Lesson summary with presentation "Types of radiation. Electromagnetic wave scale"

“Waves in the Ocean” - The devastating consequences of the Tsunami. Movement earth's crust. Learning new material. Find out objects on contour map. Tsunami. The length in the ocean is up to 200 km, and the height is 1 m. The height of the Tsunami off the coast is up to 40 m. Strait. V. Bay. Wind waves. Ebbs and flows. Wind. Consolidation of the studied material. Average speed Tsunami 700 – 800 km/h.

"Waves" - "Waves in the ocean." They spread at a speed of 700-800 km/h. Guess which extraterrestrial object causes the tides to rise and fall? The highest tides in our country are at Penzhinskaya Bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Ebbs and flows. Long gentle waves, without foamy crests, occurring in calm weather. Wind waves.

"Seismic waves" - Complete destruction. Felt by almost everyone; many sleepers wake up. Geographical distribution of earthquakes. Registration of earthquakes. On the surface of alluvium, subsidence basins are formed and filled with water. The water level in wells changes. On earth's surface waves are visible. There is no generally accepted explanation for such phenomena yet.

“Waves in a medium” - The same applies to a gaseous medium. The process of propagation of vibrations in a medium is called a wave. Consequently, the medium must have inert and elastic properties. Waves on the surface of a liquid have both transverse and longitudinal components. Consequently, transverse waves cannot exist in liquid or gaseous media.

“Sound waves” - The process of propagation of sound waves. Timbre is a subjective characteristic of perception, generally reflecting the characteristics of sound. Sound characteristics. Tone. Piano. Volume. Loudness - the level of energy in sound - is measured in decibels. sound wave. As a rule, additional tones (overtones) are superimposed on the main tone.

“Mechanical waves, grade 9” - 3. By nature, waves are: A. Mechanical or electromagnetic. Plane wave. Explain the situation: There are not enough words to describe everything, The whole city is distorted. In calm weather, we are nowhere to be found, and when the wind blows, we run on the water. Nature. What "moves" in the wave? Wave parameters. B. Flat or spherical. The source oscillates along the OY axis perpendicular to OX.

Low frequency vibrations

Wavelength (m)

10 13 - 10 5

Frequency (Hz)

3 · 10 -3 - 3 · 10 5

Source

Rheostatic alternator, dynamo,

Hertz vibrator,

Generators in electrical networks (50 Hz)

Machine generators of high (industrial) frequency (200 Hz)

Telephone networks (5000Hz)

Sound generators (microphones, loudspeakers)

Receiver

Electrical devices and motors

History of discovery

Oliver Lodge (1893), Nikola Tesla (1983)

Application

Cinema, radio broadcasting (microphones, loudspeakers)

Radio waves

Wavelength(m)

10 5 - 10 -3

Frequency(Hz)

3 · 10 5 - 3 · 10 11

Source

Oscillatory circuit

Macroscopic vibrators

Stars, galaxies, metagalaxies

Receiver

Sparks in the gap of the receiving vibrator (Hertz vibrator)

Glow of a gas discharge tube, coherer

History of discovery

B. Feddersen (1862), G. Hertz (1887), A.S. Popov, A.N. Lebedev

Application

Extra long- Radio navigation, radiotelegraph communication, transmission of weather reports

Long– Radiotelegraph and radiotelephone communications, radio broadcasting, radio navigation

Average- Radiotelegraphy and radiotelephone communications, radio broadcasting, radio navigation

Short- amateur radio communications

VHF- space radio communications

DMV- television, radar, radio relay communications, cellular telephone communications

SMV- radar, radio relay communications, celestial navigation, satellite television

MMV- radar

Infrared radiation

Wavelength(m)

2 · 10 -3 - 7,6∙10 -7

Frequency (Hz)

3∙10 11 - 3,85∙10 14

Source

Any heated body: candle, stove, radiator, electric incandescent lamp

A person emits electromagnetic waves with a length of 9 · 10 -6 m

Receiver

Thermoelements, bolometers, photocells, photoresistors, photographic films

History of discovery

W. Herschel (1800), G. Rubens and E. Nichols (1896),

Application

In forensic science, photographing earthly objects in fog and darkness, binoculars and sights for shooting in the dark, heating the tissues of a living organism (in medicine), drying wood and painted car bodies, alarm systems for protecting premises, infrared telescope,

