EntrancePresentation about the solar system from the physical side. Solar system - presentation
Solar System The solar system is a planetary system that includes the central star - the Sun, and all natural space objects revolving around the Sun. It was formed by gravitational compression of a gas and dust cloud approximately 4.57 billion years ago. Most of the mass of objects in the Solar System comes from the Sun; the rest is contained in eight relatively solitary planets, having almost circular orbits and located within an almost flat disk - the ecliptic plane. . In order of increasing distance from the Sun, the classical planets are arranged as follows: Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Mercury Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun in the Solar System, revolving around the Sun in 88 Earth days. The planet was named by the ancient Romans in honor of the god of trade - the fleet-footed Mercury, because it moves across the sky faster than other planets. Mercury is an inner planet because its orbit lies inside the Earth's orbit. Venus Venus is the second inner planet of the solar system. It is the only one of the eight major planets in the solar system to be named after a female deity. Because Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth, it is never more than 47.8° away from the Sun. The atmospheric pressure on the surface of Venus is 92 times greater than on Earth. Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest among all the planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest in diameter, mass and density among the terrestrial planets. Scientific evidence indicates that the Earth formed from the solar nebula about 4.54 billion years ago. Life appeared on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago, that is, within 1 billion after its origin. Mars Mars is the fourth most distant planet from the Sun and the seventh (penultimate) largest planet in the solar system; The mass of the planet is 10.7% of the mass of the Earth. Named after Mars, the ancient Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a rarefied atmosphere (the pressure at the surface is 160 times less than that of Earth). Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, the largest in the Solar System. Along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Jupiter is classified as a gas giant. A number of atmospheric phenomena on Jupiter - such as storms, lightning, auroras - are on a scale that is orders of magnitude greater than on Earth. Jupiter has at least 67 moons. Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System after Jupiter. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h in places, which is significantly higher than on Jupiter. Saturn's magnetic field extends 1,000,000 kilometers in the direction of the Sun. Uranus Uranus is the seventh largest planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, the third in diameter and the fourth in terms of mass. It was discovered in 1781 by the English astronomer William Herschel and named after the Greek god of the sky, Uranus. Uranus became the first planet discovered in modern times using a telescope. Just like the other gas giants of the Solar System, Uranus has a ring system and a magnetosphere, and in addition, 27 satellites. Neptune Neptune is the eighth and outermost planet in the solar system. Neptune is also the fourth largest planet in diameter and third largest in mass. The mass of Neptune is 17.2 times, and the diameter of the equator is 3.9 times greater than that of the Earth. The planet was named after the Roman god of the seas. Discovered on September 23, 1846, Neptune became the first planet discovered through mathematical calculations rather than through regular observations. Neptune's atmosphere has the strongest winds among the planets in the solar system. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars (also called the terrestrial planets), are composed primarily of silicates and metals. The four outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, also called gas giants, are much more massive than the terrestrial planets. The largest planets in the solar system: Jupiter and Saturn, consist mainly of hydrogen and helium. Smaller planets of the solar system: Uranus and Neptune In addition to hydrogen and helium, they contain methane and carbon monoxide. There are also at least 5 dwarf planets in the Solar System: Pluto (considered the ninth planet until 2006) Makemake Haumea Eris Ceres. Six of the eight planets and three dwarf planets are surrounded by natural satellites. Each of the outer planets is surrounded by rings of dust and other particles. The planets of the solar system can be divided into groups based on their characteristics and composition: -Terrestrial planets -Gas giants -Ice giants Terrestrial planets Earth-like planets that are mainly composed of rocks: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. With a mass of 0.055 that of Earth, Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet (and generally the smallest known planet) in the Solar System, while Earth is the largest Earth-like planet in the Solar System. Gas giants Planets largely composed of gas and significantly more massive than the terrestrial planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Jupiter, with 318 Earth masses, is the largest planet in the solar system. Saturn, not much smaller, weighs “only” 95 Earth masses. Ice giants Include Uranus and Neptune. This is a subclass of gas giants, which are distinguished from most gas giants by their “small” mass (14-17 Earth’s) and significantly smaller reserves of helium and hydrogen in their atmospheres, along with significantly larger proportions of rocks and ice. Dwarf Planets Prior to the 2006 decision, several objects discovered by astronomers were proposed for IAU planet status. However, in 2006, all of these objects were identified as dwarf planets - objects different from planets. The IAU currently recognizes 5 dwarf planets in the Solar System: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris. Dwarf Planets Dwarf planets share many of the features of planets, although notable differences remain - namely, that they are not massive enough to clear their orbital neighborhoods. By definition, all dwarf planets are members of some population. Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt, while Pluto, Haumea and Makemake are objects in the Kuiper belt, and Eris is in the scattered disk. Magnetosphere One of the most important characteristics of planets is the internal magnetic moment which, in turn, creates the magnetosphere. The presence of a magnetic field indicates that the planet is still geologically “alive.” In other words, for magnetized planets, the movements of electrically conductive materials located in their depths generate their magnetic fields. These fields significantly change the interactions between the planet and the solar wind. A magnetized planet creates a region around itself in the solar wind, called the magnetosphere, through which the solar wind cannot penetrate. Schematic representation of the Earth's magnetosphere Magnetosphere Of the eight planets in the Solar System, only two have virtually no magnetosphere - these are Venus and Mars. For comparison, even one of Jupiter’s moons, Ganymede, has it. Of the magnetized planets, Mercury's magnetosphere is the weakest, and is barely able to deflect the solar wind. Exoplanet transit model. Transitional Page
solar system
is a planetary system that includes the central star - the Sun and all natural space objects revolving around the Sun.
Planets of the Solar System
Mercury
How “big” is our Earth?
To fill the volume of the Sun, it would take 1,300,000 planet Earths.
The sun is a source of heat and light.
Slavic sun god
Since ancient times, man has revered and worshiped the Sun as a god.
Average age 4.5 billion years
A star like the Sun should exist for about 10 billion years.
Now the Sun is approximately in the middle of its life.
By the age of 5.6 billion years, 1.1 billion years from now, our daylight will be 11% brighter than now.
The Earth's surface will be too hot to support life. Life may remain in the oceans and polar regions.
By the age of 8 billion years (3.5 billion years from now), the brightness of the Sun will increase by 40%.
On Earth there will be conditions like on Venus: water will disappear completely and evaporate into space. This catastrophe will lead to the final destruction of all forms of life on Earth.
At the age of 10.9 billion years (6.4 billion years from now), the radius of the Sun will reach 1.59 R☉, and the luminosity will be 2.21 times greater than today.
Over the next 0.7 billion years, the Sun will expand relatively rapidly (up to 2.3 R☉), maintaining almost constant luminosity, and its temperature will drop from 5500 K to 4900 K.
Having reached the age of 11.6 billion years (7 billion years from now), the Sun will become a subgiant.
By the age of 12.2 billion years, the radius of the Sun will increase 256 times compared to today.
The outer layers of the Sun will reach the modern orbit of the Earth at this time.
The Earth will move to an orbit farther from the Sun and avoid being absorbed by its outer layers.
It is possible that the Sun will expand all the way to the Earth’s orbit and absorb it. The Earth will dive into the Sun
After the Sun passes the red giant phase, its outer shell will be torn off, and a planetary nebula will form from it.
At the center of this nebula there will remain a white dwarf formed from the core of the Sun, a very hot and dense object, but only the size of the Earth.
This white dwarf will cool and fade over the course of many millions and billions of years.
Life cycle of the Sun
over the course of many millions and billions of years it will cool and fade away.
The light of the Sun reaches the surface of our planet in 8 minutes.
The gravity on the surface of the Sun is 28 times greater than the gravity of the Earth.
On Earth there are scales
show 60 kg.
In the Sun the scales would show
Terrestrial planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Mercury
The planet closest to the Sun;
The smallest planet in the solar system;
Second densest planet (only the Earth has a higher density);
The surface is covered with craters;
Fastest planet in the solar system (the speed of rotation around the Sun is almost 2 times the speed of rotation of the Earth);
Daytime temperatures can reach 430°C and fall
up to -180°C at night.
