The declension of the word Arab by case is singular and plural. Online school for learning Arabic Definite article الـ

You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Arabic.

Below is a list of the most commonly used words, the scope of which is: Feminine. The table below has 3 columns (Russian, Arabic and pronunciation). Try to repeat the words after listening. This will help you improve your pronunciation and also remember the word better.

List of adjectives

Russian language	Feminine	Audio
boy	walad ولد
girl	bent بنت
man	rajul رجل
woman	emra"a امرأة
father	ab أب
mother	um أم
Brother	akh أخ
sister	ukht أخت
Actor	mumassel ممثل
Actress	mumassela ممثلة
Cat	qet قط
Cat	qetta قطة

Here is a list of sentences containing several vocabulary items shown above topic about: Feminine. Sentences are added to help you understand how the structure of an entire sentence can affect the function and meaning of individual words.

Feminine gender with examples

Russian language	Arabic	Audio
He is tall	huwa taweel هو طويل
It is high	hiya taweela هي طويلة
He is short.	huwa rajul qaseer هو رجل قصير
She is short	hiya emra"a qaseera هي إمرأة قصيرة
He is German	huwa almani هو ألماني
She's German	hiya almania هي ألمانية
Japanese people are friendly	arrejaal alyabanyoon wedeyoon الرجال اليابانيين ودّيون
Japanese women are friendly	anesaa" alyabaneyaat wedeyat النساء اليابانيات ودّيات

Clothing vocabulary

This is a list of clothing vocabulary. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversations with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.

Clothing vocabulary

Russian language	Cloth	Audio
belt	hezaam حزام
cloth	malabess ملابس
coat	me"taf معطف
dress	fustaan فستان
glasses	nadaraat نظارات
gloves	kufazaat قفازات
hat	kubba"a قبعة
jacket	me"taf معطف
trousers	serwaal سروال
ring	khatam خاتم
shirt	qamees قميص
shoes	ahzya أحذية
socks	jawareb جوارب
costume	bazla بذلة
sweater	satra سترة
tie	rabtat "unuk ربطة عنق
umbrella	mezalla مظلة
underwear	malabess dakhelya ملابس داخلية
wallet	mahfaza محفظة
watch	sa"a ساعة

Daily Talk

Finally, check out the list of phrases used in everyday communication. For a complete list of popular expressions, please see: Arabic phrases.

Arabic phrases

Russian language	Arabic	Audio
Do you like my dress?	hal yu"jebuk lebassi هل يعجبك لباسي؟
I lost my socks	laqad ada"tu jawarebi لقد أضعت جواربي
It suits you	ennaha tabdoo jameela "alayk إنها تبدو جميلة عليك
She has a beautiful ring	ladayha khatam jameel لديها خاتم جميل
These pants are long	haza asserwaal taweel هذا السروال طويل
These shoes are too small	hazeh alahzya sagheera هذه الأحذية صغيرة
Where are you from?	men ayna ant? من أين أنت؟
I'm from usa.	ana men alwelayat almutaheda أنا من الولايات المتحدة
I'm American	ana amriki أنا أمريكي
Where do you live?	anya ta"eesh? أين تعيش؟
I live in USA.	ana a"eesh fel welayat almutaheda alamrikia أنا أعيش فى الولايات المتحدة
Do you like it here?	hal anta mustamte" bewujudeka huna? هل أنت مستمتع بوجودك هنا؟

Benefits of learning a language

Learning a new language will boost your self-confidence. Those who lack motivation to learn a language will admire you. Even native speakers of the language you are learning will be impressed and, of course, pleased by your ability to speak it, or at least attempt to do so.

Congratulations! You completed this lesson on: Femininity and clothing. Are you ready for the next lesson? We recommend going through Arabic lesson 6. You can also click on one of the links below, or return to our home page by clicking on the link here:

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ON WAYS OF EXPRESSING GENDER CHARACTERISTICS IN ARABIC AND TURKISH LANGUAGES

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Gender is a grammatical category that expresses the characteristics of masculine and feminine genders in language. Nominal parts of speech in Arabic can differ in both masculine and feminine genders. At the same time, the characteristics of the masculine and feminine gender can be expressed both lexically and through inflection, as well as by elements of the harfi tariff. The purpose of this article is to determine ways of expressing characteristics of the feminine and masculine genders in the nominal parts of speech of the Arabic and Turkish languages, which, both according to genetic and typological characteristics, belong to languages ​​of different systems.

