EntranceThe meaning of Telugu (language) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Telugu language Telugu dialects and forms
Telugu(తెలుగు) is one of the Dravidian languages. Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it has official status, as well as in Sri Lanka, the countries of Southeast Asia, some countries in Africa and the Middle East, the Fiji Islands and Mauritius.
Story
Telugu is an old written language, its oldest monuments date back to the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century AD. e. Telugu literature developed later than other Dravidian languages. The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition (earlier monuments of Jain literature of the 9th-11th centuries were destroyed after the establishment of Hinduism in Andhra) was laid by poets who worked in the 11th (Nannaya Bhatta) and 13th centuries (Tikkanga, Yerapragada); They translated the classic ancient Indian epic Mahabharata into Telugu. (The result of this transcription was called the Andhra Mahabharata. Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; occasionally this term is also used as another name for the Telugu language itself.) The original works appeared in the 14th century, and the norms of literary languages were formed in the 16th-16th centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Central Indian literary languages that inherited Sanskrit.
As with other old written Dravidian languages, the classical literary and spoken varieties of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement (in the 12th-13th centuries, and then in the 15th century), colloquial language was used, and in the 19th century. A movement arose, the leader of which was the writer G. Apparao, whose goal was to create a new literary language close to the colloquial one. In the 20th century, a new literary language took a dominant position in fiction and the media. Since 1968, the Telugu Academy has been functioning, developing a normative grammar for the new literary language (“vyavaharika”); the old book language (“granthika”) is preserved only in limited areas, in particular in poetry.
The first Telugu grammar, Shabdachintamani ("Talisman of Words"), was compiled by Nannaya Bhatta in the 11th century; the modern stage in the study of Telugu began in the 19th century (grammar by C. P. Brown and other works). In addition to European specialists, Telugu is actively studied by Indian scientists at the universities of Hyderabad, Tirupati, Visakhapattanam.
Linguistic information
Classification
- Dravidian family
- Southeast group
- Telugu
- Southeast group
Language structure
Structurally, Telugu is close to the “general Dravidian standard”. Phonetically, it is similar to the Kannada language (in ancient times their similarities were even greater). In morphology, Telugu is characterized by the absence of feminine forms of nouns (in the singular, masculine and non-masculine genders are distinguished, in the plural - “epicene” for names of persons and neuter for all other nouns); in this Telugu is similar to the northern Dravidian languages Kurukh and Malto. Already in ancient Telugu, compared to other Dravidian languages, the case system was simplified (four cases against an average of six). In the pronoun subsystem, as in most Dravidian languages, there are inclusive (“you and I”) and exclusive (“we without you”) forms of the 1st person plural. numbers. In the indicative mood of the positive conjugation, only two aspectual and temporal forms are opposed - present-future and simple past; the number of moods (indicative, imperative, potential and conditional), on the contrary, is somewhat greater than in most Dravidian languages. The syntax is typically Dravidian.
Writing
The Telugu syllabary alphabetic script is used.
Common expressions
Greetings
1. Hello Namas-kaaram 2. Goodbye Velli-vastaanu 3. How are you? Meeru ela-gunnaru? 4. You are beautiful Meeru chala andam-ga unnaru 5. I’m fine Nenu ba-gunnanu
Acquaintance
1. My name is... Naa peru...... 2. I am from (country name) Nenu... (country name) deshapu vaanni 3. Nice to meet you Mimmalni kalisi-nanduku chala santosham-ga unnadi 4. Sorry I'm late Kshamin- chandi, alasyam ayyin-di
Questions
1. What is your name? Mee peru enti? 2. How do I get there? Akkadiki nenu ela vella-li? 3. How much does it cost? Idi enta? 4. Where can I make a phone call? Phone call ekkada cheyya-vacchu? 5. Can you help me? Naaku sahayam chestara? 6. How do I get to the airport? Nenu airportu-ku ela vellali? 7. Where can I shop? Nenu shopping-ki ekkadiki vellali? 8. Nobody called me? Naa-kosam eva-raina phone chesara? 9. Could you take me to the nearest temple/church? Daya-chesi nannu deggara- unna gudiki / churchki tee-suku vellandi? 10. Could you tell me where is a good hotel? Ikkada unna manchi hotel edo, cheputhara?