Visible radiation

Wavelength(m)

6,7∙10 -7 - 3,8 ∙10 -7

Frequency(Hz)

4∙10 14 - 8 ∙10 14

Source

Sun, incandescent lamp, fire

Receiver

Eye, photographic plate, photocells, thermocouples

History of discovery

M. Melloni

Application

Vision

Biological life

Ultraviolet radiation

Wavelength(m)

3,8 ∙10 -7 - 3∙10 -9

Frequency(Hz)

8 ∙ 10 14 - 3 · 10 16

Source

Contains sunlight

Gas discharge lamps with quartz tube

Radiated by everyone solids, whose temperature is more than 1000 ° C, luminous (except mercury)

Receiver

Photocells,

Photomultipliers,

Luminescent substances

History of discovery

Johann Ritter, Layman

Application

Industrial electronics and automation,

Fluorescent lamps,

Textile production

Air sterilization

Medicine, cosmetology

X-ray radiation

Wavelength(m)

10 -12 - 10 -8

Frequency(Hz)

3∙10 16 - 3 · 10 20

Source

Electron X-ray tube (voltage at the anode - up to 100 kV, cathode - filament, radiation - high-energy quanta)

Solar corona

Receiver

Film,

The glow of some crystals

History of discovery

V. Roentgen, R. Milliken

Application

Diagnostics and treatment of diseases (in medicine), Flaw detection (control of internal structures, welds)

Gamma radiation

Wavelength(m)

3,8 · 10 -7 - 3∙10 -9

Frequency(Hz)

8∙10 14 - 10 17

Energy(EV)

9,03 10 3 – 1, 24 10 16 Ev

Source

Radioactive atomic nuclei, nuclear reactions, processes of converting matter into radiation

Receiver

counters

History of discovery

Paul Villard (1900)

Application

Flaw detection

Process control

Research of nuclear processes

Therapy and diagnostics in medicine

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS

physical nature

all radiation is the same

all radiations spread

in a vacuum at the same speed,

equal to the speed of light

all radiations are detected

general wave properties

polarization

reflection

refraction

diffraction

interference

CONCLUSION:

The entire scale of electromagnetic waves is evidence that all radiation has both quantum and wave properties. Quantum and wave properties in this case do not exclude, but complement each other. Wave properties appear more clearly at low frequencies and less clearly at high frequencies. And vice versa, quantum properties appear more clearly at high frequencies and less clearly at low frequencies. The shorter the wavelength, the brighter the quantum properties appear, and the longer the wavelength, the brighter the wave properties appear.

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Presentation on the topic: Electromagnetic vibrations

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get acquainted with the history of the discovery of electromagnetic oscillations get acquainted with the history of the discovery of electromagnetic oscillations get acquainted with the development of views on the nature of light gain a deeper understanding of the theory of oscillations find out how electromagnetic oscillations are used in practice learn to explain electromagnetic phenomena in nature generalize knowledge about electromagnetic oscillations and waves of various origins

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“Current is what creates a magnetic field” “Current is what creates a magnetic field” Maxwell first introduced the concept of field as a carrier of electromagnetic energy, which is discovered experimentally. Physicists discovered the bottomless depth of the fundamental idea of ​​Maxwell's theory.

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For the first time, electromagnetic waves were obtained by G. Hertz in his classical experiments performed in 1888 - 1889. To excite electromagnetic waves, Hertz used a spark generator (Ruhmkorff coil). For the first time, electromagnetic waves were obtained by G. Hertz in his classical experiments performed in 1888 - 1889. To excite electromagnetic waves, Hertz used a spark generator (Ruhmkorff coil).

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On March 24, 1896, at a meeting of the Physics Department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, A.S. Popov demonstrated the transmission of the world's first radiogram. On March 24, 1896, at a meeting of the Physics Department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, A.S. Popov demonstrated the transmission of the world's first radiogram. This is what I wrote about it later historical event Professor O.D. Khvolson: “I was present at this meeting and clearly remember all the details. The departure station was at Chemical Institute University, reception station in the auditorium of the old physics office. Distance approximately 250m. The transmission took place in such a way that the letters were transmitted in the Morse alphabet and, moreover, the signs were clearly audible. The first message was "Heinrich Hertz."

