The presence of orthoepic variants is due to several reasons. Differences in pronunciation characterize the so-called senior and junior pronunciation norms. The senior norm is typical for people of the older generation, for stage and oratorical speech; junior - for people of the younger and middle generation, for colloquial literary speech. It is not surprising that the new pronunciation is gradually replacing the old one; for a certain period, two pronunciation norms coexist in the language. For example, according to the older norm it is pronounced [s’l at ]yoza, according to the youngest - [sl. ’]yozy. On Moscow metro trains, announcers pronounce words differently doors in the phrase “Caution, the doors are closing”: [d’v "]yori and [dv ’]yori.

In accordance with the older norm, a soft consonant [p’] is pronounced before subsequent velar and labial ones: four[ r']g, first. In the first half of the 20th century. the consonantal combination |kk] was pronounced as [hk], and the combination [yy] - like [yy]: [x] to whom,[y] city. Now this pronunciation is outdated, it is preserved only in the words lekh’k]y, my[h’k’]y(and cognates).

Different spelling options are characteristic of different pronunciation styles - full and colloquial. A complete style presupposes consistent adherence to phonetic laws, clear articulation of sounds, and calm speech patterns. Conversational style is used in conditions of unprepared speech and casual communication. This style is characterized by the presence of certain phonetic features, such as a qualitative reduction of the unstressed [y]: listen, stupid, complete vowel reduction: specially, t(e)atr, vi(o)loncell, complete reduction of consonants: sko(l)ko, ko(g)da, like, complete reduction of word fragments: rightly, from (the) one day, in (generally) and many others.

Orthoepic variants can characterize professional speech: cf. production And loot, compass And compass.

By studying pronunciation options, orthoepy evaluates what place each of them occupies in literary pronunciation. In the event that the options are not recognized as equal, spelling recommendations may have the following character: “recommended”, “acceptable”, “acceptable, obsolete”, “special”, “not recommended”, “incorrect”.

• See: Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1954; Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. M„ 1985.
• See: Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. M., 1967; His own. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. M., 1979. Wed. additional: Modern Russian language / ed. V. A. Beloshaikova. M., 1989.
• For another selection of pronunciation styles, see: Kasatkin L.L. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. M., 2006. P. 181.

Introduction

1. Orthoepy as a science
2. Development of Russian orthoepy
3. Variation of stress (accentological aspect)
4. Accentological options

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the development and formation modern trends Russian language and linguistics. Modern technologies allow us to study this topic using new approaches.

Historical development orthoepy, as one of the areas of linguistics, allows you to look for an answer to long-existing expressions (their correctness and incorrectness of pronunciation).

The invasion of Rus' by enemies was the cause of drastic changes in the pronunciation and spelling of words and phrases. Much during the historical period of development was erased by time and irrelevant; Russian reforms made it possible to more actualize the Russian language and unify its composition.

The modern Russian language, which has a long historical basis, should reflect both words from European languages ​​and a historical basis.

The purpose of this work is to trace the development of orthoepy and accentology; and also determine what problems these disciplines study.

1. Orthoepy as a science

Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of mandatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language is also subject to spelling and punctuation standards(i.e., spelling rules), and oral - pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.

The word orthoepia is of Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both a set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is the study of the norms of oral speech: the rules of pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, the patterns of stress placement.

Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level modern man. “The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener’s attention from the content of the statement, thereby complicating the exchange of information... The role of correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences, on radio and television has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people "

It is especially important to spread the correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples of Russia and one of international languages modernity.

This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, and regular radio and television broadcasts. However, the central figure in the dissemination of spelling skills was and remains the school teacher. Therefore, a student at a pedagogical university himself must master the norms of orthoepy, clearly imagine in which direction the language norm is developing in the field of stress and pronunciation, and be able to distinguish variants of the norm from non-normative, incorrect pronunciation.

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

Russian literary pronunciation developed gradually, mainly on the basis of Moscow pronunciation norms. In the XIV century. Moscow became the center of the Russian state, therefore the pronunciation and many other norms of the emerging Russian literary language were formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The Moscow orthoepic norm was finally formed by end of the 19th century V. This was the pronunciation of the native Moscow intelligentsia.

By the second half of the 19th century. Petersburg pronunciation also formed. If Moscow pronunciation was based on characteristic features living folk language and was supported by theatrical tradition (the greatest authority in the field of Moscow pronunciation was the Maly Theater), then St. Petersburg pronunciation was characterized by the preservation of writing features in oral speech, bookishness, and “literalism.” In addition, the St. Petersburg pronunciation was affected by some features of the Northern Great Russian dialects, including the so-called ekanye. Petersburg pronunciation was not recognized by the theater and did not become a literary norm, but some of its features subsequently had a noticeable impact on the development of Russian literary pronunciation.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the influence on oral literary speech of the pronunciation skills of such large cultural centers as Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod. Therefore, there were pronunciation variations, local differences in pronunciation, which prevented the unification of spelling norms.

After October, a change in the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia caused a temporary weakening of the culture of oral literary speech. However, as the masses of speakers mastered the literary language, as their general culture increased, they gradually acquired the pronunciation norms of the literary language. Currently, orthoepic norms have become more uniform, more unified than in the pre-October era. The number of pronunciation variants has decreased. All kinds of pronunciation “idioms” have disappeared or are gradually disappearing, that is, special pronunciation of individual words or their forms that do not correspond to the general orthoepic norms of the language. The most significant differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) pronunciation have been erased. This happened due to the loss of many specific features of pre-revolutionary Moscow pronunciation.

The result was a convergence of Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. When people nowadays talk about the “Moscow norm,” they mean the old, pre-October Moscow pronunciation. It was preserved in Moscow in the speech of the older generation of Muscovites back in the 20s and 30s. XX century, but in post-war period has undergone extensive processing. Now even Moscow theater actors and radio and television announcers are noticeably moving away from specifically Moscow norms.

Some minor differences in the pronunciation of Muscovites and Leningraders still remain, but they are not regular and do not determine the nature of the pronunciation as a whole: in Moscow hiccups are more pronounced, in Leningrad ekanye is sometimes still found, cf.: [р'ие]ка and [р 'e]ka, [p'i e]middle and [p'e]middle; in Moscow, assimilative softening of consonants is more often observed: [z"d"e]s, [s"n"a]t; stronger is the reduction of vowels of non-upper rise: [gъл ^ ва], [gorъt].

In the speech of the inhabitants of the Volga region and the North, a rounded pronunciation may still be preserved.

However, these deviations from the literary norm are irregular and generally do not affect modern orthoepy.

Thus, the main pattern of development of pre-modern Russian orthoepy is the elimination local peculiarities pronunciation, establishment of uniform orthoepic standards for all speakers of the Russian literary language.

