EntrancePresentation on the topic "the concept of literary language." Literary language and non-literary options, presentation for a lesson on the topic Typologies of styles: contextual styles
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The concept of literary language Russian language lesson in 5th grade Teacher Olkhovatskaya N.P.
The literary language takes its origins from ancient Russian literature. But the 19th century was the time of the final formation of the Russian literary language. A huge credit for this belongs to A.S. Pushkin. His work is the result of a search for what a literary language should be.
“Literary language is the language of official business documents, schooling, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form..."
The science of language is called linguistics (linguistics, linguistics) Language Knowledge of language Study of linguistics
Sections of the language Phonetics Speech sounds Morphemics Word composition Lexicon Vocabulary composition of the language Grammar Morphology Word as part of speech Syntax Phrase and sentence orthoepy spelling punctuation stylistics
Vocabulary work Linguistics, linguistics, linguistics, phonetics, morphemics, vocabulary, grammar, morphology, syntax.
in the north they “coat” in the north - beets, in the north - rooster. The Russian literary language is common to all. - in the south “akayut” - in the south - burAk - in the south - kOchet beets rooster
Literary language is an exemplary language, the norms of which are mandatory for every speaker of Russian.
Literary language norms Pronunciation, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, spelling norms
Speech culture is part of a person’s general culture. What signs of speech culture do you know? Correctness, precision, purity, expressiveness, logic, appropriateness, richness.
And we have no other property! Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, Our priceless gift - speech. I. Bunin
Write down the sentences, opening the brackets and choosing words from the literary language. (Lozg, ravine) was deep. (Chki, ice floes) floated slowly. (Stodol, barn) stood on a spacious (base, yard).
Pronounce the words in accordance with the pronunciation norm: red, what, what, hello, means, model, understood. Make up sentences with these words.
Read the text by A.N. Tolstoy. Why can we call it exemplary? Write down the text. The Russian people created the Russian language, bright as a rainbow after a spring shower, accurate as arrows, melodious and rich, sincere, like a song over a cradle... What is the Motherland? - this is the whole people. This is his culture, his language.
Let's repeat! What is literary language? What norms of literary language do you know? Why do you need to follow these standards? What is speech culture? Can everyone call themselves cultured? Why?
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Phraseology of the Russian language. Phraseological norms of the Russian literary language
This material is tutorial on the topic "Phraseology of the Russian language. Phraseological norms of the Russian literary language" for secondary special education educational institutions. Maybe use...
The meaning and role of the Church Slavonic language in the development of the Russian literary language
It is very correct that the Church Slavonic language is taught in Orthodox-oriented schools. This is our history, and without history a people is dead....
The most amazing and wise thing that created
humanity is a language.
Literary language is the main means
communication between people of the same
nationality.
signs of literary language:
1) processing;
2) stability (the ability of the system
save current state if available
external influences)
3) mandatory (for all media
language);
4) Standardization;
5) availability functional styles.Processed
literary language is
purposeful selection of everything
the best that there is in the language.
This selection is carried out in
as a result of special
research by philologists, public
figures Normalization - use
language means, regulated
a single universally binding norm.
If there were no single language
norms, then people living in different
ends of Russia, they would stop
understand each other. Russian literary
language
exists in two
forms:
oral and written. Written and
oral forms of speech
Speech is concrete speaking,
flowing over time and
clothed in sound or
written form. style is a type of language,
specific to a specific area
human activity and
having a certain
originality.
two style classifications:
in their traditional sense
and functional styles. In modern Russian literary
language are highlighted
functional styles
(language genres, functional
varieties of language):
conversational, journalistic,
official business, scientific art
religious functional style
(church-religious style) In style, in addition to highlighting
functional styles exist
differentiation of linguistic means and
styles into two main areas -
bookish and conversational Literary language is divided into
two functional
varieties:
conversational and bookish.
Conversational speech stands out
and book language.
Orally colloquial speech
differentiate
three pronunciation styles:
full, neutral,
colloquial. There are styles in book language:
scientific,
official business
journalistic,
(art). Which of the following means
artistic expression
used in a sentence?
He did things unlike anything else
the rest, extraordinary,
unprecedented hours, which even now
it's impossible not to admire.
1.Metaphor
3.Gradation
2. Hyperbole.
4. Comparison
Answer: Grace
In which sentence is it used?metaphor?
1. The peaks of the foothills, which seemed from a distance
close, as they get closer
floated up and away.
2. From the next peak new ones opened
ridges of mountains that look like frozen waves
giant sea.
3. I read somewhere that in place of the Caucasus in
prehistoric times there was a sea.
ANSWER: 2
Informational resources:
1.2.
3.
4.
Encyclopedia of Cyril and Miffodia
http://lib.rus.ec/b/138620/read
Vvedenskaya L.A. etc. Russian language and
speech culture: exams
answers. Series “I will pass the exam.” / L.A.
Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu.
Kashaeva. Rostov n/a: “Phoenix”, 2004
http://nsportal.ru
Slide 2
Literary language is a standardized language. Norms of the Russian literary language are mandatory for everyone who speaks and writes Russian.
Slide 3
Orthoepic norms
Pronounce correctly: Start, began, call, call, provision, document, cocked, willow, climbed, introduced, sinker, reached, clog, sharpen
Slide 4
Morphological and syntactic norms
Make up phrases and sentences Ubezha (-la. -lo) milk, girl. Red apple, tomato, rowan. I (to go) and you (to go). (You) and I are friends. Broken pencil, pen, wood
Slide 5
Check yourself!
The milk ran away (s.r.), the girl ran away (f.r.) Red tomato (m.r.), red rowan (f.r.), red apple (s.r.) I’m coming (1st person) and you are coming (2nd person ) We (with whom?) and you (tv.pad.) are friends. Broken pencil (m.r.), broken pen (f.r.), broken tree (m.r.)
Slide 6
Stylistic norms
Comment on the ad Ad Starting tomorrow, if anyone decides to come without a change of shoes, let them blame themselves. He finds out where crayfish spend the winter. School Principal
Slide 7
Punctuation norms
Add the missing punctuation mark Announcement I cut and shave Kozlov I cut and shave. Kozlov.
Slide 8
Determine the boundaries of sentences in the poem by K.I. Chukovsky
In the river there is a fish on a hillock A cow is mooing in a kennel A dog is barking on the fence A titmouse is singing in the corridor Children are playing on the wall A picture is hanging on the window Frost patterns in the stove Firewood is burning in the hands of a girl There is an elegant doll in a cage A tame goldfinch is singing napkins There are skates on the table K In winter they prepare glasses there. There are notebooks for grandma. They are always kept in order.
Slide 9
Check yourself!
