Cases in Korean with examples. A Brief Outline of Korean Grammar

13 Accusative case. Whom? What?; -을, -를

13 Accusative case. Whom? What?; -을, -를

In lesson 9, we looked at only two endings of the nominative case - 은/는 (the end of the topic of discussion) and 이/가 (actually, the ending of the nominative case). 이/가 is used in most cases, but if we want to pay attention to the subject, we use 은/는. For example:

• 커피가 없어요 [kho-phi-ga op-so-yo] - “There is no coffee” (there is simply no coffee, without additional meaning)
• 커피는 없어요 [kho-phi-ga op-so-yo] - “There is no coffee” (there is no coffee, but there is tea or something else)

Now I will talk about how to put a noun in the accusative case. Let me remind you that the accusative case answers the question “Who? What?”, and such a word as part of a sentence is an addition.

Typical verbs that use objects in the accusative case:

• 보다 [bo-da] - look, see
• 싶다 [sip-ta] - to want
• 만들다 [man-deul-da] - create
• 읽다 [il-da] - read

To put a noun in the accusative case, you need to add the ending -을 or -를, and:

• If a word ends in a consonant, use 을
• If a word ends in a vowel, use 를

• 가방 [ka-bang] - (who? what?) bag
• 가방을 [ka-bang-eul] - (who? what?) bag
• 바다 [pa-da] - (who? what?) sea
• 바다를 [pa-da-ryl] - (who? what?) sea
• 나 [na] - (who? what?) I
• 나를 [on-snout] - (who? what?) me

In Russian, we put an object at the end of a word - “I see a house” or “I want a pie” or “I am reading a magazine.” In Korean, the object always comes before the verb, and the verb always comes at the end of the word.

• 내가 바다를 봐요 [ne-ga pa-da-ryl bua-yo] - “I look at the sea”
• 학생이 커피를 싶어요 [hak-seng-i kho-pri-ryul si-po-yo] - “The student wants coffee”
• 나는 케익을 만들어요 [na-neung khe-i-geul man-deo-ro-yo] - “I’m making a pie” (with a connotation of “it’s me, not someone else”)

Interrogative sentences, as before, are formed by adding a question mark.

• 네가 사과를 봐요? [ni-ga sa-gua-ryl bua-yo] - did you look at the apple?
• 가방을 싶어요? [ka-bang-eul si-po-yo] - do you want a bag?
• 선생님이 신문을 읽어요? [son-saeng-ni-mi shin-mu-nyul il-go-yo] - is the teacher reading the newspaper?

With the pronouns 나 (I) and 너 (You), as usual, special case. There are two valid forms for them - the usual 나를 and 너를 and the abbreviated 날, 널. They mean the same thing. Abbreviations are slang, try not to use them.

6. Cases

Cases determine the syntactic functions of words in a Korean sentence.

For example)

철수가 공을 쳤어요. - Chol Soo hit the ball.
공이 철수를 쳤어요. - The ball hit Chul Soo.

Main case

은 / 는
The name, which is the subject of the sentence, is formalized in the main case 은
(when the word ends with a consonant) or는 (when the word ends in a vowel).

For example)

책 book - 책은, 노트
notebook - 노트는

Nominative 이 / 가
The subject most often has the nominative case form in sentences where it is a means of expressing an unknown, new subject of thought and, unlike the subject,
formalized by the main case, cannot be omitted, since ambiguity will immediately arise,
who or what is being talked about, as in sentences like “It is raining.”

Genitive 의
Serves to express the ownership of an object, and also expresses attributive relationships in general, for example: 남동생의 노트 - younger brother's notebook.