The unification of literary pronunciation occurs largely under the influence of writing: pronunciation in many cases becomes closer to writing. This is due to the strengthening public role writing under the conditions of universal literacy achieved in the Soviet Union. We learn many linguistic facts not from the oral speech of others, but from books and newspapers. The loss of specific features of the old Moscow pronunciation is primarily due to the influence of the graphic appearance of the word. This is the pronunciation of [l] after hissing (w) and [z] in the first pre-stressed syllable (heat, naughty, steps); the pronunciation of soft back-lingual ones before [i] in adjectives and verbs (quiet, flexible, strict; tap, scare away, wave) ; distinction in pronunciation of 3rd person endings plural verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations (they will say, take out, lay, cackle, but hear, walk, praise, love); pronunciation of a solid long [zh:] in the roots of words (reins, yeast, squeal); pronunciation of soft [s"] in the postfix -sya (-s) (decided, took a bath, bathed).

3. Variation of holding

(accentological aspect)

The diversity and mobility of the Russian accent create significant difficulties in its assimilation. However, these features of the Russian accent make it possible to use it to distinguish between different words (homographs) that have the same spelling: sharpness (blades) and sharpness (witty expression), ushko (a term of endearment for the word ear) and ushko (hole), atlas (geographical) and atlas ( silk fabric), sharply (sharpen) and sharply (witty), baldly (cut) and baldly (keep the checkers bald), wrinkle (forehead) and wrinkle (about clothes): the dress wrinkles in the "shoulders; chaos (in mythology) and chaos (disorder), pickaxe (Protestant church) and pickaxe (tool); fells (a lumberjack fells a pine tree) and knocks down (people are falling down the street, smoke is pouring out, snow); flour (suffering) and flour (grains ground into powder); cowards ( afraid) and cowardly (runs, jogs), submerged (on the platform) and submerged (in the water), etc.

Using the place of stress, grammatical forms of words that coincide in spelling (homoforms) are also distinguished: blood test (R. p.) - in the blood (P. p.); will not shake hands (R. p.) - clean hands (I. p. plural); trim (perfective) - trim (imperfect); load ( indicative) - load ( imperative mood); coat is not enough ( short form adjective) — slept little (adverb); around (TV. p. of the noun circle) - around (adverb or preposition) - silently (adverb) - silently (gerund); stand freely (adverb, circumstance) - he was free to leave (category of state, predicate); it’s tricky to say (adverb, circumstance) - it’s tricky to figure it out (category of state, part of the predicate to figure it out).

Being an important distinctive means, Russian variegated and mobile stress eliminates the monotony of speech and promotes its rhythmic organization. In particular, thanks to the different places of stress, Russian poetic speech is distinguished by its exceptional richness of rhythms and the variety of musical construction of verse.

4. Accentological options

Accentological variations within the literary norm are an inevitable consequence of the evolution of language. As a rule, they do not differ either in semantics or in grammatical meanings. For example: thinking - thinking, barge - barge, born - born, flooded - flooded, true - true, to the hut - to the hut, to the bridge - to the bridge, etc. Such equivalent (in meaning, but not use) accentological doublets in the modern Russian language there are a lot - more than 5,000 commonly used words." The variability of stress ensures a less abrupt and painful transition from the old literary norm to the new. For example, the emphasis "cemetery" was generally accepted in the literary language of the 19th century, the new variant "cemetery" gradually began to come into use in the end of the 19th century. The old version is still used in poetry. In the 18th - 19th centuries, the accent turner was the norm. Fluctuations (turner and turner) began at the end of the 19th century and continued until the 30s of the 20th century. Now everyone is talking turner, but you can also find a cooper and a cooper.

The reasons for the change in stress are various. Sometimes dialect stress competes with the literary one (cf. lit. keta and Far Eastern keta). The stress in some little-known, exotic words fluctuates (pima - pima, unty - unty).

Stress variations are common in many borrowed words, which is due to the influence of different source languages, and in some cases, intermediary languages. So, in the 30s. The variants revolver and revolver (later - only revolver) were normative, since this word was traced back to different source languages ​​- French and English. Borrowed in the 18th century. from German language the word alcohol was pronounced alcohol, but subsequently under the influence French alcohol began to be pronounced. Under the influence of the Polish language, which was an intermediary in borrowing, the emphasis in the words document, department, heretic, climate fluctuated (now only document, heretic, climate).

Some accentological variants originate or persist in a professional environment: agony (among doctors), atom, atomic (among physicists), spark (among drivers), complex numbers (among mathematicians), report (among sailors), chassis (among pilots), mania (at doctors). In the speech of miners, the obsolete "in modern literary language" accent "prey", in the speech of sailors - compass, has been preserved. Many outdated accents are preserved in poetry. From professional speech, the stresses wind, text, cutter, boy have come into the literary language. Now in the speech of teachers, the stress has become widespread teenage, although it is not recognized by spelling dictionaries.

At the same time, church pronunciation (price, endures, protects), seminarian (teacher, library, plural, catastrophe), class variants (noble principle or principle and heterogeneous, including seminarian, principle or principle) have long been forgotten.

The accentological features of borrowed words are often ignored if the borrowing is carried out using an intermediary language. So, through Latin in the 16th-18th centuries. such dissimilar names as England, France, Nor-ge were borrowed, which in Russian received the same type of structural and accentological design: England, France, Norway. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. through the French language, many words were borrowed from various Western European languages, which in Russian received an emphasis on the last syllable, characteristic of the French language, including the English Liverpool, Milton; Hamlet, Shakespeare, Newton, etc.

Words borrowed through the Turkic medium usually have stress on the last syllable, even if this stress does not correspond to the original one: Mohammed, Ahmet (cf. Arabic Ahmad, Muhammad).

For the Russian language, the stress on the last two syllables is most typical, therefore, most often the stress of the source language remains unchanged in words of French, Polish and Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Germanic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages, in which the stress on the first syllable predominates, are perceived as borrowed longer, and in the process of mastering the Russian language they often experience fluctuations in stress. In some borrowed words, fluctuations in stress last for centuries, as they are supported by dictionary tradition and poetic speech.

In the 20th century the number of fluctuations in stress in borrowed words compared to the 19th century. decreased, which indicates their mastery of the Russian language.

Currently, new fluctuations arise in previously borrowed words, caused by the desire to bring the stress of a foreign word closer to the stress in the source language (cf.: Hamlet -> - Hamlet, Los Angeles - Los Angeles, Peru-Peru, Newton-Newton, Bacon-Bacon, etc.).

“Newly borrowed words, as a rule, follow the stress of the source language, because in most cases the time for vibrations to arise in them has not yet come. This must be preceded by a certain period, during which the words must “take root” in the language, become known to the majority of native speakers and “find” an analogue among the words included in the vocabulary system.”

The influence of territorial and social dialects, interlingual contacts, etc. are extra-linguistic factors of change and fluctuation in stress. However, more important are the reasons of an intralingual nature: the influence of analogy, the tendency towards dissimilarity of grammatical forms and an increase in the distinctive role of word stress.