There is fish in the river. A cow is mooing on a hill. In the kennel the dog barks. A titmouse is singing on the fence. Children are playing in the corridor. There is a picture hanging on the wall. Frost patterns on the window. Wood is burning in the stove. In the hands of the girl there is an elegant doll. In the cage, the tame goldfinch sings. There are napkins on the table. The skates are getting ready for winter. There are glasses for grandma. Notebooks are always kept in order.
Slide 2
Literary language
As the highest form of existence of language Vs. Language of fiction
Slide 3
serves the highest spheres of human activity: politics, legislation, science, culture, education, international communication, office work, everyday communication.
Slide 4
TYPES OF LITERARY LANGUAGES (M.M. Gukhman)
I. In terms of coverage of spheres of communication: A. Literary languages with maximum polyvalence (modern Russian, French, English, Armenian, Georgian, etc.). B. Literary languages with functional limitations: a) Written languages only (many medieval languages of the West and East, for example, Wenyang in China, Grabar in Armenia, Sinhalese in Ceylon, etc.); here, in turn, the following are distinguished: 1) written literary languages, appearing with all sorts of functional and stylistic diversity and being the only means of written communication (Chinese and Japanese medieval languages, classical Arabic, ancient Georgian, etc.); 2) written literary languages that had a competitor in a foreign literary language (Western European medieval literary languages, Old Russian literary language, Hindi). b) Literary languages that appear only in oral form (Greek literary language of the Homeric era). c) Literary languages that have a written and oral form, but are excluded from certain areas of communication (Indonesian languages other than Indonesian, Indian languages other than Hindi, Luxembourgish literary language).
Slide 5
II. By the nature of unity and the level of normalization processes: A. Languages that have a single standard (modern national languages such as Russian, English, French, Georgian, Azerbaijani, etc.). B. Languages that have standardized variants such as the modern Armenian literary language. B. Languages with numerous non-standardized territorial variants (many literary languages of the pre-national era). D. Literary languages that, in addition to the main standard, have a more or less standardized version as the literary language of another nation (English, German, French). III. According to the degree of isolation from everyday colloquial forms: A. Languages that have a literary colloquial style to which they are associated different types everyday speech, including colloquial and slang formations (many modern national literary languages). B. Written and literary languages that turned out to be isolated from everyday spoken forms, like Sinhalese. B. Literary languages that have both written and oral forms, but exclude everyday colloquial styles from their norm, like the French literary language of the 16th - 17th centuries. D. Literary languages that maintain connections with regional forms of spoken language (Armenian, Italian, German, medieval literary languages).
Slide 6
Different understandings of FL
B.V. Tomashevsky and A.V. Isachenko: literary language, in its modern understanding, takes shape only in the era of the existence of established nations. B.V. Tomashevsky wrote in this regard: “Literary language in its modern sense presupposes the presence national language, i.e. its historical prerequisite is the presence of a nation, in any case, this term has a special and fairly definite meaning within the national language." A. V. Isachenko: the mandatory features of any literary language are: 1) polyvalence, which means service all spheres of national life, 2) normalization, 3) universal obligatory for all members of the team and, in connection with this, the inadmissibility of dialect variants, 4) stylistic differentiation, Isachenko believes that since these features are inherent only in national languages, a literary language cannot exist in a pre-national period. Therefore, all “types of graphically imprinted speech" of the pre-national period are called written languages. Under this heading actually falls the language of the largest writers and poets of the Renaissance in Italy (Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio), the era of the Reformation in Germany (M. Luther, T. Murner, Ulrich von Hutten, Hans Sachs), the language of classical literature in Rome and Greece, China and Japan, in Persia and Arab countries.
Slide 7
To a certain extent, the point of view of B.V. Tomashevsky and A.V. Isachenko is also shared by those linguists who identify the literary language and the language standard, which leads to a narrowing of the concept of “literary language” and assigns this term to only one of historical types literary language. There is also a tendency to identify literary language and written language. So, for example, A.I. Efimov, in his works on the history of the Russian literary language, classified any written recording as a sample of the literary language, including private letters of the 12th century, which did not represent a processed form of the language. The concept of “processed form of language” is by no means identical, as noted above, to the concept of “language of fiction”. The distinctive feature “processed form of language” presupposes the presence of a certain selection and a certain regulation, carried out, however, on the basis of different criteria; these include genre-stylistic criteria, social-stylistic selection, as well as the rejection of narrow dialectal phenomena and a general tendency towards a supra-dialectal language type. A similar characteristic is applicable to the language of fiction (both to the individual creativity of wordsmiths and to ancient epic poetry), to business and religious prose, to journalism and the language of science, to various types of oral speeches. One can hardly agree with V.V. Vinogradov, who objected to considering the language of oral poetry as an oral variety of literary language. The language that was recorded in the ancient epic poetry of various peoples was a high example of a processed language with strict lexical selection and a kind of regulation (cf. the poems of Homer, the songs of the Edda, the Central Asian epic, etc.). Oral poetry was also the work of minstrels, shpilmans and minesingers, who were carriers of literary languages and had a significant influence on their development.
Slide 8
General patterns of development of literary languages of peoples
The era of feudalism: the use of someone else’s language rather than one’s own as a written literary language. In this era, the boundaries of the literary language and nationality do not coincide. Thus, the literary language of the Iranian and Turkic peoples for a long time considered classic Arabic; among the Japanese and Koreans - classical Chinese; among German and Western Slavic peoples- Latin; among the southern and eastern Slavs - the language is Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian), in the Baltic states and the Czech Republic - German. Differences associated with the historical uniqueness of the use in individual countries (for example, Slavic) of a foreign language (for example, in relation to Western Slavic peoples: for Polish - Latin, for Czech - Latin and German, for South Slavic and East Slavic peoples - Old Slavic language, even if related ), and differences in public functions, areas of application and degree of nationality of written literary languages.
Slide 9
Pre-national and national eras: the nature of the relationship and correlation between the literary language and colloquial dialects, and in connection with this - the structure and degree of normalization of the literary language. Thus, written speech in ancient eras among European peoples was saturated with dialectisms to varying degrees. A comparative study of business texts with works of fiction will help to recognize and combine individual dialect features that formed the basis of literary norms. Processes of normalization of a common literary language based on a folk basis, and with its relation to the old literary and linguistic tradition. By the end of the feudal period (in some states from the 14th - 15th centuries, in others from the 16th - 17th centuries), the folk language in various European countries to one degree or another displaces foreign languages from many functional spheres of communication. Thus, the royal office in Paris used French in certain documents already in the second half of the 13th century, but the final transition to French took place here throughout the 14th century. Latin language at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century. is gradually losing its functions as a business and administrative language in Poland. At different periods in the history of languages, complex stylistic relationships arose between different systems expressions in the formation of a national standard of literary language. For example, the complex problem of the theory of styles in the French language of the 16th - 17th centuries. and in the Russian literary language XVIII - early XIX V. Basically the same problems arise in relation to the Bulgarian and partly Serbian literary language of the 19th century, in relation to the Old Czech book and spoken language in the history of the Czech language at the beginning of the 19th century.
