Stupidly memorizes the laws of physics. Simple and clear teaching of physics

It is natural and correct to be interested in the world around us and the patterns of its functioning and development. That is why it is wise to pay attention to natural Sciences, for example, physics, which explains the very essence of the formation and development of the Universe. The basic physical laws are not difficult to understand. Schools introduce children to these principles at a very young age.

For many, this science begins with the textbook “Physics (7th grade).” The basic concepts of thermodynamics are revealed to schoolchildren; they become familiar with the core of the main physical laws. But should knowledge be limited to school? What physical laws should every person know? This will be discussed later in the article.

Science physics

Many of the nuances of the science described are familiar to everyone from early childhood. This is due to the fact that, in essence, physics is one of the areas of natural science. It tells about the laws of nature, the action of which influences the life of everyone, and in many ways even ensures it, about the characteristics of matter, its structure and patterns of movement.

The term "physics" was first recorded by Aristotle in the fourth century BC. Initially, it was synonymous with the concept of “philosophy”. After all, both sciences had a single goal - to correctly explain all the mechanisms of the functioning of the Universe. But already in the sixteenth century, as a result of the scientific revolution, physics became independent.

General law

Some basic laws of physics are applied in various branches of science. In addition to them, there are those that are considered to be common to all of nature. This is about

It implies that the energy of each closed system during the occurrence of any phenomena in it is certainly conserved. Nevertheless, it is capable of transforming into another form and effectively changing its quantitative content in various parts the named system. At the same time, in an open system, the energy decreases provided that the energy of any bodies and fields that interact with it increases.

In addition to the above general principle, contains physics basic concepts, formulas, laws that are necessary to interpret the processes occurring in the surrounding world. Exploring them can be incredibly exciting. Therefore, this article will briefly discuss the basic laws of physics, but in order to understand them more deeply, it is important to pay full attention to them.

Mechanics

Many basic laws of physics are revealed to young scientists in grades 7-9 at school, where such a branch of science as mechanics is more fully studied. Its basic principles are described below.

1. Galileo's law of relativity (also called the mechanical law of relativity, or the basis of classical mechanics). The essence of the principle is that under similar conditions, mechanical processes in any inertial reference frames are completely identical.
2. Hooke's law. Its essence is that the greater the impact on elastic body(spring, rod, console, beam) from the side, the greater its deformation turns out to be.

Newton's laws (represent the basis of classical mechanics):

1. The principle of inertia states that any body is capable of being at rest or moving uniformly and in a straight line only if no other bodies act on it in any way, or if they somehow compensate for the action of each other. To change the speed of movement, the body must be acted upon with some force, and, of course, the result of the influence of the same force on bodies of different sizes will also differ.
2. The main principle of dynamics states that the greater the resultant of the forces that are currently acting on a given body, the greater the acceleration it receives. And, accordingly, the greater the body weight, the lower this indicator.
3. Newton's third law states that any two bodies always interact with each other according to an identical pattern: their forces are of the same nature, are equivalent in magnitude and necessarily have the opposite direction along the straight line that connects these bodies.
4. The principle of relativity states that all phenomena occurring under the same conditions in inertial reference systems occur in an absolutely identical way.

Thermodynamics

The school textbook, which reveals to students the basic laws (“Physics. Grade 7”), also introduces them to the basics of thermodynamics. We will briefly consider its principles below.

The laws of thermodynamics, which are basic in this branch of science, are of a general nature and are not related to the details of the structure of a particular substance at the atomic level. By the way, these principles are important not only for physics, but also for chemistry, biology, aerospace engineering, etc.

For example, in the named industry there is a rule that defies logical definition: in a closed system, the external conditions for which are unchanged, an equilibrium state is established over time. And the processes that continue in it invariably compensate each other.

Another rule of thermodynamics confirms the desire of a system, which consists of a colossal number of particles characterized by chaotic motion, to independently transition from states less probable for the system to more probable ones.

And Gay-Lussac's law (also called it states that for a gas of a certain mass under stable pressure conditions, the result of dividing its volume by absolute temperature certainly becomes a constant value.

Another important rule this branch is the first law of thermodynamics, which is also commonly called the principle of conservation and transformation of energy for a thermodynamic system. According to him, any amount of heat that was communicated to the system will be spent exclusively on its metamorphosis internal energy and the work it does in relation to any acting external forces. It was this pattern that became the basis for the formation of the operation scheme of heat engines.

