the same purpose..................
for example, on a living thread sewn (proposition 2), at the cost of persistent
labor (sentence 7), man is a wolf to man (sentence 17).
Variety and expressiveness of rhythmic
text design is achieved by ......................
(sentences 3, 5).
List of terms:
3) irony
4) stable phrases, phraseological units
5) epithets
6) contextual antonyms
7) colloquial words
8) question-and-answer form of presentation
9) parcellation
10) syntactic parallelism

36.

Means of expression
will also help you understand
author's attitude to
depicted.

37. Let us turn to the already familiar text.

(1) Boris Evgenievich Ermolkin was remarkable in his way
editor.
(2) This was the old newspaper wolf, as he proudly called himself.
(3) An unremarkable man in appearance, Ermolkin possessed
with sizzling passion - correct any article or note from
from beginning to end in such a way that it was completely impossible to read it. (4)C
morning until late evening, not noticing neither rain, nor sun, nor
time of day, no change of seasons, forgetting about your own family,
he spent time in his office reading the layout. (5) Ermolkin
They brought gray sheets, rough from the type pressed into them.
(b) It was disgusting to even pick up these sheets, but he clung to them,
trembling with impatience, he spread it on the table, and it began
sacred rite.
(7) Aiming a sharp pencil at the layout, Ermolkin intently
looked at the printed words and flew like a hawk if
there was at least one living thing among them.
Visual and expressive means of language
Author's irony
Inversion
Gradation,
Comparison

Fine means of expressive language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal imagery of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic and intonation organization of the text, figures.

In the center are examples of the use of visual means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

Trails– a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative meaning. Paths are based on internal rapprochement, comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on similarity of characteristics.

(p) “The horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

The snow is falling and the shawl is laying down"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another based on their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

Stands alone in the entire Universe"

Personification- a type of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “The sleepy birch trees smiled,

Silk braids disheveled"

Hyperbola- exaggeration.

(p) “A yawn tears wider than the Gulf of Mexico”

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another that has a causal connection with the first.

(p) “Farewell, unwashed Russia,

Country of slaves, country of masters..."

Periphrase– similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) “Kisa, we will still see the sky in diamonds” (we will get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author’s position, the author’s skeptical, mocking attitude towards the depicted.

Allegory– the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov’s fable “Dragonfly” is an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes– an understatement.

(p) “... in big mittens, and he’s as small as a fingernail!”

Sarcasm- a type of comic, a way of demonstrating the author’s position in a work, caustic ridicule.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything I was deceived by"

Grotesque– a combination of contrasting, fantastic and real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet– a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver...”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.

(p) “heat of cold numbers”, “sweet poison”, “Living corpse”, “Dead souls”.

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which a particular concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, it’s just witchcraft!”

A rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) “What summer, what summer?”

Rhetorical appeal- an appeal that is conditional in nature, imparting the necessary intonation to poetic speech.

Stanza ring– sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) “The darkness gently closed”; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

Multi-Union- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same conjunction

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving thinness. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in speech of some easily implied word, part of a sentence.

Parallelism– concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora– repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in our own way...”

Anaphora- unity of beginning, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, you’re crazy,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke..."

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from above,

Touched the sheets on the moonlit night..."

Gradation– the use of means of artistic expression that consistently strengthen or weaken the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”

Antithesis– opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poems and prose, ice and fire..."

Synecdoche– transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular parts. instead of plural

(p) “And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced...”

Assonance– repetition of homogeneous vowel sounds in verse,

(p) “my son grew up on nights without a smile”

Alliteration– repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) “Where the grove of neighing guns neighs”

Refrain– exactly repeated verses of the text (usually its last lines)

Reminiscence – in a work of art (mainly poetic) certain features inspired by the involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else’s, sometimes one’s own).

(p) “I have experienced a lot and many”

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TRAILS AND STYLISTIC FIGURES.

TRAILS(Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech) - words or figures of speech in a figurative, allegorical meaning. Paths are an important element of artistic thinking. Types of tropes: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litotes, etc.

STYLISTIC FIGURES- figures of speech used to enhance the expressiveness of a statement: anaphora, epiphora, ellipse, antithesis, parallelism, gradation, inversion, etc.