Road
1. I need to get to (name of place) Nenu... (name of place) ki vellali 2. I'm lost Nenu daari tappi-nanu 3. Go left Yedam -vaipuki vellandi 4. Go right Kudi-vaipuki vellandi 5. Opposite Yeduruga 6. Straight Chakkaga munduku
Different situations
1. Sorry Kshaminchandi 2. I want this Idi naaku kaavali 3. I don’t want this Naaku idi vaddu 4. Come tomorrow Repu randi 5. Give me a glass of water Naaku oka glass manchi neelu ivvandi 6. I am hungry Naaku akali vestundi 7. This is good place Ee chotu bagundi 8. Drive slowly Bandi melliga nada-pandi 9. We need a guide Maaku oka tourist guide kaavali 10. This check needs to be cashed Ee chequeni encash chesi dabbulu ivvandi
See also
Links
- Telugu-English online dictionary (English)
| Official languages of India | |
|---|---|
| At the federal level | English Hindi |
| At the state level | Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Nepali Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Hindi Urdu |
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See what “Telugu (language)” is in other dictionaries:
TELUGU (Andhra), the language of the Telugu people. Official language pcs. Andhra Pradesh in India. Refers to the Dravidian languages (see DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES). A script based on the Telugu alphabet, which goes back to Brahmi... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Telugu, Telungu, Tenugu, Tenungu, the language of the Andhra people (Telugu). Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (the official language), in the adjacent regions of Tamil Nadu and Mysore, as well as in some countries of Southeast Asia. About 50 people speak T. ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Telugu (meanings). Telugu Modern area of settlement and numbers ... Wikipedia
The name Telugu denotes the following languages common in India: Telugu (people) Telugu (language) Telugu (writing) List of meanings ... Wikipedia
Telugu- Uses a script that goes back to the Grantha script, which is one of the varieties of the ancient Indian Brahmi alphabet. Telugu script is similar to Kannar script. The difference between them is shown in the table “Alphabets of the Kannar and Telugu languages”. Telugu language... ... Guide to the World's Languages by Script
TELUGU (LANGUAGE)
Telungu, Tenugu, Tenungu, the language of the Andhra people (Telugu). Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (the official language), in the adjacent regions of Tamil Nadu and Mysore, as well as in some countries of Southeast Asia. About 50 million people speak T. (1975 estimate). Belongs to the southeastern group of Dravidian languages. Two forms of T. are known - the archaic “granthika” (literally, bookish) and the commonly used “vyavaharika” (literally, commonly used, established in literature since the 15th century). The main dialect of "vyavaharika" of T. is the dialect of the eastern districts (East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Gunturu); Rayalaseema, Telangana and northeastern (Sri Kakulam and Visakhapatnam districts) dialects are also distinguished.
Distinctive features of T. are the loss of the original Dravidian alveolar noisy and retroflex smooth sonant, loss (apheresis) of the root vowel [for example, rendu “two”< *irandu, m(r)a n u "дерево" < * mara n ], развитие аффрикаты, нейтрализация различия между женским и средним родом в единственном числе (мужской род противопоставляется немужскому). Эпиграфические памятники письменности появляются в 7 в., художественная литература - в 11 в.
Lit.: Petrunicheva Z. N., Telugu Language, M., 1960; Telugurusskiy dictionary, M., 1972; Arden A. N., A progressive grammar of Telugu language, Madras, 1955; Krishna murti B., Telugu verbal bases: a comparative and descriptive study, Berkeley - Los Ang., 1961; Mahadeva Sastri K., Historical grammar of Telugu, Anantapur, 1969: Subrahmanyam P. S., Modern Telugu, Annamalainagar, 1973: Galletti di Cadilhac A., Galletti's Telugu dictionary. A dictionary of current Telugu, L., 1935.
