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Russian language subordinating connection in a sentence. Complex sentences with different types of connection - examples

A subordinate relationship is a relationship between the parts of a complex sentence or phrase in which one part is the control one, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

There are only three of them. These are coordination, control and adjacency.

Coordination

Gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection are consistent with the dependent word.

Examples: beautiful flower, another world, ninth day.

As we can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is the dependent word. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls.” The type of subordinating connection here will be agreement.

Control

The main word in management makes the secondary one dependent with the help of case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite varied: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.

Examples: sitting on a bench, those who know the truth, entering the room, a clay bowl, ten sailors.

In GIA and Unified State Examination tasks, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, a graduate may make a mistake. The task is actually quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordinating connections and be able to use them.

The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, “corn porridge.” The subordinating word must be changed into an adjective. Then it turns out to be “corn porridge”; accordingly, no other types of subordinating connections, except agreement, are suitable here. This means that everything has been done correctly.

If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a “strawberry cocktail” you get a “strawberry cocktail”.

Adjacency

In this case, the main word is connected with the dependent word solely in meaning. Such a connection is made between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of comparative degree.

Examples: “smile happily”, “speaks while sobbing”, “I can swim”, “be smarter”, “it has become worse”.

It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have case and gender. This can be an infinitive, a gerund, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.

We looked at all types of subordinating connections in a phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.

Subordinating connection in a sentence

Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence can be distinguished when there are several subordinate clauses. They connect to the main clause in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordination relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in different ways depending on the nature of the subordination.

Consistent submission

With this type of connection, subordinate clauses come into subordination to each other sequentially. This sentence pattern resembles a nesting doll.

Example. I asked a friend for a guitar who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.

The basis of the main sentence here is “I asked.” The subordinate clause that enters into a subordinating relationship with it has the stem “which helped to arrange.” From this sentence comes another subordinate clause, subordinate to it - “we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.”

Parallel subordination

This is a type of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause, but at the same time to different words.

Example. In that park where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed cute to you.

The main sentence sounds like this: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” It has a built-in subordinate clause “where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring.” It obeys the phrase “in that park.” From him we ask the question “in what?” Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask him the question “which one?”

Thus, we see that subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with different parts of it.

Homogeneous Subordination

Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination are associated with one main clause. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.

Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to abandon the idea and let everything be as it was.

The main sentence is “they guessed.” From him we ask the question “about what?” Both subordinate clauses answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected to the main sentence using the predicate “guessed.” From this we conclude that the sentence is with homogeneous subordination.

All the examples given refer to sentences where there is a subordinating connection, the types of which we have examined. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are constructed, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. Any person who wants to learn how to write without errors needs to know this.

IN writing quite often complex sentences are presented with different types connections: with composition and subordination, composition and non-union; non-union and subordination, etc. However, as a rule, one of the types of communication (essay, non-union) is the leading, the main one.

Therefore, when analyzing and placing punctuation marks, it is recommended to use the following sequence:

  1. Highlight the grammatical bases of sentences, and on this basis - everything simple sentences as part of a complex
  2. Establish means of communication between simple sentences within a complex sentence.
  3. Break a complex sentence into pairs of simple ones that are directly related to each other.
  4. Construct a vertical diagram of a complex sentence, reflecting the system of dependencies of simple sentences as part of a complex sentence.
  5. Based on the vertical diagram, establish a central connection in a complex sentence (essay, non-conjunction).
  6. Indicate which simple sentences are directly connected by a central connection and what blocks each of these simple sentences forms.
  7. Establish relationships within each block.
  8. Construct a horizontal diagram of a complex sentence.
  9. Arrange punctuation marks based on the vertical and horizontal patterns of the complex sentence.

Sample parsing

Clairville especially liked the young lady with whom he was put together, she was what a girl from the advanced St. Petersburg intelligentsia should have been(Aldanov).

    In this sentence, 4 grammatical bases can be distinguished: 1) I liked the young lady; 2) imprisoned she was like that; 4) young woman should have been what . Therefore, this complex sentence consists of four simple sentences:

    1) ;
    2) with whom he was imprisoned;
    3) she was like that;
    4) what it should have been a girl from the St. Petersburg advanced intelligentsia.

    Clairville especially liked that young lady / 1 with whom he was imprisoned / 2 she was like that / 3 what it should have been / 4 .