- « electric dragon of Venus": every second up to 100 lightning strikes (2 times more than on Earth);
The only planet named after a woman;
The hottest planet: temperature reaches 465°C;
Has a hellish atmosphere consisting of carbon dioxide and clouds of sulfuric acid and creating a greenhouse effect;
The surface is extremely dry;
The pressure is 90 times higher than on Earth;
No natural satellites;
The slowest of the planets;
There is no change of seasons - it is constantly “baked” from all sides;
A day on Venus is longer than a year;
rotates in the opposite direction (on Earth, the Sun rises in the East and sets in the West, and on Venus, the Sun rises in the West and sets in the East);
Gravity is slightly less than on Earth.
Earth-Moon
The only planet whose name is not from mythology;
More than 4.5 billion years;
The only planet where life was discovered: appeared approximately 3.9 billion years ago;
2/3 of the surface is covered with water;
Does not have a perfectly round shape: geoid (has a slight convexity towards the equator);
The Earth-Moon system is in a region of the solar system that is neither too hot nor too cold;
The Earth's magnetic field weakens solar radiation harmful to life.
The second name is Red Planet;
There is no ozone layer in the atmosphere: the surface of Mars is buried in lethal doses of radiation every time the Sun rises;
- there are ice caps at the poles;
At the equator from +30 ºC at noon to - 80 ºC at midnight; near the poles up to -143 ºC;
The pressure is so low that the oxygen in our blood would instantly turn into gas bubbles, which would lead to instant death;
The most ferocious and powerful dust storms rage very often: wind speeds reach more than 180 km/h;
2 small moons - Deimos and Phobos;
Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in the solar system known to mankind;
Merinaire Valley Canyon is many times longer and deeper than the Grand Canyon in North America;
Gravity is 2.5 times weaker than on Earth:
on Earth: 60 kg
on Mars: 24 kg
Could jump 3 times higher;
Only 1/3 of the spacecraft sent to Mars were successful: an analogue of the "Bermuda Triangle" in which ships disappear.
Planets are giants
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
The third brightest object in the night sky, after Venus and the Moon;
It does not have a solid surface and consists of gas;
4 ring system
The fastest planet: a full revolution in 10 hours, but it takes 12 years to fly around the Sun;
A strong radio source that can damage a nearby spacecraft;
Strongest magnetic field: 14 times stronger than on Earth;
The phenomenon of “hot shadows”, in the shadow the temperature is higher (probably reflects more heat than it receives from the Sun);
Emits strange sounds: “electromagnetic voices”;
- “Jovian” storms are similar to those on Earth, but can last for several days or months;
Hurricanes always have strong lightning, more ferocious than storms on Earth;
Very strong hurricanes occur once every 15 years; wind speed up to 540 km/h;
There is no change of seasons;
The Great Red Spot is a hurricane that has been raging for 350 years;
100 years ago it reached 40,000 km in length; today the sizes are 2 times smaller; rotates counterclockwise at a speed of 435 km/h;
Gravity 2.5 times
more than on Earth
on Earth: 60 kg
on Jupiter: 150 kg
Moons of Jupiter
Spinning around
67 satellites (possibly more than 100): all rotate in the opposite direction from the rotation of the planet itself.
4 massive moons (Galilean moons):
Europe
Ganymede
Callisto
Callisto is almost like Mercury,
Ganymede is the largest in the solar system.
"The Pearl of the Solar System"
Gaseous planet, has no solid surface;
least dense planet:
would not drown in a pool of water;
62 known satellites
Has the most spectacular ring system of any planet;
Rotates very quickly around an axis: a day is 10 hours 14 minutes;
Rotates around an axis so quickly that it flattens out at the poles;
It revolves around the Sun very slowly: a year lasts more than 29 Earth years;
Emits 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun;
There is a change of seasons, as on Earth, only on Saturn the seasons last more than 7 years;
There are hurricanes that closely resemble hurricanes on Earth;
Winds blowing on the planet reach speeds of 1800 km/h;
- “Saturn’s hexagon”: a huge atmospheric vortex of a geometrically regular hexagonal shape, raging at the north pole of the planet.
Saturn's moons
Saturn's 24 regular satellites
38- irregular, the movement of which differs from the general rules
Orbits of Saturn's irregular satellites.
In the center, the orbit of a regular satellite, Titan, is shown in red.
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn, the second largest moon in the Solar System (after Jupiter's moon Ganymede)
The largest satellites are
Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan and Iapetus.
“Life on Enceladus” is an open question and a topic for scientific discussion and research!