Another gas law is Charles' law. It states that the greater the pressure of a certain mass of an ideal gas while maintaining a constant volume, the greater its temperature.

Electricity

The 10th grade of school reveals interesting basic laws of physics to young scientists. At this time, the main principles of the nature and patterns of action of electric current, as well as other nuances, are studied.

Ampere's law, for example, states that conductors connected in parallel, through which current flows in the same direction, inevitably attract, and in the case of the opposite direction of current, they repel, respectively. Sometimes the same name is used for a physical law that determines the force acting in an existing magnetic field on a small section of a conductor, in this moment conducting current. That's what they call it - the Ampere force. This discovery was made by a scientist in the first half of the nineteenth century (namely in 1820).

The law of conservation of charge is one of the basic principles of nature. It states that the algebraic sum of all electric charges arising in any electrical isolated system, is always preserved (becomes constant). Despite this, this principle does not exclude the emergence of new charged particles in such systems as a result of certain processes. Nevertheless, the total electric charge of all newly formed particles must certainly be zero.

Coulomb's law is one of the main ones in electrostatics. It expresses the principle of the interaction force between stationary point charges and explains the quantitative calculation of the distance between them. Coulomb's law makes it possible to substantiate the basic principles of electrodynamics experimentally. It states that stationary point charges certainly interact with each other with a force, which is higher, the greater the product of their magnitudes and, accordingly, the smaller, the smaller the square of the distance between the charges in question and the medium in which the described interaction occurs.

Ohm's law is one of the basic principles of electricity. It states that the greater the strength of the direct electric current acting on a certain section of the circuit, the greater the voltage at its ends.

They call the principle that allows you to determine the direction in a conductor of current moving under conditions of influence magnetic field in a certain way. To do this, it is necessary to position the right hand so that the lines of magnetic induction figuratively touch the open palm, and thumb pull in the direction of movement of the conductor. In this case, the remaining four straightened fingers will determine the direction of movement of the induction current.

This principle also helps to find out the exact location of the magnetic induction lines straight conductor, conducting current at the moment. It happens like this: place the thumb of your right hand so that it points and figuratively grasp the conductor with the other four fingers. The location of these fingers will demonstrate the exact direction of the magnetic induction lines.

The principle of electromagnetic induction is a pattern that explains the process of operation of transformers, generators, and electric motors. This law is as follows: in a closed loop, the greater the induction generated, the greater the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Optics

The Optics branch also reflects part of the school curriculum (basic laws of physics: grades 7-9). Therefore, these principles are not as difficult to understand as they might seem at first glance. Their study brings with it not just additional knowledge, but a better understanding of the surrounding reality. The basic laws of physics that can be attributed to the study of optics are the following:

1. Guynes principle. It is a method that can effectively determine the exact position of the wave front at any given fraction of a second. Its essence is as follows: all points that are in the path of the wave front in a certain fraction of a second, in essence, themselves become sources of spherical waves (secondary), while the location of the wave front in the same fraction of a second is identical to the surface , which goes around all spherical waves (secondary). This principle is used to explain existing laws related to the refraction of light and its reflection.
2. The Huygens-Fresnel principle reflects effective method resolving issues related to wave propagation. He helps explain elementary tasks related to light diffraction.
3. waves It is equally used for reflection in a mirror. Its essence is that both the incident beam and the one that was reflected, as well as the perpendicular constructed from the point of incidence of the beam, are located in a single plane. It is also important to remember that the angle at which the beam falls is always absolutely equal to the angle of refraction.
4. The principle of light refraction. This is a change in trajectory electromagnetic wave(light) at the moment of movement from one homogeneous medium to another, which differs significantly from the first in a number of refractive indices. The speed of light propagation in them is different.
5. Law of rectilinear propagation of light. At its core, it is a law related to the field of geometric optics, and is as follows: in any homogeneous medium (regardless of its nature), light propagates strictly rectilinearly, over the shortest distance. This law explains the formation of shadows in a simple and accessible way.

Atomic and nuclear physics

Basic laws quantum physics, as well as the fundamentals of atomic and nuclear physics studied in high school high school and higher educational institutions.

