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Syntactic homonyms. Lexical and syntactic homonymy

Seminar No. 4

Syntactic synonymy and homonymy
№ 1 Sentences are given that allow two interpretations. Reveal the double meaning of these sentences by paraphrasing. (see example "Nellie's Poems") Explain the reason for the ambiguity contained in these sentences.

I. 1. On the other side of the street I saw my friend Andrei. 2. For tea we ordered cakes with nuts. 3. This Sunday they came to Olga and me. 4. Some student friends invited us to visit. 5. We have prepared a reissue of popular novels about love by the famous French writer. 6 French businessmen responded to the misfortune (,). 7. He knows how to make himself listen. 8 Peter was invited to the company as a director. 9. Our friends returned from a business trip to Budapest. 10.I knew him as a little boy.11. She can't read this.

II. 1. Purple hands on the enamel wall Half-asleeply draw sounds in a ringing-sounding silence (Br.). 2. A shadow casts an object, a shadow casts people (Voznesensky). 3. And the bird whistle replaced peace everywhere (W. Shakespeare, trans. B. Pasternak). 4. and the wild smells of stray animals replaced the smell of flowers and herbs (Hum.) 5. Eurystheus sent for the belt of Hercules (Kun) 6. The hostesses are drinking coffee in the room. (Kupr.) 7. And closer, closer and closer the young Georgian voice sounded... (L.) 8. The outcast had wandered for a long time in the desert of the world without shelter. (L.) 9. A seller of dried roach stuck out between the boxes. (Cat.) 10. Three officers and three cadets in sheepskin coats climbed out of the dugout with lanterns. (Bulg.).

№ 2 . Choose syntactic synonyms for these sentences. How should the syntactic structure of these sentences be changed to obtain synonymous sentences?

1. Grushnitsky and his gang rage every day in the tavern. (L.). 2. I met her by chance... (Sev.) 3. The carriage was not visible. (Ald.) 4. The cafe was visited mainly by philosophers. (Past.) 5. Nikolushka had nowhere to rush. (A.N.T)

№ 3 The following models of word forms (syntaxemes) are given. Under certain conditions, word forms a) and b), combined under one number, can be synonymous. Come up with 5 sentences (according to the number of numbers in the task), in the syntactic structure of which word form a) could be changed to word form b) without damaging the meaning.

a) by + noun. in D.p. b) in + noun in V.p.
a) under + noun. in V.p b) under + noun in T.p.
a) o+ noun. in P.p b) about + noun. in V.p.
a) from+ noun. in R.p. b) noun in T.p.
a) on+ noun. in P.p b) noun in T.p.

№ 4 .Highlight the main meanings of word forms (syntaxemes) from + R.p. noun. To do this, transform the speed from genitive case into some other syntagm so that the meaning of the phrase is preserved. Divide the phrases into groups depending on the meaning of this construction.

Sample:

^ Light from a lamp- Lamp - source Sveta. Here from + R.p, has the meaning source. Source: light from a lamp.

Boredom from idleness– Idleness cause boredom. Here from + R.p. the reasons matter. Reason: boredom from idleness.

a button from a coat, a path from a temple, a key to a door, a cure for love, the smell of lilacs, warmth from a fireplace, time from midnight, shade from trees, a lid from a teapot, a talent from God, a prescription from a doctor, mistakes from absent-mindedness, benefits from occupations, a musician by nature, crop failure due to drought, a letter from parents, benefits from an enterprise, a path from the sea, a remedy for colds, a giant from birth.

What are the construction values from + R.p. were not presented in examples? Refer to the book by G.A. Zolotov “Syntactic Dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax" (M, 2001.)

№ 5 Transform these sentences into phrases that correspond to the model with noun + noun in R. p. What meanings of the construction with the genitive case of a noun without a preposition allow you to see the transformations you have obtained?

1.The wheels squeak. 2. The child is crying.

3. The house belongs to the father.4. The books belong to a friend.

5. The door is part of the house. 6. The cover is part of the magazine.

7.Wine in a glass.8. Milk in a glass.