Under the influence of analogy, the stress in the short forms of passive participles is leveled out: feminine forms are increasingly pronounced with an emphasis on the base, like all other forms, and not on the ending, as they were pronounced before: sold, taken, inclined (instead of the only previously acceptable sold, taken , inclined).

The emphasis in derived stems is increasingly moving away from the emphasis in producing ones: whirlwind - whirlwind (in dictionaries it is also indicated to whirlwind), luxury - luxurious, tiger - tiger, brake - brake (old accents luxurious, tiger, brake), think - thinker, rid - deliverer, console - comforter (in the XVIII - early XIX c.: thinker, deliverer, comforter). The emphasis has been shifted to the suffix -enie in the words calculation, straightening, appointment, melting (in 18th century dictionaries: calculation, straightening, purpose, melting). The original emphasis of the words intention, provision, concentration is retained, although violations of the literary norm are common: provision, concentration, intention. The emphasis in the words thinking, discovery, vulgarization, simplification fluctuates within the literary norm ( linguistic term) and simplification.

A very important pattern of stress changes has been established: Russian accent in polysyllabic words it gravitates towards the center of the word, and the most common words do not have more than three unstressed syllables in a row.

Outdated accentological options are fixed in stable phrases, in phraseological units: run your hand over your forehead (either on the forehead or on the forehead), hang it on the wall (climb the wall), the lip is not a fool (but the lower lip), the onset of morning (from morning to morning), twelve languages ​​(twelve languages), about versts (two versts), worried about the destinies of his sons (what destinies!), cooks porridge (the head is boiling), to the horses (command: on the horses!), bought a goose (as if from a goose water), did not know the need (no need).

At the same time, assigning accentological variants to different meanings of polysemantic words often turns out to be unstable. Increasingly, the distinction between options such as rolling a barrel and rolling on a bicycle, knocking down and snowing, breaking through the door and striking the hour, etc. is being lost, and the more productive option (rolling, knocking, punching) is expanding the scope of use.

Conclusion

The concept of orthoepy and accentology in the modern Russian language has begun to worry literary scholars and linguists.

The correctness and incorrectness of the pronunciation of certain words can be characterized by knowing the history of the Russian language, the system of influence of other linguistic schemes on the Russian language.

Accentological aspects of the development and formation of the Russian language allow us to study the dialectical side of word forms.

The use of modern methods of linguistics allows us to form modern knowledge about the development of the Russian language. Scientific manuals devoted to this topic allow us to explore this topic in a modern context.

The historiography of the Russian language traces the centuries-old history of the formation of the Russian language, pronunciations and spellings of the symbol-sound scheme. The role of historical periods characterizing the modifications of the Russian language is traced.

The Mongol-Tatar invasions, Swedish influence, as well as the type of settlement, local dialects and colloquial forms played a huge role in the development and formation of orthoepy.

List of used literature

1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. - 5th ed. - M-, 1972.
2. Bulakhovsky L. A. Russian literary language of the first half of the 19th century century - M., 1994.
3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1998.
4. Kolesov V.V. Development of word stress in modern Russian pronunciation.— In the book: Development of the Russian language after the Great October Socialist Revolution. L., 1997.
5. Obnorsky S.P. Selected works on the Russian language. - M., 1990
6. Panov M.V. On pronunciation styles.— In the collection: Development of the modern Russian language. M., 1993.
7. Panov M.V. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. - M., 1999.
8. Development of phonetics of the modern Russian language. - M., 2001.
9. Russian literary pronunciation and stress: Dictionary-reference book. /Ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegova. - M., 1990.
10. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. / Comp. F.L Ageenko and M.V. Zarva; edited by D. E. Rosenthal. - 4th ed. - M, 2001.
11. Superanskaya A.V. Stress in borrowed words in modern Russian language.—M., 1968.
12. Superanskaya A.V. Emphasis in proper names in modern Russian. - M., 1966.
13. Tekuchee A.V. Teaching the Russian language in dialect conditions.—M., 1994.
14. Ushakov D.N. Moscow pronunciation.—Russian. speech, 1968, No. 2.
15. Shcherba L.V. On the norms of exemplary Russian pronunciation.— In the book: Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1997.

Introduction

1. Orthoepy as a science

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

3. Variation of stress (accentological aspect)

4. Accentological options

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the development and formation of modern trends in the Russian language and linguistics. Modern technologies make it possible to study this topic using new approaches.

The historical development of orthoepy, as one of the areas of linguistics, allows us to look for an answer to long-existing expressions (their correctness and incorrectness of pronunciation).

The invasion of Rus' by enemies was the cause of drastic changes in the pronunciation and spelling of words and phrases. Much during the historical period of development was erased by time and irrelevant; Russian reforms made it possible to more actualize the Russian language and unify its composition.

The modern Russian language, which has a long historical basis, should reflect both words from European languages ​​and a historical basis.

The purpose of this work is to trace the development of orthoepy and accentology; and also determine what problems these disciplines study.

1. Orthoepy as a science

Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of mandatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language is also subject to spelling and punctuation norms (i.e., spelling rules), and the oral form is subject to pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.

The word orthoepia is of Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both a set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is the study of the norms of oral speech: the rules of pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, the patterns of stress placement.

Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level of a modern person. “The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener’s attention from the content of the statement, thereby complicating the exchange of information... The role of correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences, on radio and television has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people "

It is especially important to disseminate correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples of Russia and one of the international languages ​​of our time.

This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, and regular radio and television broadcasts. However, the central figure in the dissemination of spelling skills was and remains the school teacher. Therefore, a student at a pedagogical university himself must master the norms of orthoepy, clearly imagine in which direction the language norm is developing in the field of stress and pronunciation, and be able to distinguish variants of the norm from non-normative, incorrect pronunciation.

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

Russian literary pronunciation developed gradually, mainly on the basis of Moscow pronunciation norms. In the XIV century. Moscow became the center of the Russian state, therefore the pronunciation and many other norms of the emerging Russian literary language were formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The Moscow orthoepic norm was finally formed by the end of the 19th century. This was the pronunciation of the native Moscow intelligentsia.

By the second half of the 19th century. Petersburg pronunciation also formed. If Moscow pronunciation was based on the characteristic features of a living folk language and supported by theatrical tradition (the Maly Theater was the greatest authority in the field of Moscow pronunciation), then St. Petersburg pronunciation was characterized by the preservation of writing features in oral speech, bookishness, and “literalism.” In addition, the St. Petersburg pronunciation was affected by some features of the Northern Great Russian dialects, including the so-called ekanye. Petersburg pronunciation was not recognized by the theater and did not become a literary norm, but some of its features subsequently had a noticeable impact on the development of Russian literary pronunciation.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the influence of the pronunciation skills of such large cultural centers as Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod on oral literary speech was also noticeable. Therefore, there were pronunciation variations, local differences in pronunciation, which prevented the unification of spelling norms.