Slide 10
Literary language has its own characteristics:
1. Resilience (stability). The Russian literary language was finally formed in the 19th century, in the Pushkin era, and in its composition of commonly used vocabulary remains unchanged, that is, generally understandable. 2. Mandatory for all native speakers. For successful communication in the professional and everyday spheres, every native speaker of the Russian language must have sufficient command of the literary language. Mastery of a literary language and the formation of a person’s vocabulary (active vocabulary) are significantly influenced by his or her erudition. However, not only the quantity, but also the quality of the literature read is important. 3. Processing. 4. Availability of oral and written forms of implementation. All non-literary variants of a language - dialects, vernacular, jargons - exist only in oral form, they are realized in the process of oral communication. The written form of implementation is characteristic only of the literary language. This significantly expands its capabilities. Writing (that is, the transmission of spoken speech using graphic signs) refers to greatest inventions humanity. The presence of a written form in a language makes it possible to pass on to subsequent generations all the spiritual and material experience enshrined in written texts. 5. Availability of functional styles. 6. Normativity. Speaking about the culture of speech, we highlight three main qualities of such speech - correctness, accuracy, expressiveness. It is the correctness of speech that is determined by its compliance with the language norm.
Slide 11
Historical nature of FL norms
Specific features of a literary norm do not appear immediately, but develop gradually as the literary language is formed. Therefore, a necessary aspect of studying a literary norm is its historical consideration. The importance of this aspect of the study was strongly emphasized by V.V. Vinogradov, who noted that the “dynamic” characteristic of the norm is very significant for the general understanding of the genesis and development of the literary language.
Slide 12
Literary norm as a historical category
the continuity of its static (identification and study of the signs of the norm) and dynamic (examination of the formation and changes of these signs) characteristics. normalization is defined as a set of conscious and spontaneous processes of selection of normative implementations. At the same time, normalization can also be considered as a continuous historical process, leading to the formation and change of literary norms. The static characteristics of a norm depend on the historical conditions in which a certain literary norm is formed. So, for example, the degree of variation in the norms of a literary language may to some extent depend on how homogeneous (or heterogeneous) the genetic basis of a given literary language is and to what extent it was influenced during the process of formation by various language systems that came into contact with it. True, such a connection is not clearly expressed in all cases. The historical aspect of characterizing literary norms has been developed for different languages still very little.
Slide 13
The national literary language is characterized by increased stability and stability of norms. The breadth of the lexical inventory and its constant replenishment with new elements allow us to assert that lexical norm is not regulated in the sense in which spelling, orthoepic and grammatical norm. Only the development of terminology allows for the purposeful intervention of society in the sphere of vocabulary; otherwise, the codification processes here are predominantly passive, ascertaining in nature. One of the manifestations of the general tendency towards the stability of literary norms is the tendency towards their territorial unity; it appears especially clearly when they are compared with the “norms” of everyday spoken language and dialect, selectivity and differentiation (norms of oral and written forms of the literary language, norms of different functional varieties literary language).
Slide 14
Chronological boundaries of the concept "modern literary language"
In different national languages, the duration of that last stage in the history of the language, which is currently recognized by native speakers as “modern,” can be significantly different. These boundaries basically coincide with the work of the classics of national literature, in whose artistic practice the national literary language was formed. Thus, the main features of the modern Italian literary language take shape in the 13th-14th centuries, in the works of the “great Florentines” - Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio; The beginning of the modern French literary language dates back to the 17th century. (drama by Corneille, Moliere, Racine); the beginning of the modern literary Russian language is the 20-30s. XIX century (works of Pushkin). The further history of the established literary language is that non-functional variation is gradually overcome; the stylistic and semantic differentiation of linguistic means is deepening; As a result, the internal functional and stylistic structure of the literary language is formed, which strengthens its isolation from non-literary forms of existence of the language. That is why for the typology of norms it is so important how many centuries (or decades) a “modern” literary language is. the depth and certainty of the stylistic and semantic differentiation of linguistic means directly depends on the “age” of the literary language; one might say that the degree of differentiation of linguistic means is a “function of time” during which the history of the literary language took place.
Slide 15
The most ancient literary and written languages
the main literary traditions of antiquity: ancient Indian, ancient Chinese, ancient Greek, Latin. The stylistic diversity of the ancient Greek literary language is inextricably linked with different genres of literature (epic, lyric poetry, theater), with the prosperity of science and philosophy, with the development of oratory.
Slide 16
Middle Ages
The functional load of literary languages is not the same in different historical conditions, and the determining role here is played by the level of development of society and the general culture of the people. The ancient Arabic literary language took shape in the 7th - 8th centuries. as the language of poetry, Muslim religion, science and school as a result high level development that Arab culture then achieved. A different picture is observed in Western Europe. At the origins of literary languages Western Europe there were poetic and prose genres of fiction, folk epic; in Scandinavia and Ireland, along with the style of epic poetry, the prose style of the ancient sagas stands out. The language of ancient runic inscriptions (V - VIII centuries), the so-called runic Koine, also adjoined the supra-dialect type of language. The 12th - 13th centuries - the heyday of knightly lyricism and knightly romance - provide high examples of Provencal, French, German, and Spanish literary languages. But these literary languages begin to serve science and education relatively late, partly as a result of the inhibited development of science, but mainly due to the fact that the conquest of other spheres of communication by the literary language was hampered in Western European countries by the long-term dominance of Latin in the fields of law, religion, government controlled, education and prevalence of the dialect in everyday communication. The displacement of Latin and its replacement by the literary language of a given people proceeded largely differently in different European countries.
Slide 17
In Germany since the 13th century. The German language penetrates not only into diplomatic correspondence, into private and state documents, but also into jurisprudence. The major legal monuments, the Sachsenspiegel and the Schwabenspiegel, enjoyed enormous popularity, as evidenced by the existence of numerous manuscript versions from different regions of Germany. Almost simultaneously, the German language begins to conquer the sphere of public administration. He dominates the imperial chancellery of Charles IV. But Latin remained the language of science virtually until the end of the 17th century; it dominated university teaching for a long time: back in the 17th century. lecturing in German met with fierce resistance. The Renaissance also contributed to a certain strengthening of the position of Latin even in some literary genres (drama) in Germany. In Italy back in the 15th century. in connection with the general direction of the culture of the Renaissance, Latin turns out to be the only officially recognized language not only of science, but also of fiction, and only a century later the Italian literary language gradually gained citizenship rights as a multifunctional written and literary language. In France, Latin was also used in the 16th century. not only in science, but also in jurisprudence, in diplomatic correspondence, although Francis I already introduced the French language into the royal office.