“It may rain diamonds on Jupiter and Saturn, and there may even be entire diamond oceans.”
The powerful pressure and extremely high temperature in their depths are suitable for the formation and precipitation of minerals of the highest hardness.
The coldest planet is the Ice Giant;
Rotates while lying on its side;
A complete revolution around its axis takes 17 hours;
there are rings
84 Earth years;
27 satellites
Change of seasons:
at the pole 42 years summer, 42 years winter;
The planet's poles receive more solar energy than the equator, but temperatures at the equator are still warmer than the polar regions;
Farthest planet;
The only planet that could be discovered mathematically: deviations in the movement of Uranus were explained only by the influence of another huge body;
there is a ring system
has 13 satellites
The day lasts about 16 hours;
A complete revolution around the Sun (a year on Neptune) takes 165 Earth years;
Gravity is almost equal to Earth's gravity;
Like Uranus, it is an ice giant;
The average surface temperature is about -220°C;
windiest planet
Strong winds rage in Neptune's atmosphere: their speeds can reach 2100 km/h;
A large dark spot similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot discovered in 1989 is an anticyclone, but the spot had disappeared by 1994;
For several years, a new spot has been observed, which has been called the Northern Great Dark Spot;
The smallest of the gas giants.
Between Mars and Jupiter-
Main asteroid belt
Some are the size of grains of sand, others are up to 1000 km in diameter
The dwarf planet Ceres is the largest object in the Asteroid Belt.
Pallas, Vesta and Hygeia
three more large objects
Kuiper Belt
Region of icy objects beyond Neptune's orbit
looks like a donut:
plump and round
Four dwarf planets:
Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris
largest known Kuiper belt object
Sunlight takes five hours to reach Pluto;
A complete revolution around the Sun in
248 Earth years;
One revolution around an axis takes 6 days, 9 hours and 17 minutes;
Rotates in the direction opposite to the rotation of the Earth: (The Sun rises in the west and sets in the east, as on Venus and Uranus);
The only known dwarf planet with an atmosphere: unsuitable for human breathing and has a low altitude;
When Pluto is closest to the Sun, the atmosphere is gaseous; when farthest from the Sun it freezes and precipitates on the surface of the planet;
On Pluto, the Sun rises and sets about once a week;
The average temperature there reaches minus 230 degrees.;
Pluto is so dark that you can admire the stars from its surface all day;
on Earth: 60 kg
on Pluto: 3 kg 600 g
For 76 years Pluto was considered a planet:
Since 2006 it has been called a "dwarf planet".
One of the most distant known objects in the Solar System.
Sedna's orbit (red) compared with the orbits of Jupiter (orange), Saturn (yellow), Uranus (green), Neptune (blue) and Pluto (lilac).
Continuation of the Solar System-
Oort cloud
A hypothetical spherical region of the Solar System that serves as a source of long-period comets.
The existence of the Oort cloud has not been instrumentally confirmed, but many indirect facts indicate its existence.
Guess the planet!
I am the largest planet.
I am the red planet.
I have the most beautiful rings.
I am closest to the Sun.
I spin "lying on my side."
Guess the planet!
I am the hottest planet.
I am the farthest planet.
I am the most beautiful planet.
When asked why he was born, Anaxagoras replied:
Anaxagoras
Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer
(496 BC - 428 BC)
"For observation
Sun, Moon and Sky"
This presentation discusses the planets of the solar system - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Pluto, Uranus, Neptune.
Interesting facts about satellites in the solar system
- The Miranda satellite is made up of mountain ranges that are many times larger than the Grand Canyon in the USA. If you throw a stone down, it will reach the bottom in 10 minutes.
- Asteroids can also have satellites. The large asteroid Ida has its own satellite, Dactyl.
- Two satellites revolve around Saturn along the same trajectory. Perhaps they were once one.
- Saturn's moon Enceladus reflects 100% of sunlight (which is why it appears white). Ice is constantly exploding on its surface - the source of Saturn's rings.
- Triton is a satellite of Neptune, the only one in the solar system that rotates in the opposite direction from its planet.
- Europa, a satellite of Jupiter, has the smoothest surface. The entire satellite is a continuous ocean of water under a layer of ice.
- Jupiter's moon Io is constantly vulcanizing (reminiscent of Mordor from the movie "The Lord of the Rings"). Its entire surface is covered with volcanoes. But the craters do not have time to form; they are filled with lava.