Thus, Bohr's postulates represent a series of basic hypotheses that became the basis of the theory. Its essence is that any atomic system can remain stable only in stationary states. Any emission or absorption of energy by an atom necessarily occurs using the principle, the essence of which is as follows: radiation associated with transportation becomes monochromatic.

These postulates relate to the standard school curriculum studying the basic laws of physics (grade 11). Their knowledge is mandatory for a graduate.

Basic laws of physics that a person should know

Some physical principles, although they belong to one of the branches of this science, they are nevertheless of a general nature and should be known to everyone. Let us list the basic laws of physics that a person should know:

• Archimedes' law (applies to the areas of hydro- and aerostatics). It implies that any body that has been immersed in gaseous substance or into a liquid, a kind of buoyant force acts, which is certainly directed vertically upward. This force is always numerically equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body.
• Another formulation of this law is as follows: a body immersed in a gas or liquid certainly loses as much weight as the mass of the liquid or gas in which it was immersed. This law became the basic postulate of the theory of floating bodies.
• Law universal gravity(discovered by Newton). Its essence is that absolutely all bodies inevitably attract each other with a force, which is greater, the greater the product of the masses of these bodies and, accordingly, the less, the smaller the square of the distance between them.

These are the 3 basic laws of physics that everyone who wants to understand the functioning mechanism of the surrounding world and the peculiarities of the processes occurring in it should know. It is quite simple to understand the principle of their operation.

The value of such knowledge

The basic laws of physics must be in a person’s knowledge base, regardless of his age and type of activity. They reflect the mechanism of existence of all of today's reality, and, in essence, are the only constant in a continuously changing world.

Basic laws and concepts of physics open up new opportunities for studying the world around us. Their knowledge helps to understand the mechanism of existence of the Universe and the movement of all cosmic bodies. It turns us not into mere observers of daily events and processes, but allows us to be aware of them. When a person clearly understands the basic laws of physics, that is, all the processes occurring around him, he gets the opportunity to control them in the most effective way, making discoveries and thereby making his life more comfortable.

Results

Some are forced to study in depth the basic laws of physics for the Unified State Exam, others due to their occupation, and some out of scientific curiosity. Regardless of the goals of studying this science, the benefits of the knowledge gained can hardly be overestimated. There is nothing more satisfying than understanding the basic mechanisms and patterns of existence of the world around us.

Don't remain indifferent - develop!

M.: 2010.- 752 p. M.: 1981.- T.1 - 336 p., T.2 - 288 p.

The book by the famous US physicist J. Orear is one of the most successful introductory physics courses in world literature, covering the range from physics to school subject to an accessible description of her latest achievements. This book has taken pride of place on the bookshelf of several generations of Russian physicists, and for this edition the book has been significantly expanded and modernized. The author of the book, a student of the outstanding physicist of the 20th century, Nobel laureate E. Fermi, taught his course to students at Cornell University for many years. This course can serve as a useful practical introduction to the widely known Feynman Lectures on Physics and the Berkeley Course in Physics in Russia. In terms of its level and content, Orir’s book is already accessible to high school students, but may also be of interest to undergraduates, graduate students, teachers, as well as all those who want not only to systematize and expand their knowledge in the field of physics, but also to learn how to successfully solve a wide range of problems physical tasks.

Format: pdf(2010, 752 pp.)

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Volume 1.

Format: djvu (1981, 336 pp.)

Size: 5.6 MB

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Volume 2.

Format: djvu (1981, 288 pp.)