After October, a change in the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia caused a temporary weakening of the culture of oral literary speech. However, as the masses of speakers mastered the literary language, as their general culture increased, they gradually acquired the pronunciation norms of the literary language. Currently, orthoepic norms have become more uniform, more unified than in the pre-October era. The number of pronunciation variants has decreased. All kinds of pronunciation “idioms” have disappeared or are gradually disappearing, that is, special pronunciation of individual words or their forms that do not correspond to the general orthoepic norms of the language. The most significant differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) pronunciation have been erased. This happened due to the loss of many specific features of pre-revolutionary Moscow pronunciation.

The result was a convergence of Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. When people nowadays talk about the “Moscow norm,” they mean the old, pre-October Moscow pronunciation. It was preserved in Moscow in the speech of the older generation of Muscovites back in the 20s and 30s. XX century, but in the post-war period it underwent intensive processing. Now even Moscow theater actors and radio and television announcers are noticeably moving away from specifically Moscow norms.

Some minor differences in the pronunciation of Muscovites and Leningraders still remain, but they are not regular and do not determine the nature of the pronunciation as a whole: in Moscow hiccups are more pronounced, in Leningrad ekanye is sometimes still found, cf.: [р'ие]ка and [р 'e]ka, [p'i e]middle and [p'e]middle; in Moscow, assimilative softening of consonants is more often observed: [z"d"e]s, [s"n"a]t; stronger is the reduction of vowels of non-upper rise: [gъл ^ ва], [gorъt].

In the speech of the inhabitants of the Volga region and the North, a rounded pronunciation may still be preserved.

However, these deviations from the literary norm are irregular and generally do not affect modern orthoepy.

Thus, the main pattern of development of pre-modern Russian orthoepics is the elimination of local pronunciation features, the establishment of uniform orthoepic norms for all speakers of the Russian literary language.

The unification of literary pronunciation occurs largely under the influence of writing: pronunciation in many cases becomes closer to writing. This is due to the strengthening of the social role of written speech in the conditions of universal literacy achieved in the Soviet Union. We learn many linguistic facts not from the oral speech of others, but from books and newspapers. The loss of specific features of the old Moscow pronunciation is primarily due to the influence of the graphic appearance of the word. This is the pronunciation of [l] after hissing (w) and [z] in the first pre-stressed syllable (heat, naughty, steps); the pronunciation of soft back-lingual ones before [i] in adjectives and verbs (quiet, flexible, strict; tap, scare away, wave) ; distinction in the pronunciation of the endings of the 3rd person of the plural of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations (they will say, take out, lay, cackle, but hear, walk, praise, love); pronunciation of a solid long [zh:] in the roots of words ( reins, yeast, squeal); pronunciation of soft [s"] in the postfix -sya (-s) (decided, took, bathed).

3. Variation of holding

(accentological aspect)

The diversity and mobility of the Russian accent create significant difficulties in its assimilation. However, these features of the Russian accent make it possible to use it to distinguish between different words (homographs) that have the same spelling: sharpness (blades) and sharpness (witty expression), ushko (a term of endearment for the word ear) and ushko (hole), atlas (geographical) and atlas ( silk fabric), sharply (sharpen) and sharply (witty), baldly (cut) and baldly (keep the checkers bald), wrinkle (forehead) and wrinkle (about clothes): the dress wrinkles in the "shoulders; chaos (in mythology) and chaos (disorder), pickaxe (Protestant church) and pickaxe (tool); fells (a lumberjack fells a pine tree) and knocks down (people are falling down the street, smoke is pouring out, snow); flour (suffering) and flour (grains ground into powder); cowards ( afraid) and cowardly (runs, jogs), submerged (on the platform) and submerged (in the water), etc.

Using the place of stress, grammatical forms of words that coincide in spelling (homoforms) are also distinguished: blood test (R. p.) - in the blood (P. p.); will not shake hands (R. p.) - clean hands (I. p. plural); trim (perfective) - trim (imperfect); load (indicative mood) - load (imperative mood); coat is small (short form of adjective) - slept little (adverb); around (TV of the noun circle) - around (adverb or preposition) - silently (adverb) - silently (gerund); stand freely (adverb, circumstance) - he was free to leave (state category, predicate); it’s tricky to say (adverb, circumstance) - it’s tricky to figure it out (category of state, part of the predicate to figure it out).

Being an important distinctive means, Russian variegated and mobile stress eliminates the monotony of speech and promotes its rhythmic organization. In particular, thanks to the different places of stress, Russian poetic speech is distinguished by its exceptional richness of rhythms and the variety of musical construction of verse.

Orthoepy(from ancient Greek oρθоς - “correct” and Greek oπος - “speech”) - a science (section of phonetics) that deals with pronunciation standards, their justification and establishment. Orthoepy is one of the manifestations of the unification of the literary language in terms of pronunciation.

It is customary to distinguish between different spelling norms: “senior” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.

The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation of bulo[sh]aya, myag[ky], [z`v`]er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo[chn]aya, soft[k`y], [zv`]vr.

Literary pronunciation is characterized by a certain unity, a norm, in principle mandatory for all speakers of a given language.

Orthoepic norm

Orthoepic norms are historically established and socially accepted rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for a literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.

The specific rules of orthoepy are numerous, but they can be summarized in a small number of groups:

• a) in the area of ​​vowel pronunciation;
• b) norms of pronunciation of consonants and their combinations;
• c) pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms;
• d) features of the pronunciation of borrowed words.

In the area of ​​vowel pronunciation:

When formulating basic norms in the field of vowels and consonants, the neutral style of speech is taken as the basis.
I. Vowel sounds are stressed.

1. In place of the letters a and i, the vowel [a] is pronounced under stress: clearing - po[l’a’]na, shovel - lo[pa’]ta. In this case, it is necessary to highlight the verb to harness (re-harness, unharness, harness). In exemplary speech it is pronounced: ban - zap[re]ch, and in the past tense: ban - zap[ro]g.
2. The vowel [e] sounds stressed in place of the letters e and e: era - [e]ra, woman - [zhe]woman.
3. Under the stress in place of the letters o and e, the vowel [o] is pronounced: rev - [po]v; thief - in[o]r.?
4. Live colloquial speech Often there are substitutions of the percussive [e] with the sound [o], which is unacceptable. These types of errors are common in the following words: athlete, scam, bluff, being (but living-being), splash, black ice (but ice), grenade r, two-three-five-day (but day), zev, foreigner (and foreigner, but multi-tribal), fishing line, guardianship (and ward), settled (and sedentary), overexposure, successor, crypt, surveillance, contemporary (and modern, modernity), ridge, masterpiece; ploughshare, pronominal, perplexed (and perplexed), open, transverse, isosceles, confused, barley; avoid (past tense of the verb to avoid), dream (but dreams), se to (past tense of the verb sech; the same in the past tense of the verbs father, cut, cut, truncate, you flog).
5. Difficulties arise when choosing stressed [e], [o] in complex words. In general, complex words are pronounced with one stress, usually located towards the end of the word. Therefore, the first word included in the compound loses its independent stress, the articulation of the stressed vowel in it is weakened, and the quality of the vowel changes - instead of [o], a reduced one sounds. For example: all-encompassing (cf.: a person of comprehensive knowledge - a person who embraces everything with his gaze); leguminous (cf.: grains - beans); if this word is polysyllabic and has a side stress, then [o] is retained as part of a compound word: blackcurrant (jam), although in a more in short words the first part is black- pronounced with a reduced [e]: chernozem, prunes v. [o] is also preserved as part of the numerals three-, four-, included in complex words: three-stage, four-story.
6. In some words, the stressed [o] is replaced by [e]: hopeless, faded, mockery, mercenary, nonsense, sturgeon, belt, lattice, smart, snare, etc.
7. It is necessary to pay attention to some participial forms, distinguished by a stressed vowel and having different meanings: expired (year) - expired (in blood), catechumen (screams like a catechumen) - catechumen (order).
8. The vowel [ы] sounds after [zh, sh, ts] in place of the letter i: [zhy]vnost, [shy]shka, [tsy]fra.