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SOLAR SYSTEM Completed by: Students gr. IS-17 Vdovenko V. A. Pestova S. I. Checked by: Shkuratova G. A. Ministry of Education of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Regional State Autonomous Professional Educational Institution “Achinsk Oil and Gas College”
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The solar system is a planetary system that includes the central star - the Sun - and all natural space objects revolving around the Sun.
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Terrestrial Planets (The four planets closest to the Sun): Mercury: The closest planet to the Sun in the Solar System, the smallest of the terrestrial planets. Named after the ancient Roman god of trade - Mercury. Area 74,800,000 km² Weight 3.33×10²³ kg Average temperature 66.8 °C Second escape velocity 4.25 km/s
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Venus: The second most distant planet from the Sun in the Solar System. Named after the ancient Roman goddess of love, Venus. A Venusian year is 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest period of rotation around its axis among all the planets. It has a thick silicate shell around an iron core and an atmosphere. Located at 0.723 AU. from the sun. The planet has no satellites. Area 460,000,000 km² Mass 4.87×10²⁴ kg Average temperature 463 °C Second escape velocity 10.4 km/s core partially consists of molten metal crust mantle
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Earth: The third most distant planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fifth largest in diameter, mass and density among all planets and the largest among the terrestrial planets. Located at 1 a. e. from the Sun The Earth has one natural satellite - the Moon, the only large satellite of the terrestrial planets of the Solar System. Area 510,072,000 km² Mass 5.97×10²⁴ kg Average temperature 14.8 °C Satellites Moon, Artificial Earth satellite Population 7,530,103,737 people (September 5, 2017)
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Mars: The fourth most distant planet from the Sun and the seventh largest planet in the Solar System; The mass of the planet is 10.7% of the mass of the Earth. Named after Mars, the ancient Roman god of war, corresponding to the ancient Greek Ares. Mars is sometimes called the “red planet” because of the reddish hue of the surface given to it by the mineral maghemite, γ-iron oxide. Located at 1.5 a. e. from the Sun. The planet has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos. Area 144,370,000 km² Mass 6.42×10²³ kg Average temperature -63.1°C Second escape velocity 5.03 km/s Satellites: Phobos, Deimos
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2. Giant planets (also called gas giants): Jupiter: the largest planet in the solar system, the fifth farthest from the sun. Along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Jupiter is classified as a gas giant. It consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's high internal temperature causes many semi-permanent vortex structures in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot. Jupiter has 69 moons. Mass 1.9×10²⁷ kg Average temperature -108 °C Second escape velocity 59.5 km/s Satellites Io, Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Rings of Jupiter, Amalthea, Thebe, Lysithea, Himalia, Metis...
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Saturn: The sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System after Jupiter. Saturn has 62 confirmed moons; two of them - Titan and Enceladus Mass 5.68×10²⁶ kg Second escape velocity 35.5 km/s Satellites: Titan, Rings of Saturn, Enceladus, Iapetus, Mimas, Dione, Pandora, Tethys, Rhea, Hyperion...
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Uranus: Planet of the Solar System, seventh in distance from the Sun, third in diameter and fourth in mass. Named after the Greek god of the sky, Uranus. With 14 times the mass of Earth, Uranus is the lightest of the giant planets. What makes it unique among other planets is that it rotates “lying on its side”: the inclination of its rotation axis to the ecliptic plane is approximately 98°. Uranus has 27 discovered satellites Area 8,115,600,000 km² Mass 8.68×10²⁵ kg Second escape velocity 21.3 km/s Satellites Titania, Umbriel, Miranda, Rings of Uranus, Ariel, Oberon, Perdita, Cressida, Puck, Cordelia…. Date of discovery March 13, 1781 First discoverer William Herschel
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Neptune: The eighth and farthest planet from Earth in the solar system. Neptune is also the fourth largest planet in diameter and third largest in mass. The mass of Neptune is 17.2 times, and the diameter of the equator is 3.9 times greater than that of Earth. The planet was named after the Roman god of the seas. Her astronomical symbol is a stylized version of Neptune's trident. Neptune has 14 known moons. The largest, Triton, is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen. Triton is the only major satellite moving in the opposite direction. Area 7,640,800,000 km² Mass 1.02×10²⁶ kg Average temperature -201 °C Second cosmic speed 23.5 km/s Satellites: Triton, Nereid, Neptune's Rings, Larisa, Naiad, Protea, Despina, Neso, Thalassa, Galatea.. Opening date: September 23, 1846
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SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system is a star system consisting of the Sun and a planetary system, which includes all natural space objects revolving around the Sun: planets and their satellites, dwarf planets and their satellites, as well as small bodies - asteroids, comets, meteoroids, space dust. The solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy
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Even before the discovery of the solar system, people thought that the Sun and planets moved around a stationary Earth. It was only in the 16th century that Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric system of the world. He argued that it is the Sun, and not the Earth, that is at the center of the world, that the Earth rotates around its axis, due to which the day (day, night) exists.