Slide 18
Literary-written bilingualism: France
The historical situation of medieval France during the period of written bilingualism is characterized by the further development of feudalism. In the second half of the 15th century. France turns into the most powerful feudal state in Europe. This period coincides with the beginning of printing and the almost complete oblivion of the early texts of the secular canon, the emergence, development and regrouping of later functional styles. Among the literary genres, the lives of saints and visions predominate. The first ones were very popular in the 9th century. Sometimes they were even turned into poetry. Visions are interpolated from chronicles and formalized into special genre. In addition to everyday literature and visions in the second half of the 9th century. common: panegyrics addressed to clergy and secular persons; friendly messages; edifying messages; descriptive poetry; “inscriptions”, including epitaphs, dating back to the genre of the ancient epigram; hymns and poetic prayers. Secular literature of this period was not distinguished by a variety of genres. The most famous authors of this time are Sedulius Scott, Ermold Nigell and the anonymous Saxon poet, who translated Einhard’s “Life of Charlemagne” into verse. In the 9th century. The genre of historical poems appeared in Latin literature. This genre includes the work of Abbo of Saint-Germain “ Paris War" Second half of the 9th century. characterized by a new literary and linguistic regrouping: new texts appear in the newly written folk language. This is a turning point in literary history, and in the history of the language of the French people. New written literary languages are emerging. The first coherent text in Old French was the famous “Oaths of Strasbourg”, pronounced in 842 by the grandsons of Charlemagne, Charles the Bald and Louis the German, who united against their brother Lothair. In addition to this document, there are a number of written monuments in Old French of a secular and clerical-tactical nature: “Sequence of St. Eulalia", "The Passion of Christ", an excerpt from a sermon on the prophet Jonah, "The Life of St. Leodegaria", "Life of St. Alexei", "The Song of Roland", "The Journey of Charlemagne to Jerusalem and Constantinople". Old French clerical writings trace their origins to specific Latin textual sources. Therefore, they are essentially later than traditional texts.
Slide 19
Literary-written bilingualism: Rus'
In the Russian edition, Church Slavonic was a written and literary Old Church Slavonic language that had undergone a certain influence of living ancient Russian speech. And Old Church Slavonic was basically one of the southern Slavic languages, it is sometimes called Old Bulgarian. Into this language in the 9th - 10th centuries. creators Slavic alphabet the brothers Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius and their Moravian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Old Russian students and followers translated liturgical books and works of ancient authors from Greek; then original works were also written on it (in the appropriate editions). Through this international literary language of the Slavic peoples, many borrowings from the languages of the richest ancient culture - Greek and Latin - penetrated into Old Russian speech. Initially very close in its structure to Old Russian, Church Slavonic has changed little since its spread in Rus', while the living Russian language has developed, undergoing significant changes. Church Slavonic was not the only form writing in Rus'. Along with it, the Old Russian written and literary language, which arose on the basis of living speech, was used. It has long been used in business writing; many outstanding works of ancient Russian literature, mainly of secular content, were written in it. It was influenced by the Church Slavonic language, but did not mix with it; used, for example, in the 17th century. in the genres of democratic satire, in office work, which was already very developed by that time, in diplomatic, business and private correspondence, etc. Academician V.V. Vinogradov, emphasizing the primordial closeness of the Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages, as well as their common fate in the history of Russian speech culture, believed that in Ancient Rus' there were not two different literary languages, but two types of literary language: book Slavonic and written folk-literary. Russian written bilingualism, which existed until the 18th century, was a peculiar phenomenon, but not exceptional: in the countries of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages, the written language was mainly a language that was even more distant from living folk speech - Latin. With the formation of the Russian national language, the scope of application of the “pure” Church Slavonic language is sharply narrowed. In written speech, bilingualism gives way to stylistic demarcation within a single written and literary language. And in oral speech since the end of the 16th century. uniform all-Russian conversational norms are gradually emerging on the basis of the Moscow dialect. These processes were important for the later fate of the Russian language. Their complexity, as well as the contradictory nature of the changes, were reflected in the science of Russian language styles throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Slide 20
Pre-national forms of existence of LA
MM. Gukhman: Oral implementation of literary languages can manifest itself in two forms: in oral creativity, especially in the pre-national period, and in oral speeches of different styles, ranging from samples of oratory, scientific speeches to colloquial literary speech; This second type becomes most diverse during the development of national languages. The first type is assigned the term “oral variety of a literary language”, the second type is assigned the term “oral form of a literary language”; the oral form of the literary language appears both in book styles (scientific speech, journalistic speech, etc.) and in literary-colloquial style.
Slide 21
In the pre-national period, selection and relative regulation are clearly visible in cases where the literary language combines the features of several dialect regions, which is observed especially clearly in the history of the Dutch language in the 13th - 15th centuries, where there was a change in the leading regional variants of the literary language: in the 13th - 14th centuries . In connection with the economic and political prosperity of Flanders, first its western and then eastern regions became the center of development of the literary language. The West Flemish version of the literary language is replaced in this regard in the 14th century. East Flemish variant, characterized by significantly greater leveling local peculiarities. In the 15th century, when Brabant, with centers in Brussels and Antwerp, began to play a leading political, economic and cultural role, a new version of the regional literary language developed here, combining the traditions of the older Flemish literary language and the generalized features of the local dialect, achieving a certain unification.
Slide 22
The relationship between the language and dialects in different historical eras
Tribal languages were different even within relatively small territories, but as marriage and other contacts between clans expanded, and then economic ties between tribes, interaction between languages began. In the subsequent development of languages, processes of two opposite types are found: convergence - the bringing together of different languages and even the replacement of two or more languages by one; Divergence is the splitting of one language into two or more different, although related, languages. For example, a language first breaks up into dialects, and then they develop into independent languages. There are also several models of language development when they come into contact: A) based on the substrate (Latin substratum - litter, bottom layer). For example, the language of the indigenous population was forced out of use by the language of the conquerors, but left its mark in the language of the aliens (material borrowings, word-formation, semantic tracings, etc.). A striking example from the history of the development of languages is modern Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese). There are certain similarities in them, but also obvious differences; these are DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, since during their formation, folk Latin, from which they come, was superimposed on different substrates (substrates) and was acquired differently by different peoples. C) on the basis of a superstrate - the layering of alien features on the original basis of the local language. The winner in the battle of languages is the local language. A striking example of superstrate influence is the French layers in the English language, which penetrated into it after the Norman conquest and were preserved due to long domination French in England, at the level of vocabulary, phonetics, spelling. A special case is the formation of Koine - a common language that arises on the basis of a mixture of related dialects, of which one turns out to be leading and is used for economic and other contacts.