M. S. Andronov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what TELUGU (LANGUAGE) is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
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Data: 2008-10-12 Time: 10:20:50 * Language is also of great importance because with its help we can hide our... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Thieves' Slang:
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If in a dream you see your own tongue, it means that soon your friends will turn away from you. If in a dream you see... - LANGUAGE in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing the opportunity... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing... - LANGUAGE
OFFICIAL - see OFFICIAL LANGUAGE... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
STATE - see STATE LANGUAGE... - LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedia Biology:
, an organ in the oral cavity of vertebrates that performs the functions of transportation and taste analysis of food. The structure of the tongue reflects the specific nutrition of animals. U... - LANGUAGE in the Brief Church Slavonic Dictionary:
, pagans 1) people, tribe; 2) language, ... - TELUGU in the Dictionary Index of Theosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, Theosophical Dictionary:
- One of the Dravidian languages spoken in South... - LANGUAGE in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nikephoros:
like speech or adverb. “The whole earth had one language and one dialect,” says the writer of everyday life (Gen. 11:1-9). A legend about one... - LANGUAGE in the Lexicon of Sex:
multifunctional organ located in the oral cavity; pronounced erogenous zone of both sexes. With the help of Ya, orogenital contacts of various kinds are carried out... - LANGUAGE in Medical terms:
(lingua, pna, bna, jna) a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane located in the oral cavity; participates in chewing, articulation, contains taste buds; ... - TELUGU in the Literary Encyclopedia:
is one of the most important Dravidian languages of India. The area of distribution of T. is mainly the Deccan; number of T. speakers - ... - LANGUAGE
..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one... - TELUGU in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Andhra) people in India, the main population pcs. Andhra Pradesh. They also live in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. 74.5 million people (1992). Language … - TELUGU in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
or Telinga - one of the Dravidian (q.v.) languages, in terms of the antiquity of literary use and lexical richness, adjacent to the Tamil (q.v.) language, ... - LANGUAGE
- TELUGU in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; it is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one... - TELUGU in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
[self-names Telugu (Tenugu), Andhra, Kalinga] - a nationality with a total number of 74,500 thousand people living in India. Language - Telugu. Religious… - LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
2, -a, pl. -i, -ov, m. 1. Historically developed system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means, objectifying the work of thinking and being ... - LANGUAGE
MACHINE LANGUAGE, see Machine language... - LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LANGUAGE, natural language, the most important means of human communication. Self is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one... - LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
TONGUE (anat.), in terrestrial vertebrates and humans, a muscular outgrowth (in fish, a fold of the mucous membrane) at the bottom of the oral cavity. Participates in… - TELUGU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
TELUGU (Andhra), language of the Telugu people. Official tongue pcs. Andhra Pradesh in India. Belongs to the Dravidian languages. A letter based on the Telugu alphabet, ... - TELUGU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
TELUGU (Andhra), people in India, main. population pcs. Andhra Pradesh. They also live in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Number 74.5 million hours... - TELUGU in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
or Telinga? one of the Dravidian (q.v.) languages, in terms of antiquity of literary use and lexical richness, adjacent to the Tamil (q.v.) language... - LANGUAGE
languages"to, languages", languages", language"in, language", language"m, languages", language"in, language"m, languages"mi, language", ... - LANGUAGE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
languages" to, languages", languages", language" in, language", languages"m, languages"to, languages", language"m, languages"mi, language", ... - LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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1) A system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means, which is a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serves as the most important means of communication between people. Being... - LANGUAGE in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
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"My Enemy" in... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Weapon … - LANGUAGE in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
dialect, dialect, dialect; syllable, style; people. See people || the talk of the town See spy || master the tongue, restrain the tongue, ... - TELUGU in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
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Telugu, unism. and uncl., m. (language), uncl., plural, units. m. and f. ... - TELUGU in the Spelling Dictionary:
Telugu, unism. and uncl., m. (language), uncl., plural, units. m. and f. ... - LANGUAGE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
1 movable muscular organ in the oral cavity that perceives taste sensations; in humans, it is also involved in articulation. Licking with the tongue. Try on... - LANGUAGE in Dahl's Dictionary:
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language (book language, obsolete, only in 3, 4, 7 and 8 characters), m. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of ... - TELUGU LITERATURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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India's three hundred million population (not counting Burma and Balochistan) speaks several dozen languages. If we take away a few unwritten adverbs (“munda” and ...
Telugu, Telangana, Andhra - the people of the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, live in the basin of the Godavari, Krishna, and Tungabhadra rivers. They also live compactly in the adjacent regions of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The population is about 74.5 million people.
The anthropological type is Meso-Indian and varies within different caste groups. They speak Telugu, or Gentu, of the Dravidian language family. The majority of Telugus are Hindus, Vaishnavites and Shaivites, traditional local beliefs are preserved; there are also Sunni Muslims and Christians. The ancestors of the Telugus are the Dravidian peoples, Andhra, Kalinga, and Telugu proper (Tenugu) in the early to mid-1st millennium BC. migrated south from northern India and merged into one people in the 2nd century BC. - 3rd century Telugu AD
In the 3rd century. BC Buddhism spread here. By the beginning of the century e. a significant part of the Andhra territory was part of the state ruled by the Satavahana dynasty. In the 7th - 10th centuries. The Hindu Chalukya dynasty gained a foothold here and involved significant temple construction.
In the 11th century On the basis of the lands of the Chalukyas and Chola, the state of the Kakatya dynasty took shape, which existed until the 13th century; later, part of its lands became part of the Vijayanagar Empire. In the 15th - 16th centuries. Most of the Telugu territory became part of the Brahmanid Sultanate, from which the state of Golconda emerged, with the Qutab Shah dynasty, which united a large Andhra territory. In 1682-87.