HYPERBOLA (Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - a type of trope based on exaggeration (“rivers of blood”, “sea of ​​laughter”). By means of hyperbole, the author enhances the desired impression or emphasizes what he glorifies and what he ridicules. Hyperbole is already found in ancient epics among different peoples, in particular in Russian epics.
In the Russian litera, N.V. Gogol, Saltykov-Shchedrin and especially

V. Mayakovsky (“I”, “Napoleon”, “150,000,000”). In poetic speech, hyperbole is often intertwinedwith other artistic means (metaphors, personification, comparisons, etc.). Opposite – litotes.

LITOTA (Greek litotes - simplicity) - a trope opposite to hyperbole; a figurative expression, a turn of phrase that contains an artistic understatement of the size, strength, or significance of the depicted object or phenomenon. Litotes is found in folk tales: “a boy as big as a finger,” “a hut on chicken legs,” “a little man as big as a fingernail.”
The second name for litotes is meiosis. The opposite of litotes is hyperbola.

N. Gogol often turned to litotes:
“Such a small mouth that it can’t miss more than two pieces” N. Gogol

METAPHOR(Greek metaphora - transfer) - a trope, a hidden figurative comparison, the transfer of the properties of one object or phenomenon to another based on common characteristics (“work is in full swing”, “forest of hands”, “dark personality”, “heart of stone”...). In metaphor, as opposed to

comparisons, the words “as”, “as if”, “as if” are omitted, but are implied.

Nineteenth century, iron,

Truly a cruel age!

By you into the darkness of the night, starless

Careless abandoned man!

A. Blok

Metaphors are formed according to the principle of personification (“water runs”), reification (“nerves of steel”), abstraction (“field of activity”), etc. Various parts of speech can act as a metaphor: verb, noun, adjective. Metaphor gives speech exceptional expressiveness:

In every carnation there is fragrant lilac,
A bee crawls in singing...
You ascended under the blue vault
Above the wandering crowd of clouds...

A. Fet

The metaphor is an undifferentiated comparison, in which, however, both members are easily seen:

With a sheaf of your oat hair
You stuck with me forever...
The dog's eyes rolled
Golden stars in the snow...

S. Yesenin

In addition to verbal metaphor, metaphorical images or extended metaphors are widespread in artistic creativity:

Ah, the bush of my head has withered,
I was sucked into song captivity,
I am condemned to hard labor of feelings
Turning the millstone of poems.

S. Yesenin

Sometimes the entire work represents a broad, expanded metaphorical image.

METONYMY(Greek metonymia - renaming) - trope; replacing one word or expression with another based on similar meanings; the use of expressions in a figurative sense ("foaming glass" - meaning wine in a glass; "the forest is noisy" - meaning trees; etc.).

The theater is already full, the boxes are sparkling;

The stalls and the chairs, everything is boiling...

A.S. Pushkin

In metonymy, a phenomenon or object is denoted using other words and concepts. At the same time, the signs or connections that bring these phenomena together are preserved; Thus, when V. Mayakovsky speaks of a “steel orator dozing in a holster,” the reader easily recognizes in this image a metonymic image of a revolver. This is the difference between metonymy and metaphor. The idea of ​​a concept in metonymy is given with the help of indirect signs or secondary meanings, but this is precisely what enhances the poetic expressiveness of speech:

You led swords to a bountiful feast;

Everything fell with a noise before you;
Europe was dying; grave sleep
Hovered over her head...

A. Pushkin

When is the shore of hell
Will take me forever
When he falls asleep forever
Feather, my joy...

A. Pushkin

PERIPHRASE (Greek periphrasis - roundabout turn, allegory) - one of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its signs, as a rule, the most characteristic ones, enhancing the figurativeness of speech. (“king of birds” instead of “eagle”, “king of beasts” - instead of “lion”)

PERSONALIZATION(prosopopoeia, personification) - a type of metaphor; transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones (the soul sings, the river plays...).

My bells

Steppe flowers!

Why are you looking at me?

Dark blue?

And what are you calling about?

On a merry day in May,

Among the uncut grass

Shaking your head?

A.K. Tolstoy

SYNECDOCHE (Greek synekdoche - correlation)- one of the tropes, a type of metonymy, consisting in the transfer of meaning from one object to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Synecdoche is an expressive means of typification. The most common types of synecdoche:
1) A part of a phenomenon is called in the sense of the whole:

And at the door -
pea coats,
overcoats,
sheepskin coats...

V. Mayakovsky

2) The whole in the meaning of the part - Vasily Terkin in a fist fight with a fascist says:

Oh, there you are! Fight with a helmet?
Well, aren't they a vile bunch!

3) The singular number in the meaning of general and even universal:

There a man groans from slavery and chains...

M. Lermontov

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn...