Slide 23
Lingua franca
(lat. " mutual language") - the transformation of one of the languages in contact into a more or less regular means of interethnic communication, which does not displace other languages from everyday use, but coexists with them on the same territory. Thus, for many Indian tribes on the Pacific coast of America, the lingua franca is the Chinook languages. Until now, the Russian language plays the role of lingua franca when communicating between representatives of the former republics of the USSR. In most countries of medieval Europe, the language of religion and science was medieval Latin - a language that continued the traditions of classical Latin.
Slide 24
Pidgins
The period of colonial conquests was characterized by the appearance of so-called pidgins (distorted business) - a kind of trading lingua franca, not native to anyone, but used for communication between European colonialists and natives, and then between multilingual natives. It is always a very primitive language - with a limited set of lexical units, simplified grammar, containing both elements of local dialects and distorted European elements.
Slide 25
Features of the formation of FL in different countries
In the formation of a system of characteristics of the literary language of a national period, two types of processes are distinguished, depending on whether the language had a long written tradition and a processed form of the language correlated with this tradition - an ancient or medieval literary language - or whether the language is infantile (unwritten), i.e. That is, it either has no written-literary tradition at all, or this tradition is insignificant. The difference is that for languages such as Armenian, Georgian, Japanese, Chinese, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Tajik, Russian, French, German and Italian, the formation of structural and functional-stylistic features of a new national type of literary language is realized in the process of partial repulsion from the previous literary tradition, partial inclusion and overcoming it. At the same time, the role of continuity increases if there is no significant change in the regional connections of literary languages, as was the case in Dutch, German, and Uzbek. The complexity of the process of formation, for example, of the Uzbek literary language is due to the fact that its components are the Old Uzbek literary language, village synharmonic dialects and the main urban dialects of Tashkent and Fergana.
Slide 26
For newly written languages, the problem of continuity is virtually eliminated, except for the language of oral epic poetry. In the first case, two opposing linguistic elements take part in the development of a new type of literary language and its functional-stylistic system - literary tradition, most often associated with a system of book-written styles, and everyday colloquial forms of communication. The interaction of these two elements, the forms of their differentiation and inclusion in new system literary language, the degree of influence of each of them determines the endless variety of processes with their undeniable typological similarity. So, for example, in the Tajik literary language, which took shape as a result of the interaction of the literary language of the “classical period” and the everyday spoken language, the degree of inclusion of elements of the old literary language varies in different genres of literature. The language of poetry is rich in archaisms, fiction- an example of a modern literary language, the language of drama is characterized by its closeness to colloquial speech and an abundance of dialectisms. For newly written languages, the processes of formation of literary languages have a fundamentally different form, since for the first time a processed form of the language is created here. That is why for such languages the problem of the regional base of the literary language is posed much more straightforwardly and simply than when applied to the languages of the first group. As for the first group, even in those cases when the literary language of the Middle Ages did not enjoy such social authority as the ancient language of China, Japan, Armenia, Arab countries, like Old Church Slavonic in Slavic countries, where the authority of the ancient language was often supported by its use as a cult language (cf. Grabar, Old Church Slavonic, classical Arabic), even in the absence of these conditions, the previous book and written tradition is the most important component in the formation of the norm of the literary language of the national era. Indicative in this regard is the process of formalizing the norms of the national Dutch language, which is territorially associated with the province of Holland. However, in modern norm literary language, in grammar, spelling and vocabulary, especially in the written form of the literary language, the book tradition of the literary language of the pre-national period, associated with other regions of the Netherlands, is reflected, while normalization was carried out largely on the basis of the literary language of the Middle Ages, i.e. according to Flemish-Brabantian, and not the Dutch model. For the newly written and unwritten languages of the USSR, the formation of literary languages was directly related to the choice of the “reference” dialect and occurred under fundamentally different conditions from the languages of the first group; however, even in this case, literary languages never completely coincide with the reference dialect, representing varying degrees of isolation from the dialect system.
Slide 27
The Russian language is characterized by close continuity between individual periods of its history. Speaking about the first third of the 19th century. as the beginning of a new (modern) stylistic system of the Russian language, one should at the same time see the relative nature of the novelty: Pushkin’s language was by no means divorced from the literary language of the 18th century, he transformed, but at the same time continued the stylistic traditions of the 18th century. Furthermore, in the 18th century, in the literary and philological practice of V.K. Trediakovsky, a prototype of the literary and linguistic situation of the first decades of the 19th century had already formed. - situations of coexistence and competition of different models of normalization of the literary language (the struggle between Karamzinists and Shishkovists). Previous stages in the history of the Russian literary language - XVIII century, language of Moscow Rus', language Kievan Rus- were also closely related to each other. Continuity in the history of the Russian literary language has determined that its modern stylistics inherits a lot from previous, sometimes very distant, states of the literary language. Thus, of all the modern Slavic literary languages, the Russian language is most closely associated with the traditions of Church Slavonic literature. In his style, the opposition between Church Slavonicisms and native Russian linguistic means is still relevant. The influence of the Church Slavonic language was also reflected in the fact that the codified literary Russian language as a whole is further removed from living colloquial and dialect speech than most Slavic literary languages. In contrast to the relatively smooth history of the Russian literary language, there was a kind of pause in development in the history of the literary languages of a number of Slavic peoples. The lack of state independence and foreign national oppression suppressed and broke the traditions of early written culture in the history of the Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian peoples. A new book and written culture of these peoples emerged several centuries later, as a result of the national liberation struggle and national revival. However, the revival of the Slavic literary languages was not a renewal of the previous normative and stylistic systems (with the exception of the Czech language). The revived literary languages relied on living folk speech, on the language of new literature and journalism. This is associated with their greater closeness to folk speech, greater tolerance for dialectisms, but at the same time some limitation, narrowing of the stylistic range. To feel stylistic contrast, you need tradition.
Slide 28
In the context of a different linguistic ideology, the Serbo-Croatian literary language took shape (which has now become two languages - Serbian and Croatian). Literary language of Serbia in the 18th century. stood at a crossroads: several stylistic systems coexisted and competed in literature and writing. Some of them were associated with Church Slavonic language, including with its Russian edition, others - with the folk Serbian language. The creators of the Serbian literary language - Dosifej Obradović, Buk Karadzic, Djura Danicic - abandoned the archaic Church Slavonic styles and turned to the modern folk language. This orientation was influenced by the ideology of romanticism, which was strong in the Serbian revival, with its interest in ethnic identity, pre-literate folk culture, and the “soul” of the people. Obradović, the largest Serbian writer of the 18th century, in practice - in his artistic and journalistic writings - proved the acceptability of folk Serbian language as a literary language. The more radical folk Karadzic compiled a grammar and dictionary based on the folklore of Serbs, Croats, and Montenegrins (1814, 1818) and published - as a model of a new literary language - several collections of folk poetry. Karadzic's codification was accepted by society. The Karadzic reform, the linguistic ideology on which it grew up, determined the typological features of the literary Serbo-Croatian language: closeness to folk colloquial speech, significant tolerance for dialectisms, at the same time - a certain narrowing of stylistic possibilities, which is associated with a departure from the traditions of Church Slavonic book and written culture .