Keywords

feminine gender - muannas.

In many languages, nominal parts of speech grammatically express gender meaning. In those grammars where there is a division of names by gender, gender is present not only in animate, but also in inanimate names. Arabic is one of these languages. The grammatical division of names along the lines of masculine and feminine genders directly affects the change in words in a sentence.

There are also languages ​​where there is no division of words by gender. Turkish is a typical example of such languages. In this language, names referring to the male or female gender are determined by their lexical meaning. Naturally, such names do not carry any grammatical gender meaning. That is, there is no grammatical difference between masculine and feminine names. Their belonging to one of the genders does not in any way affect the connection of words in a sentence.

Gender of nouns in Arabic. Words indicating gender are divided into muzakkar "masculine" and (^ja) muannas "feminine" gender. They are expressed not only in animate objects, but also in inanimate objects. Objects that do not express any gender can also be either masculine or feminine.

Muzakkar "masculine" Muannas "feminine"

ab father umm mother

hisan horse faras horse

dick rooster dajaja chicken

("^lL ism al-muannas. In Arabic, animate objects are feminine or

some inanimate objects are called as ism al-muannas "feminine names".

wow sister ejl^j nazzara glasses

bandage girl üi^ia mindada table

YalS Amma Aunty SiaU Nafisa Window

YAM challah aunt (paternal) ÄixL miliaka spoon

^b^e) alayama at-tanis. In Arabic there are a number of features that determine the gender of certain objects. These features help distinguish these objects from objects

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expressing masculine gender. These signs are referred to as alayama at-tanis (signs of the feminine gender). The following signs are signs of at-tanis:

1) (^jij^l f^l) at - ta al - marbuta. The most common sign is feminine. This feature is implemented in the form of endings. It is not the root letter of the word: (®) ( ). There is no similar form in Turkish.

Muzakkar Muannas

nazifa pure nazifa pure

bi kyt cat kytta cat

Mumin the believer DAL^L Mumin the believer

2) (v^All2| ^N1) ENG Memdude. The second feature, expressing the feminine gender of nouns, most often determines the gender of syfat. It is written at the end of a word as - aa, - aau, - aai. Alif al - mamduda is not the root letter of the word, however the last letter hamza is one of the root letters of the word. It should be noted that not every word containing this letter expresses the feminine gender. To do this, it is necessary to transform it into the masculine afal form.

3) For example: at the end of the word (^b^) hamraau “red” there is alif al - mamduda. However, to find out what gender a given word indicates, you need to look at how it is expressed in the masculine gender. If this word is expressed in the form (^>) afal, i.e. (J■ЛЛ^) akhmar “red” which indicates the masculine gender, then (^b^) hamarau “red” indicates the feminine gender.

Muzakkar Muannas

akhmar red fij^A hamraau red

akhsan beautiful fliulA hasnaau beautiful

araj temple f^j® arajaau temple

If the alif al-mamduda at the end of the word is one of the root letters, then in this case this sign does not indicate the feminine gender, but serves as a sign of the plural.

binaau building

fli^ safaau cleanliness

shuaraau poets

uzamaau leaders

fliH hulafaau caliphs

4) alif al-maksura. The ending (u-) - aa, comes at the end of the noun. This

the sign does not indicate the gender of nouns, i.e. the presence of this ending at the end of a word does not mean that it is muannas. Alif al-maksura can exist in both feminine and masculine names. In order for a word in which this feature exists to be called a feminine name, a number of conditions are necessary. Of them:

a) if the adjective ends in alif al-maksura, and this adjective is also used for a masculine noun in the form of Faalyan, then this adjective is used in the feminine form. For example, in order to determine the gender of the adjective (i?^eC")atasha "thirsty" it is necessary to refer to the use of this word in the masculine gender. Since this word in the masculine form in the Faalan form is pronounced as (¿ъдьс) atshaan, "thirsty ", then the adjective (ts1 "bg) atshaa "thirsty" is feminine.

b) the root of a noun ending in alif al-maksura is also feminine. For example (^go) daawaa “invitation, call” (^^) dhikraa “memory”, (^ “u) bushraa “joy”.

c) if the stem or root of a noun ends in alif al-maksura, then the word is feminine. For example, unsaa "woman", (<^1) афаа "змея ", (у^)

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fucking "pregnancy".

d) if a word ends in alif al-maksura, but it does not contain the above characteristics, then the word will be masculine and not feminine. For example, (^b.ll) Mustafaa "Mustafa", (j^ja) Marda "Sick", (j\J?) Jurhaa "wounded", (Jja) Musanna "dual", (j^^««) mustashfaa "hospital".