Dative 에
Serves to formalize the circumstances of the place, i.e. answers the question “where” with verbs,
denoting inactive actions, for example: 서울에 있다 - be in Seoul; may indicate
on the direction of action with verbs of motion, i.e. answers the question “where”, for example:
학교에 가다 - go to school; may formalize the circumstance of the time the action was performed,
those. answers the question "when", for example: 저녁에 - In the evening; can also denote the addressee of an action, corresponding to the Russian “what” or “whom” (in the case of animate names
nouns have the form에게), for example: 한국에 편지를 보내다 - send a letter to
Korea, 친구에게 편지를 보내다 - send a letter to a friend.

Local case 에서
Serves to formalize adverbs of place with verbs denoting active
action and answers the “where” question, for example: 대학교에서 공부하다 - study at the university; can also indicate the place from which the action comes, corresponding to the Russian “from”, “from”, “with”, for example: 한국에서 왔다 - come from Korea; may indicate the person from whom
the action comes, corresponding to the Russian “from whom” (in this case it takes the form에게서), for example: 부모님에게서 편지를 받다 - receive letters from parents.

Accusative case을 / 를
Forms the action object, or direct object, i.e. answers the “what” question, for example: 신문 을 보다 - read the newspaper. Form을 used when the stem ends in a consonant and를 - when the stem ends in a vowel.

Instrumental case (으 ) 로
Designates an instrument or means of performing an action, i.e. answers the question “how”, “with what”, for example: 볼펜 으로 쓰다 - write with a pen; denotes a place towards which
an action is performed, i.e. answers the question “where”, for example: 학교 로 가다 - go to school;
denotes the reason for which or for the sake of which an action is performed, i.e. the meaning of the case in this case is conveyed by the Russian words “because of”, “due to reason”, for example: 급한 일 로 서울에 가다 - go to Seoul on urgent business; instrumental case form 로 joins nouns with a final vowel or finalㄹ (eg: 노트 로 , 연필 로 ); To
a noun ending in a consonant is joined by the form 으로
(eg: 볼펜 으로 ).

Joint case 와/과
Corresponds to the Russian connecting conjunction "and" and the preposition "s" ("together with"). For example: 여동생과 조카 - younger sister and nephew, 조카와 - (together) with my nephew.
For example) 서울에 가요 . - I'm going to Seoul. 학교에서 공부해요 . - I study at school. 택시로 가요 . - I'm going to
Taxi.

Let's remember Russian language lessons. The number, and even the name, of cases in the Korean language differs significantly from the Russian one. Declension includes 9 simple cases: main (infinitive), nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, local, creative, joint, vocative and many so-called composite(2-3 suffixes) cases. IN spoken language many cases can be shortened or omitted.


Cases 케이스

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Nominative

There are three nominative case suffixes (Who? | What?).

First– identifies the subjects in a sentence.
~이 (~and I agree
~가 (~ka) – if the word ends in vowel

Second– highlights the addition or main topic, it can also appear with the subject. They are used as an expression of contrast, to highlight the topic, the subject of conversation.
~은 (~eun) – comes after consonant
~는 (~now) – comes after vowel and both endings

Third– respectful suffix/ending, especially polite particle of the nominative case.
~께서 (~key-so) – ending expressing respect about the speaker

Examples

학생이 책을 읽습니다 (hak-sen-i haek-eul irk-syp-no-da ) student reading a book
누나가 시장에 간다 (well-na-ka si-zhang-ey kan-ta ) older sister goes to the market
드 분은 가수이에요 (you pun-eun kasu-i-ey-yo ) he is a singer
이 사과는 맛이 아주 좋아요 (and sa-koa-nyn mas-i a-zhu chjoh-a-yo ) these apples are delicious
그 영화만은 봏 수가 없어요 (ky yon-hoa-man-eun poh su-ka ops-o-yo ) I just can't watch this movie
아버지께서 영화를 보십니다 (a-bo-ji-khyo-so yon-hoa-ryl pu-sip-ni-da ) father watching a movie

Genitive

Exists the only ending genitive case(Who? | What?).