A. Pushkin

4) Replacing a number with a set:

Millions of you. We are darkness, and darkness, and darkness.

A. Blok

5) Replacing the generic concept with a specific one:

We beat ourselves with pennies. Very good!

V. Mayakovsky

6) Replacing the specific concept with a generic one:

"Well, sit down, luminary!"

V. Mayakovsky

COMPARISON – a word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another. (“Strong as a lion”, “said as he cut”...). The storm covers the sky with darkness,

Whirling snow whirlwinds;

The way the beast will howl,

Then he will cry like a child...

A.S. Pushkin

“Like a steppe scorched by fires, Gregory’s life became black” (M. Sholokhov). The idea of ​​the blackness and gloom of the steppe evokes in the reader that melancholy and painful feeling that corresponds to Gregory’s state. There is a transfer of one of the meanings of the concept - “scorched steppe” to another - the internal state of the character. Sometimes, in order to compare some phenomena or concepts, the artist resorts to detailed comparisons:

The view of the steppe is sad, where there are no obstacles,
Disturbing only the silver feather grass,
The flying aquilon wanders
And he freely drives dust in front of him;
And where all around, no matter how vigilantly you look,
Meets the gaze of two or three birch trees,
Which are under the bluish haze
They turn black in the empty distance in the evening.
So life is boring when there is no struggle,
Penetrating into the past, discerning
There are few things we can do in it, in the prime of life
She will not amuse the soul.
I need to act, I do every day
I would like to make him immortal, like a shadow
Great hero, and understand
I can't, what does it mean to rest.

M. Lermontov

Here, with the help of the detailed S. Lermontov conveys a whole range of lyrical experiences and reflections.
Comparisons are usually connected by conjunctions “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”, etc. Non-union comparisons are also possible:
“Do I have fine curls - combed flax” N. Nekrasov. Here the conjunction is omitted. But sometimes it is not intended:
“The execution in the morning, the usual feast for the people” A. Pushkin.
Some forms of comparison are constructed descriptively and therefore are not connected by conjunctions:

And she appears
At the door or at the window
The early star is brighter,
Morning roses are fresh.

A. Pushkin

She's cute - I'll say between us -
Storm of the court knights,
And maybe with the southern stars
Compare, especially in poetry,
Her Circassian eyes.

A. Pushkin

A special type of comparison is the so-called negative:

The red sun does not shine in the sky,
The blue clouds do not admire him:
Then at mealtimes he sits in a golden crown
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting.

M. Lermontov

In this parallel depiction of two phenomena, the form of negation is both a method of comparison and a method of transferring meanings.
A special case is represented by the instrumental case forms used in comparison:

It's time, beauty, wake up!
Open your closed eyes,
Towards northern Aurora
Be the star of the north.

A. Pushkin

I don't soar - I sit like an eagle.

A. Pushkin

Often there are comparisons in the form of the accusative case with the preposition “under”:
“Sergei Platonovich... sat with Atepin in the dining room, covered with expensive oak wallpaper...”

M. Sholokhov.

IMAGE -a generalized artistic reflection of reality, clothed in the form of a specific individual phenomenon. Poets think in images.

It is not the wind that rages over the forest,

Streams did not run from the mountains,

Moroz - commander of the patrol

Walks around his possessions.

ON THE. Nekrasov

ALLEGORY(Greek allegoria - allegory) - a specific image of an object or phenomenon of reality, replacing an abstract concept or thought. A green branch in the hands of a person has long been an allegorical image of the world, a hammer has been an allegory of labor, etc.
The origin of many allegorical images should be sought in the cultural traditions of tribes, peoples, nations: they are found on banners, coats of arms, emblems and acquire a stable character.
Many allegorical images go back to Greek and Roman mythology. Thus, the image of a blindfolded woman with scales in her hands - the goddess Themis - is an allegory of justice, the image of a snake and a bowl is an allegory of medicine.
Allegory as a means of enhancing poetic expressiveness is widely used in fiction. It is based on the convergence of phenomena according to the correlation of their essential aspects, qualities or functions and belongs to the group of metaphorical tropes.

Unlike metaphor, in allegory the figurative meaning is expressed by a phrase, a whole thought, or even a small work (fable, parable).

GROTESQUE (French grotesque - whimsical, comical) - an image of people and phenomena in a fantastic, ugly-comic form, based on sharp contrasts and exaggerations.

Enraged, I rush into the meeting like an avalanche,

Spewing wild curses on the way.

And I see: half the people are sitting.

Oh devilishness! Where is the other half?