Feminine nouns that do not have tanis signs. In Arabic, feminine nouns can be determined by the above characteristics. But there are also words that do not have these characteristics, and all of them belong to the feminine gender. They can be listed as follows:

1. Names assigned to women: female names that do not have characteristics of the feminine gender are still considered as such. For example, (fiJA^)Maryam, (^jij) Zainab, (Jl*^) Suad and (^ь) Hind.

2. Names used for feminine creatures: Names used to designate feminine creatures also refer to the feminine gender. For example, uht "sister", (fi) umm "mother", (^jj) bint "daughter".

3. Name of paired organs: In Arabic, paired body organs are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (j^>) uzun “ears”, (J*j) rijl “legs”, (6jc) ain “eyes”.

4. Names of countries, cities and tribes: In Arabic, the names of countries, cities and tribes are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (l^J2) Türkiye, Bishkek, Quraysh.

5. The name of winds, fire and its various names: In Arabic, this category of words also refers to the feminine gender. For example, (jlj) naar “fire”, (jj*^1) sayir “strong fire”, (^i) riih “wind”, (oüJ) dubuur “west wind”.

6. Names of various packs and herds of animals: this category of words is also used in the feminine gender. For example (fj®) ganem "herd of rams and goats", (f1-*) hamam "flock of pigeons", (Jjj) ibil "herd of camels"

Feminine genders in Arabic. In Arabic, the feminine gender is divided into three groups: haqiqi feminine, lafzi feminine, semai feminine.

1. (JfoH ^jj-lI fuiVI) Haqiqi feminine: words directly used to denote the feminine gender, despite the presence or absence of the attribute to refer to the haqiqi feminine gender: for example, (i^jSi) zikraa "memory", amyaa "blind" ,(®ij*l) imraa "woman", (vjü) "zeyneb", (YADYae) "aisha", (fi) um "mother", (^i) uht "sister" (^Ш fetat "young girl"

2. (j^iffl ¿uj-lI fuiVI) Lafzi feminine: words with the meaning of a masculine word but having signs of a feminine gender are called lafzi feminine, for example, (I±$1*A,) Muawiya, Zekeriya, (I* A*)khalifa, (»j-*■)Hamza, (I*^)Talha.

3. (jd-^li ¿jj-lI fuiVI) Semai feminine: words that do not have signs of the feminine gender, but in meaning are feminine names. Such words refer to the feminine gender Semai. For example, shems "sun", nefs "nefs, life", (VJ*) harb "war".

(j£j-2I fuiVI) masculine. Words that do not belong to the feminine gender and do not have signs of the feminine gender are words of the masculine gender. Thus, you can easily determine whether a word is masculine. If we cannot determine what gender a word belongs to, then it will be enough to look if it contains signs of the feminine gender. If a word has one of the characteristics of the feminine gender, then it is a feminine word, and if it does not have such characteristics, then the word is masculine.

Masculine species. The masculine gender is divided into two groups:

1) (jfoll j^J-lI Hakiki masculine: words denoting an inspired object that is masculine and has no signs of a feminine gender refer to haqiki as masculine. For example (A-l|)Akhmetg, (±-ъА)Mukhammet, (^) Ali.

2) f^VI) Manevi masculine: words denoting an inanimate object of the masculine gender refer to haqiqi masculine. For example, beit "house", (j-2) chambers "moon", (j^) lisan "tongue".

Arabic has a small number of exception words that are used in both the feminine and masculine genders. That is, from a grammatical point of view, these words are both masculine and

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female. But this does not mean that these words do not have a gender, as happens in other languages.

cbd lung flAUl sema sky

Jju bitches market Jb hal state

tarik road sikin knife

unuk neck sil weapons

Gender of nouns in Turkish. In Turkish, from a grammatical point of view, there is no division of words into genders. Creatures of different kinds are designated by different names and titles. However, based on the fact that they are nouns that do not express any gender, differences in grammar regarding that number of features do not appear. Thus, this action does not affect words of the feminine and masculine gender. Objects that do not belong to a specific genus also do not belong to the categories of generic characteristics. In short, in Turkish there is no gender category among the categories of nouns. And therefore, in grammar there is no such thing as an ending expressing the gender of a noun.