It's also called attributive, means that a particle of this case, joining a nominal word, transfers it to the category of attributive words. This particle conveys the meaning of belonging of one object to another.
~의 (~yi) – placed in any case

Examples

할아버지의 옷 (hal-apo-zhi-yi os ) grandpa's clothes(literally: grandfathers (who?) clothes)
동생의 가방 (ton-sen-yi ka-pan ) bro bag(literally: brothers (who?) bag)
선생님의 책 (son-saeng-nim-yi chek ) teacher's book(literally: teachers (whom?) book)
친구의 수첩 (chin-gu-yi soo-hop ) notebook friend(literally: friend (who?) notebook)

Exceptions
나 + 의 – 나의 – 내 my
저 + 의 – 저의 – 제 my
너 + 의 – 너의 – 네 [니 ] your

Accusative case

The accusative case particle is attached to a noun and serves to express a direct object.
~을 (~eul) – if the word ends in I agree
~를 (~snout) – if the word ends in vowel

Examples

나는 숙제를 합니다 (now suk-jae-ryl hap-ni-da ) I do homework

Exercise

Look carefully at the endings of the words listed below and substitute the endings for them.
사과 (sa-koa ) apple
가방 (ka-pan ) bag
편지 (pyon-ji ) letter
동생 (ton-sen ) brother or sister
포도 (pho something ) grape
은행 (eun-hyung ) bank
주스 (ju-si ) juice
연필 (yon-pil ) pencil
지우개 (zhi-u-ke ) eraser
볼편 (Pol Phyon ) ballpen
다람쥐 (ta-ram-zhui ) squirrel
병원 (pyon-won ) hospital

Dative

In Korean, the dative case answers 3 questions at once (To whom? | From whom? | From whom?).

First– an addition that is animate.
~어게 (~o-khyo) - V oral speech
~한테 (~han-tae) – for animate nouns

Examples

아기에게 (a-ki-yo-khyo ) child
동생에게 (ton-sen-yo-khyo ) little sister or brother

Second– an addition that is inanimate.
~에 (~yo) – for inanimate nouns

Examples

나무에 (na-mu-yo ) on the tree
대사관에 (te-sa-koan-yo ) at the embassy
낮에 (nazh-yo ) during the day
옷에 (os-yo ) on clothes

Third- an addition that indicates special respect.
~께 (~khyo) - when expressing respect, deep respect for elders

Examples

할머니께 (hal-mo-ni-khyo ) grandma
아버지께 (a-bo-zhi-khyo ) father
원장님께 (uon-jang-nim-khyo ) Mr. Director

Fourth– an addition that answers the question From whom?
~에게서 / ~한테서 (~ee-ke-so / han-tae-so )

Examples

부모님에게서 (pu-mo-nim-e-ke-so ) from parents
친구에게서 매월 편지를 받습니다 (chin-ku-e-ke-so mae-oul pyeon-ji-ryl pat-sip-ni-da ) I receive letters from a friend every month

P.S. The materials on learning the Korean language posted on the site were written by one of our users who is studying at a Korean school. Since such lessons were created by an unprofessional teacher, they may contain errors (typos in Russian) and discrepancies (in the rules of the Korean language, such as “zh” and “j” or “ua” or “va”). We ask you to treat such materials as an additional tool to test your knowledge. These lessons are mainly published on the site for users who cannot attend Korean language courses in their hometown.

This brief outline of the morphology of the Korean language is intended to introduce one of the most interesting languages Far East.

Noun

Nouns in the Korean language do not have a gender category, but change according to case and number. The plural is formed by adding the ending –tyl (-dyl) to the stem. For example: saram “person” – saramdyl “people”, chip “house” – chiptyl “houses”. The plural, as a rule, is not used if the exact number of objects is named, but it is said that there are several, many or few of them, or their exact number is named, that is, in those cases when it is clear from the context that there are several objects.

The main case in Korean does not have an ending; it coincides with the form indicated in the dictionary. The nominative case (who? what?) has the ending -i after a consonant and -ga after a vowel, for example: saram-i “man”, ke-ga “dog”.