Size: 5.3 MB

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface by the editor of the Russian edition 13
Preface 15
1. INTRODUCTION 19
§ 1. What is physics? 19
§ 2. Units of measurement 21
§ 3. Analysis of dimensions 24
§ 4. Accuracy in physics 26
§ 5. The role of mathematics in physics 28
§ 6. Science and society 30
Application. Correct answers that do not contain some common errors 31
Exercises 31
Problems 32
2. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION 34
§ 1. Speed ​​34
§ 2. average speed 36
§ 3. Acceleration 37
§ 4. Uniformly accelerated motion 39
Key findings 43
Exercises 43
Problems 44
3. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION 46
§ 1. Trajectories free fall 46
§ 2. Vectors 47
§ 3. Projectile motion 52
§ 4. Uniform movement circumference 24
§ 5. Artificial satellites Earth 55
Key findings 58
Exercises 58
Problems 59
4. DYNAMICS 61
§ 1. Introduction 61
§ 2. Definitions of basic concepts 62
§ 3. Newton's laws 63
§ 4. Units of force and mass 66
§ 5. Contact forces (reaction and friction forces) 67
§ 6. Solving problems 70
§ 7. Atwood machine 73
§ 8. Conical pendulum 74
§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum 75
Key findings 77
Exercises 78
Problems 79
5. GRAVITY 82
§ 1. Law of universal gravitation 82
§ 2. Cavendish experiment 85
§ 3. Kepler's laws for planetary motions 86
§ 4. Weight 88
§ 5. The principle of equivalence 91
§ 6. Gravitational field inside a sphere 92
Key findings 93
Exercises 94
Problems 95
6. WORK AND ENERGY 98
§ 1. Introduction 98
§ 2. Work 98
§ 3. Power 100
§ 4. Dot product 101
§ 5. Kinetic energy 103
§ 6. Potential energy 105
§ 7. Gravitational potential energy 107
§ 8. Potential energy of a spring 108
Key findings 109
Exercises 109
Problems 111
7. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FROM
§ 1. Conservation of mechanical energy 114
§ 2. Collisions 117
§ 3. Conservation of gravitational energy 120
§ 4. Potential energy diagrams 122
§ 5. Conservation of total energy 123
§ 6. Energy in biology 126
§ 7. Energy and the car 128
Key findings 131
Application. Law of conservation of energy for a system of N particles 131
Exercises 132
Problems 132
8. RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS 136
§ 1. Introduction 136
§ 2. Constancy of the speed of light 137
§ 3. Time dilation 142
§ 4. Lorentz transformations 145
§ 5. Simultaneity 148
§ 6. Optical Doppler effect 149
§ 7. The twin paradox 151
Key findings 154
Exercises 154
Problems 155
9. RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS 159
§ 1. Relativistic addition of velocities 159
§ 2. Definition of relativistic momentum 161
§ 3. Law of conservation of momentum and energy 162
§ 4. Equivalence of mass and energy 164
§ 5. Kinetic energy 166
§ 6. Mass and force 167
§ 7. General theory relativity 168
Key findings 170
Application. Conversion of energy and momentum 170
Exercises 171
Problems 172
10. ROTATIONAL MOTION 175
§ 1. Kinematics rotational movement 175
§ 2. Vector product 176
§ 3. Angular momentum 177
§ 4. Dynamics of rotational motion 179
§ 5. Center of mass 182
§ 6. Solids and moment of inertia 184
§ 7. Statics 187
§ 8. Flywheels 189
Key findings 191
Exercises 191
Problems 192
11. VIBRATIONAL MOTION 196
§ 1. Harmonic force 196
§ 2. Period of oscillation 198
§ 3. Pendulum 200
§ 4. Energy of simple harmonic motion 202
§ 5. Small oscillations 203
§ 6. Sound intensity 206
Key findings 206
Exercises 208
Problems 209
12. KINETIC THEORY 213
§ 1. Pressure and hydrostatics 213
§ 2. Equation of state of an ideal gas 217
§ 3. Temperature 219
§ 4. Uniform distribution of energy 222
§ 5. Kinetic theory heat 224
Key findings 226
Exercises 226
Problems 228
13. THERMODYNAMICS 230
§ 1. The first law of thermodynamics 230
§ 2. Avogadro's conjecture 231
§ 3. Specific heat 232
§ 4. Isothermal expansion 235
§ 5. Adiabatic expansion 236
§ 6. Gasoline engine 238
Key findings 240
Exercises 241
Problems 241
14. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 244
§ 1. Carnot machine 244
§ 2. Thermal pollution environment 246
§ 3. Refrigerators and heat pumps 247
§ 4. Second law of thermodynamics 249
§ 5. Entropy 252
§ 6. Time reversal 256
Key findings 259
Exercises 259
Problems 260
15. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE 262
§ 1. Electric charge 262
§ 2. Coulomb's Law 263
§ 3. Electric field 266
§ 4. Electric power lines 268
§ 5. Gauss's theorem 270
Key findings 275
Exercises 275
Problems 276
16. ELECTROSTATICS 279
§ 1. Spherical charge distribution 279
§ 2. Linear charge distribution 282
§ 3. Plane charge distribution 283
§ 4. Electric potential 286
§ 5. Electric capacity 291
§ 6. Dielectrics 294
Key findings 296
Exercises 297
Problems 299
17. ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETIC FORCE 302
§ 1. Electricity 302
§ 2. Ohm's law 303
§ 3. DC circuits 306
§ 4. Empirical data on magnetic force 310
§ 5. Derivation of the formula for magnetic force 312
§ 6. Magnetic field 313
§ 7. Magnetic field measurement units 316
§ 8. Relativistic transformation of quantities *8 and E 318
Key findings 320
Application. Relativistic transformations of current and charge 321
Exercises 322
Problems 323
18. MAGNETIC FIELDS 327
§ 1. Ampere's law 327
§ 2. Some current configurations 329
§ 3. Biot-Savart Law 333
§ 4. Magnetism 336
§ 5. Maxwell's equations for direct currents 339
Key findings 339
Exercises 340
Problems 341
19. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 344
§ 1. Engines and generators 344
§ 2. Faraday's Law 346
§ 3. Lenz's Law 348
§ 4. Inductance 350
§ 5. Magnetic field energy 352
§ 6. AC circuits 355
§ 7. Circuits RC and RL 359
Key findings 362