Slide 29
The formation of the English language
449 - the Jutes, Angles and Saxons seize the territory of modern England Old English in three dialects: the language of the Angles with subdialects Saxon Jutish/Kentish/Canterbury
Slide 30
1066 – 1217 England under the rule of the Norman dukes until 1400 French was the official language of England Latin as written language officials Bilingualism of the nobility: Latin and French
Slide 31
Works were written in French for the Anglo-Norman public. The unofficial language was Middle English 14th century - gradual revival of cultural independencerefusal of French as official language
Slide 32
The invention and introduction of printing: unification and standardization of writing in English as a necessity Early English movement of vowels (Great Vowel Shift) led to the fact that the written language ceased to correspond to pronunciation features (15-17 centuries)
Slide 33
Great Vowel Shift
Slide 34
The formation of the English language
Beginning of the 18th century: the emergence of diverse variants of words, diverse semantics, spelling, stress Daniel Defoe (1660 - 1731): "gentlemen of fortunes and families... can hardly write their own names" and when they can write they "can"t spell their mother tongue“ the problem was realized!
Slide 35
The formation of the English language
Inconsistency in the spelling of words (NE: enough; FrNE: ynough(e), enoff, yenough, eno", enouch, enufe, ...) 1755 Samuel Johnson, two-volume dictionary with proposals for unifying spelling The period of regulating spelling, unifying word usage
Slide 36
18-19 centuries: Reduction of linguistic elements for the sake of standardization Optimization of norms, elimination of errors Permanent monitoring of language
Slide 37
Formation of modern English, standardization of pronunciation “Queen's English”, “King's English”, “Oxford English”, “BBC English” 1850: 31% of all grooms and 46% of all brides were unable to write their name when registering their marriage 1870 School Law (Universal Primary Education), 1900: only 3% of all newlyweds were unable to write their name
Slide 38
Stylistic variation of the alphabet
Problems of studying Stylistic differentiation of language represents the historically first awareness and understanding of language by society. This is the cultural and psychological meaning of the formation of the stylistic structure of a language. Thus, the initial knowledge of language (before the first writings on language, the first dictionaries and grammars) was collective, purely practical and mostly implicit in nature, since stylistic assessments of linguistic means were not explicitly formulated, but were manifested in the choice of one option from a number of possible ones.
Slide 39
Style typologies: contextual styles
“contextual styles” (U. Labov’s term) correlate directly with a specific situation, with its role structure. There are various taxonomies of contextual styles. Thus, U. Labov distinguishes between a “careful speech style” and a “casual speech style.” A more detailed scale is proposed by M. Joz, who identifies five styles: 1) intimate, 2) casual, 3) confidential, 4) official and 5) frozen (frozen) Schweitzer A.D. (1982) proposed a three-level scale of “contextual styles”: formal, neutral, informal. Within each of them, it is possible to establish a more detailed division, giving a more detailed idea of the continuum of transitions from situations characterized by extremely formal relations between communicants, to situations with extremely informal relations between them.
Slide 40
Typologies of styles: functional styles
Functional style is “a socially conscious and functionally determined, internally unified set of techniques for using, selecting and combining means verbal communication in the sphere of or another popular, national language, in relation to other similar methods of expression that serve other purposes, perform other functions in the speech social practice of a given people” [Vinogradov V.V. 1955; 20].
Slide 41
Characterizing the functional styles of any language presents a number of difficulties. Firstly, in living linguistic activity, functional styles can be intertwined and have some common features; In addition, elements of different styles may collide in the same context. Therefore, the characteristics of a particular functional style need to be taken into account only the most important signs, defining its difference from other styles. Secondly, linguistic styles are historically changeable, and therefore the characteristics of each of them can only be described in relation to a certain period of development of this language, that is, synchronously. Thirdly, the classification of styles itself has not yet been developed in detail, and although general principles outlined, they differ slightly from the principles of classification of genre varieties of literary norms.
Slide 42
In the modern Russian language, book styles are distinguished (scientific, journalistic, official - business and literary-artistic) and colloquial, which, in turn, fall into private varieties depending on the manifestation in speech of specific tasks and communication situations, up to the expression of functional stylistic features of an individual character. In addition, a separate statement or a whole significant work can represent a functional style, not necessarily in its pure, strict, holistic form, but a kind of multi-layered stylistic phenomenon as a result of the mutual influence of styles, and most importantly, a reflection of the characteristics of the substyle and genre. In addition to the indicated basic functional styles, the language has “peripheral” and “transitional” phenomena. Thus, functional-style and intra-style differentiation seems to be very complex and branched [Kozhina M.N. 1983; 58].
Slide 43
Scientific (scientific and technical) style)
The main function is not only the transmission of logical information, but also proof of its truth, and often its novelty and value. The thought here is strictly reasoned, the course of logical reasoning is especially emphasized. Hence the generalized and abstract nature of thinking. The most common specific features of the scientific style, resulting from abstractness (conceptuality) and strict logical thinking, are abstract generalization and emphasized logical presentation. Very typical for scientific speech are semantic precision (unambiguity), ugliness, hidden emotionality, objectivity of presentation, some dryness and severity, which do not, however, exclude a kind of expressiveness.
Slide 44
The most important component of scientific vocabulary are terms, that is, words (or phrases) that serve as designations of logical concepts and thereby carry large amounts of logical information. Internationalisms play an important role in the composition of terminology, i.e. words that are found in a number of languages and have, to one degree or another, phonetic, grammatical and semantic similarity (agitate, prolong). Another important component of scientific style vocabulary is general scientific vocabulary (number, system, process). In stylistic terms, the vocabulary of the scientific style is homogeneous - these are neutral and bookish (but not sublime) words. In syntax: the predominance of complex sentences over simple ones; use of detailed common sentences; special types of complex sentences, in the form of tenses (with union word while, etc.) and conditional (if... then), but used not to express time and condition, but to compare parts of a sentence, an extensive network of conjunctions and denominative prepositions (especially to express subordinate relations) with general clarity of expression syntactic connections(due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to, except for, etc.); widespread use of participial and gerund phrases, passive constructions
Slide 45
Formal business style
functional variety speech that serves the sphere of official business relations. Official business speech carries the stylistic connotation of obligation. Imperativeness and prescriptive-obligatory meaning turn out to be characteristic of the most different languages units operating in this area. One of the main stylistic features is precision, which does not allow for other interpretations. impersonality of expression, more precisely, the non-personal nature of communication and speech, with the exception of some few genres (orders, statements, reports), statements in the business sphere are carried out not on behalf of a specific speaker or writer, but on behalf of the state. It is also important to take into account the conditions of communication that determine the manifestation of standardization in the business sphere.