    Sentences 2 and 4 contain subordinating means of communication - allied words with which, which. Sentences 1 and 3 do not have coordinating or subordinating means of communication.

    a) 1→2: Clairville especially liked that young lady / 1 , with which he was imprisoned/2 is complex sentence, where sentence 1 is the main one, and sentence 2 is the subordinate clause;

    b) 3→4: She was that's how it is / 3 , what it should have been a girl from the St. Petersburg advanced intelligentsia/ 4 is a complex sentence, where sentence 3 is the main sentence and sentence 4 is the subordinate clause;

    c) 1:3: Clairville especially liked that young lady / 1: she was like that/ 3 is non-union proposal, the relationship is causal, a conjunction can be inserted between the parts because .

    [noun + uk. next] 1: [local-talk.] 3
    def. ↓ ↓tale.
    (with which- union. next) 2 ( Which- union. next) 4

    Therefore, this is a complex sentence with non-union and subordination. On the top line of the vertical diagram are sentences 1 and 3, connected by a non-union connection. This means that the central connection is non-union. In other words, this is a non-union proposal with subordination.

    The central connection directly connects sentences 1 and 3. Each of these sentences has subordinate clauses. Thus, within a complex sentence with a central non-union connection, two blocks are distinguished: Block I consists of sentences 1 and 2; Block II - sentences 3 and 4.

    Block I (sentences 1 and 2) is a complex sentence, where the first is the main one, the second is the subordinate attributive, which refers to the subject young woman expressed by a noun; means of communication - the conjunction word with which and the index word that; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

    Block II (sentences 3 and 4) is a complex sentence, where the third is the main sentence, the fourth is a subordinate predicate, which refers to the predicate pronoun that's how it is; means of communication - the union word which; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

    [noun + uk. next] 1 , ( with which- union. next) 2: [local-talk.] 3, ( Which- union. next) 4 .

    Clairville especially liked the young lady with whom he was placed: she was what a girl from the advanced St. Petersburg intelligentsia should have been(Aldanov).

The boy was kind, but only the kalachnik was always told that caution was required with Selivan because he had a red mark on his face and this was not done for nothing(Leskov).

    In this sentence, 5 grammatical bases can be distinguished: 1) the boy was kind; 2) talked(one-part indefinite personal sentence); 3) caution required; 4) there was a mark; 5) this is not put.

    Therefore, this complex sentence consists of five simple sentences:

    1) the boy was kind;
    2) ;
    3) that with Selivan you need to be careful;
    4) because he had a red mark on his face;
    5) this is not given for nothing.

    Therefore, a complex sentence is broken down into simple ones as follows:

    The boy was kind / 1 / 2 that with Selivan you need to be careful / 3 because he had a red mark on his face / 4 and this is not given for nothing / 5 .

    Sentences 3 and 4 contain subordinating means of communication - conjunctions that, because. Sentences 2 and 5 are preceded by the coordinating conjunctions but, and. Sentence 1 has no coordinating or subordinating means of communication.

    Difficult sentence can be broken down into the following pairs of simple ones:

    a) 1-2: The boy was kind / 1 , but only the kalachnik was always told/2 is compound sentence, means of communication - adversative conjunction but;

    b) 2→3: only the kalachnik was always told / 2 , that caution is required with Selivan / 3- this is a complex sentence, where sentence 2 is the main one, and sentence 3 is the subordinate clause;

    c) 3→4: Caution is required with Selivan / 3 , because he had a red mark on his face / 4- this is a complex sentence, where sentence 3 is the main one, and sentence 4 is the subordinate clause;

    d) 4-5: he had a red mark on his face / 4 , and this is not given for nothing/ 5 is a compound sentence, the means of communication is the adversative conjunction a ;

    e) 3→5. Since sentence 4 is a subordinate clause (it contains the conjunction because), then sentence 5 is a subordinate clause with an omitted conjunction, but this conjunction can be restored. Proposition 5 is related to the same main thing as sentence 4 ( Caution is required with Selivan / 3 , because it doesn't come for nothing / 5).

    Vertical diagram of a complex sentence:

    1 , But[ch.] 2
    add. ↓
    (What- union) 3
    prib. ↓
    (because- union. next) 4, A (-) 5

    Therefore, it is a complex sentence with composition and subordination. On the top line of the vertical diagram are sentences 1 and 2, connected by the coordinating adversative conjunction but. This means that the central connection is creative. In other words, this is a compound sentence with subordination.