II.Vowel sounds without stress.

1. As mentioned earlier, the Russian literary pronunciation is based on the acacia Moscow dialect. Even M.V. Lomonosov considered akanya one of the attractive features of live pronunciation and said: “Pronouncing the letter o without stress, like a, is much more pleasant.”
   According to the norms of modern literary pronunciation, the sound [a] is pronounced in place of the letters A And O in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants: dew’ - [ra]sa, ballet - b[a]le t. Unlike [a] stressed, this sound is shorter, less articulated in duration.
2. In other unstressed syllables [a] and [o] are reduced, that is, they are pronounced with less clarity than under stress, and with less fullness of voice. In these cases, in place of a and o, an unclear sound is heard, intermediate between [s] and [a]. It is denoted by the sign [ъ]: la’pa - la [пъ], head [gаlа]va, joy - [joy dа]st.
3. At the beginning, unstressed words [a] and [o] are pronounced as [a]: alphabet t - [a] alphabet t; ope-ka - [a]pe ka. Although in the flow of speech, when there are practically no pauses before words starting with [a] and [o], instead of these vowels the reduced sound [ъ] appears: in areas - [in-ъ] areas; in watermelons - [v-ъ]rbu zah.
4. In pre-stressed syllables, in place of the combinations aa, ao, oa, oo, a long vowel [a] is pronounced: sharpen, behind the pharmacy, about the intermission, on the window, in general - [a].
5. In the first pre-stressed syllable after the hard hissing [zh] and [sh], the vowel [a] is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. like [a]: heat - [heat]ra; naughty - [sha]lu n. There are cases (before a soft consonant) when in the first pre-stressed syllable after [zh, sh, ts] instead of [a], it is recommended to pronounce a sound intermediate between [s] and [e] (indicated [ые]). For example: to regret - [zhye]let, unfortunately - to so[zhye]le'niy, forms of indirect cases of the word horse - lo[shye]dey, as well as forms of indirect cases of numerals with the element -dtsat - dvad[tsye]ti, trid[tse]ti, etc. In other unstressed syllables after hissing and [ts] the reduced [b] is pronounced instead of [a]: jalousie - [zh']lyuzi, roof - kry [sh'], Tsaregradsky - [ts']regradsky.
6. In the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letter a after the soft hissing [ch] and [sch], a sound close to [i] ([ie]) is pronounced: hours - [ch'ie]sy, sorrel - [sch'ie]ve l . The pronunciation in these cases is distinct [and] outdated; the pronunciation [sh'a]ve l, [ch'a]sy is dialectal and is unacceptable in a literary language. In other cases, in unstressed syllables, in place of a, a reduced sound is pronounced, reminiscent of a short [i] (indicated by [b]): watchmaker - [ch'ь]sovshchi k, sorrel - [sh'j]vele n.
7. In place of the letter e after [zh, sh, c] in the first pre-stressed syllable, a sound is pronounced, intermediate between [s] and [e] ([ые]): wife - [zhye]na, whisper - [shye]ptat, price - [tsye]na. It must be remembered that in these cases you cannot pronounce [s]: [zhy]na, [shy]pt, [tsy]na. In other unstressed syllables, in place of e, a reduced sound ([ъ]) is pronounced: tin - [zhj]styanoy, woolen - [shj]rstyany, higher - you [shъ], entirely - [tsj]liko m.
8. In the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants, the letters e and i are replaced by [ie]: bucket - [v'ie]dro, five - [p'ie]ti. In this case, the distinct pronunciation [and] will be considered dialectal.
   In the remaining pre-stressed syllables and in post-stressed syllables, a reduced sound [b] is pronounced: piglet - [p'ь]tacho k. But in unstressed endings in the place I the sound [b] is pronounced: seas - mo [р'ъ], burden - bre [m'b], songs - pe s[n'm'i], foxes - li [s'b]. Particular attention should be paid to the pronunciation of the prefix pere- in the case when the second e of the prefix appears in the second pre-stressed syllable. Then the second vowel of the prefix, as a result of a strong reduction, is sometimes wrongfully lost, as a result of which a colloquial word appears during pronunciation: change - change, transplant - transfer. In its place should sound reduced ([ь]): [пьрьь]change, [пьрьь]sat.
9. The difference between the pronunciation of vowels [и, у, ы] in unstressed syllables and the pronunciation in stressed syllables is insignificant. These vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced somewhat more weakened, but do not change qualitatively: fox - [l’i]sa, kyzyl - [ky]zy l, chipmunk - [buru]ndu k.
   If in the flow of speech a letter merges with the preceding word into a hard consonant, then vowel [s] is pronounced: life in exile - life in [s]isgniya.
   If in a complex word the first part ends with a hard consonant, and the second begins with [and], it also sounds [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute. And after [zh, sh, c] in place and in all positions it is pronounced [s]: giraffe - [zhy]raf, car - ma[shy]na, acacia - aka[tsy]ya. If in the words life, execution a vowel [and] appears between two consonants (zhi[z’i]n), then the words acquire the character of vernacular.

Pronunciation standards for consonants and their combinations:

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are deafening and assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[P] -bread, sa[T] - garden, any[f'] - Love. This deafening is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It must be taken into account that the consonant [ G ] at the end of a word always turns into a paired dull sound [ To ]: le[To] - lay down. The exception is the word God - bo[X].

Live pronunciation in his past and current state is reflected in poetic speech, in verses where one or another rhyme speaks about the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds. So, for example, in the poems of A.S. Pushkin about the deafening of voiced consonants is evidenced by the presence of such rhymes as treasure - Brother, once - hour.

In position before vowels, sonorant consonants and [ V ] sound [ G ] is pronounced as a plosive consonant. In some words, a fricative back-lingual consonant is pronounced before the vowel [ γ ]. It is required only in words accountant [buγa?lt’r], interjections yeah, Wow. Acceptable pronunciation [ γ ] in interjections God, to her-to god. Pronunciation [ γ ] V strong position typical for South Russian dialects. Besides, [ γ ] is characteristic of the Church Slavonic language.