9.Cats are curious.10. The girl is beautiful.

11. The cargo has been sent.12. The textbook has been published.

№ 6 .In the following sentences, the instrumental case of the noun has different meanings. Highlight the main meanings of the instrumental case. To do this, transform the turnover from T.p. into some other syntactic construction while preserving the meaning. (For example: He cracked a nut with tongs- He cracked a nut using forceps. In this case, the instrumental meaning of T.p. appears). Group the sentences depending on the meaning of the syntactic construction with T.p. Compare your results with the meanings of the non-prepositional noun in Tp. in the dictionary G.A. Zolotov. (G.A. Zolotova “Syntactic Dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax”, M, 2001).

1. The car immediately rushed off at full speed, like a fan turning around, she threw the lights (...) 2. It smells like wormwood - alive and dead with water. 3.Trees, wrapped frost and snow, flash blue diamonds. 4. Unclean sulfur dregs dawn began.5 Ahead lay the village of Makhmytka, - in his youth, student, I went here (…) 6. Conductor a monument stood in the doorway, motionless, with a napkin in his hands. 7. The winds washed white snowstorms, the fields were covered with white powders, snowdrifts, smoked gray smoke huts 8. The horns of suburban trams have already disappeared, they are already running away sheep the village huts are squealing like dogs. (Piln.) 9.(..) The air was filled with electricity. (L.)10. Having descended into the middle of the city I went boulevard, where I met several sad groups slowly climbing up the mountain. (L.)11. (...)Now I just want to be loved ones, and even then very few.(L.) 12. (…)Her thick hair was gathered under a nightcap trimmed lace. (L.) 13. The Cossack decided to take advantage respite and moved quarry.(Babel)14. The old man was Argentinean consul and chairman of the exchange committee. (Babel)15. Our convoy is noisy rearguard stretched along the highway. (Babel) 16. I’m walking wet meadow, Sorrows torment me (Solo.) 17. Soul The creator rewarded you with pure and kindness (Solo.). 18. He goggled, waved weapons, assuring that this is the eighth leopard that he will kill... (Hum.) 19. The ship's cook, armed with an ax, began to chop off its (shark) head (Hum.).

№ 7. Words that can be used for conversions are given. :

sell, above, contain, consume, win, obey, belong, study, accommodate, visit.

Make conversion pairs with these words.

Come up with sentences of the same meaning with conversions as the predicate. Explain why sentences with conversions have the same meaning.

Sample: Verb afraid has a conversion frighten. Offer I'm afraid of the tiger means the same as sentence The tiger scares me. Verbs to fear and frighten reflect the same situation , but each participant in the situation is chosen as the subject and object.

^ To be afraid = to frighten

X Y Y X

I'm a tiger tiger me
№ 8 Indicate the syntactic actants of predicates (predicates). Convert active structures to passive ones (I). Convert passive structures to active ones(II) . Analyze the members of the resulting pairs of sentences. What actants can be included in the subject position in passive constructions? Record the results obtained in tables (see sample).

Sample:

^ The architect built the house.

The house was built by an architect.

I. 1.The wind shakes the trees. 2. The frost covered the lake with ice. 3. The sun illuminated the clearing.4. Time destroys ancient buildings. 5. Snow covered the ground. 6. Rainfalls wash away railway embankments.7. Lightning split the tree. 8. The ship took us to the island.

II. 1.The columns of the building are connected by an arch. 2.The river and lake are connected by a canal. 3. The whole room was lit up by a burning candle. 4. The city was shrouded in thick fog. 5. The windows of the old house are closed with shutters. 6.The walls of the cathedral were painted by a famous artist.7. The square was illuminated with lights.

One can say about homonyms that they are written about everywhere, but in such small quantities that you yourself become a treasure hunter. Homonymy is the wealth of the Russian language, it is another “fount of knowledge” and, in my opinion, insufficiently researched and studied.