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To transmit sound, for example, human speech, you need to change the parameters of the emitted wave, or, as they say, modulate it. Continuous electromagnetic oscillations are characterized by phase, frequency and amplitude. Therefore, to transmit these signals it is necessary to change one of these parameters. The most common is amplitude modulation, which is used by radio stations for the long, medium and short wave bands. Frequency modulation is used in transmitters operating on ultrashort waves. To transmit sound, for example, human speech, you need to change the parameters of the emitted wave, or, as they say, modulate it. Continuous electromagnetic oscillations are characterized by phase, frequency and amplitude. Therefore, to transmit these signals it is necessary to change one of these parameters. The most common is amplitude modulation, which is used by radio stations for the long, medium and short wave bands. Frequency modulation is used in transmitters operating on ultrashort waves.

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To reproduce the transmitted audio signal in the receiver, modulated high-frequency oscillations must be demodulated (detected). For this, nonlinear rectifying devices are used: semiconductor rectifiers or electron tubes (in the simplest case, diodes). To reproduce the transmitted audio signal in the receiver, modulated high-frequency oscillations must be demodulated (detected). For this, nonlinear rectifying devices are used: semiconductor rectifiers or electron tubes (in the simplest case, diodes).

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Natural sources of infrared radiation are: the Sun, Earth, stars, planets. Natural sources of infrared radiation are: the Sun, Earth, stars, planets. Artificial sources of infrared radiation are any body whose temperature is higher than environment: a fire, a burning candle, a running internal combustion engine, a rocket, a light bulb on.

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many substances are transparent to infrared radiation many substances are transparent to infrared radiation when passing through the Earth’s atmosphere, they are strongly absorbed by water vapor; the reflectivity of many metals for infrared radiation is much greater than for light waves: aluminum, copper, silver reflect up to 98% of infrared radiation

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In industry, infrared radiation is used to dry painted surfaces and heat materials. Created for this purpose large number a variety of heaters, including special electric lamps. In industry, infrared radiation is used to dry painted surfaces and heat materials. For this purpose, a large number of different heaters have been created, including special electric lamps.

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The most amazing and wonderful mixture The most amazing and wonderful mixture of colors is white. I. Newton And it all began, it would seem, with a purely scientific study of the refraction of light at the boundary of a glass plate and air, far from practice, a purely scientific study... Newton’s experiments not only laid the foundation for large areas of modern optics. They led Newton himself and his followers to a sad conclusion: in complex devices with a large number of lenses and prisms, white light necessarily turns into its beautiful colored components, and any optical invention will be accompanied by a mottled border, distorting the idea of ​​the object in question.

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Natural sources of ultraviolet radiation are the Sun, stars, and nebulae. Natural sources of ultraviolet radiation are the Sun, stars, and nebulae. Artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation are solids heated to temperatures of 3000 K and higher, and high-temperature plasma.

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Conventional photographic materials are used to detect and record ultraviolet radiation. To measure radiation power, bolometers with sensors sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, thermoelements, and photodiodes are used. Conventional photographic materials are used to detect and record ultraviolet radiation. To measure radiation power, bolometers with sensors sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, thermoelements, and photodiodes are used.

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Widely used in forensic science, art history, medicine, in production facilities of the food and pharmaceutical industries, poultry farms, and chemical plants. Widely used in forensic science, art history, medicine, in production facilities of the food and pharmaceutical industries, poultry farms, and chemical plants.

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It was discovered by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. When studying the accelerated motion of charged particles in a discharge tube. The source of X-ray radiation is a change in the state of the electrons of the inner shells of atoms or molecules, as well as accelerated free electrons. The penetrating power of this radiation was so great that Roentgen could examine the skeleton of his hand on the screen. X-ray radiation is used: in medicine, in forensics, in industry, in scientific research. It was discovered by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. When studying the accelerated motion of charged particles in a discharge tube. The source of X-ray radiation is a change in the state of the electrons of the inner shells of atoms or molecules, as well as accelerated free electrons. The penetrating power of this radiation was so great that Roentgen could examine the skeleton of his hand on the screen. X-ray radiation is used: in medicine, in forensics, in industry, in scientific research.