On the spot G before a voiceless consonant is pronounced [ To ]: fly in the ointment, nails, marriage registry, aggravate. But in the roots easy-/light-, soft-/soft- pronounced [ X ] before [ To ]: le[X]some, me[X]kaya, me[X]what And [ X' ] before [ To' ]: le[X']cue, me[X']cue, Also: ease, light; softness, slightly soft and others. In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants (as well as voiceless and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second. If the first of them is voiced and the second is voiceless, the first sound is deafened: lo[w]ka - spoon, about[P]ka - cork. If the first is voiceless and the second is voiced, the first sound is voicing: [ h]doba - baking, [h]ruin - ruin. Before consonants [ l ], [m ], [n ], [R ] that do not have paired deafs, and before [ V ] no comparison occurs. Words are pronounced as they are written: sve[tl]O. Similarity also occurs when consonants are combined. For example, combinations US And zsh pronounced as a long hard consonant [ w ]: neither[w]th - lower.

Previously, in the Russian language there was a rule for most consonants: the consonant that comes before a soft consonant must also be soft ( S'S'). Then there was a tendency to harden the first consonant ( S'S' > SS'). This pattern nowadays covers more and more new groups of consonants. So, [ n’ ] before [ h' ], [w' ] is usually pronounced according to the old norms: Bube?[LF']iki, co[LF']and?on, sme?[n'sh']IR, right?[n'sh']ina. Others (for example, labials before soft velars) are usually pronounced according to the new norms: la?[mk']And, la?[fk']And, shaking[PC']And, that's it[mg']e. In still others (for example, labial and dental before soft labial), both options are equal: [ v'b']it And [ vb']it, [d'v']er And [ dv']er. A new pattern also penetrates into combinations of dental consonants. So, usually dental before soft dental soft: mo?[s’t’]IR,le[s'n']and?to, at[z'd']e?chka, ba?[n't']IR, O[d'n']And?, O[t't']Ian?t, By[d'd']fuck. But according to the “junior” norm in such combinations, incomplete softness and even hardness of the first consonant is acceptable: [ st']ena?, [zd’]e?shny, O[tn’]ima?t, o?gender[zn’]And. Pronunciation of hard [ n ] in this position is often observed in words stick, canned food, consultation and others. Both options are equal to [ l’ ]: [d'l']and? And [ dl’]and?, co?[z'l']IR And co?[evil’]IR. The new pattern appears earlier when pronouncing rare words, combinations at the junction of morphemes, the old one persists longer in the most frequent words, cf.: ra?[z'v']e - ra?[sound']it, [in'm']e?ste - with[vm’]that's right -[in-m']e?ste meeting.

Sound [w'] in a literary language can be pronounced in accordance with the phoneme < w'> and a combination of phonemes < sch'> , < zch’> , and < zhch’> , < shch'> , < stch'> , < zdch’> , <and'> , for example, in words pike, comb, cab, defector, freckled, tougher, furrowed, rain. Along with [ w' ] is pronounced and [ sh'ch' ]. The ratio of these options is not the same in different positions and in different eras.

Pronunciation [ w' ] is gradually spreading due to [ sh'ch' ]. In the 19th - early 20th centuries [ sh'ch' ] inside the morpheme dominated in St. Petersburg. Currently, both in Moscow and St. Petersburg it is almost exclusively pronounced [ w' ] [w']y?ka, [w']astier.

Use [ sh'ch' ] or [ w' ] at the junction of morphemes depends on the rate of speech, the degree of use of the word, and the strength of cohesion of the morphemes. Where, at a normal rate of speech, [ sh'ch' ], at a fast pace - [ w' ]. In rare words it is usually used [ sh'ch' ]. The more often a word or prepositional-nominal combination occurs in speech, the more often [ w' ]; compare: skullless, With Chartism- With [ sh'ch' ], But comb, with what- With [ w' ]. The adhesion force between the root and the suffix is ​​great ( carter,peddler), therefore [ w' ]. At the junction of prefix and root ( countless) the adhesion force is weaker, it is even weaker at the junction of a preposition and a significant word ( from the kettle), so here it is more often pronounced [ sh'ch' ].

Pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms

1. Masculine nominative adjectives singular with an unstressed ending, according to the Old Moscow norm, they are pronounced with [ъi], [ьi]; in Novomoskovskaya - с[ыi], [иi]; the second pronunciation variant appeared due to the influence of spelling (literal pronunciation), but corresponds to the phonetic laws of the language - the lack of qualitative reduction of unstressed vowels of the upper rise. In adjectives with a base on the back consonant [g], [k], [x], according to the Old Moscow norm, [ъi] is pronounced with the hardness of the preceding consonant; in Novomoskovskaya - [иi] with the softness of the preceding consonant. Last names are pronounced in the same way. [krasn'i], [s'i'n''i] - old Moscow norm; [red], [s’i’n’ii] - Novomoskovsk norm, letter pronunciation; [ubo'g'i], [to'n'k'i], [t'i'h'i] - old Moscow norm; [ubo’g’ii], [to’n’k’ii], [t’i’h’ii] - Novomoskovsk norm; [b’iel’i’nsk’i] and [b’iel’i’nsk’i]
2. Adjectives of the masculine and neuter genitive case singular ending in -ogo, -ego are pronounced with the sound [v]. [no'v'v'], [s'i'n''v']
3. In words today, total and derivatives from them the sound is pronounced [in] [s’ievo’dn’j], [itΛvo’]
4. Nominative plural adjectives in -ы, -и. pronounced with [ыьь], [иьь] or [ый], [и]; Both options correspond to the pronunciation norm, but the second is typical for less distinct speech and a fast pace of speech. [red’snyi’], [s’i’n’ii’] and [red’snyi’], [s’i’n’ii]
5. Unstressed endings of the 3rd person plural of verbs of the second conjugation according to the Old Moscow orthoepic norm are pronounced as [ut], [‘ut], according to the Novomoskovsk norm - [ът], [ьт] in accordance with the norms of pronunciation of unstressed vowels, determined by qualitative reduction. The same pronunciation characterizes the active participles of the present tense of verbs of the second conjugation in -ashchy, -yashchy. The old pronunciation became dialectal or vernacular. [dy'shut], [ho'd'ut] - old Moscow norm; [dy'sh't], [ho'd't] - Novomoskovsk norm; [dy’shush’ii] and [dy’shsh’ii] - old Moscow and new Moscow norms
6. The postfix -sya(-s) according to the Old Moscow norm is pronounced with a hard [s], but in the Novomoskovsk norm - with a soft [s’]. The second orthoepic variant arose under the influence of spelling. Displacement of a variant with a soft [s’] of a variant with a hard [s] is a living process. Some manuals and textbooks contain an outdated recommendation to preferentially pronounce a hard consonant, especially after hard consonants. [bΛjy’c], [n’ch’ielsa’], [s’b’ira’is] - old Moscow norm; [bΛju’c’], [n’ch’iels’a’], [s’b’ira’is’b’] - Novomoskovsk norm
7. In verbs in -ivat, after the back consonants, in accordance with the Old Moscow orthoepic norm, [гъ], [къ], [хъ] are pronounced, which is typical for stage speech; according to the Novomoskovsk orthoepic norm, which arose under the influence of spelling, it is pronounced [g’i], [k’i], [kh’i]. [zΛt’a’g’v’t’], [vyta’sk’v’t’], [witr’a’kh’v’t’] - old Moscow norm, archaism; [zΛt’a’g’iv’t’], [vyta’sk’iv’t’], [witr’a’kh’iv’t’] - Novomoskovsk norm