Golconda was captured by Aurangzeb. In 1725, on the ruins of the Andhra Empire and parts of modern Maharashtra and Karnataka, the patrimony of Nizam-ul-Mulk Kilic Khan, the principality of Hyderabad was formed, which existed until 1947, then became part of the Republic of India. Renamed Andhra Pradesh in 1956, uniting most of the Telugu ethnic region. The Telugus are engaged in arable farming, cultivating jowar, bajra, rice, pulses, red pepper, groundnuts, sugarcane, cotton, jute, and tobacco.
There is an ethnocultural group of Telugu sheep farmers. Crafts are developed - pottery, weaving, fabric ornamentation, jewelry and lacquer art. New information technologies are currently being developed (in Hyderabad). Telugus still have caste divisions. Castes are divided into exogamous clan groups; some traditions of matrilineality are preserved (marriage with the daughter of the mother's brother, in low castes - matrilineal inheritance). There are no divorces or remarriages of widows. Telugu Muslims also have elements of caste division.
Villages are divided into quarters, settled according to caste. Representatives of the upper castes live in large families in brick houses with internal courtyards. In the southern part of the house there are bedrooms, in the eastern part there is a chapel, in the western part there is a guest room; between them there are storerooms. Families of middle-caste peasants and artisans live in one-room adobe houses, sometimes with wattle walls, usually with a veranda. Members of the lowest status groups live in round bamboo or mud huts. Men's clothing - dhoti with shirt and scarf; headdress - turban. Muslims wear lungi with a shirt and cap.
Sheep shepherds have blankets. Women wear saris with a petticoat and choli blouse. Peasant women drape sari like dhoti. They wear gold jewelry. The main food is rice, beans, legumes, vegetables (pumpkin). Season food with sour milk, pickled mangoes, lemons, and spices. North Indian cuisine is common among Muslims.
Pakhlavans (wrestlers), patangbazi (kite flying), cockfighting, and the art of decorative floor decorations (kolam) are common. Particularly important holidays are Sankranti in January (harvest), Shivaratri (February-March), Ugadi - Telugu New Year in March, Mahankali Jatra (June-July).
Folklore and literature, visual and performing arts are developed. Based on pantomime associated with the Vaishnava cult in the 20th century. The classical dance style of Kuchipudi developed.
Story [ | ]
Telugu is an old written language; its oldest monuments date back to the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century AD. e. Telugu literature developed later than other Dravidian languages. The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition (earlier monuments of Jain literature of the 9th-11th centuries were destroyed after the establishment of Hinduism in Andhra) was laid by poets who worked in the 11th (Nannaya Bhatta) and 13th centuries (,); they translated the classic ancient Indian epic Mahabharata into Telugu (the result of this translation was called Andhra Mahabharata, where Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; occasionally this term is also used as another name for the Telugu language itself). The original works appeared in the 14th century, and the norms of the literary language were formed in the 15th-16th centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Central Indian literary languages that inherited Sanskrit.
As with other ancient written Dravidian languages, the classical literary and colloquial varieties of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement (in the 12th-13th centuries, and then in the 15th century), colloquial language was used, and in the 19th century a movement arose, the leader of which was the writer G. Apparao, whose goal was to create a new literary language close to colloquial . In the 20th century, a new literary language took a dominant position in fiction and the media. Since 1968, the Telugu Academy has been functioning, developing a normative grammar for the new literary language (“vyavaharika”); the old book language (“granthika”) is preserved only in limited areas - in particular, in poetry.
The first Telugu grammar, Shabdachintamani ("Talisman of Words"), was compiled by Nannaya Bhatta in the 11th century; the modern stage in the study of Telugu began in the 19th century (C. P. Brown's grammar and other works). In 1832, the encyclopedia Pedda Balashiksha was compiled for children, containing basic information about Telugu writing and phonology. In addition to European scientists, Telugu is studied by Indian scientists at the universities of Hyderabad, Tirupati and Visakhapattanam.
Linguistic information[ | ]
Classification [ | ]
Language structure [ | ]
Structurally, Telugu is close to the “general Dravidian standard”. Phonetically, it is similar to the Kannada language (in ancient times their similarities were even greater). In morphology, Telugu is characterized by the absence of feminine forms of nouns (in the singular, masculine and non-masculine are distinguished; in the plural, “epicene” for names of persons and neuter for all other nouns); in this Telugu is similar to the northern Dravidian languages - Kurukh and Malto. Already in ancient Telugu, compared to other Dravidian languages, the case system was simplified (four cases against, on average, six). In the pronoun subsystem, as in most Dravidian languages, there is a distinction between inclusive (“you and me”) and exclusive (“we without you”) forms of the 1st person plural. numbers. In the indicative mood of the positive conjugation, only two aspectual and temporal forms are opposed - present-future and simple past; the number of moods (indicative, imperative, potential and conditional), on the contrary, is somewhat greater than in most Dravidian languages. The syntax is typically Dravidian.