Differences between feminine and masculine real names. As already noted, in the grammar of the Turkish language there are no differences between genders, however, there are signs by which the gender of a given object is determined. They can be listed in the following order:

1. Attach adjectives to people’s names: In order to determine what gender a name belongs to, it is necessary to add adjectives such as egkek “man”, kadm “woman” or kiz “deeo4Ka”. For example, Erkek gocuk (boy), kiz gocuk (girl), erkek karde§ (brother), kiz karde§ (sister), erkek isgi (worker), kadin isgi (worker), erkek doktor (doctor), kadin doktor (doctor woman), erkek §arkici (neeeeс), kadin §arkici (singer), erkekyolcu (traveler), kadin yolcu (traveler), etc.

2. The use of various words to designate related units: For example, mother, father, son, daughter, sister, brother, daughter-in-law, son-in-law, matchmaker, brother-in-law, husband, wife, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law, father-in-law, aunt, uncle, etc. d.

3. Using the adjectives erkek (man) and di§i (woman) before the names of animals: Erkekaslan (lion), di§i aslan (lioness), erkek kaplan (tiger), di§i kaplan (tigress), erkek timsah (male crocodile), di§i timsah (female crocodile), erkek kedi (cat), di§i kedi (female cat), erkek güvercin (male pigeon), di§i güvercin (female pigeon), etc.

4. Name of animals: koyun (sheep), kog (kochkor), kegi (goat), teke (goat), inek (cow), oküz (buffalo), boga (bull), aygir (horse), tavuk (chicken), horoz (rooster), etc.

Comparison of data from two languages. As already noted, in Arabic nouns are divided into genders. However, this category is missing in Turkish. In Arabic, nouns are divided into muzakkar and muannas. Thus, all animate or inanimate objects are considered within these two genera. In order to distinguish one from the other, there are certain signs called alamats. These alamats are either at the root of a word or are added as endings. By means of such signs in Arabic one can distinguish the masculine from the feminine gender.

Arabic and Turkish have absolutely no common ground grammatically. However, despite this, there is still some similarity in language logic:

1. Both languages ​​used separate names to denote female or male gender.

2. In both languages ​​there is such a problem as designating the gender of some names. For example, the word doctor in both languages ​​is used for both men and women. The Arabic language solved this problem by ending i.e. the word duktur - doctor was added with the ending (»JJ^J) duktura, so this word already expresses a woman doctor.

3. In both languages, if there is no feminine gender attribute, then the noun is considered masculine. Therefore, in Arabic, the sign of tanis is required to denote the feminine gender. In Turkish, an adjective is used for this.

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List of used literature:

1. Aziz Ahmad Khalil, £ev. Burhan Sümerta§, Kur"an"da Cinsiyet Kaliplari: Sosyolengüistik Bir Yakla§im, Istanbul: Í.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Bahar, 2010/ 1(1), 295-306 s.

2. Cämi Abdurrahman, Trc. Ercan Elbinsoy, el-Feváidü"z-Ziyáiyye, Molla Cämi tercümesi, istanbul: Yasin Yayinevi, 2005, 568 s.

3. £örtü Meral M., Arapga Dilbilgisi: Sarf, istanbul: i.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Vakfi Yayinlari, 2001, 573 s.

4. Ergin Muharrem, Türk Dilbilgisi, istanbul: Bogazi^i Yayinlari, 1998, 407 s.

5. Korkmaz Zeynep, Türkiye Türkgesi Grameri (§ekil Bilgisi), Ankara: TDK Yayinlari, 2003, 1224 s.

6. Yilmaz Demir-Emine N., “Ural-Altay Dillerive Altay Dilleri Teorisi”, Türkler, p. I, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye yay., 2002, 394-402 s.; http://yunus.hacettepe. edu. tr/~eminey/makaleler/yilmazkbol5.pdf, (eri§imtarihi: 01/14/2015).