Peculiarities of pronunciation of borrowed words

1. The pronunciation of borrowed words in most cases obeys the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language, but a certain number of later borrowings, infrequent, socially limited (primarily the term logical vocabulary, socio-political, scientific-technical, etc.), and proper names form a subsystem borrowed words, characterized by pronunciation features.
2. Some borrowed words lack a qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel [o]: boa, dossier, poet, foyer, rococo, cocoa, radio, arpeggio, adagio, solfeggio, etc.; Voltaire, Flaubert, etc. This pronunciation is optional and characterizes a high style of speech. In parallel with this pronunciation, there is another, common for the phonetic vowel system of the modern Russian language, with a qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel corresponding to the stressed [b]. Such pronunciation is associated with a reduced speech style or is stylistically neutral. [boa’], [dos’je’], [ra’d’io], [vo’l’te’r] - high style, letter pronunciation; [bΛа’], [dΛs’je’], [ra’d’iΛ], [vΛl’te’r] - reduced style, stylistically neutral pronunciation
3. In some borrowed words there is no qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel [e]; this is typical for book vocabulary, low-frequency, not fully mastered by the Russian language: excavator, embryo, businessman, andante, asteroid, etc. In the majority of borrowed words, frequency, stylistically neutral, fully mastered by the Russian language, there is a qualitative reduction of [e] in unstressed positions. This pronunciation is gradually established in all borrowed words. [ekskΛva’tar], [b’iznesme’n], [Λda’nte] - high style, letter pronunciation; [yeta’sh], [yekΛno’m’ik], [Λl’turnΛt’i’v], [mudrn’iza’tsyi’] - stylistically neutral pronunciation
4. In some borrowed words, low-frequency, stylistically limited, not fully mastered by the Russian language, there is no positional softening of consonants [d], [t], [z], [s], [m], [n], [r] before vowels front row [e' (ie, b)], the same applies to proper names: antithesis, stand, parterre, interview, delta, model, energy, requiem, mayor, sir, peer, highway, muffler, puree, dash, Baudouin- de Courtenay, Jack, Pasteur, etc. In certain words, double pronunciation is permissible - with a hard and soft consonant: dean, terror, congress, etc. In this case, there is a tendency towards positional softening of the hard consonant before [e (ee, b)]. In most words, there is a positional softening of hard consonants [e (ie, b)], corresponding to the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language: theme, term, museum, pioneer, pool, etc. The pronunciation of hard consonants in these words is erroneous, non-normative, mannered. [Λnt’ite’z], [ste’nt], [me’r], [t’ire’], [bodue’n de-courtene’] and [bΛdue’n d’-kurtyene’]; [deka’n] and [dyeka’n], [tero’r] and [tyero’r]; [d'eka'n] and [d'ieka'n], [t'ero'r] and [t'iero'r]; [t’e’m’], [t’e’rm’in], [muz’e’i] - standard pronunciation; [te’m’], [te’rm’in], [muse’i] - obscene, mannered pronunciation
5. When identical consonants meet at the junction of morphemes, a long consonant is pronounced, and inside the morpheme a short consonant is pronounced: certificate, pool, grammar, illusion, calligraphy, collective, millimeter, territory, etc., less often long - gross, bonna, bath, manna, ghetto, etc. etc. The trend in Russian literary pronunciation is to shorten the length of the consonant. [pΛso’r’it’], [v’e’rkh], [vΛje’nyi]; [Λt'iesta't], [bΛs'e'in], [kal'iekt'i'f]; [bru’t], [va’n], [g’e’t]

Dynamics and variability of the orthoepic norm

Dynamics of spelling norms:

The norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon; they are directed both to the past and to the future of the language. This means that every this moment in these norms there is something that connects today's pronunciation with the pronunciation characteristic of past eras of development of the literary language, and there is something that arises as new in pronunciation under the influence of the living oral practice of native speakers, as a result of the internal laws of development of the language system. Modern Russian literary pronunciation began to take shape back in the 18th century. on the basis of the oral speech of Moscow as the center of the Russian state, on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of northern and southern Russian dialects (in the norms of Moscow vernacular, on the one hand, the northern pronunciation [g] of plosive formation and the southern akanya, non-distinction in unstressed vowel syllables [a] and [o]). By the 19th century Old Moscow pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary model, spread its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other large cultural centers. Modern lit. pronunciation, which in its defining features continues to preserve old Moscow norms, has in a number of ways already moved away from these norms and continues to change.
Learning uniform rules of orthoepy is facilitated when the pronunciation norms of native speakers are uniform.

Variability of the orthoepic norm

The main sources of deviations from literary pronunciation are writing and native dialect. Deviations from literary pronunciation under the influence of writing are explained by the fact that there is not always a correspondence between the letter and sound form of a word. For example, the genitive case of masculine and neuter adjectives has an ending with the letter g in its writing, and the sound (v) is pronounced in this form: large (pronounced bol[ov]); words like, of course, that are written with the letter h, and in pronunciation the sound [w] corresponds to it: of course, into. As a result of the influence of spelling on pronunciation, pronunciation variants arise that are allowed in the literary language. This is how pronunciation variants arose, for example, forms of the nominative case of masculine adjectives with a back-lingual base: krepk\ay\ and strong. The variability of the norm leads to the contrast of styles: high and neutral, full and conversational. In relation to orthoepy, we can talk about mandatory norms for the pronunciation of vowels and consonants and their combinations, called imperative, and about variant, or dispositive, pronunciation norms.

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give reason to talk about three degrees of normativity:

• norm of the 1st degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;
• the 2nd degree norm is neutral, allowing equivalent options;
• the 3rd degree norm is more flexible, allowing the use of colloquial as well as outdated forms.

Norms, including spelling ones, help literary language maintain its integrity and intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural. The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out; it limits the possibilities of use. Linguistic means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be absurd in another (official business communication). The historical change in the norms of literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, changes in social living conditions, the emergence of new traditions, improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to constant rethinking and change in pronunciation norms. The orthoepic norm is one of the most changeable and flexible. Native speakers must react sensitively to its changes and correct their speech in a timely manner so that it is actually good.