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Almost the entire mass of the Solar System (99.87%) is concentrated in the Sun. The size of the Sun is also significantly larger than any planet in its system. The sun is an ordinary star that shines independently due to the high surface temperature.
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The Sun The Sun revolves around the center of the Galaxy and makes a complete revolution every 226 million years. The rotation speed of the Sun is 220 km/s. 226 million years are called a galactic year in astronomy. Relative to the galactic surface, the Sun performs vertical oscillations; it crosses the galactic plane every 30–35 million years and ends up either in the northern or in the southern hemisphere. The picture was taken in May 1998 by the SOHO apparatus in the ultraviolet range
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Terrestrial planets Small in size Rigid surface They either have no satellites or few of them High surface temperature Not very dense atmosphere Weak or undetectable magnetic field
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Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, so the Sun shines on it and heats it 7 times stronger than on Earth Mercury, in Roman mythology, is the god of trade Orbital rotation speed: 47.9 km/s Surface temperature: maximum +430oC, minimum -180oC Length of day: 58.65 Earth days Distance from the Sun (average): 0.387 a. e. = 58 million km. Orbital period (year): 88 Earth days Diameter: 4870 km. (0.38 Earth's diameter)
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Venus is the second planet from the Sun, has an almost circular orbit. The atmosphere, which is a thick blanket of carbon dioxide, retains the heat coming from the Sun. Venus has no satellites. The surface of Venus is covered with hundreds of thousands of volcanoes. Rotates in the direction opposite to the rotation of the Sun. Orbital speed: 35 km /c Surface temperature: maximum + 480oC Length of day: 243 Earth days Distance from the Sun (average): 0.723 a. e. = 108 million km. Orbital period (year): 224.7 Earth days Diameter: 12100 km. (0.949 Earth's diameter)
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Earth is the third planet from the Sun About 3 - 3.5 billion years ago, as a result of the natural evolution of matter, life arose on Earth, the development of the biosphere began Orbital rotation speed: 29.8 km/s Surface temperature: maximum +58oC, minimum - 90oC Length of day: 23 hours 58 minutes Distance from the Sun (average): 1 a. e. = 150 million km. Orbital period (year): 365.24219 days Diameter: 12756 km. Surface area: 510.2 million km2
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Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, similar to Earth, but smaller and colder. Mars has deep canyons, giant volcanoes and vast deserts. Around the Red Planet, as Mars is also called, two small satellites fly: Phobos and Deimos Orbital speed: 24.1 km/s Surface temperature: -23oC over most of the surface, -150oC at the poles, 0oC at the equator Length of day: 24.6229 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 1.5237 AU. e. = 228 million km. Orbital period (year): 687 Earth days Diameter: 6670 km. (0.53 Earth's diameter)
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Several thousand asteroids form the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some asteroids may come close to Earth
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Giant planets Large in size Loose surface Have many satellites Have rings Very low surface temperature Very dense atmosphere Strong magnetic field.