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The shortest wavelength magnetic radiation, occupying the entire frequency range greater than 3 * 1020 Hz, which corresponds to wavelengths less than 10-12 m. It was discovered by the French scientist Paul Villard in 1900. It has even greater penetrating power than X-rays. It passes through a meter-thick layer of concrete and a layer of lead several centimeters thick. Gamma radiation occurs when a nuclear weapon explodes due to the radioactive decay of nuclei. The shortest wavelength magnetic radiation, occupying the entire frequency range greater than 3 * 1020 Hz, which corresponds to wavelengths less than 10-12 m. It was discovered by the French scientist Paul Villard in 1900. It has even greater penetrating power than X-rays. It passes through a meter-thick layer of concrete and a layer of lead several centimeters thick. Gamma radiation occurs when a nuclear weapon explodes due to the radioactive decay of nuclei.

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studying the history of the discovery of waves of different ranges allows us to convincingly show the dialectical nature of the development of views, ideas and hypotheses, the limitations of certain laws and at the same time the unlimited approach of human knowledge to the ever more intimate secrets of nature; studying the history of the discovery of waves of different ranges allows us to convincingly show the dialectical nature of the development of views , ideas and hypotheses, the limitations of certain laws and at the same time the unlimited approach of human knowledge to the ever more intimate secrets of nature, Hertz’s discovery of electromagnetic waves, which have the same properties as light, was decisive for the assertion that light is an electromagnetic wave analysis of information about the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves allows us to create a more complete picture of the structure of objects in the Universe

Slide no. 27

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Kasyanov V.A. Physics 11th grade: Textbook. for general education Institutions. – 4th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2004. – 416 p. Kasyanov V.A. Physics 11th grade: Textbook. for general education Institutions. – 4th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2004. – 416 p. Koltun M.M. World of Physics: Scientific and artistic literature/Design by B. Chuprygin. – M.: Det. Lit., 1984. – 271 p. Myakishev G.Ya. Physics: Textbook. for 11th grade general education institutions. – 7th ed. – M.: Education, 2000. – 254 p. Myakishev G.Ya., Bukhovtsev B.B. Physics: Textbook. for 10th grade general education institutions. – M.: Education, 1983. – 319 p. Orekhov V.P. Oscillations and waves in a physics course high school. Manual for teachers. M., “Enlightenment”, 1977. – 176 p. I explore the world: Det. Encycl.: Physics/Under general. Ed. O.G. Hinn. – M.: TKO “AST”, 1995. – 480 p. www. 5ballov.ru

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“Around us, in ourselves, everywhere and everywhere, forever changing, coinciding and colliding, there are radiations of different wavelengths... The face of the Earth is changed by them, sculpted to a large extent by them.”
V.I.Vernadsky

Lesson learning objectives:

1. Understand the following elements of incomplete student experience in a separate lesson: low-frequency radiation, radio waves, infrared radiation, visible radiation, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, gamma rays; their application in human life.
2. Systematize and generalize knowledge about electromagnetic waves.

Developmental goals of the lesson:

1. continue the formation of a scientific worldview based on knowledge about electromagnetic waves.
2. show comprehensive solution problems based on knowledge of physics and computer science.
3. to promote the development of analytical-synthetic and imaginative thinking, for which to encourage students to comprehend and find cause-and-effect relationships.
4. form and develop key competencies: informational, organizational, self-organizational, communication.
5. When working in pairs and in a group, develop such important qualities and skills of the student as:
   desire to participate in joint activities, confidence in success, feeling of positive emotions from joint activities;
   the ability to present yourself and your work;
   the ability to build business relationships in joint activities in the lesson (accept the goal of joint activity and accompanying instructions for it, share responsibilities, agree on ways to achieve the result of the proposed goal);
   analyze and evaluate the interaction experience gained.

Educational objectives of the lesson:

1. develop taste, focusing on the original presentation design with animation effects.
2. to cultivate a culture of perception of theoretical material using a computer to gain knowledge about the history of discovery, properties and applications of electromagnetic waves
3. nurturing a sense of pride for one’s homeland, for domestic scientists who worked in the field of electromagnetic waves and applied them in human life.

Equipment:

Laptop, projector, electronic library“Enlightenment” disc 1 (grades 10-11), materials from the Internet.

Lesson plan:

1. Opening remarks teachers.

2. Studying new material.

1. Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation: history of discovery, sources and receivers, properties and applications.
2. Radio waves: history of discovery, sources and receivers, properties and applications.
3. Infrared electromagnetic radiation: history of discovery, sources and receivers, properties and applications.
4. Visible electromagnetic radiation: history of discovery, sources and receivers, properties and applications.
5. Ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation: history of discovery, sources and receivers, properties and applications.
6. X-ray radiation: history of discovery, sources and receivers, properties and applications.
7. Gamma radiation: history of discovery, sources and receivers, properties and applications.

Each group prepared a table at home:

Historian studied and wrote down in his table the history of the discovery of radiation,

Constructor studied sources and receivers of various types of radiation,

Theorist-erudite studied the characteristic properties of electromagnetic waves,

Practitioner studied practical application electromagnetic radiation in various fields human activity.

Each student drew 7 tables for the lesson, one of which he filled out at home.

Teacher: The EM radiation scale has two sections:

• Section 1 – radiation from vibrators;
• Section 2 – radiation of molecules, atoms, nuclei.

Section 1 is divided into 2 parts (ranges): low-frequency radiation and radio waves.

Section 2 contains 5 ranges: infrared radiation, visible radiation, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays and gamma rays.

We begin the study with low-frequency electromagnetic waves, the coordinator of group 1 is given the floor.

Coordinator 1:

Low frequency electromagnetic radiation is electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 107 - 105 m

,

Discovery history:

For the first time I paid attention to low-frequency

electromagnetic waves Soviet physicist Vologdin V.P., creator of modern high-frequency electrical engineering. He discovered that when high-frequency induction generators operated, electromagnetic waves with a length of 500 meters to 30 km arose.

Vologdin V.P.

Sources and sinks

Low-frequency electrical oscillations are created by generators in electrical networks with a frequency of 50 Hz, magnetic generators with a high frequency of up to 200 Hz, and also in telephone networks with a frequency of 5000 Hz.

Electromagnetic waves over 10 km are called low frequency waves. Using an oscillating circuit, you can produce electromagnetic waves (radio waves). This proves that there is no sharp boundary between LF and RF. LF waves are generated by electrical machines and oscillatory circuits.

Properties

Reflection, refraction, absorption, interference, diffraction, transverseness (waves with a certain direction of vibrations E and B are called polarized),

Fast decay;

Eddy currents are induced in a substance that penetrates LF waves, causing deep heating of this substance.

Application

The low-frequency electromagnetic field induces eddy currents, causing deep heating - this is inductothermy. LF is used in power plants, engines, and medicine.

Teacher: Explain low frequency electromagnetic radiation.

The students talk.

Teacher: The next range is radio waves, the floor is given to the coordinator 2 .

Coordinator 2:

Radio waves

Radio waves- these are electromagnetic waves with a wavelength from several km to several mm and a frequency from 105 -1012 Hz.

History of discovery

James Maxwell first spoke about radio waves in his work in 1868. He proposed an equation that describes light and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism.

In 1896, Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed

Maxwell's theory, having received radio waves several tens of centimeters long in his laboratory.

In 1895, on May 7, A.S. Popov reported to the Russian Physico-Chemical Society about the invention of a device that could capture and record electrical discharges.

On March 24, 1896, using these waves, he transmitted the world's first two-word radiogram, “Heinrich Hertz,” over a distance of 250 m.

In 1924 A.A. Glagoleva-Arkadyeva, using the mass emitter she created, obtained even shorter EM waves entering the region of infrared radiation.

M.A. Levitskaya, professor of Voronezh State University I used metal balls and small wires glued to the glass as radiating vibrators. She obtained EM waves with a wavelength of 30 µm.

M.V. Shuleikin developed a mathematical analysis of radio communication processes.

B.A. Vvedensky developed the theory of radio waves bending around the earth.

O.V. Losev discovered the property of a crystal detector to generate continuous oscillations.

Sources and receivers

RF are emitted by vibrators (antennas connected to tube or semiconductor generators. Depending on the purpose, generators and vibrators may have different designs, but the antenna always converts the EM waves supplied to it.

In nature, there are natural sources of radioactive waves in all frequency ranges. These are stars, the Sun, galaxies, metagalaxies.

RFs are also generated during some processes occurring in earth's atmosphere, for example during a lightning strike.

Radio waves are also received by antennas, which convert the EM waves incident on them into electromagnetic oscillations, which then affect the receiver (TV, radio, computer, etc.)

Properties of radio waves:

Reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, polarization, absorption, short waves are well reflected from the ionosphere, ultrashort waves penetrate the ionosphere.

Impact on human health

As doctors note, the most sensitive systems of the human body to electromagnetic radiation are: nervous, immune, endocrine and reproductive.

Research on the effects of radio emission from mobile phones on people gives the first disappointing results.

Back in the early 90s, the American scientist Clark noticed that health improves.... radio waves!

There is even a direction in medicine - magnetic therapy, and some scientists, for example, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.A. Ivanchenko uses his medical devices based on this principle for medicinal purposes.

It seems incredible, but frequencies have been found that are destructive for hundreds of microorganisms and protozoa, and at certain frequencies the body is being restored; just turn on the device for a few minutes and, depending on a certain frequency, the organs marked as sick restore their functions and return to the normal range.

Protection from negative influences

Personal protective equipment based on textile materials can play an important role.
Many foreign companies have created fabrics that can effectively protect the human body from most types of electromagnetic radiation

Application of radio waves

Telescope– the giant allows radio measurements.

Complex "Spektr-M" allows you to analyze any samples in any region of the spectrum: solid, liquid, gaseous.

Unique microendoscope increases the accuracy of diagnosis.

Radio telescope submillimeter wave detects radiation from a part of the Universe that is covered by a layer of cosmic dust.

Compact camera. Advantage: ability to erase pictures.

Radio engineering methods and devices are used in automation, computer technology, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, etc.

Microwave radiation is used to quickly cook food in Microwave ovens.

Voronezh– city of radio electronics. Tape recorders and televisions, radios and radio stations, telephone and telegraph, radio and television.

Teacher: Tell us about radio waves. Compare the properties of low-frequency radiation with the properties of radio waves.

Students tell: Short waves are well reflected from the ionosphere. Ultrashort waves penetrate the ionosphere.

Purpose of the lesson: ensure during the lesson a repetition of the basic laws and properties of electromagnetic waves;

Educational: Systematize the material on the topic, correct knowledge, and deepen it somewhat;

Developmental: Development oral speech students, creative skills of students, logic, memory; cognitive abilities;

Educational: To develop students’ interest in studying physics. cultivate accuracy and skills in rational use of one’s time;

Lesson type: lesson of repetition and correction of knowledge;

Equipment: computer, projector, presentation “Scale of electromagnetic radiation”, disk “Physics. Library of visual aids."

Lesson progress:

1. Explanation of new material.

1. We know that the length of electromagnetic waves can be very different: from values ​​​​of the order of 1013 m (low-frequency vibrations) to 10 -10 m (g-rays). Light makes up a tiny part of the broad spectrum of electromagnetic waves. However, it was during the study of this small part of the spectrum that other radiations with unusual properties were discovered.
2. It is customary to highlight low frequency radiation, radio radiation, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays andg-radiation. With all these radiations, except g-radiation, you are already familiar. The shortest wavelength g-radiation is emitted by atomic nuclei.
3. There is no fundamental difference between individual radiations. They are all electromagnetic waves generated by charged particles. Electromagnetic waves are ultimately detected by their effect on charged particles . In a vacuum, radiation of any wavelength travels at a speed of 300,000 km/s. The boundaries between individual regions of the radiation scale are very arbitrary.
4. Radiation of different wavelengths differ from each other in the way they are receiving(antenna radiation, thermal radiation, radiation during braking of fast electrons, etc.) and registration methods.
5. All of the listed types of electromagnetic radiation are also generated space objects and are successfully explored using rockets, artificial satellites Earth and spaceships. This primarily applies to X-ray and g- radiation strongly absorbed by the atmosphere.
6. As the wavelength decreases quantitative differences in wavelengths lead to significant qualitative differences.
7. Radiations of different wavelengths differ very much from each other in their absorption by matter. Short-wave radiation (X-rays and especially g-rays) are weakly absorbed. Substances that are opaque to optical wavelengths are transparent to these radiations. The reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves also depends on the wavelength. But the main difference between long-wave and short-wave radiation is that short-wave radiation reveals the properties of particles.

Let's summarize our knowledge about waves and write everything down in the form of tables.

1. Low frequency vibrations

	Low frequency vibrations
Wavelength(m)	10 13 - 10 5
Frequency(Hz)	3 10 -3 - 3 10 3
Energy(EV)	1 – 1.24 ·10 -10
Source	Rheostatic alternator, dynamo, Hertz vibrator, Generators in electrical networks (50 Hz) Machine generators of high (industrial) frequency (200 Hz) Telephone networks (5000Hz) Sound generators (microphones, loudspeakers)
Receiver	Electrical devices and motors
History of discovery	Lodge (1893), Tesla (1983)
Application	Cinema, radio broadcasting (microphones, loudspeakers)

2. Radio waves

	Radio waves
Wavelength(m)	10 5 - 10 -3
Frequency(Hz)	3 ·10 3 - 3 ·10 11
Energy(EV)	1.24 10-10 - 1.24 10 -2
Source	Oscillatory circuit Macroscopic vibrators
Receiver	Sparks in the receiving vibrator gap Glow of a gas discharge tube, coherer
History of discovery	Feddersen (1862), Hertz (1887), Popov, Lebedev, Rigi
Application	Extra long- Radio navigation, radiotelegraph communication, transmission of weather reports Long– Radiotelegraph and radiotelephone communications, radio broadcasting, radio navigation Average- Radiotelegraphy and radiotelephone communications, radio broadcasting, radio navigation Short- amateur radio communications VHF- space radio communications DMV- television, radar, radio relay communications, cellular telephone communications SMV- radar, radio relay communications, celestial navigation, satellite television MMV- radar

	Infrared radiation
Wavelength(m)	2 10 -3 - 7.6 10 -7
Frequency(Hz)	3 ·10 11 - 3 ·10 14
Energy(EV)	1.24 10 -2 – 1.65
Source	Any heated body: candle, stove, radiator, electric incandescent lamp A person emits electromagnetic waves with a length of 9 10 -6 m
Receiver	Thermoelements, bolometers, photocells, photoresistors, photographic films
History of discovery	Rubens and Nichols (1896),
Application	In forensic science, photographing earthly objects in fog and darkness, binoculars and sights for shooting in the dark, heating the tissues of a living organism (in medicine), drying wood and painted car bodies, alarm systems for protecting premises, infrared telescope,

4. Visible radiation

5. Ultraviolet radiation

	Ultraviolet radiation
Wavelength(m)	3.8 10 -7 - 3 ·10 -9
Frequency(Hz)	8 ·10 14 - 10 17
Energy(EV)	3.3 – 247.5 EV
Source	Contains sunlight Gas discharge lamps with quartz tube Emitted by all solids with a temperature greater than 1000 ° C, luminous (except mercury)
Receiver	Photocells, Photomultipliers, Luminescent substances
History of discovery	Johann Ritter, Layman
Application	Industrial electronics and automation, Fluorescent lamps, Textile production Air sterilization

6. X-ray radiation

	X-ray radiation
Wavelength(m)	10 -9 - 3 10 -12
Frequency(Hz)	3 ·10 17 - 3 ·10 20
Energy(EV)	247.5 – 1.24 105 EV
Source	Electron X-ray tube (voltage at the anode - up to 100 kV, pressure in the cylinder - 10 -3 - 10 -5 n/m 2, cathode - hot filament. Anode material W, Mo, Cu, Bi, Co, Tl, etc. Η = 1-3%, radiation – high energy quanta) Solar corona
Receiver	Film, The glow of some crystals
History of discovery	V. Roentgen, Milliken
Application	Diagnostics and treatment of diseases (in medicine), Flaw detection (control of internal structures, welds)

7. Gamma radiation

Conclusion
The entire scale of electromagnetic waves is evidence that all radiation has both quantum and wave properties. Quantum and wave properties in this case do not exclude, but complement each other. Wave properties appear more clearly at low frequencies and less clearly at high frequencies. Conversely, quantum properties appear more clearly at high frequencies and less clearly at low frequencies. The shorter the wavelength, the brighter the quantum properties appear, and the longer the wavelength, the brighter the wave properties appear. All this serves as confirmation of the law of dialectics (the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones).

Literature:

1. "Physics-11" Myakishev
2. Disc “Physics Lessons from Cyril and Methodius. 11th grade "())) "Cyril and Methodius, 2006)
3. Disc “Physics. Library of visual aids. Grades 7-11"((1C: "Bustard" and "Formosa" 2004)
4. Internet resources