7. 397 "2003 "¿""b«il jIj í^j^ÜI ^i jbiiJl "Jj^S jaJ (Ahmed Hasan Kuhail, Interpretation of nominal forms, Qusaym: Dar Asdaul-Muzhtema, 2003, 397 pp.).

8. ^¡^a 446 1988 AU^d ""¿JAISJI "i_il3£ll "jjjlfc l«^ l ^^Jl JJC. Í^JS^J "jjja ¿J jlAic. ¿J JJA^ J^J (Sibawayh Abu Bishr Amr ibn-Usma ibn-Kander, Txk: Abdusselam Muhammad Harun, Book, Cairo: Mektebetul-Hanji, 1988, part 1, 446 pp.).

9. 408 "1998 "^aJUI i-iuSJl jij"üjju "^¿juJlj jjSíüJI ^ijjlal ^íj-^JI "jjjJl jjj (Isaam Nuriddin, Morphological characteristics of the difference between masculine and feminine genders, Beirut: Darul-Kitabul-Alemi, 1988 , 408 pp.).

10. 430 "1973 "AjAkil AjjSaJI "¿jaISJI "¿jJI Í¿JI la/jí ¡lL jI^í (Fuad Name, A Short Course in Arabic Grammar, Cairo: Al-Maktabul-Ilmiyye, 1973. 430 pp.).

11. 902 "1971 " AjjSaJI"üjju "AajJI ^¡jjJI ¿lU "^íu^aJI ^¿L^l (Mustafa al-Ghalayini, Lessons in Arabic, Beirut: Al-Maktabul-Asriya, 1971, part 1 , 902 pp.).

12. 378 "1.£ "1981 "Aíj*aJI jIj "JjjjH^I "jajJlj uij^ji Jclja > j.^milj > jVmil í^íaí aa^l (Muhammad Zihni, Selected rules of morphology and word formation, Istanbul: Ed. -in Marifet, 1981, part 1, 378 p.).

13. 352 "2002 "j&SI jIj "^jjjjJI "jajJl jIj^Í " jUA^ ¿j aa^í jjjJl ^a^ajIj U>b JUS ¿jI (Ibn Kemal Pashazadeh Shemsuddin Ahmed ibn Suleiman, Secrets of the Science of Morphology, Beirut: Darul-Fikr, 2002, 352 pp.).

© Aksoy M., 2016

Teacher of FT, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Republic of Turkey

THE PLACE OF ARABIC IN THE FAMILY OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES

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The Arabic language is genetically one of the Semitic languages, and typologically it is an inflectional type, in which, while maintaining the consonantal frame, the root can change due to inflection and affixation. The article discusses issues related to the place and characteristics of the Arabic language in the family of Semitic languages.

Keywords

Semitic family of languages, place and features of the Arabic language, al-Lahja, language.

The languages ​​of the world are usually classified genetically based on their origin and typologically based on their internal structure. This may take into account such features as

In Arabic, in words defining the profession, type, quality, type of activity of an object, the feminine gender is formed from the masculine gender by adding ة [t] to the end of the word (تَاءُ مَربُوطَة [ta marbuta]). For example:

كَبِيرٌ m.r. big- كَبِيرَةٌf.r. big

The feminine plural (جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمُ) is formed from the singular. w.r. by replacing ة (تاء مربوطة) with ا (أَلِفٌ) and ت (تاء مَفْتُوحَة). For example:

كَبِيرَةٌ big - كَبِيرَاتٌ big w.r.

Note: ة is written at the end of the expression read as Xصَغِيرَةٌ هِيَ [khiya sogirah].

Lesson 3

اسْمُ الإِشَارَةِ – Demonstrative pronouns

Remember demonstrative pronouns:

هَذَا this, this m.r.

هَذِهِ this w.r.

هَؤُلَاءِ these

ذَلِكَ (ذَاكَ) that, that m.r.

تِلْكَ that w.r.

أُوْلَئِكَ those(same for masculine and feminine)

for example: ذَلِكَ رَجُلٌ that man;هَذَا رَجُلٌ this man.