Slide 46
Business speech texts are not characterized by reasoning. The absence of this method of presentation sharply distinguishes the official business style from the scientific one. there is a relatively low percentage of complex sentences, especially with subordinate clauses; the number of means of expressing logic and consistency of presentation in business speech is three times less than in scientific speech. Characteristic, however, is the widespread use of conditional constructions, since many texts (codes, charters) require stipulating the conditions of offenses and law and order. Finally, one of the typical features of business speech is its standardization, stereotypedness. The vocabulary of the official business style is distinguished by a moderately bookish stylistic coloring and a high percentage of standard means (clerical stamps: for the purposes of...; in connection; we inform...). The terminology of this style is less abstract than scientific terminology. In documents, as a rule, the use of neologisms is not allowed - words that are still gaining their place in the language. Clericalisms are typical - words like listen, proper, rarely used in other styles of language.
Slide 47
Journalistic style
used in a presentation that is intended for a more or less wide range of readers or listeners and is devoted to any social or political issues. The main features of this style are: logical clarity of syntactic constructions, carefully thought-out word usage and the use of various expressive and figurative means - tropes and syntactic figures of speech. Written forms of journalistic style are articles, essays, newspaper articles, pamphlets. various means of emphatically sharpening the author’s thoughts, up to phraseological units and paradoxical antithesis. Quotes are also often used, both to support statements made and as material for polemics.
Slide 48
originality in the use of tenses and voices, a high proportion of impersonal forms, an abundance of complex attributive formations, special forms of introducing direct speech and transforming direct into indirect, as well as features in word order. Speech expressiveness is realized in the stylistic “novelty effect”, in the desire for unusualness, freshness of phrases, and therefore the semantics of words and, in addition, in the desire to avoid repetition of the same words (in addition to terms), phrases, constructions within a small context , in the widespread use of verbal imagery. reflects not only the changes taking place in socio-political and socio-economic life, but also, which is especially important for linguistic research, changes in language. Newspaper-journalistic style is a sphere of language use that most quickly responds to new linguistic phenomena and gives a truly impressive picture of the use of language, which arouses great and close interest among philologists and requires constant and careful research. uses techniques and means inherent in different styles and turns out to be an area of living inter-style interactions, which leads to the complication of its structure; the variety of stylistic features and means is unequally represented in different genres of newspaper discourse. Some (theoretical, popular science articles, reviews, interviews, etc.) gravitate towards an analytically generalized presentation and a character and speech close to scientific, but with an indispensable journalistic, expressive-impacting and vividly evaluative moment, others (essays, pamphlets , feuilletons) are close in style to artistic ones, but are also thoroughly journalistic
Slide 49
Art style
linguistic means of all other styles are used. In general, it differs from other functional styles in that while those, as a rule, are characterized by one general stylistic coloring, then in the artistic style a diverse range of stylistic colors of the linguistic means used is manifested. The uniqueness of artistic speech also lies in the fact that it refers to the use of not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language - vernacular, jargon, dialects, etc. However, these means are also used not in their primary, but in their aesthetic function. In artistic speech, there is a broad and deep metaphoricality, imagery of units of different linguistic levels; Here the rich possibilities of synonymy, polysemy, and various stylistic layers of vocabulary are used. All means, including neutral ones, are intended to serve here to express the system of images. In each specific case, from the entire arsenal of linguistic and stylistic means, only one selected means is appropriate, the only necessary in a given context. originality and freshness of expression when creating images, their bright individuality. This quality is generally lacking, for example, in official business speech; it is not necessary in scientific speech and is often muted in newspaper and journalistic speech due to the usual generalization of the author’s personality. All this finds expression in the unique functioning linguistic units(in particular, related to the expression of the category of a person and the speaker’s face in general). In addition, artistic speech is distinguished not only by imagery, but also by obvious emotionality, and in general, by aesthetically oriented expressiveness, it is similar in a number of ways to the journalistic style (emotionality, and in fact linguistic aspect– the use of a variety of linguistic units, the possibility of a collision of different stylistic means for certain stylistic purposes). In addition, artistic speech, usually carried out in written form, is at the same time close in some of its features to oral, colloquial and everyday speech and widely uses its means. The similarity of these latter functional styles is manifested in a high degree of emotionality, a variety of modal shades in linguistic units and in relation to the literary norm, namely in the possibility of using extraliterary means. Literary speech widely incorporates not only vocabulary and phraseology, but also the syntax of colloquial speech, reflecting the latter and, to a certain extent, literaryizing it, for example in a tale
Slide 50
Conversational style
features and flavor of oral speech of native speakers of a literary language [Rosenthal D.E. 1994]. The general extralinguistic features that determine the formation of this style are: informality and ease of communication; the direct participation of speakers in the conversation; unpreparedness of speech, and therefore automaticity; the predominance of the oral form of communication, usually dialogical. The most common area of such communication is everyday life. An emotional, including evaluative, reaction (in dialogue) is typical for this sphere of communication. Among the conditions for the manifestation of colloquial speech are such as big role gestures, facial expressions, situations, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors and a number of other extralinguistic factors.
Slide 51
Conversational style
the relaxed and even familiar nature of speech, deep ellipticality, sensory-concretized nature of speech, its intermittency and inconsistency from a logical point of view, emotional and evaluative informativeness and affectivity. idiomaticity and a certain standardization, personal character of speech Lexical means are the richest and most extensive layer of the vocabulary of a language - a layer of neutral words. Neutral vocabulary, as is known, is widely used in other functional styles, but its proportion in the conversational style is much higher than in such styles as scientific and official business. In colloquial speech, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is quite widely used. Elevated vocabulary seems inappropriate and pretentious in colloquial speech, and if it is used in it, it is only jokingly, ironically, due to which its inherent increased stylistic coloring is transformed into a reduced one. Some book words that have a weak stylistic coloring, does not introduce dissonance into the everyday nature of the conversational style and finds very wide application in it. General scientific terms are also very common.
Slide 54
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The presentation on the topic “Literary language and non-literary options” discusses in detail the concepts and features of a literary language, as well as non-literary options: dialect, jargon, vernacular. To consolidate theoretical material, practical assignments are provided.