Orthoepy from Greek orthos - straight, correct, epos - speech. This is a set of rules of normative literary pronunciation.

Section of linguistics, who studies these rules of Russian orthoepy, establishes norms for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, as well as norms and rules for placing stress (accentology).

Basic norms pronunciations of the Russian literary language developed in the 17th century, but only towards the end of the 19th century did these norms become nationwide. The transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg (early 18th century) is associated with the emergence of St. Petersburg pronunciation in Russian orthoepy.

There are high, neutral and colloquial styles outside the literary norms of the colloquial style:

High- slow and careful pronunciation (theater).

Neutral- this is our everyday speech in compliance with all orthoepic norms at a faster pace of pronunciation.

Colloquial characterized by great emotionality, an even faster pace and less strict adherence to the rules of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy is a set of speech rules that establish uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy studies variants of pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops orthoepic recommendations, rules for the use of these variants.

Allowing multiple options, orthoepy indicates the place each of these options occupies in literary pronunciation. Pronunciation options may belong to different styles.

This is how high style is characterized by ekaning: in [e and ] sleep, vz[e and ]la

pronunciation of unstressed [o] nocturne,

hard consonant before e - prog [e] ss, [de] duction.

Pronounced in a neutral style:

in [and] sleep, in [and] la

n[a]cturne

prog" [e] ss, [d" induction].

In colloquial speech it is observed loss of vowels and consonants: wire - provo [lk] a, some - not [kt] ory, in general - in [a] general, thousand - [tysh], when - [kada].

Orthoepy - This a branch of linguistics that studies the norms of pronunciation of individual sounds, combinations of sounds, as well as the peculiarities of the pronunciation of sounds in any grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development.

Orthoepy of modern The Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, largely preserves old, traditional features.

At the core The traditional orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language lie in the so-called Moscow vernacular, which developed as a result of the interaction of North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects.

For example, from the South Great Russian dialects in the literary language came akanye(non-difference in 1 pre-stressed syllable [a] [o]), and from Northern Great Russian dialects - the pronunciation of the plosive [g].

Steady by the 17th century, as a fairly uniform system, Moscow pronunciation eventually became exemplary for all of Russia.

However Moscow pronunciation was at different times subject to a noticeable influence of pronunciation features characteristic of individual large cultural centers.

This is how it turned out pronunciation features unusual for the Moscow orthoepic norm. The most clearly expressed features of pronunciation were in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Yes, under the influence Petersburg pronunciation, soft back-lingual consonants [g "k "x"] in the forms of adjectives became widespread in the literary language: strict, loud, quiet, instead of the old Moscow norm of pronunciation of hard consonants.

With the development and strengthening Moscow pronunciation of the national Russian language acquired the character and meaning of national pronunciation norms.

Thus developed The old Russian orthoepic system has been preserved in its main features to the present day, but in a number of cases literary norms have been subjected to various reasons changes.

Sources of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation.

1. The main source of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is native dialect speaker.

For example, speakers of southern Russian dialects often violate the literary norm by pronouncing the fricative [?] instead of the plosive [g]. ].

2. The second reason for deviation from literary pronunciation is writing, since we become familiar with the literary language through writing, through reading literature, which leads to pronunciation in accordance with what is written.

For example, as a result of letter-by-letter pronunciation, you can hear [h "] in the words: what, so, boring, of course. But on the other hand, deviations can gain the right to exist and then become the source of the development of variants of norms: I dare [s] and I dare [s "].

3. Deviations from literary pronunciation are also caused by the influence of the phonetic system of another language: Ukrainian li[dm]i.

Orthoepic norms in the area of ​​vowels.

1. Literary pronunciation is dominated by akanye- non-difference or coincidence in 1 pre-stressed syllable of the consonants [o], [a]. We always pronounce [s/sna] [d/bro].

2. hiccup - coincidence of [a, o, e] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants with [and e]: [v "and e / sleep].

3. Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of [o, a] in the 1st pre-stressed syllable after hissing [zh, sh, ts].

According to Old Moscow norms, the sound y should be pronounced here, which is preserved in some words: [zhy e / let], to sozh [y e] leniya, losh [y e] dey, zh [y e]ket, twenty [y e] ti .

In most cases, according to modern standards, it is pronounced: walk, cap, queen...

4. Proclitics and enclitics may not obey the norms of vowel reduction:

those forests [t"e/l" and e/sa]

you and I [you d/a]

Pronunciation of consonants.

1. We look at the topic “Positioning the alternation of consonant sounds.”

2. The sound [g] in Russian is plosive and at the end of words it changes to [k]: [druk] [ispuk]

Exception: [boh] [ ? o/spъ/d "i].

3. All consonants before [e] become soft: [be/lyi] [t "em] [mu/z "ei].

In some foreign words, consonant sounds remain hard: par [te] r, o [te] l.

The hardness and softness of the pronunciation of consonants must be checked using spelling dictionaries.

Pronunciation of consonant combinations.

1. In place of orthoepic combinations [chn] in a number of words it is pronounced [shn]: of course, on purpose, laundry birdhouse, Ilyinichna.

In some words, in addition to the old Moscow pronunciation, a new, letter-by-letter pronunciation is also possible: [chn] - bakery, milk, buckwheat.

But in most cases, particularly in book words and in new formations, it is pronounced [chn]: scientific, milky, flowing, filming.

2. In the word “what” and its derivatives it is pronounced [w]: something, something.

The exception is the word “something”, and in the word “nothing” two pronunciations are possible.

3. Combinations tts, dts at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, pronounced like [ts]:

[/tsy] [bra/ tsy] [two/ ts't "].

4. Combinations ts at the junction of verb endings and the suffix xia are pronounced as [ts]: I dare [ts] a.

Combinations ts, ds (in combinations tsk, dsk, tstv, dstv) at the junction of the root and the suffix are pronounced as [ts] without longitude: bra [ts]ky, city [ts] koy.

5. Combinations tch, dch at the junction of morphemes are pronounced like [h]: pilot [l "o/chik].

6. Combinations сч, зч at the junction of a root and a suffix are pronounced as [ш] or [шч]: scribe, customer.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

1. In some borrowed words, the pronunciation of an unstressed [o] is allowed: adagio, boa, bolero.

2. Previously, in the Russian language there could only be soft consonants before [e] (except sh, zh, ts). Now this pattern is dying out - in many borrowed words only hard consonants are pronounced: antenna, business, delta, cafe.

In some words, double pronunciation is allowed - with hard and soft consonants: gene [e] tika, dean, tent.

3. When identical consonants are combined at the junction of morphemes, a double (long) consonant is usually pronounced: push away, import, push.

Topic No. 17. Graphics.

Plan.

1. The concept of graphics.

2. Alphabets of Russian languages.

3. The syllabic principle of Russian graphics.

4. The relationship between letters and sounds. Letter meanings.