Homonyms (from the Greek homos - identical and onyma - name) are words that are pronounced and written the same, but have different, unrelated lexical meanings.

The formation of homonyms in a language occurs in different ways. In some cases, homonyms arise as a result of the breakdown of polysemy.

It is not so easy to determine where the boundaries of polysemy end and the boundaries of homonymy begin.

There are, however, recommendations for distinguishing between these linguistic phenomena. To differentiate, it is important to be able to briefly define the meaning of words.

For example: tour-circle, stage of something (waltz tour) and mountain goat tour. These are homonyms, but the word bureau is now the name of some institutions, as well as collegial bodies that lead the activities of any organization or institution. Initially, the word bureau was used to refer to thick woolen fabric.

Then the name was transferred to a table covered with such cloth, and a little later to a specially shaped desk with drawers and a lid. Then the word bureau began to designate a room with office furniture, and after this, people working in office offices. And only after that did those two meanings of the word bureau appear.

If similar-sounding words form different word-formation series, then such words are homonyms. However, once you put words that were given as homonyms through this purgatory, you can see that the litmus test of identification does not always work. And this is more evidence close connection between such interesting linguistic phenomena as polysemy and homonymy.

Homonyms can also appear as a consequence of external non-linguistic conditions, for example, due to the development of industry, crafts, science, etc.

For example: the word paper once meant “cotton” and “writing material”. A change in the method of preparing paper led to the formation of the homonym paper “writing material” and paper “cotton” (cf.: the modern expression cotton fabric).

In some cases, homonymy is a consequence of certain phonetic processes.

For example: the coincidence in the pronunciation of [e] and [ъ] in the sound [e] led to the appearance of the homonymous pair lechu (from fly) and lechu (from treat, Old Russian l'chiti).

Finally, the reason for the appearance of homonyms can be borrowing.

For example: in a pair, onion “weapon” and onion “plant”, the second word represents a borrowing from the Old German language, and the first is a common Slavic word. Initially, these words were not homonyms, since the original word contained the nasal [Q], but when the nasal [Q] changed into the pure sound [y], a new pair of homonyms appeared in the language.

Words that come from other languages and do not have sound correspondences in Russian can also become homonyms:

Kok is Dutch. Cook on the ship.

Kok - French. Type of hairstyle.

Gazelle - Arabic. Special couplet form.

gazelle - French An animal from the antelope family.

vulture - Greek Large bird of prey.

Grif - German. Detail of stringed musical instruments.

vulture - French Brand, stamp.

Now, having become familiar with the emergence and birth of new homonyms, it would not hurt to become familiar with what types of homonymy exist. There are complete and partial homonymy of a word. Words that coincide with each other in all their forms are called complete homonymy. Words that have the same part grammatical forms, are called partial homonyms.

Full homonymy includes lexical homonyms - these are words that are the same in sound and spelling in all their forms and different in meaning (smooth - smooth surface; satin - embroidery).

Partial or incomplete homonymy is characterized by the fact that words with different meanings do not coincide in sound and spelling in all grammatical forms. One of the partial homonyms are homoforms-grammatical homonyms. Homoforms are common among adjectives, participles and ordinal numbers, which have become nouns.

my native lands are my native lands;

future tense is our future;

second place - applied for second.

The coincidence of words in this case is explained by grammatical reasons and is found only in one or more forms.

For example: I sing (to sing) and I sing (to drink).

Often homoforms refer to various parts speeches: saw (noun) and saw (verb).

Homophones, or so-called phonetic homonyms, are words that sound the same but have different spellings.

For example: Gray wolf in a dense forest

I met a red fox.

Also a type of homonyms are homographs, or graphic homonyms - words that are spelled the same, but pronounced differently, mainly depending on the stress.

For example: p[i]li (past tense of the verb to drink) - saw[i] (imperative mood of the verb to saw).