V. Mayakovsky

IRONY (Greek eironeia - pretense) - expression of ridicule or deceit through allegory. A word or statement acquires a meaning in the context of speech that is opposite to the literal meaning or denies it, casting doubt on it.

Servant of powerful masters,

With what noble courage

Thunder with your free speech

All those who have their mouths covered.

F.I. Tyutchev

SARCASM (Greek sarkazo, lit. - tearing meat) - contemptuous, caustic ridicule; the highest degree of irony.

ASSONANCE (French assonance - consonance or response) - repetition of homogeneous vowel sounds in a line, stanza or phrase.

Oh spring without end and without edge -

An endless and endless dream!

A. Blok

ALLITERATION (SOUNDS)(Latin ad - to, with and littera - letter) - repetition of homogeneous consonants, giving the verse a special intonational expressiveness.

Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.

The majestic cry of the waves.

A storm is coming. It hits the shore

A black boat alien to enchantment...

K. Balmont

ALLUSION (from Latin allusio - joke, hint) - a stylistic figure, a hint through a similar-sounding word or mention of a well-known real fact, historical event, literary work (“the glory of Herostratus”).

ANAPHORA(Greek anaphora - carrying out) - repetition of the initial words, line, stanza or phrase.

You're miserable too

You are also abundant

You're downtrodden

You are omnipotent

Mother Rus'!…

ON THE. Nekrasov

ANTITHESIS (Greek antithesis - contradiction, opposition) - a sharply expressed opposition of concepts or phenomena.
You are rich, I am very poor;

You are a prose writer, I am a poet;

You are blushing like poppies,

I am like death, skinny and pale.

A.S. Pushkin

You're miserable too
You are also abundant
You are mighty
You are also powerless...

N. Nekrasov

So few roads have been traveled, so many mistakes have been made...

S. Yesenin.

Antithesis enhances the emotional coloring of speech and emphasizes the thought expressed with its help. Sometimes the entire work is built on the principle of antithesis

APOCOPE(Greek apokope - cutting off) - artificially shortening a word without losing its meaning.

...When suddenly he came out of the forest

The bear opened its mouth at them...

A.N. Krylov

Barking, laughing, singing, whistling and clapping,

Human rumor and horse top!

A.S. Pushkin

ASYNDETON (asyndeton) - a sentence with the absence of conjunctions between homogeneous words or parts of a whole. A figure that gives speech dynamism and richness.

Night, street, lantern, pharmacy,

Pointless and dim light.

Live for at least another quarter of a century -

Everything will be like this. There is no outcome.

A. Blok

MULTI-UNION(polysyndeton) - excessive repetition of conjunctions, creating additional intonation coloring. The opposite figure isnon-union

Slowing down speech with forced pauses, polyunion emphasizes individual words and enhances its expressiveness:

And the waves crowd and rush back,
And they come again and hit the shore...

M. Lermontov

And it’s boring and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand to...

M.Yu. Lermontov

GRADATION- from lat. gradatio - gradualism) is a stylistic figure in which definitions are grouped in a certain order - increasing or decreasing their emotional and semantic significance. Gradation enhances the emotional sound of the verse:

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.

S. Yesenin

INVERSION(Latin inversio - rearrangement) - a stylistic figure consisting of a violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of a phrase gives it a unique expressive tone.

Legends of deep antiquity

A.S. Pushkin

He passes the doorman with an arrow

Flew up the marble steps

A. Pushkin

OXYMORON(Greek oxymoron - witty-stupid) - a combination of contrasting words with opposite meanings (living corpse, giant dwarf, heat of cold numbers).

PARALLELISM(from the Greek parallelos - walking next to) - identical or similar arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text, creating a single poetic image.

The waves splash in the blue sea.

The stars shine in the blue sky.

A. S. Pushkin

Your mind is as deep as the sea.

Your spirit is as high as the mountains.

V. Bryusov

Parallelism is especially characteristic of works of oral folk art (epics, songs, ditties, proverbs) and literary works close to them in their artistic features (“Song about the merchant Kalashnikov” by M. Yu. Lermontov, “Who Lives Well in Rus'” by N. A Nekrasov, “Vasily Terkin” by A. T, Tvardovsky).

Parallelism can have a broader thematic nature in content, for example, in the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “Heavenly clouds are eternal wanderers.”

Parallelism can be either verbal or figurative, or rhythmic or compositional.