    The central connection directly connects sentences 1 and 2. Sentence 2 has subordinate clauses with it. Thus, within a complex sentence with a central coordinating connection, two blocks are distinguished: Block I is represented by one simple sentence (sentence 1). Block II (sentences 2, 3, 4, 5) are complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.

    Block II (sentences 2, 3, 4 and 5) is a complex sentence, where the second is the main sentence, the rest are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are connected to the main one consistently (sentences 3 and 4; 3 and 5) and homogeneously (sentences 4 and 5).

    I subordinate clause (sentence 3) - additional, refers to the predicate spoken, expressed by a verb, in the main sentence (sentence 2); means of communication - union that; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

    II subordinate clause (sentence 4) - reasons; refers to everything important (sentence 3); means of communication - union because; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause

    III subordinate clause (sentence 5) - reasons; refers to everything important (sentence 3); means of communication - conjunction because omitted; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

    II and III subordinate clauses are homogeneous, connected by the adversative conjunction a.

    Horizontal proposal diagram:

    1 , But[ch.] 2, ( What- conjunction) 3 , ( because- conjunction) 4, A (-) 5 .

    So, punctuation marks in a sentence should be placed as follows:

    The boy was kind, but only the kalachnik was always told that caution was required with Selivan, because he had a red mark on his face, and this is not done for nothing(Leskov).

Note!

As in complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, in complex sentences with different types of connection there may be two conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) or a coordinating conjunction and a connecting word belonging to different sentences nearby. Please note that a coordinating conjunction may not appear before the simple sentence it refers to!

By general rules two conjunctions (conjunction and allied word) belonging to different simple sentences must be separated by a comma (in this case, the sentence with the second conjunction or allied word can be removed without changing the general structure of the complex sentence).

The sun was hitting the window, / 1 And , / when he raised his head, / 2 to him I had to close my eyes / 3 .

Horizontal layout: 1, And, (When- conjunction) 2, 3.

Vertical layout: 1, And 3 .
time ↓
(When- union) 2

Wed: The sun was hitting the window, / 1 And , / when he raised his head, / 2 to him I had to close my eyes / 3 . - The sun was shining through the window, and he had to close his eyes.

In the case when a sentence with a second conjunction or allied word cannot be removed from the sentence without changing the general structure of the complex sentence, a comma is not placed between the conjunctions or the conjunction and the allied word. In this case, the second part of the double conjunction should come next - then, so, but.

Wed: The sun was shining through the window, and when he raised his head, he had to close his eyes. - The sun was hitting the window, and... then he had to close his eyes.

Plan for analyzing a complex sentence with different types of communication

  1. Name the type of sentence and the number of simple sentences in a complex sentence.
  2. Indicate what types of connections are connected between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence (composition, subordination, non-conjunction).
  3. Name the central type of connection. Indicate which sentences are directly related by this type of connection. Parse this pair as a complex, complex, complex non-union sentence.
  4. Indicate the blocks inside a complex sentence and characterize them.
  5. Parse pairs directly related offers(complex, complex, complex non-union sentences).
  6. With a full analysis - give full description simple sentences within a complex sentence.

Sample parsing

Everyone had to tell something fantastic from their life, and since the ability to tell is not given to everyone, they did not find fault with the stories from the artistic side(Leskov).

Every should have told something fantastic from your life, / 1 and / since the ability to tell a story is not given to everyone, / 2 then they didn’t find fault with the stories from the artistic side / 3 .

The sentence is complex, consisting of three simple ones, with different connections(composition and submission).

The central connection is coordinative, it directly connects sentences 1 and 3: every should have told something fantastic from your life, / 1 otherwise... they didn’t find fault with the stories from the artistic side/ 3 . This is a complex sentence, the means of communication is the adversative conjunction a.

A coordinative link connects two blocks.

Block I is represented by sentence 1.

Block II (sentences 2 and 3) is a complex sentence; sentence 3 - main, sentence 2 - clause of reason; the subordinate clause refers to the whole main thing; means of communication - double union since... then; the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

The conjunctions a and since refer to different simple sentences, but are not separated by a comma, since what follows is the second part of the double causal conjunction since... then ; a subordinate clause cannot be removed without changing the structure of the complex sentence as a whole.