Paronyms should be distinguished from homoforms and homographs, i.e. words are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

For example: addressee (the one to whom it is addressed) - addressee (the one who sends) diplomat (official) - diplomat (person who has received a diploma) contact (connection) - contract (agreement)

Sometimes in order to achieve comic effect masters of literature deliberately “kick heads” between two words that sound the same but have different meanings. Thus, using the words incline “to change according to cases” and incline - “obsequiously bow down,” the writer Sergeev-Tsensky in the novel “The Sevastopol Strada” creates the following dialogue:

“Where are you coming from so late?” the king asked him.

-From the depot, Your Imperial Majesty! - the cadet answered loudly.
- Fool! Is the depot bowing! - the king shouted.
- Everyone bows to your imperial majesty! - the cadet barked even louder. homonym semantic meaning lexical form

The king liked this answer. He generally loved it when people bowed to him..."

M.V. Lomonosov, warning writers against possible semantic confusion, advised:

“...One must be careful not to put double-meaning sayings in doubtful understanding,” and explained with the following example: “He reveres Virgil,” which can be understood in two ways: 1) “He will read Virgil a little,” 2) “He reveres Virgil ..."

Homonymy at the level of word composition, or homomorphy, is interesting. Prefixes can be homonymous. Thus, there is a homonym prefix for, which gives verbs completely different meanings.

- start an action (sing)
- place something on the other side (throw it)
- do something incidentally, in passing (run in)
- to cover something (to sow)
- bring to an undesirable state (speak)
- to obtain, to receive something (to deserve), etc.

There is a homonym-suffix nick (teapot - object; forester - attitude to the profession).

There are also homonyms of the ending: - a (river zh.r. shores m.r., R.p. shores plural, I.p. wide cr.f.adj., zh.r. flowed gl. past. vr., etc.)

Homonymy is a multi-level phenomenon, i.e. inherent in many levels of our language. We have already become acquainted with lexical, phonetic, graphic, grammatical homonyms and with such a phenomenon as homomorphy. There are also phraseological homonyms.

For example: to give your word - to promise; give the floor - provide an opportunity to speak at a meeting.

This not very well-known phraseological unit cannot escape the verb, means “to be hanged, to perish” and, by the way, has nothing to do with the verb. This phrase requires explanation only because it contains the now obsolete word verb “gallows”. Thus, the literal expression “not to avoid the verb” means “not to pass, not to avoid the gallows.”

As for the noun verb "gallows", it arose on the basis of the word verb as the name of the letter "G". Gallows received its new name from capital letter"G" because of the similarity in shape of these (otherwise completely dissimilar) objects.

And now the more well-known expression “to hell with the middle of nowhere.” Now this expression means “very far, no one knows where, into the wilderness.” In its origin, it is most likely an extension of the answer to the same truly constant, “forbidden” question: where? The modern form, as is usually believed and as V. Dahl believed, is a reworking of the older expression to hell with kulichki, which arose as a result of the substitution of the word kulichki, which had become narrowly dialectal, “forest clearings, islands in the swamp” with the consonant noun kulichki “kulichiki, Easter”. As a result of this, the phraseological unit acquired (now, however, very weakly realized) widespread expressiveness of the combination of contradictory concepts: to go “to hell in the middle of nowhere,” and therefore to Easter - it goes without saying to go or go God knows where, - after all, the concept of the devil and the religious holiday of Easter are completely incompatible.

The sharp pun of this expression (cf. a beluga roaring, a white crow, a living corpse, sleeves from a vest, etc.) faded in him because in modern language there is no longer the word kulichiki in the meaning of “Easter” and the diminutive form of the word kulich is almost never used.

Like many phenomena of the Russian language, homonyms have their admirers and detractors. Some consider them to be the scourge of the language (this is such an obsession, they say, an absurdity where the devil himself will break his leg. How are you supposed to understand even such a phrase: “She grabbed her braid.” For her hair or for what they mow the grass with? Down with homonyms!) . There are also those who accept them because “where can you go?” Whether you like it or not, you have to put up with it. Still others see in homonyms a sign of linguistic power and development and, polemicizing with their opponents, note, not without irony: “And you, dear ones, don’t fuss, don’t rush. From the speech situation, from the context, you can always understand what the woman grabbed onto. This not a problem and not a topic of conversation."

But those who openly admit their love for homonyms are punsters, lovers of verbal effects and wordplay. There is room for them to roam here. The technique of double (or multiple interpretation) is extremely widely known and is constantly used in various modifications.

Its simplest variety is a PUN, a joke based on the same sound but different meaning of words.

Y. Kozlovsky has a wonderful book “On words that are diverse, identical, but different.” Which contains the following verses:

Beaver, the Fox has no soul,

Dropped in for a cup of tea

And he politely asked: “Are you in the way?”

The fox responded: “Oh, what are you saying, my friend, on the contrary!”

And she sat down in the soft chair opposite,

And he stirred the tea with a spoon.

The bear carried it, walking towards the market,

A jar of honey for sale,

Suddenly Mishka is about to be attacked -

The wasps decided to attack.

Teddy bear with an army of aspen

He fought with a torn aspen.

Could he not fly into rage?

If the wasps climbed into the mouth,

They stung anywhere,

They got it for this.

Freckles cannot be demolished

Doesn't disappear from the nose

I, without sparing soap,

I washed my nose patiently,

It would depend on the soap

I would wash my freckles.

They were not averse to juxtaposing homonyms, striking sparks of cheerful ambiguity from them, and greatest masters words, and the first of them is Pushkin:

The defender of liberty and rights in this case is completely wrong.

You puppies! Follow me:

We'll be your equal,

Look, don't talk,

Otherwise I’ll beat you up.

So in the book “Vremnik of the Pushkin Commission” (1939) we read about how P. Merimee, translating “The Queen of Spades” by A.S. Pushkin, used instead of the word took a drag - “smoking, deeply inhaled tobacco smoke,” the phrase tightened the sash , i.e. “he took a drag, pulling on his sash.”

A.S. Pushkin wrote this in “The Queen of Spades”:

"Tomsky lit his pipe, took a drag and continued."

And from P. Merime:

"Tomsky lit a cigarette, tightened his sash and continued."

Lev Pushkin pointed out this inaccuracy to Prosper Morima in 1851. And subsequently it was eliminated.

And here is a pun by D. Minaev:

The realm of rhymes is my element,

And I write poetry easily;

Without hesitation, without delay

I'm running to line from line

Even to the Finnish brown rocks

I'm making a pun.

Another example from fiction: “According to my usual habit, I, of course, could not resist making fun of him...

Bah! What dullness! - I exclaimed, looking him straight in the eyes. Orphan!" (O. Kozhukhova "Early Snow").

Puns are easily built on the collision of homonymous words. Compare, for example: publish - emit (sighs) and publish - print; vice-flaw and vice-disease; mandarin-citrus fruit and mandarin-official in pre-revolutionary China. Here are a few puns using these homonyms: “He only lets out sighs. And these sighs... he makes” (E. Ilyin); “In the end, all his vices resulted in one: a heart defect.” (L. Stulov)

With such a car he is a person:

He supplies everything alone!

All markets are under his crown!

He is the king of nylon, the Shah of perlon

And tangerine tangerines!" (L. Galkin)

The first pun is based on the collision of words of different origins: Greek Eureka! AND Russians Uh! Lie!, the second - on the consonance of words with different meanings (immediate - mediocre), the third - taking into account homonymy (see the light - publish, light - society).

And in the end I want to show you my personal achievement in finding phrases with homonyms and puns (I advise you to try it too, it turns out very well, and it’s just interesting). So in the movie “Operation “Y” and other adventures of Shurik,” when Dub takes a ticket:

- Ticket number 5. Reception!
- I'm sorry, what? - the professor did not understand.
“Ticket number 5, and with it a task,” explains Dub.

These relatives are homophones, well, it’s really interesting! You don’t even know where you will lose it or where you will find it.