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Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter has 16 satellites: Adrastea, Metis, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Karme, Pasiphae, Sinope, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia Ring wide 20,000 km Orbital rotation speed: 13.1 km/s Temperature of the upper clouds: -160oC Length of day: 9.93 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 5.203 AU. e. = 778 million km. Orbital period (year): 11.86 Earth years Diameter: 143,760 km. (11.2 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Jupiter's moon Io has several active volcanoes November 26, 1999 February 22, 2000
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Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun Has 17 satellites Has an amazing system of rings The width of Saturn's rings is 400,000 km, but they are only a few tens of meters thick Orbital rotation speed: 9.6 km/s Temperature of the upper clouds: -150oC Length of the day: 10.54 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 9.54 a. e. = 1427 million km. Orbital period (year): 29.46 Earth years Diameter: 120420 km. (9.46 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. The axis of rotation of Uranus is tilted at an angle of 98o. They say about him that he “lay down to rest.” Uranus has 15 satellites: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Peck. It has a system of rings. Rotates in the direction opposite to the rotation of the Sun Orbital speed: 6.8 km/s Temperature: -220oC Length of day: 17.23 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 19.2 a. e. = 2.86 billion km. Orbital period (year): 84 Earth years Diameter: 51,300 km (4 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Neptune is the penultimate planet in the solar system Neptune's orbit intersects with Pluto's orbit in some places Has 6 satellites (one of them is Triton, which has its own satellites) Neptune - in Roman mythology - the god of the seas Orbital rotation speed: 5.4 km/s Temperature: - 213oC Length of day: 17.87 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 30 a. e. = 4.5 billion km. Orbital period (year): 165 Earth years Diameter: 49,500 km. (3.9 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Pluto is the ninth planet from the Sun. It consists mainly of rock and ice Pluto has a satellite or twin planet Charon Pluto - in Greek mythology, the god of the underworld Since 2007, Pluto is no longer considered a planet Orbital speed: 4.7 km/s Temperature: -230oC Length of day : 6.4 Earth days Distance from the Sun: 39.4 a. e. = 5.91 billion km – average, 29.65 a. e. = 4.4475 billion km – minimum, 49.28 a. e. = 7.392 billion km – maximum – in a highly elongated elliptical orbit. Orbital period (year): 247.7 Earth years Diameter: 2324 km. – dwarf planet of the solar system
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In addition to the eight major planets, there are many dwarf planets orbiting the Sun. These are spherical bodies that are smaller in size and mass than the Moon. Sedna, Quaoar and Pluto are shown in comparison with the Earth and the Moon
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Small bodies of the Solar System Back in the 18th century. Astronomers were trying to find a planet whose fragment passes in the space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. But such a planet does not exist in the solar system. At the very beginning of the 19th century. The Italian astronomer Piazzi accidentally discovered the first small planet - an asteroid, which was named Ceres (diameter 1000 km). Subsequently, the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter was discovered. Asteroids are named in honor of great people (Lomonosov), states (Yugoslavia), observatories (Cincinnati), etc. Asteroids move around the Sun in the same direction as most planets. Recently, it has been possible to discover satellites around some asteroids. Features: - Large elongated orbits. - Shapeless blocks. - The masses are too small to hold the atmosphere. - The total mass of all asteroids is ≈ 20 times less than the mass of the Moon.
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Small bodies of the Solar System Under the influence of the gravity of the planets, the orbits of asteroids can intersect with each other. As a result, asteroid collisions and their fragmentation are possible. This is how meteorites are formed. Before they get to Earth, meteorites travel for a long time in interplanetary space. Features: - There are several types of meteorites: iron (91%), nickel (8.5%) stone (contain oxygen and silicon, coal and graphite, hydrocarbons, impurities more complex organic compounds, including amino acids) iron-stone. The most famous are: Tunguska, Sikhote-Alin - When a meteorite moves in the Earth’s atmosphere, a powerful shock wave arises, in which the temperature of the compressed air reaches tens and hundreds of thousands of Kelvin. As a result of the dissociation of air molecules and subsequent repeated ionization, the air acquires the properties of plasma
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Small bodies of the Solar System Comets - tailed stars, have long attracted the attention of people, inspiring superstitious horror. Features: - consists of a core, head and tail; - have highly elongated elliptical orbits; - have a circulation period; - the comet’s substance, concentrated in its core, consists of a mixture of frozen gases and dust particles of metal and stone particles of different sizes; - when a comet approaches the Sun, the core gradually warms up, gases and dust are released from it, which envelop the core and form the head and tail of the comet; - the comet’s tail consists of very rarefied matter, through which even the stars are visible. The most famous are: Halley’s comet (orbital period 76 years), Encke’s comet (orbital period 3.3 years), Shoemaker-Levy comet