Horizontal layout: 1, A (because- p.) 2, [ That ] 3 .

Vertical scheme: 1, and 3.
prib. ↓
(because... then- union) 2

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that contains two or more grammatical stems. Types of complex sentences can be represented in the following diagram:

Complex sentences:

1.Allied
2.Non-Union. I am sitting in my garden, the lamp is burning.
3.With different types of communication.Thunder struck, lightning flashed, and soon the sound of rain was heard.

Compound. The desert listens to God, and star speaks to star.

Complex subordinates. I know that I don't know anything.

Let's sort it out in order.

Co complex The proposals are quite simple:

A comma is placed between simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence: Morning came and everyone went home.

A comma is not placed if the sentences connected by conjunctions have a common secondary member, introductory word, comparative phrase or common subordinate clause: From the window you can see the Volga and the stars sparkle high(general term – “out of the window”).

Complex sentences

We put a comma:

  • between simple sentences that are part of a complex one: We set off as the sun rose. Let me know where you are staying. To prevent the child from getting wet, he was wrapped in a cloak.
  • when using compound conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after, since, in order to, in order to . Depending on the meaning, a comma is placed either before or inside conjunctions: He didn't come to school because he was sick. We only left because it got dark.
  • between homogeneous subordinate clauses Punctuation marks are placed in the same way as between homogeneous members of a sentence: It was obvious that he was right and that I was entirely to blame.

Don't put a comma:

  • between adjacent unions what if, what although , if further there is a second part of the union That or So : He said that if the weather did not improve, then we should forget about fishing.
  • if there is a negation before the conjunction (conjunctive word) Not : He began to find out not what happened, but who did it.
  • if the subordinate part is one conjunctive word: He promised to return, but did not say when.
  • before a subordinating conjunction if it is preceded by words in particular, that is, namely, especially : He became better, especially when he learned about what had happened.
  • before steady speed as you like, wherever it goes, at any cost, as much as you like, unknown where, as if nothing had happened, etc.

IN non-union complex sentences there is always some punctuation mark. It is important to understand which one. Let's figure it out!

We put a comma

  • between simple sentences that are part of a complex one, if they are short and related: Clouds piled up, lightning flashed, and it rained.

We put a colon:

  • the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first (in meaning, a conjunction can be inserted between them because ): Love a book: (=because) it will help you sort out the confusion of life.
  • the second sentence reveals the content of the first (in terms of meaning, you can insert words between them, namely ): The picture changed: (=namely) the snow had melted, the damp earth was smoking, grass was breaking through.
  • the second sentence complements the first (in meaning a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between them What : "I feel that..."): Suddenly I feel (=that) someone is pulling me to the side.
  • The second sentence expresses a direct question: Tell me, branch of Palestine: where did you grow, where did you bloom?

We put a dash:

  • with a rapid change of events, an unexpected result: I woke up and he was no longer there. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
  • when contrasted (in meaning, a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between the parts ah, but ): Sasha is stupid - (=a) Petya is smart.
  • if the first sentence expresses the time or condition of the action (in meaning, conjunctions can be placed before the first sentence when, if ): (When) the forest is cut down, the chips fly.
  • when comparing (meaningfully, you can insert conjunctions between the parts as if): Says a word - (= as if) a nightingale is singing.
  • if the second sentence represents a result or conclusion (in terms of meaning, you can insert the word between the parts That's why ): The smoky sun is rising - (=therefore) it will be a hot day.

Complex sentence with different types of communication is a combination of complex sentences already known to us. Therefore, it is important to determine by what connection the parts of the sentence are coordinated. We put punctuation marks based on this. The most questions arise when coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are next to each other. When should they be separated by a comma? It's simple here:

Compare:
You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
You can call me, but if you don’t call today, we’ll leave tomorrow.

Let's sum it up

First we need to determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. To do this, we count the number of grammatical stems.
If the sentence is simple, pay attention to the subject and predicate - are they the ones that need to be put with a dash between them?
Is this simple sentence complicated? Does it contain homogeneous members offers, introductory words or constructions, addresses, conjunction “how”?
If this sentence is complex, we need to determine the type of coordinating connection.
Coordinating conjunctions: and, ah, but, yes . It’s simple here - if they are there, it means the sentence is complex. If parts of a complex sentence do not have a common member, feel free to put a comma.
If we don’t see coordinating conjunctions, but see some others, most likely the sentence is complex. We check whether we have separated any allied words with an extra comma.
If we don’t see any connecting words, but the sentence is complex, then it is non-conjunctive. Our task is to determine which character separates the parts of a non-union complex sentence: a comma, a dash or a colon.
If in a sentence we see both conjunctions (or allied words), both coordinating and subordinating ones, and a non-union connection, we focus on each type of connection separately. We pay special attention to the presence of conjunctions in the second part then, yes, but .