The genitive case (whose?) has the ending -e, while the word in the genitive case precedes the word to which it is a definition. That is, in Korean the word order will not be “student’s book”, but “student’s book”: haksengye chaek (hakseng “student”, chaek “book”).

The accusative case (whom? what?) has the ending -eul after a consonant and -ryl after a vowel, for example: chaek “book” – chaegul “book”; ke “dog” – karyl “dog”.

The dative case of the person (to whom?) has the ending –ege, for example: aboji “father” – abojiege “father”.

The dative case in Korean has the ending –e and several meanings. Firstly, it denotes the time of action, for example: achkhim “morning” – achhime “in the morning”. Secondly, it shows the direction of movement, for example, hakkyo “school” - hakkyo “to school”. Thirdly, it indicates location and is used with the verbs itta “to be, to be” and opta “not to be, not to be”, for example: hakkyo-e itta “to be at school”, chibe opta “not to be at home”.

The locative case has the ending –есо. First of all, it means the place of action and is used with active verbs, for example: irkhada “to work” – hakkyoeso irkhada “to work at school”. Its other meaning is “from, from” (in space), for example: chibeso nagada “to leave the house.”

The locative case of person has the ending -egeso and answers the question “from whom?”, for example: omoni “mother” – omoniegeso “from mother”.

The instrumental case ends in -ro after a vowel and l, and -yro after a consonant. First of all, it means an instrument of action (by whom? with what?), for example: yisa “doctor” – yysaro irkhada “to work as a doctor”; mannyonphil “fountain pen” – mannyonphillo ssyda “to write with a pen”, yolchha “train” – yolchharo kada “to travel by train”. Another meaning of this case is the direction of movement, for example: hakkyoro kada “to go to school.”

The connective case ends in –va after a vowel and –kva/gva after a consonant. It corresponds to the Russian conjunctions “and” and “s” and connects two nouns, for example: chhingu “friend” – chhinguva “with a friend”, nampyeon “husband” – nampyongwa “with husband”.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns. There are two pronouns for “I” in Korean: cho (more formal) and na (less formal). In the nominative case they have the forms chega and nega, respectively.
We are Uri (less formal), Chokhi (more formal)
You – but (in the nominative case niga)
You are nohi
He - ky
She is a kynyo
They are bastards

Possessive pronouns are formed by adding the genitive ending –e. The pronouns choe, nae (my) and noe (your) have abbreviated forms che, ne and ni.

There are three demonstrative pronouns:
And - points to an object located next to the speaker
Ky - indicates an object located next to the interlocutor or mentioned in conversation
Cho - indicates an object that is distant from both speakers.

There are also three pronouns denoting place:

Yogi is here
Kogi is there
Chogi - over there

Pronouns change by case in the same way as nouns.

Numerals

There are two types of numerals in the Korean language: native Korean (from 1 to 99) and borrowed from Chinese (from zero to infinity).

Original Korean numerals

khan – 1
tul – 2
set – 3
no – 4
tasot – 5
esot – 6
ilgop – 7
yodol – 8
achop – 9
yol – 10

Tens names

simul – 20
soryn – 30
makhyn – 40
pig – 50
yesun – 60
irkhyn – 70
yodyn – 80
ahyn – 90

yol tasot – 15; simul tul – 22, ahyn ahop – 99

The numerals han, tul, set, no, simul have the form han, tu, se, ne, simu before the nouns, for example tu saram “two people”, mekchu simu pyong “twenty bottles of beer”.

Chinese numerals

il – 1
and – 2
himself – 3
sa – 4
o – 5
yuk – 6
chil – 7
phal – 8
ku – 9
sip – 10

isip – 20, osip – 50, yuksipsam – 63, chhilsipphal – 78

pack – 100
cheon – 1000
mana – 10,000
penman – 1000 000
cheonman – 10,000,000
ok – 100,000,000

Ordinal pronouns are formed in native Korean numerals using the ending -che, for example, tasotche - fifth, in Chinese numerals - using the prefix che-, for example, chesam - third.