Application. Freeform contour 363
Exercises 364
Problems 366
20. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND WAVES 369
§ 1. Displacement current 369
§ 2. Maxwell's equations in general view 371
§ 3. Electromagnetic radiation 373
§ 4. Radiation of a plane sinusoidal current 374
§ 5. Non-sinusoidal current; Fourier expansion 377
§ 6. Traveling waves 379
§ 7. Energy transfer by waves 383
Key findings 384
Application. Derivation of the wave equation 385
Exercises 387
Problems 387
21. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 390
§ 1. Radiation energy 390
§ 2. Radiation pulse 393
§ 3. Reflection of radiation from a good conductor 394
§ 4. Interaction of radiation with a dielectric 395
§ 5. Refractive index 396
§ 6. Electromagnetic radiation in an ionized medium 400
§ 7. Radiation field of point charges 401
Key Findings 404
Appendix 1. Phase diagram method 405
Appendix 2. Wave packets and group velocity 406
Exercises 410
Problems 410
22. WAVE INTERFERENCE 414
§ 1. Standing waves 414
§ 2. Interference of waves emitted by two point sources 417
§3. Interference of waves from large number sources 419
§ 4. Diffraction grating 421
§ 5. Huygens' principle 423
§ 6. Diffraction by a single slit 425
§ 7. Coherence and non-coherence 427
Key findings 430
Exercises 431
Problems 432
23. OPTICS 434
§ 1. Holography 434
§ 2. Polarization of light 438
§ 3. Diffraction by a round hole 443
§ 4. Optical instruments and their resolution 444
§ 5. Diffraction scattering 448
§ 6. Geometric optics 451
Key findings 455
Application. Brewster's Law 455
Exercises 456
Problems 457
24. WAVE NATURE OF MATTER 460
§ 1. Classical and modern physics 460
§ 2. Photoelectric effect 461
§ 3. Compton effect 465
§ 4. Wave-particle duality 465
§ 5. The Great Paradox 466
§ 6. Electron diffraction 470
Key findings 472
Exercises 473
Problems 473
25. QUANTUM MECHANICS 475
§ 1. Wave packets 475
§ 2. The uncertainty principle 477
§ 3. Particle in a box 481
§ 4. Schrödinger equation 485
§ 5. Potential wells of finite depth 486
§ 6. Harmonic oscillator 489
Key findings 491
Exercises 491
Problems 492
26. HYDROGEN ATOM 495
§ 1. Approximate theory of the hydrogen atom 495
§ 2. Schrödinger’s equation in three dimensions 496
§ 3. Rigorous theory of the hydrogen atom 498
§ 4. Orbital angular momentum 500
§ 5. Emission of photons 504
§ 6. Stimulated emission 508
§ 7. Bohr model of the atom 509
Key findings 512
Exercises 513
Problems 514
27. ATOMIC PHYSICS 516
§ 1. Pauli's exclusion principle 516
§ 2. Multielectron atoms 517
§ 3. Periodic table of elements 521
§ 4. X-ray radiation 525
§ 5. Bonding in molecules 526
§ 6. Hybridization 528
Key findings 531
Exercises 531
Problems 532
28. CONDENSED MATTER 533
§ 1. Types of communication 533
§ 2. Theory of free electrons in metals 536
§ 3. Electrical conductivity 540
§ 4. Band theory of solids 544
§ 5. Physics of semiconductors 550
§ 6. Superfluidity 557
§ 7. Penetration through the barrier 558
Key findings 560
Application. Various applications/?-n-junction (in radio and television) 562
Exercises 564
Problems 566
29. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 568
§ 1. Dimensions of nuclei 568
§ 2. Fundamental forces acting between two nucleons 573
§ 3. Structure of heavy nuclei 576
§ 4. Alpha decay 583
§ 5. Gamma and beta decays 586
§ 6. Nuclear fission 588
§ 7. Synthesis of nuclei 592
Key findings 596
Exercises 597
Problems 597
30. ASTROPHYSICS 600
§ 1. Energy sources of stars 600
§ 2. Evolution of stars 603
§ 3. Quantum mechanical pressure of a degenerate Fermi gas 605
§ 4. White dwarfs 607
§ 6. Black holes 609
§ 7. Neutron stars 611
31. PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 615
§ 1. Introduction 615
§ 2. Fundamental particles 620
§ 3. Fundamental interactions 622
§ 4. Interactions between fundamental particles as an exchange of quanta of the carrier field 623
§ 5. Symmetries in the world of particles and conservation laws 636
§ 6. Quantum electrodynamics as a local gauge theory 629
§ 7. Internal symmetries of hadrons 650
§ 8. Quark model of hadrons 636
§ 9. Color. Quantum Chromodynamics 641
§ 10. Are quarks and gluons “visible”? 650
§ 11. Weak interactions 653
§ 12. Non-conservation of parity 656
§ 13. Intermediate bosons and non-renormalizability of the theory 660
§ 14. Standard model 662
§ 15. New ideas: GUT, supersymmetry, superstrings 674
32. GRAVITY AND COSMOLOGY 678
§ 1. Introduction 678
§ 2. The principle of equivalence 679
§ 3. Metric theories of gravitation 680
§ 4. Structure of the general relativity equations. The simplest solutions 684
§ 5. Verification of the equivalence principle 685
§ 6. How to estimate the scale of effects of general relativity? 687
§ 7. Classical tests of general relativity 688
§ 8. Basic principles of modern cosmology 694
§ 9. Model of the hot Universe (“standard” cosmological model) 703
§ 10. Age of the Universe 705
§eleven. Critical density and Friedman evolution scenarios 705
§ 12. Density of matter in the Universe and hidden mass 708
§ 13. Scenario for the first three minutes of the evolution of the Universe 710
§ 14. Near the very beginning 718
§ 15. Inflation scenario 722
§ 16. Riddle dark matter 726
APPENDIX A 730
Physical constants 730
Some astronomical information 730
APPENDIX B 731
Units of measurement of basic physical quantities 731
Units of measurement of electrical quantities 731
APPENDIX B 732
Geometry 732
Trigonometry 732
Quadratic Equation 732
Some derivatives 733
Some indefinite integrals(up to an arbitrary constant) 733
Products of vectors 733
Greek alphabet 733
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 734
INDEX 746

Currently, there is practically no field of natural science or technical knowledge, where the achievements of physics would not be used to one degree or another. Moreover, these achievements are increasingly penetrating the traditional humanities, which is reflected in the inclusion of the discipline “Concepts of modern natural science” in the curricula of all humanities majors at Russian universities.
The book brought to the attention of the Russian reader by J. Orir was first published in Russia (more precisely, in the USSR) more than a quarter of a century ago, but, as happens with really good books, has not yet lost interest and relevance. The secret of the vitality of Orir's book is that it successfully fills a niche that is invariably in demand by new generations of readers, mainly young ones.
Without being a textbook in the usual sense of the word - and without claims to replace it - Orir's book offers a fairly complete and consistent presentation of the entire course of physics at a very elementary level. This level is not burdened with complex mathematics and, in principle, is accessible to every inquisitive and hardworking schoolchild, and especially to students.
An easy and free style of presentation that does not sacrifice logic and does not avoid difficult questions, a thoughtful selection of illustrations, diagrams and graphs, the use of a large number of examples and tasks that, as a rule, have practical significance and corresponding to the life experience of students - all this makes Orir’s book an indispensable tool for self-education or additional reading.
Of course, it can be successfully used as a useful addition to ordinary textbooks and manuals on physics, primarily in physics and mathematics classes, lyceums and colleges. Orir's book can also be recommended to junior students of higher education. educational institutions, in which physics is not a major discipline.

Depending on your goal, free time and level of mathematical preparation, several options are possible.

Option 1

The goal is “for yourself”, the deadlines are not limited, mathematics is also almost from scratch.

Choose a line of textbooks that is more interesting, for example, Landsberg's three-volume book, and study it, taking notes in a notebook. Then go through the textbooks of G. Ya. Myakishev and B. B. Bukhovtsev for grades 10-11 in the same way. Consolidate your knowledge - read the reference book for grades 7-11 O.F. Kabardina.

If G. S. Landsberg's manuals do not suit you, and they are specifically for those who study physics from scratch, take the line of textbooks for grades 7-9 by A. V. Peryshkin and E. M. Gutnik. There is no need to be embarrassed that this is for young children - sometimes even fifth-year students without preparation “swim” in Peryshkin for 7th grade already from the tenth page.

How to practice

Be sure to answer the questions and complete the tasks after the paragraphs.

At the end of the notebook, make yourself a reference book on basic concepts and formulas.

Be sure to find videos on YouTube with physical experiments that appear in the textbook. Look through and take notes according to the scheme: what did you see - what did you observe - why? I recommend the GetAClass resource - all experiments and theory for them are systematized there.

Immediately start a separate notebook for solving problems. Start with the problem book by V.I. Lukashik and E.V. Ivanova for grades 7-9 and solve half the tasks from it. Then solve the problem book by A.P. Rymkevich by 70% or, as an option, “Collection of questions and problems in physics” for grades 10-11 by G.N. and A.P. Stepanov.

Try to decide for yourself, look in the solution book as a last resort. If you encounter a difficulty, look for an analogue of the problem with analysis. To do this, you need to have 3-4 paper books on hand, where solutions to physical problems are discussed in detail. For example, “Problems in physics with analysis of their solutions” by N. E. Savchenko or books by I. L. Kasatkina.

If everything is clear to you, and your soul asks for complex things, take the multi-volume book by G. Ya. Myakishev, A. Z. Sinyakov for specialized classes and solve all the exercises.

We invite everyone who wants to study physics

Option 2

The goal is a Unified State Examination or another, the period is two years, mathematics is from scratch.

Handbook for schoolchildren by O. F. Kabardin and “Collection of problems in physics” for grades 10-11 by O. I. Gromtseva O. I. (“tailored” for the Unified State Exam). If the exam is not the Unified State Exam, it is better to take the problem books of V. I. Lukashik and A. P. Rymkevich or “Collection of questions and problems in physics” for grades 10-11 by G. N. Stepanova, A. P. Stepanova. Do not hesitate to refer to the textbooks of A.V. Peryshkin and E.M. Gutnik for grades 7-9, or better yet, take notes on them too.

Persistent and hardworking people can go through the entire book “Physics. Complete school course" by V. A. Orlova, G. G. Nikiforova, A. A. Fadeeva and others. This manual has everything you need: theory, practice, tasks.

How to practice

The system is the same as in the first option:

• keep notebooks for taking notes and solving problems,
• take notes and solve problems in your notebook yourself,
• view and analyze experiences, for example, on GetAClass.
• If you want to most effectively prepare for the Unified State Exam or Unified State Exam in the remaining time,
  Option 3

The goal is the Unified State Exam, the deadline is 1 year, mathematics is at a good level.

If mathematics is normal, you don’t have to turn to textbooks for grades 7-9, but immediately take grades 10-11 and O. F. Kabardin’s reference book for schoolchildren. The Kabardin manual contains topics that are not in textbooks for grades 10-11. At the same time, I recommend watching videos with experiments in physics and analyzing them according to the scheme.

Option 4

The goal is the Unified State Exam, the deadline is 1 year, mathematics is at zero.

It is unrealistic to prepare for the Unified State Exam in a year without a foundation in mathematics. Unless you do all the points from option No. 2 every day for 2 hours.

Teachers and tutors at the Foxford online school will help you achieve maximum results in the remaining time.

Mechanics

Kinematics formulas:

Kinematics

Mechanical movement

Mechanical movement is called a change in the position of a body (in space) relative to other bodies (over time).

Relativity of motion. Reference system

To describe the mechanical movement of a body (point), you need to know its coordinates at any moment in time. To determine coordinates, select reference body and connect with him coordinate system. Often the reference body is the Earth, which is associated with a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. To determine the position of a point at any time, you must also set the beginning of the time count.

The coordinate system, the reference body with which it is associated, and the device for measuring time form reference system, relative to which the movement of the body is considered.

Material point

A body whose dimensions can be neglected under given motion conditions is called material point.

A body can be considered a material point if its dimensions are small compared to the distance it travels, or compared to the distances from it to other bodies.

Trajectory, path, movement

Trajectory of movement called the line along which the body moves. The path length is called the path traveled.Path– scalar physical quantity, can only be positive.

By moving is the vector connecting the starting and ending points of the trajectory.

The movement of a body in which all its points at a given moment in time move equally is called forward movement. To describe the translational motion of a body, it is enough to select one point and describe its movement.

A movement in which the trajectories of all points of the body are circles with centers on the same line and all planes of the circles are perpendicular to this line is called rotational movement.

Meter and second

To determine the coordinates of a body, you must be able to measure the distance on a straight line between two points. Any measurement process physical quantity consists in comparing the measured quantity with the unit of measurement of this quantity.

The unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) is meter. A meter is equal to approximately 1/40,000,000 of the earth's meridian. According to modern understanding, a meter is the distance that light travels in emptiness in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

To measure time, some periodically repeating process is selected. The SI unit of measurement of time is second. A second is equal to 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation from a cesium atom during the transition between two levels of the hyperfine structure of the ground state.

In SI, length and time are taken to be independent of other quantities. Such quantities are called main.

Instantaneous speed

To quantitatively characterize the process of body movement, the concept of movement speed is introduced.

Instant speed translational motion of a body at a moment of time t is the ratio of a very small displacement s to a small period of time t during which this movement occurred:

;
.

Instantaneous speed is a vector quantity. The instantaneous speed of movement is always directed tangentially to the trajectory in the direction of body movement.

The unit of speed is 1 m/s. A meter per second is equal to the speed of a rectilinearly and uniformly moving point, at which the point moves a distance of 1 m in 1 s.

Knowing physics means being able to see more in ordinary things than others. Knowledge in the field of physics allows you to better understand the laws of nature, to realize how interesting everything actually works in this world. Physics does the world multifaceted, bright and fulfilling, and life full of interesting discoveries. To know the basic laws of physics and be able to use your knowledge in life, it is not at all necessary to graduate from a university in this field. If you really want to, you can learn the basics on your own.

Anyone who wants to understand the fundamental laws of physics has virtually unlimited access to specialized sources of information. They can provide a lot of useful information and data to a person studying physics independently. modern popular science magazines, including their virtual versions, which can be easily found on the Internet. It is best to learn physics not from dry school textbooks and literature for higher and secondary educational institutions of the relevant profile, but from modern popular science magazines, in which even the formula is interpreted in the form of an artistic narrative, which greatly facilitates their understanding, assimilation and memorization. Learning physics from such publications is a pleasure. It's interesting, useful, develops memory and logical thinking, and also, undoubtedly, broadens one’s horizons and makes a person comprehensively developed, progressive, keeping up with the times.

When studying physics, the main thing is not to miss the moment when you need to move from theory to practice, since interest in “book” science will fade away sooner or later. If theoretical knowledge is not tested in practice, the student may very soon “burn out” and abandon the study of physics forever, never having learned the true mystery of this unique science. You can even practice at home, conducting some primitive experiments from the school physics course. This will not require large investments - all experiments are carried out using improvised means, inexpensive electronics and various tools that are found in every home. Find recipes physical experiments you can do it here on the Internet. On specialized portals and forums dedicated to physics and its laws, applied science and various practical developments, you can find many friends with similar interests and find out what experiments can be carried out at home, safely, and usefully for business. Here you can also find out where to purchase everything you need to test physical laws in practice.