And also: “The clock strikes twelve times.” How can you interpret this phrase? First: someone beat them twelve times; second: they tapped out a certain amount of time. Here, as mentioned above, we can understand the meaning of the expression only through the context.

Everything that has been said about homonymy is a small fraction of what could be said. And all this in such a small volume can be useful to you at school, because brief information and by pushing the guys to research the topic, they will become treasure hunters like me, and maybe you too, if you want.

Literature

1. Modern Russian language 1 N.M. Shansky, V.V. Ivanov
2. Modern Russian language (lexicology) M.I. Fomina
3. Modern Russian language ed. Beloshpakova
4. A.T. Arsyrius Entertaining materials M.: "Prosv." 1995
5. Textbook for teachers. institutes Russian language 1 M.: "Prosv." 1989
6. Ya.A. Kozlovsky Fun adventures are not just for fun. M.: "Children's literature" 1979
7. V.I. Maksimov Precision and expressiveness of the word. L.: "Prosv." 1968
8. Russian language. A guide for applicants to universities, 3rd ed. 1996
9. E.A. Vartanyan Journey into the Word
10. N.M. Shansky In the world of words, 3rd ed. M.: "Prosv." 1985

Homonymy(Greek homonymia‘eponymousness’) is a sound coincidence of linguistic units of different meanings (cf. Russian. floor ‘indoor flooring’ and floor ‘a set of biological characteristics’, mat ‘losing position in chess’ and mat ‘soft bedding’). Homonymy is considered a universal phenomenon, since it is observed in all languages of the world (cf. French. la balle 'ball' and la balle ‘bullet’, German. die Mutter 'mother' and die Mutter 'nut', English, light ‘easy’ and light 'light'). Homonymy as linguistic phenomenon opposes polysemy. If polysemy is based on the connectedness of the meanings of a word, their semantic “kinship,” then homonymy is based on their gap, the indeducibility of one from the other. Homonymy has several types:

1) lexical homonymy: sound coincidence of linguistic units of different meanings belonging to the same part of speech (cf. force ‘to force someone to do something’ and force ‘to block, to close with something’; English, light ‘easy’ and light 'light');
2) grammatical homonymy: sound coincidence in certain grammatical forms of linguistic units of different meanings (cf. bake noun and bake - verb, I drive - drive And I drive - 1st sheet, unit hour, present vr. from the verb carry ; English, ring 'ring' and ring ‘call’; franc .Jean - proper name and verb construction j*enparle ; German das Messer (cf. r.) ‘knife’ and der Messer (male) ‘land surveyor’);
3)word-formation homonymy: sound coincidence of morphemes with different word-formation meanings (cf. suffix -ets in a diminutive meaning in a word frost and in the agentive form in the names of the persons performing the action: reader)
4) syntactic homonymy: sound coincidence of different syntactic structures (cf. reading Mayakovsky - parent of the subject and parent of the object);
5) phonetic homonymy: sound coincidence of linguistic units of different meanings that have different spellings (cf. meadow And onion , genus And mouth ; English, die 'to die' and dye 'paint');
6) graphic homonymy: graphic coincidence of linguistic units that have different pronunciations (cf. Russian. flour - flour, castle - lock).

Homonymy is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Depending on the nature of sound matches and the degree of their completeness, homonyms are distinguished:

lexical homonyms - words that have the same sound, but do not have common elements(sem) meaning and not associated associatively (cf. marriage ‘flaw’ and marriage 'marriage'). Lexical homonyms are homonyms in the proper sense of the word. Depending on the degree of coincidence of word forms, full and partial homonyms are distinguished. Full homonyms coincide in all grammatical forms (cf. Russian. key ‘spring’ and key ‘metal lock device’). Partial homonyms coincide only in a number of grammatical forms (cf. Russian. fist ‘hand with clenched fingers’ and fist ‘a rich peasant owner exploiting the labor of others’: no coincidence in the form of wines. p.un. and many more h.; onion ‘garden plant’ and onion ‘weapon’: coincidence only in unit forms. h.). These partial homonyms are also called homoforms;

Homophones are words that have the same sound but have different spellings (cf. Russian. fruit - raft , cat - code ; French voie 'road' and voix ‘voice’, etc.);

Homographs are words that have the same spelling but have different sounds (cf. road - road , already - already and etc.).