Korean alphabet

The Korean alphabet is called Hangul and contains forty letters. The order of writing letters is from left to right and from top to bottom.

Paired consonants

ㄱ – k/g
ㄷ – t/d
ㅂ – p/b
ㅈ – h/j

These letters are read dull at the beginning and end of a word. In the middle, words are voiced after voiced consonants and in the position between vowels. In other cases, they are also read deafly.

Voiced consonants

ㄴ – n
ㄹ – l/r
ㅁ – m
ㅇ – nasal n (нъ)

The letter ㄹ at the beginning of a word is read as “r”, at the end of the word as “l”. In the middle of a word it is read between vowels as “r”, in other cases - as “l” or, sometimes, as “n”. The letter ㅇ is read approximately like the English ng.

In addition, there is a letter for the voiceless consonant “s” - ㅅ.

Aspirated consonants

ㅋ – kh
ㅌ – th
ㅍ – ph
ㅊ – chh
ㅎ – x

They are read as “k”, “t”, “p”, “ch” with a slight aspiration. ㅎ – light aspiration.

Tense consonants

ㄲ – kk
ㄸ – tt
ㅃ – pp
ㅆ – ss
ㅉ – hh

These are all consonants in Korean. Let's move on to vowels

Simple vowels

All simple vowels are formed from the base vowels ㅣ (и) and ㅡ ы using short horizontal and vertical strokes.

ㅏ – a
ㅑ – I
ㅓ – unrounded o
ㅕ – unrounded e
ㅗ – rounded o
ㅛ – rounded e
ㅜ - y
ㅠ - yu

Complex vowels are made from simple vowels

ㅏ + ㅣ = ㅐ – uh
ㅑ + ㅣ = ㅒ – ye
ㅓ + ㅣ = ㅔ – e
ㅕ + ㅣ = ㅖ – ye
ㅜ + ㅣ = ㅟ – vi
ㅗ + ㅣ = ㅚ – ve
ㅗ + ㅏ = ㅘ – wa
ㅗ + ㅐ = ㅙ – ve
ㅜ + ㅓ = ㅝ – in
ㅜ + ㅔ = ㅞ – ve
ㅡ + ㅣ = ㅢ – th

IN modern language the distinction between ㅐ and ㅔ, as well as between ㅙ, ㅚ and ㅞ, has been lost.

Rules for composing syllables

Letters in the Korean alphabet are arranged into syllabic signs, each of which can have from two to four letters.

1) Consonant + vowel

The consonant is written to the left of the vowel if the long stroke of the vowel is written vertically: 가, 비, 너. If the long stroke of a vowel is written horizontally, then the consonant is written on top: 구, 뉴, 므.

2) Consonant + vowel + consonant

In this case, the final consonant is written under the vowel: 감, 독.

At the end of a syllable there can be two consonants, of which in this case only one is read: 값, 몫, 젊.

If a syllable begins with a vowel, the letter ㅇ is placed before it, which in this case is not readable. For example: 암 (am), 옥 (ok).

Verb

Actually, from the phonetics course you should remember that in the Korean language there are two sounds “o” - rounded and unrounded. This plays a certain role in grammar, which one will become clear later.

A Korean verb in dictionary form can have three endings: -ta, -da and –tha (the latter option is rare). Verbs are divided into two classes: verbs of action (in fact, what we mean by verbs) and verbs of state, which are translated into Russian as “to be something”, for example chotha “to be good”, yeppida “to be beautiful”.
The verb has three stems. The first is formed by simply dropping the ending, for example mokta “is” – mok; kada “to go” – ka. The third stem is formed by replacing the ending –ta/da/tha with the ending –chi/ji, for example: mokta – mokchi, kada – kaji.
The second stem is formed by adding the vowel a or the unrounded o to the root. It depends on the root of the verb. If it contains vowels a or rounded o, then a is added, if there are other vowels, then unrounded o. For example, kamda “to close your eyes” – kama; mitta “to believe” – mido.
Sometimes vowel contraction occurs.
a + a merge into a: kada – ka-a – ka
unrubbed o + unrubbed o merge into one o: soda - so-o - so.
and + o merge into ё: kidarida – kidari-o – kidaryo
y + o merge into vo: miracle – chu-o – chwo
the rounded o + a merge into va: ode – oa – va.

If the verb ends in -neda, then the second stem will coincide with the first, for example: poneda “send” – pone.

There is a very commonly used verb hada "to do". With its help, verbs are formed from nouns, for example konbu “study” - konbu-khada “study”. In the second stem it has the form hayo in written language, but in spoken language the form he is usually used.

Time

The present tense coincides with the dictionary form of the verb. There are no changes in persons for the Korean verb.
The past tense is formed from the second stem of the verb by adding the suffix ss (read at the end of the syllable as t): kada - katta, poneda - ponetta, hada - hatta.
The future tense is formed by adding the syllable kess/gess (read as ket/get): for example, alda - algetta; kada – kaghetta; hada – hagetta. This suffix is ​​used with the first and second persons (I, we, you, you). The future tense can also be expressed through the present, as in Russian (“tomorrow I’m going to the cinema”).

Unions

In Korean, conjunctions can connect two sentences. There are few unions. First of all, this is kyrigo “and, a”, hajiman (less commonly used in colloquial speech kyrochiman and kyrona) “but”, kyronde (in colloquial speech shortened to kynde) “however”, kyromen (in colloquial speech shortened to kyrom) “then”, animyon “or”, manyak (manil) “if”.
Nouns are joined by the already mentioned ending of the connective case; the particle –na after a vowel and –ina after a consonant is used as a conjunction “or” between nouns: chkha-na khophi “tea or coffee”; sinmun-in chapchi "newspaper or magazine".

Politeness styles

A distinctive feature of the Korean language (and its related Japanese) is the presence of politeness styles that are expressed primarily by verb endings. A formal style of politeness used when addressing someone much higher than you. social status or age, as well as in an official setting, is formed by replacing the ending –ta/da/tha with –mnida/symnida. The ending -mnida is added to the verb if its root ends in a vowel, for example kada - kamida, ode - omnida. The ending -symnida is added when the root of the verb ends in a consonant, for example mokta - moxymnida, ipta - ipsymnida.
The informal-polite style is formed from the second stem by adding the ending -yo, for example kada - kayo, ode - vayo, mokta - mogoyo. It is also polite and is recommended for foreigners to use.
The vernacular style (panmal) is expressed by the second stem of the verb, for example kada - ka, mokta - mogo. It corresponds to the Russian "ty" and is used in conversation between close friends.

Participles

Participles in Korean are not at all the same as gerunds in Russian. In Korean, these are special verb forms that essentially serve as a replacement for conjunctions.
The ending -ko/go means either the simultaneity of two actions performed by different subjects, for example: Chega sinmunul ikko, je chinguga imagul tyroyo “I am reading a newspaper, and my friend is listening to music,” or a sequence of two actions performed by the same subject, for example : Kyga osyl ipko nagassoyo “He got dressed and went out.”
The ending -myeonseo/eumyeonseo means the simultaneity of two actions performed by the same subject, for example: Aiga norerul purymyeonso korogayo “The child walks and sings a song.”
The ending –so after the second stem can mean a reason, for example: moriga aphaso an wassoyo “because I had a headache, I didn’t come.” Or means the completion of one action and the beginning of another: Pabyl mogoso chinguege jeonghwareul hessoyo “After breakfast, I called a friend.”
The ending –myeon/ymyon has the meaning “if”, for example: Piga omyon, kykchanye an kagesoyo. “If it rains, I won’t go to the cinema.”
The ending –chiman/jiman means “but”, for example: Kyga ttukttukhajman, toni pujokheyo. “Although he is smart, he doesn’t have enough money.”
The ending -ryogo/yryogo means “to”, for example: che sigane oryogo ilchchik ironassoyo. “To be on time, I got up early.”
The ending –ro/yro also means “to”, but is used with verbs of motion, for example: Hangugoryl peuro Hanguge wassoyo. “I came to Korea to teach Korean».