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Assignment Read phraseological units with the word language. Write down those that characterize the speaker: a) positively, b) negatively. In what combinations does the word tongue mean “a mobile muscular organ in the oral cavity”? Strike on the tongue. It rolled off the tongue. Keep your mouth shut. It's on the tip of your tongue. Show tongue. Reach an understanding. The tongue itches. Give free rein to your tongue. Tick on your tongue.
Topic “Literary language and non-literary variants” 1. Literary language: concept, basic properties Literary language is the form of existence of the national language, accepted by its speakers as exemplary. The above definition has a differentiating power: it distinguishes the literary language from other social and functional subsystems of the national language.
Properties of a literary language: 1) Stability (stability), enshrined in written texts. A literary language arises when writing appears, and therefore the moment of its “birth” is usually known. This property of a literary language has exceptional cultural significance: it provides a connection between successive generations of speakers of a given national language and their mutual understanding.
2) The variability of the literary norm must lag behind the development of living speech (cf. the famous aphorism of A.M. Peshkovsky: “The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but not at all what will be”). 3) Mandatory for all speakers of a given literary language: in social and communicative relations one of the most important properties The literary language is characterized by its high social prestige: being a component of culture, the literary language is a communicative subsystem of the national language that all speakers are guided by, regardless of whether they speak this subsystem or any other.
4) The contrast between the oral and written forms, the written form as the main form of implementation of the book language determines another important property of it: writing “extends the life of each text (oral tradition gradually changes the text); thereby it enhances the ability of the literary language to be a link between generations. 5) System of functional styles: the literary language is capable of serving the communicative needs of any field of activity “... in general, speakers never lose the feeling of the difference between “how one can say” and “how one should write” (D.N. Shmelev)
6) Consistent norming: not only the presence of a single norm, but also its conscious cultivation, purposeful codification (consolidation in grammars and dictionaries); the system of language norms ensures common understanding for all native speakers
2. Non-literary language variants Literary language is the main means of serving the communicative needs of society. It is contrasted with non-literary variants of the national language: . territorial dialects, urban vernacular, professional and social jargons.
Dialect (Greek dialektos - “speaking, adverb”, where dia - “through”, lektos - “can be spoken”) is a non-literary version of the language that is used by people in certain territories, mainly in rural areas. The dialect may differ from the literary language: in vocabulary - instead of squirrel they say veksha, instead of belt - gashnik (in the northern regions), baz - buildings for livestock, kochet - rooster (on the Don); elements of grammar, features of pronunciation. Dialects are the basis of any literary language. Thus, the basis of the “ancestor” language of all Slavic languages – Proto-Slavic – is one of the dialects of the Indo-European language (1st millennium BC).
Jargon (French jargon - “wrong, chatter”) is a non-literary version of the language used in casual communication within certain social groups. The emergence of jargons is associated with the desire of individual social groups to oppose themselves to society or others social groups, isolate yourself from them using language. The creation of slang words is based on the desire to hide the meaning of speech from others. So, for example, the emergence of artisans' jargon was caused by the need to use words that were incomprehensible to others in order to hide the secrets of production. All social jargons are artificial formations. Jargons can be called “a language within a language.” Unlike the literary language, they do not have a special grammatical structure and are characterized only by the specifics of the dictionary, which is created only by rethinking the words of the national language, for example: dog - castle, flush - steal, horn - traitor, etc. Jargons often replace common words.
Vernacular is a non-literary version of the language used in the speech of poorly educated segments of the population and giving it an incorrect and rude character. All existing examples vernaculars can be divided into several groups: Created using incorrect accents (“percentage”). Morphological forms (“want”). Distortions in the field of phraseology (“lay down”). Phonetic distortions (“here”). However, the most extensive and characteristic group for the vernacular language are words with a deliberate expressive coloring. They, as a rule, have synonyms in literary speech. As an example, the word “sleep” is the literary word “sleep”.
Task 1. Read carefully; indicate dialecticisms and try to explain their meaning. There are no gates at all in Podlipnaya. The forest wouldn’t be good, otherwise the forest around the village is tall and thick, all birch and pine, it would be possible to build some kind of houses and make plank dams with gates... “Why? - the Podlipovite will ask, not understanding. “And so it’s just like that!” There are no farms or hay crops to be seen behind the yards, and there are no vegetable gardens. Only to the right are noticeable ridges with cabbage, carrots and mainly potatoes. (F.M.Reshetnikov. Podlipovtsy)
Task 2. Read and indicate the slang words. Semyonov did not talk anymore... He remembered that he had a small bowl of porridge in his desk. Semyonov wanted to have breakfast, but there was no pink salmon. Annoyed by constant clashes with his comrades, he turned to them with the words: “Gentlemen, this is finally vile!” - What's happened? -Who took the hump? - With porridge? - they answered him mockingly. - Stibrill? - Bonded? - Slapped? - Stolen? - Lafa, brother! All these words translated from Bursatsky to human language meant: “stolen”, and lafa – “dashingly”. (N.G. Pomyalovsky. Essays on the bursa)
Task 3. Read a passage of conversation and identify colloquial words. Are you 18? Big queue? Yes. 5 people, you are the sixth; everything is in this collidor. Take it slowly. Immediately. She just has to leave often: either to see the director, or to the laboratory, or to the phthisiatrician. If you are without a pole, then do not accept it. They will accept you, then you will tell me the number over the phone. This doctor is good, experienced, she has been in our area for more than 20 years.
Test questions Language as sign system. Language and speech. How do the concepts of “language” and “speech” relate? As you understand the following words M.V. Panova: “The task of a linguist is to find language in speech, to rise from speech to language”? In your opinion, what conditions must be met for a speech to be meaningful, informative, enrich listeners, and attract their attention? When answering, use the communication structure diagram (see paragraph 1.1.) What is the main condition for verbal communication? List and characterize the functions of language. Language as a system. List and characterize the elements of the language system. Interaction of language system elements. Demonstrate this interaction using a specific sentence as an example. Literary Russian language and non-literary variants, their interaction. Dialect as a non-literary variant of a language. Give examples of colloquial words (based on your observations and texts works of art). Jargon as a non-literary variant of language. Think about what groups of jargons you can name. Give examples. Vernacular as a non-literary version of the language. Give examples of colloquial words. Based on the material on the topic studied, write an essay on the topic: “What Russian language do I need?” Prepare messages on the topics (to choose from): - “The formation of the modern Russian literary language”, - “M.V. Lomonosov and his place in the study of the Russian language”, - “A.S. Pushkin - the founder of the modern Russian literary language”. 15. Write an essay based on the statement of D.N. Shmelev: “... in general, speakers never lose the feeling of the difference between “how one can say” and “how one should write”
The presentation was prepared by the teacher of the Private Educational Institution “Economic Business College”, Moscow, A.N. Filimonova.