The concept of complex sentences with various types communications. A complex sentence that contains three or more simple sentences that are interconnected by a non-conjunctive, subordinating or coordinating connection is called complex sentences with different types of connection.

In order to understand the system of such complex constructions, it is important to analyze how simple sentences that are part of a complex one are grouped.

Very often, complex sentences with different types of connections are divided into two, and sometimes several blocks. Each part of such a block is either a simple or complex sentence.

Complex syntactic structures, as a rule, have the following combinations:
- subordinating and coordinating connections,
- non-union and composing,
- non-union and subordinate,
- non-union, subordinating and coordinating.

Parsing

To do parsing complex sentence with different types of connection, it is necessary first of all to determine the type of this sentence according to the purpose of the statement (impellative, interrogative, declarative). Then, based on grammatical basics, you should determine the number of simple sentences and highlight their boundaries.

Determine the type of connection between blocks of simple arrangements (union, non-union). Describe each block according to its structure. The final step is to draw up an outline of the application, in which each simple sentence of the block must be placed in square brackets.

An example of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Let's look at an example of such a sentence and make a syntactic analysis of it.

Suddenly a thick, powerful downpour fell, as if it had separated me from the outside world with a huge wall, and (to stay on my feet), I tried to grab onto a tree, which, according to my guesses, should have been somewhere to my right.

This sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, with different types of connection, which consists of three parts: the first and second parts are connected without conjunctions, the second and third - with the conjunction “and”.

Scheme:
, , And,.

Punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections

Punctuation marks in such applications are placed in the same way as in complex, complex, and non-union sentences.

Examples:

1. There is no doubt left: something happened to the soldiers, but despite this, the bridge on enemy territory must be blown up.

2. It was still autumn, but the sun began to go much lower and at noon, when the group of tourists who left early in the morning had already walked about fifteen kilometers, it was barely noticeable, so that everyone was gradually overcome by an unpleasant chill.

A comma is never placed between subordinating and coordinating conjunctions if the second part of a double conjunction, or the conjunction comes after a subordinate clause.

For example:

1. We go out into the open sea, but if you look closely, the blue shadows of the earth are already visible on the horizon.

The parts of a complex sentence must be connected to each other using a coordinating or subordinating connection. What kind of connection is used in a complex sentence can be determined by the conjunction and some other important details. This is how they distinguish (SSP) and complex sentences (SPP).

To begin with, we should remember that a complex sentence consists of two or more grammatical bases that have a single semantic meaning. How these stems interact determines the type of sentence and the punctuation required.

For example, the sentence “I'll go for a walk” is simple, it has one grammatical basis. But if you add one more part to it (“I’ll go for a walk, but first I’ll do my homework”), you’ll get a SSP with two stems “I’ll go for a walk” and “I’ll do my homework,” where “but” acts as a coordinating conjunction.

What is coordinating communication? This is the interaction of two or more parts that are equal and independent of each other. Coordinating sentences are defined in two simple ways.

Necessary:

  1. Asking a question from one grammatical basis to another is usually impossible in SSP: “The morning was cool, but I went for a bike ride.”
  2. Try to divide the SSP into two separate sentences without losing the meaning: “The sun disappeared behind the hill, and the heads of the sunflowers drooped sadly” - “The sun went down” and “The heads of the sunflowers sadly drooped.” The meaning is not lost, but one sentence has turned into two separate ones.

Vivid examples can be found in Russian folklore: “The hair is long, but the mind is short”, “The woman dances, and the grandfather cries”, “The woman is with the cart, but the mare is lighter”; they are also found in descriptions of nature and texts of reflection.

Parts of the BSC are usually connected by conjunctions of the same name, which are divided into types: connecting (and, also, etc.), dividing (or, either, not that... not that, etc.) and adversative (but, but, but, etc.).

It is important to know! Coordinating connection can be used not only to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, but also to connect homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases.

Subordinating connection

If two or more grammatical stems are used, and they are not equal, but depend in some order on each other, then this is a complex sentence with.

An IPP necessarily has a main part and a subordinate clause, and from the first to the second you can ask a defining question.

For example, “Vasya went out for a walk because his mother started spring cleaning.” The main part “Vasya went out for a walk”, from it we ask the question “why did he do this?” and in the subordinate part the answer is “because mom started spring cleaning.”

The secondary or subordinate part can act as a circumstance, definition or addition.

This type of interaction can be defined:

  1. By asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
  2. By highlighting the grammatical basics and identifying the main one.
  3. Determine the type of union.

In writing, this relationship of parts is highlighted by punctuation marks, and in oral speech - by an intonation pause.

Types of subordinating connections

In order to correctly parse a sentence into parts and determine the types of subordinating connections, it is necessary to correctly identify the main part and ask a question from it to the subordinate clause.

The subordinate clause can be of several types:

  1. The attribute answers the questions: which one? which? whose?
  2. The indicative answers questions of indirect cases, i.e. everything except the nominative.
  3. The adverbial answers the questions: where? Where? For what? where? Why? When? How?

Since the group of adverbial clauses is very large, subgroups are distinguished among them. Questions also help determine the species.

The adverbial adverbial clause is of the following types:

  • time (when? how long?);
  • places (where? to where? from?);
  • reasons (why?);
  • goals (for what? for what purpose?);
  • mode of action and degree (how? to what extent? to what extent?);
  • comparisons (how?);
  • consequences (what follows from this?);
  • conditions (under what condition?);
  • concessions (in spite of what?).

Important! The type of subordinate clause is determined precisely by the question, and not by the type of subordinating conjunction or allied word. So, for example, the conjunction word “where” can be used not only in adverbial circumstances subordinate clauses, but also in the subordinate attributive: “I’m rushing to that house (which one?) where I used to live.”

Types of communication in NGN

Since such a sentence often contains several subordinate clauses at once, it should also define subordinate relations:

  • Consistent submission. Each subordinate clause refers to a word from the preceding clause ("I was humming a song I heard yesterday when we were walking in the park").
  • Homogeneous submission. The structure resembles homogeneous members of a sentence. Subordinate clauses answer one question and refer to the same word in the main sentence, while subordinating conjunctions can be different (“After what happened, I didn’t understand how to live and what to do next, how to forget everything and start life again”). The placement of punctuation marks follows the same rule as punctuation for homogeneous members of a sentence.
  • Parallel subordination. Subordinate clauses refer to the same main sentence, but answer different questions: “I was bored there, despite the crowd of people, because no one was interesting to me there.”

Important! There may also be sentences with combined subordination.

Subtleties of punctuation

It is equally important to know what punctuation marks should be placed in the SSP and SPP, because the parts are necessarily connected by a conjunction - service part speech that is not inflected, does not conjugate and connects homogeneous members or simple sentences as part of a complex one. It is the conjunction that helps to understand what type of connection is used in a sentence.

Coordinating and subordinating connections in sentences involve the use of conjunctions of the same name. Moreover, any of them is necessarily highlighted by a comma on paper, and when reading - by an intonation pause.

Subordinating conjunctions include: what, how, so that, barely, only, when, where, from where, so much, to what extent, as if, as if, because, if, despite that, although, etc.

The coordinating connection in a sentence and phrase determines the use of conjunctions: and, yes, not only, also, but also, also, as ..., so, or, either, then, but, however, also, also, that is, etc.

But sentences can also be non-conjunctive, in which case its parts are separated not only by a comma (“The sun has risen, the roosters have begun their morning songs as usual”), but also by other punctuation marks:

  • with a colon: “I told you: you can’t be late!”
  • semicolon: “The stars lit up in the sky, filling the night with light; sensing the night, a wolf howled on a high hill in the distance; a night bird screamed nearby on a tree.”
  • dash: “It’s pouring like buckets outside - it’s impossible to go out for a walk.”

Useful video

Let's sum it up

The presence of complex sentences makes writing and oral speech bright and expressive. They can often be found in fiction and journalistic articles. The presence of complex structures allows a person to correctly and consistently express his thoughts, as well as show his level of literacy. Errors in punctuation, on the contrary, indicate low speech culture and illiteracy.

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