The appearance of homonyms in a language is caused by various reasons:

1) the most common reason is changes in the phonetic system of the language, leading to sound coincidences (cf., for example, the appearance of homonyms in the Russian language I'm flying treat and treat 1 l. units hour, present vr. from the verb fly, caused by the loss in the phonetic system of the Russian language of the sound and, accordingly, the letter “to “yat””, which were included in the root morpheme of the verb treat ); 2) a break in the original unified semantics of a polysemantic word, i.e. the collapse of polysemy (cf. Russian. light ‘radiant energy’ and light 'Universe'); 3) formation of a new word or new form words based on an existing one (cf. Russian. fortification ‘Big city' And fortification ‘place of an ancient settlement’); 4) borrowing words (cf. marriage ‘flaw’, borrowed from German Brack ‘defective product, defect’ via Polish and marriage ‘marriage’ from Russian. take);
5) random coincidences (cf. key ‘spring’, etymological connection with the verb bubble And key ‘metal device for a lock’ - with a noun stick).

The emergence of homonyms in a language is a rather complex and lengthy process, especially when there is a gap, a divergence in the meanings of a polysemantic word. The difficulty lies in the fact that the loss of common elements of meaning occurs gradually, as a result of which it is difficult to find the line between a completed and an unfinished process of decay of meanings. That is why the meanings of the same word in different dictionaries can be qualified either as a phenomenon of polysemy or as a phenomenon of homonymy (cf., for example, the interpretation of the word language in the dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegov, where it is considered as a homonym, therefore there is a distinction between Language 1, among the meanings of which the first meaning is 'organ in the oral cavity...' and Language 2, the first meaning of which is 'system of means... , which are a means of communication"; and in the Small Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which both meanings are interpreted as the meanings of one polysemantic word). The problem of distinguishing between the phenomena of homonymy and polysemy "ultimately rests on the question of how accurate the descriptions at our disposal are lexical meanings". The following are most often put forward as objective criteria for finding this edge:

1) ambiguous word necessarily has a meaning component (seme) or an associative feature that unites all other meanings included in it, i.e. its lexical-semantic variants (cf. hero ‘a person who has accomplished a feat’ and hero ‘the main character literary work': general seme 'man'), homonyms do not have such a connecting seme (cf. interfere ‘to be a nuisance’ and interfere 'stir');
2) homonyms are characterized by a divergence of word-formation series caused by a divergence of word meanings (cf. braid ‘agricultural implement’ and its word formation mow, mowing, mowing etc. And braid ‘hairstyle’ with word formation braid, pigtail );
3) homonyms, as a rule, are characterized by different compatibility (cf. the consignment ‘bringing people together’: leftist, democratic, reactionary party etc. And the consignment 'a game': unfinished, effective, postponed game etc.);
4) homonyms are characterized by the absence of synonymous relations between their synonyms, i.e. words are homonyms if their synonyms do not form a synonymous series (cf. marriage ‘flaw’ and its synonymous series: flaw, flaw , poor quality etc. And marriage 'marriage': marriage etc.).

Other criteria (for example, antonymic, etymological) have less discriminating power, but if necessary they can also be used.

Kobozeva I. M. Linguistic semantics. M., 2007. P. 169.

SYNTACTIC HOMONYMY

Coincidence in a syntactic structure (phrase or sentence) of two meanings. Reading Mayakovsky (Mayakovsky is reading or are reading Mayakovsky's works; see genitive subject and genitive object). I advise you to help him (double interpretation; 1) I advise || help him; 2) I advise him || help). see also amphiboly.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

Syntactic homonyms. Lexical and syntactic homonymy

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of words and what SYNTACTIC HOMONYMY is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

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