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In Korean, as in English, nouns do not have a gender category, but change according to number and case. Also, there are no articles in Korean.

The plural is formed very simply by adding the ending rear/rear. For example: chip"house" - chiptul"Houses", se"bird" - Saedeul"birds". However, if you have already indicated that there are several objects, for example, using words yoOrO"several" or mani“a lot”, and also if you indicated the exact number of items, for example tu haksen“two students”, then the ending plural usually omitted, because it is already clear that there is more than one subject.

Now let's move on to cases. Let's say right away that, unlike most European languages ​​(Russian, German or Latin), there are no types of noun declension in Korean. However, some cases still have two variants of the case ending, but determining when which variant should be used is very simple - it depends on whether the word ends in a vowel or a consonant.

Nominative , denoting the subject of the sentence, answers the question “who?” What?". The word in this case receives the ending -And, if it ends in a consonant, for example chip - chibi"house", saram - sarami"man" and the ending -ha- if it ends in a vowel: ke - keg"dog", chhingu - Chhinga"Friend".

Accusative case , denoting the object of the sentence and answering the question “whom?” What?" also has two endings. After a consonant it is placed -eul: saramyl pomnida"I see a man" Chaegul Iksimnida“I’m reading a book.” After the vowel you need to put -snout: Sukcherul Hamnida"I'm doing my homework" Maekchuryl Masimnida“I drink beer.”

The dative case has only one ending, -e. This case has several meanings. Firstly, it indicates time, e.g. that's it"at two o'clock" Chinan hee"last year". Please note that the words onyl"Today", Neil"Tomorrow", Oje“yesterday” is usually used without any endings: Oje Chhingurul Mannassimnida“I met a friend yesterday” neil kykchanyro kagessimnida“I’m going to the theater tomorrow.”
Secondly, the dative case can indicate direction (where?). For example: Hakkyoe Kamida"I'm going to school" Chibe Toravassymnida"returned home." However, it is used quite rarely in this meaning.
The third function of the dative case is to indicate location (where?). There is some difference here from the Russian language. When we speak Russian, we use the same case in sentences like “he is at home listening to music” or “he is at home now.” In Korean, these sentences will use different cases. The dative is used when someone is present or absent somewhere. Accordingly, it is used with verbs itta“to be, to be, to have” and Wholesale“not to be present, to be absent.” For example koyaniga panye Opsymnida"there is no cat in the room" haksendyri kyosire issymnida"The students are in the audience."

As for the place where the action takes place, it is indicated by a special local case, which has the ending -esO and also answers the question “where?”, for example: konjaneso kynmuhamnida"I work in a factory" tehakkyoeesO konbuhamnida“I study at the university.” Another meaning of the locative case “from, from”, for example chibesO nagassimnida"left the house" khangugesO wassymnida"came from Korea."

To the question “to whom?” answers the dative case of a person having an ending -ege. In oral speech its substitute is also used -hanthe. For example: xyOnyege japchiryl chuOssOyo“I gave the magazine to my older brother.” To the question “from whom?” answers local case of person, ending -egesO or colloquially -hunthesO: pumoegeso phionjiryl padassoyo“I received a letter from my parents.”

The instrumental case has two endings: -ro after vowels and -yro after consonants. For example: machhiro mosyl paksimnida“I hammer a nail in” kyohvero kamida"I'm going to church" hangunmallo marhamnida“I speak Korean.” This case indicates the direction of movement and is used in this capacity much more often than the dative. For example: sOullo Kamida“I’m going to Seoul.” The instrumental case also indicates the method of action: damp stones"I'm going by bus (by bus)" khyn soriro vechkhimnida"cries out in a loud voice" Phokkhiro mOksymnida"I eat with a fork" yisaro irhamnida“I work as a doctor.” In addition, it means "through", for example supkhyro corohamnida“I’m walking through the forest (by the forest)”; "because of": pyOn'yro hakkyoe an vassymnida“I didn’t come to school because of illness.”

The genitive case has an ending th, which is pronounced like e. It answers the question “whose”. For example: kharabOjie angyOn"grandfather glasses" Hyonye jajongO"big brother bike". Note that the word with the ending -e is always placed before the word for which it is a definition. If in Russian we say “my friend’s car”, then in Korean the word order will be “my friend’s car” - ne chhingue chadonchkha and nothing else.

In addition, in the Korean language there is a special connective case that replaces the conjunctions “and” and “s” and connects two nouns. It has an ending -va after vowels and -kwa/gwa after consonants. It also has conversational options -hago And -ran after vowels and -yran after vowels. For example: Chhinguva narani anja isOyo“I sit shoulder to shoulder with a friend”; sOnsennimgwa Chomsimil mogososyo“I had lunch with the teacher”; nahago yoja chinguga paro kayo“I’m going to the bar with my friend.” In Korean there is a conjunction "with" - mit, but it is used mainly in book language.

Now let's look at the main particles. In Korean, particles such as "also", "or", etc. are attached to nouns, just like case endings. In this case, particles usually replace the endings of the nominative and accusative cases, but are combined with other case endings.

Particle then/before has the meaning “too”, for example: It is necessary hancharyl peuryOgo hamnida“I’m also going to learn hieroglyphs”; Ky sarami sinmundo ilgOyo“He reads newspapers too.”

Particle man means "only": Ky yojaga tososiresoman sukcherul heyo“She’s only in the reading room doing her homework.”

Particle mada means "every", for example: nalmada sui onyl hamnida"I swim every day" Hamada Ilbonyro Kayo“I go to Japan every year.”

Particle chHOrOm means “as if, like, as”: Chkolsuga sagva chkOrom ppalgejyOssOyo“Cholsu turned red like an apple”; And aiga oryn chkhOrom marhamnida“This child speaks like an adult.)

Particle putho/butho means "from, with". Unlike the case ending -esO used primarily in the temporary meaning “from some time”, for example: MyOs si butho suObyl sijakhamnikka?“What time do you start classes?”; Ahop si butkhO irhamnida“We’ve been working since nine o’clock.”

Particle kkaji means “before”, used both in the temporal and spatial sense of “before some place, time.” For example: tu si kkaji oseyo“come before two o’clock”; sodaemun kkaji capsid"Let's go to the West Gate." This particle can be combined with both -esO, so with putho/butho, For example: Akhop si butkho tu si kkadzhi konbuhamnida“We study from nine to two o’clock.”

The most difficult is the use of particles -yn/now. Usually it formalizes the subject and in this case is close in meaning to the end of the nominative case. However, there is a difference. End -i/ha draws up some new information, whereas -yn/now shows that we are talking about something already known. In this case, the subject with the particle -yn/now can be omitted (since it is already clear from the context), and the subject with the ending -i/ha- No.

Consider the following example:

And Sarami Changmunul remembers“This man is looking out the window.”

And Saraman Changmunul remembers"This man is looking out the window."

The first sentence answers the question: “who is looking out the window?” The second sentence answers the question “what is this person doing?” It can be shortened to Changmunul remember, omitting the subject, since it is already clear who we are talking about.

Particle -yn placed after a consonant, particle -now after a vowel: Saraman, changmuneung, Kaneun, ainin.