PARCELLATION- an expressive syntactic technique of intonation division of a sentence into independent segments, graphically highlighted as independent sentences. (“And again. Gulliver. Standing. Slouching.” P. G. Antokolsky. “How courteous! Kind! Sweet! Simple!” Griboedov. “Mitrofanov grinned, stirred the coffee. He narrowed his eyes.”

N. Ilyina. “He soon quarreled with the girl. And that’s why.” G. Uspensky.)

TRANSFER (French enjambement - stepping over) - a discrepancy between the syntactic division of speech and the division into poetry. When transferring, the syntactic pause inside a verse or hemistich is stronger than at the end.

Peter comes out. His eyes

They shine. His face is terrible.

The movements are fast. He is beautiful,

He's like God's thunderstorm.

A. S. Pushkin

RHYME(Greek “rhythmos” - harmony, proportionality) - a variety epiphora ; the consonance of the ends of poetic lines, creating a feeling of their unity and kinship. Rhyme emphasizes the boundary between verses and links verses into stanzas.

ELLIPSIS (Greek elleipsis - deletion, omission) - a figure of poetic syntax based on the omission of one of the members of a sentence, easily restored in meaning (most often the predicate). This achieves dynamism and conciseness of speech and conveys a tense change of action. Ellipsis is one of the types of default. In artistic speech, it conveys the speaker’s excitement or the tension of the action:

We sat down in ashes, cities in dust,
Swords include sickles and plows.

Means of expression in the Russian language can be divided into:

1. Lexical means
2. Syntactic means
3. Phonetic means

Lexical means: tropes

Allegory - Themis (woman with scales) – justice.	Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image.
Hyperbola-Bloomers as wide as the Black Sea(N. Gogol)	Artistic exaggeration.
Irony-Where, smart, your head is delirious. (Fable by I. Krylov).	Subtle mockery, used in the opposite sense to the direct one.
Lexical repetition -Lakes all around, deep lakes.	Repetition of the same word or phrase in the text
Litota -A man with a fingernail.	Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon.
Metaphor - Sleepy Lake of the City (A. Blok)	The figurative meaning of the word based on similarity
Metonymy - The class was noisy	Replacing one word with another based on the contiguity of two concepts
Occasionalisms -The fruits of education.	Artistic means created by the author.
Personification -It is raining. Nature rejoices.	The endowment of inanimate objects with the properties of living things.
Periphrase-Lion = king of beasts.	Substituting a word with an expression similar in lexical meaning.
Sarcasm-The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm.	A caustic, subtle mockery, the highest form of irony.
Comparison -Says a word - the nightingale sings.	In comparison there is also what is being compared, and then what is it compared to?. Conjunctions are often used: as if, as if.
Synecdoche-Every a penny brings (money) into the house.	Transferring values ​​by quantitative characteristic.
Epithet-“Ruddy dawn”, “Golden hands”, “Silver voice”.	A colorful, expressive definition that is based on a hidden comparison.
Synonyms- 1) run - rush. 2)The noise (rustle) of leaves.	1) Words that are different in spelling, but close in meaning. 2) Contextual synonyms - words that are similar in meaning in the same context
Antonyms - original - fake, stale - responsive	Words with opposite meanings
Archaism-eyes - eyes, cheeks - cheeks	An obsolete word or figure of speech

Syntactic means

Anaphora -It was not in vain that the storm came.	Repeating words or combinations of words at the beginning of sentences or lines of poetry.
Antithesis -Long hair, short mind;​​​​​​.	Opposition.
Gradation -I came, I saw, I conquered!	Arrangement of words and expressions in increasing (ascending) or decreasing (descending) significance.
Inversion -Once upon a time there lived a grandfather and a woman.	Reverse word order.
Compositional junction (lexical repetition) -It was a wonderful sound. It was the best voice I've heard in years.	Repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it.
Multi-union -The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded away.	Intentional use of a repeated conjunction.
Oxymoron -Dead Souls.	A combination of words that are not compatible in meaning.
Parcellation -He saw me and froze. I was surprised. He fell silent.	The deliberate division of a sentence into meaningful segments.
Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal -What a summer, what a summer! Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Citizens, let's make our city green and cozy!	Expressing a statement in interrogative form; to attract attention; increased emotional impact.
Rows, pairwise combination of homogeneous members -Nature helps to fight loneliness, overcome despair, powerlessness, forget hostility, envy, and the treachery of friends.	Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text
Syntactic parallelism -To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture.(D. Likhachev)	Similar, parallel construction of phrases and lines.
Default -But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, / I was born near the Caucasus.	The author deliberately understates something, interrupts the hero’s thoughts so that the reader can think for himself what he wanted to say.
Ellipsis -Guys - for the axes! (the word “taken” is missing)	Omission of some part of the sentence that is easily restored from the context
Epiphora -I've been coming to you all my life. I believed in you all my life.	Same ending for several sentences.

Phonetic means: sound writing

Solve the Unified State Exam in Russian with answers.

Lesson-workshop in Russian language for 11th grade

"Means of artistic expression."

Goals:

Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the Unified State Exam)

Development of logical thinking, the ability to prove one’s point of view and defend it.

Developing communication skills and the ability to work in groups.

Task No. 1.

Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.

As they work, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the tropes and figures of speech.

Each student must take part in text analysis.

If someone has difficulties, the others help the student understand the topic.

All members of the group must produce the same work, the same grade is given to everyone.

The work uses the memo “Tropes and Figures of Speech”

The following text is suggested for work:

SAD JOY...

The city was sleeping. Silence stopped the hectic, chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was palpably viscous, and even the standard joyful New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.

And he walked, ran, flew... Where? For what? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.

A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet agony of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class... She entered. She sat down next to her and, dashingly clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hello” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole dull life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of unruly small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature rushed along the long corridor like a fiery torch.

He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly not in harmony! It rustled in a crazy whisper, moving the balls in his soul with hope... And he took a risk. The note, hard-won during sleepless nights, ended up in her notebook. Time stood still. It froze. Disappeared. He waited. The days dragged on with thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.

The night call woke him up, ending her long, wonderful kiss. “I’m at the hospital, come.” The whisper of rustling leaves, the grinding of a strong, fragile, rainbow-colored ice crust underfoot simply tore my brain. There was a throb in her throat: “She feels bad. She needs me. She called me."

And he walked. He ran. Flew. Without understanding the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was breaking with a thousand emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...

5. Summing up.

6. Homework.

Create your own text by analogy with the completed work, complicating it as much as possible.

THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.

1. Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless). The contrast of antonyms in speech is a clear source of speech expression, establishing the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not contrasted in meaning in language and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.

3.Hyperbole – a figurative expression that exaggerates an action, object, or phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression: Snow was falling from the sky in pounds.

4. Litota – artistic understatement: a little man. Used to enhance artistic impression.

5.Synonyms - these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Falling in love - love, buddy - friend.

6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms – words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov – genius – beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

7. Stylistic synonyms - differ in stylistic coloring, sphere of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.

8. Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have different structures, but coincide in meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

There were, are and, I hope, there will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil people, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world, it would become warped... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a type of metaphor.

10. Expanded metaphor – a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of existence to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. The metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink the subject in a new way, to reveal and expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the author’s individual vision of the world.

11.Metonymy – transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the contiguity of phenomena. The most common transfer cases:

a) from a person to his any external signs: Is lunch soon? - asked the guest, turning to the quilted vest;

b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisareva;

12.Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something smaller included in something larger) A type of metonymy. “Hey, beard! How do you get from here to Plyushkin?”

13.Oxymoron - a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author’s attitude towards an object or phenomenon: The sad fun continued...

14. Personification – one of the types of metaphor when a characteristic is transferred from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: The trees, bending towards me, extended their thin arms.

15.Comparison - one of the means of expressive language that helps the author express his point of view, create entire artistic pictures, and give a description of objects. Comparisons are usually added by conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but serves to figuratively describe the most diverse characteristics of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, a comparison helps to give an accurate description of color: His eyes are black as night.

16.Phraseological units – these are almost always vivid expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.

17.Epithet – a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or characteristics. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition of another:

1) noun: chatty magpie.

2) adjective: fatal hours.

3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative meaning: half-asleep, tender, loving gazes.

SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

1.Anaphora - This is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings overwhelming the soul at this moment?

2. Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists of a sharp contrast of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, and contrast phenomena. Serves as a way to express the author’s view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that involves the consistent intensification or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the sake of your family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

4 Inversion – reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition comes after it, the object after the control word, the adverbial modifier comes before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, words are arranged in a different order than established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech: My beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

5.Parcellation is a technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into individual words. Its goal is to give the speech intonation expression by abruptly pronouncing it: The poet suddenly stood up. He turned pale.

6.Repeat - conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to strengthen the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations – a special means of creating emotionality in speech and expressing the author’s position.

What summer, what summer? Yes, this is just witchcraft!

8. Syntactic parallelism – identical construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight and emphasize the idea expressed: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.