Definite article الـ

All names in Arabic are used either in a definite or indefinite state. One of the signs of the definiteness of a name is the definite article الـ, which is used with names that have already been discussed, as well as with the names of objects that are one of a kind. This article is written together with names. For example:

اَلْغَنِيُّ، اَلرَّجُلُ، اَلْمَرْأَةُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ

Note the following features:

1. The tanvin ending is not compatible with the article الـ.

رَجُلٌ – اَلرَّجُلُ، رَجُلًا – اَلرَّجُلَ، رَجُلٍ – اَلرَّجُلِ.

The Fatah tanvin at the end of the word is closed with an alif.

2. At the beginning of the expression, alif is read with a short unstressed sound A, but in the middle it’s not readable.

اَلْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ – هَذِهِ الْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ.

3. The consonants of the Arabic language are divided into so-called “lunar” and “solar” letters, remember them:

Lunar: ا، ب، ج، ح، خ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، م، هـ، ي، و

Solar: ت، ث، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ل، ن

When the article الـ is attached to lunar letters, لـ is read, when attached to solar letters it is not readable, but at the same time the solar letter is doubled, i.e. the letter لـ is assimilated.

اَلطَّوِيلُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ، اَلرِّجَالُ، اَلنِّسَاءُ

More details on the definiteness and uncertainty of a name are given in Lesson 14.

Lesson 4

Remember:

Lesson 6

الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ – fused pronoun

A fused pronoun is a pronoun that is written with the words to which it refers together. For example:

صَدِيقُ كَ your friend; صَدِيق ُنَا our friend

In these examples it is clear that the fused pronouns ـكَ is yours; ـنَا our joined to the end of the word صَدِيقٌ Friend and were written together with these words, that’s why they are called merged.

The following fused pronouns exist:

By joining names, fused pronouns perform the function of possessive pronouns, i.e. determine affiliation. For example:

كِتَابُهُ His book; those. this book belongs to him.

When agreeing on a fused pronoun with the names to which they refer, the grammatical gender of the owner of the object, and not the object itself, is taken into account. For example:

صَدِيقُكِ your friend; in this example the word صَدِيقُ Friend m.r., and the pronoun ـكِ yours f.r., this means that the owner of the friend is a woman.

صَدِيقَتُكِ your girlfriend; those. girlfriend's owner is a man.

When agreeing a name with a fused pronoun of the 1st person singular. ـِي my The vowel of the last letter is replaced by kyasru. For example: ضَيْفِي my guest.

Names to which fused pronouns are attached are written without the article الـ and tanvin.

Lesson 7-8

Remember:

In addition to fused pronouns, the affiliation of names can be determined by other names or demonstrative pronouns to which they refer (for more details, see lesson 10). For example:اِبْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ son of Muhammad. In this example, the son's identity is determined by his father, who is Muhammad. أُمُّ هَذَا الْوَلَدِ this child's mother. In this example, the mother's affiliation is determined with هَذَا this, and the child, in turn, is the definition of هَذَا.

Between two proper names in the word اِبْنٌ the initial alif is missing. For example: أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ this expression can be translated as: Ahmad son of Muhammad, those. Akhmad Muhammadovich.

Cases in Arabic

The bulk of names in Arabic has three case declension and has the following main features of these cases:

case	sign	example
Name مَرْفُوعٌ	damma ـُــٌـ	الصَّدِيقُ, صَّدِيقٌ الصَّدِيقَةُ, صَّدِيقَةٌ؛
Rod.p. مَجْرُورٌ	kasra ـِــٍـ	الصَّدِيقِ, صَّدِيقٍ الصَّدِيقَةِ, صَّدِيقَةٍ؛
Vin.p.مَنْصُوبٌ	fatha ـَــًـ	الصَّدِيقَ, صَّدِيقًا الصَّدِيقَةَ, صَّدِيقَةً؛

(more details about the signs of cases in lesson 12)

الإِضَافَةُ – Inconsistent definition

الإِضَافَةُ inconsistent definition is a phrase consisting of two words, the first is called مُضَافٌ the second مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ. For example:

جَارُ الْمُعَلِّمِ teacher's neighbor

مُضَافٌ defined - this is the first word of the phrase indicating belonging to another name that is written after it. مُضَافٌ is used without the article الـ and tanvin (ـٌـٍـً). Also, مُضَافٌ can be in any case.

مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ a name that determines affiliation - determines the affiliation of the word in front, always used in the genitive case (مَجْرُورٌ) ​​mainly with the article الـ. For example:

بَيْتُ الصَدِيقِ friend's house. In this phrase بَيْتُ house is مُضَافٌ because used without the article الـ and tanvin and indicates its affiliation friend, in turn الصَدِيقِ Friend is مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ because. is used in the genitive case (مَجْرُورٌ) ​​and determines whether the house belongs to oneself, i.e. the house belongs to a friend.

إِمَامُ الْمَسْجِدِ imam of the mosque In this example, إِمَامُ is مُضَافٌ, and الْمَسْجِدِ is مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ.

Lesson 9

الْجَمْعُ – Plural of names

الجَمْعُ plural. - these are words that indicate three or more objects. There are three types of plural:

1. جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ correct plural. masculine – formed from the singular. masculine by adding the ending ـُونَ to the end of the word in the im.p. (مَرْفُوعٌ); and endings ـِينَ in gender. (مَجْرُورٌ) ​​and wine.p. (مَنْصُوبٌ). For example:

مُعَلِّمٌ teacher – مُعَلِّمُ ونَ or مُعَلِّم ِينَ teachers

مُجْتَهِدٌ diligent– مُجْتَهِدُ ونَ or مُجْتَهِدِ ينَ diligent

2. جَمْعُ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمُ correct plural. feminine – formed from singular. feminine by replacing ة with the ending ـَات For example:

مُعَلِّمَةٌ teacher – مُعَلِّمَ اتٌ teachers

مُجْتَهِدَةٌ diligent – مُجْتَهِدَ اتٌ diligent w.r.

3. جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ broken plural. – is formed by changing the structure of the word itself. For example:

كَبِيرٌ big – كِبَارٌ big

تِلْمِيذٌ student – تَلَامِيذُ students

Note: broken plural h. does not have a specific rule of formation and

remembered by memorization.

الصِّفَةُ – Agreed Definition

الصِّفَةُ agreed definition is a minor member of a sentence, indicating the attribute or quality of the name that comes before it, called مَوْصُوفٌ (defined). For example:

تِلْمِيذٌ مُجْتَهِدٌ diligent student. From this example it is clear that diligent is الصِّفَةُ (definition) because determines the quality student, which is مَوْصُوفٌ (definable).

Also, الصِّفَةُ and مَوْصُوفٌ must agree with each other according to 4 characteristics: gender, number, case, definiteness and indeterminacy (lesson 14). For example:

الطَّبِيبُ الْمَاهِرُ skilled doctor. In this example, الطَّبِيبُ doctor is in singular, male. r., im.p. and a certain state; الْمَاهِرُ skillful also found in the singular, male. r., im.p. and a certain state therefore الطَّبِيبُ doctor is مَوْصُوفٌ, and الْمَاهِرُ skillful is الصِّفَةُ.

مُعَلِّمَةٌ صَالِحَةٌ righteous teacher. In this example, مُعَلِّمَةٌ teacher is in singular, female. r., im.p. and in an uncertain state; صَالِحَةٌ righteous also found in singular, feminine. r., im.p. and in an uncertain state, therefore مُعَلِّمَةٌ teacher is مَوْصُوف , and صَالِحَةٌ righteous is الصِّفَةُ.

الْمُعَلِّمُونَ الْعُلَمَاءُ learned teachers. In this example, الْمُعَلِّمُونَ teachers is in the plural, masculine. r., im.p. and a certain state; الْعُلَمَاءُ scientists also in the plural, husband. r., im.p. and a certain state therefore الْمُعَلِّمُونَ teachers, is مَوْصُوفٌ, and الْعُلَمَاءُ scientists is الصِّفَةُ.

Note: often the phrase defined by the definition is translated first by the definition, and then by the defined, as can be seen in the above examples.

Lesson 10

Remember the following features:

1. in the case when جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ (regular plural masculine) is مُضَافٌ, the ending ن is omitted. For example:

مُعَلِّمُو نَ التِّلْمِيذِ g مُعَلِّمُو التِّلْمِيذِ student teacher; خَيَّاطُو نَ هُمْ g خَيَّاطُوهُمْ their

tailors etc.

2. if the continuous pronoun ـي is attached to the regular plural. masculine, then ن is omitted, and the final و turns into ي. For example:

+ مِي g مِيَّ my teachers

Lesson 11

Remember: