EntranceBiography. The meaning of Karl Andreevich Shilder in the brief biographical encyclopedia Submarine in the 19th century
Karl Andreevich Schilder was a military man who knew firsthand about the hardships and deprivations of military service, participated in all the wars that Russia fought at that time, and was a truly heroic person. Deep knowledge military affairs made him want to improve the techniques of defense and attack, which helped preserve human lives. Schilder developed a special mine countermeasures system, an unusual design of a suspension rope bridge and crossing facilities (“skin bridge”), designed the world’s first all-metal submarine, etc.
Karl Andreevich was born into the family of a wealthy Riga merchant on December 27, 1785. He received his primary education in the family. His mother raised him with religious beliefs and a love of fine arts. After graduating from the Moscow Noble University Boarding School, Schilder was appointed a non-commissioned officer in the Moscow Garrison Battalion (1802), and a year later became a column commander. In St. Petersburg he studied fortification. In 1805, Schilder was appointed to the headquarters of General L. L. Bennigsen, then to the army of M. I. Kutuzov, under whose leadership he participated in the battles of Austerlitz and was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree, for bravery and bravery. Subsequently, Schilder held the defense of the fortress in Bobruisk.
After a short retirement, Karl Andreevich returned to service at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich and became the commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and was later promoted to colonel (1821). Faced with difficulties, Karl Andreevich thought about improving the methods of army crossings across rivers. It was during this time that he made his first invention. It was a rope bridge of a completely new design. As a result, in 1826, Schilder was awarded a transfer to the Life Guards Sapper Battalion, and then became its commander and set out on the Turkish campaign in 1828.
During the hostilities, he proved himself to be an experienced commander and a talented inventor. In September 1828, Russian troops besieged Varna and could not win. Fearing the onset of cold weather and the subsequent storms on the Black Sea, Count A.R. Vorontsov decided to storm Varna, which, however, promised to be very difficult and bloody.
Having taken command of his battalion after illness, Karl Andreevich studied the current military situation and developed a plan to capture Varna in a short time, avoiding bloodshed.
Schilder's mine plan was approved by the sovereign. The talented inventor, with his characteristic courage, carried out his plan, and after several successive explosions of the bastions, the fortress surrendered. Thanks to Schilder's tactics and his engineering improvements, the Russian troops managed to avoid a bloody assault. Using blasting technology, Karl Andreevich completed the assigned military task and saved hundreds of human lives.
For the capture of Varna, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich awarded Schilder with the Order of St. George, 4th degree and the rank of major general.
Schilder accomplished another feat by preparing the crossing of the Danube River for the siege of Silistria. For the bridge, non-self-propelled cargo ships were prepared - divers, which had to be floated down the Danube and delivered to Kalrat. Having armed the diving boats, Schilder set off down the Danube. During the crossing, Karl Andreevich encountered great difficulties. In the first days it raged strong storm, then the Turks attacked the Russians several times, but Schilder safely reached the designated point and, during the siege of the fortress, used the mine tactics tested in Varna. After successive undermining and explosions, the fortress surrendered. Schilder was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd class.
Subsequently, Karl Andreevich took part in several more battles. In one of them, Schilder was seriously wounded in the leg. After treatment, he returned to the active army with an unhealed wound and continued to fight the enemies with great dedication, being everywhere in front with the guards sappers. Having experienced all the intricacies of military affairs, Schilder continued to think about improving the technologies of warfare, improving the means of defense and offensive.
As adjutant general and chief of engineers in the field army from 1831 to 1854, Karl Andreevich actively worked on inventions in the field of engineering attack and defense and tested them.
In 1832, he was the first to use galvanic current to explode gunpowder buried in the ground. Schilder subsequently developed a new countermine system. It was based on the principle of laying pipes in wells drilled in the ground. Karl Andreevich invented a special drill for wells. In 1833, for his successful inventions, Schilder was awarded the title of adjutant general.
Also, the inventor was haunted by the thought of conquering the depths of the sea - building a submarine. Until now, scientists are finding it difficult to establish who was the first inventor of the submarine. It is known that many scientists, philosophers and even artists were interested in creating various devices for underwater diving. The first Russian inventor of a submarine is considered to be Efim Nikonov, who designed his experimental model in 1721 and presented it to Peter I. However, it was not possible to test the submarine in action, since during launching its hull was damaged, a leak formed, and the model was abandoned . And the world's first metal submarine was designed by Karl Andreevich Schilder in 1834.
The boat had observation towers and an optical tube. The inventor made the boat armored in order to protect it from shells and hide the mechanism that drove the boat from shots. To reduce the area of the possible sight, Schilder reduced the size of the surface part. The submarine was armed with harpoon mines with an electric fuse. The boat passed successful tests, but developed low speed. The drawings and the submarine itself were kept in the strictest confidence and did not reach contemporaries. The boat disappeared without a trace. Her drawings were found in an abandoned archive by Schilder’s son, who talked with N.P. Patrick, who was sailing on her, and learned that the boat’s engine was paddles like crow’s feet. Schilder planned to use a screw, but did not carry out his plan.
Schilder's ideas were developed in further inventions of Russian scientists. After 30 years, I. F. Aleksandrovsky built a submarine and developed an engine for it (1866). In 1884, S.K. Dzhevetsky was the first in the world to build a submarine with an electric motor. Over time, the shape, size, engines and equipment of submarines improved. Development submarine fleet was of great importance for protecting the country from the enemy. Submarines were considered the most formidable naval weapon; they sank ships without being noticed.
Schilder also proposed equipping submarines with pole mines, which were a charge explosive, located at the end of a long pole, and were used for active attack. A submarine (or mine boat), usually in the dark, delivered these mine weapons to the side of enemy ships. The mine was detonated using a contact or electric fuse. Subsequently, Admiral G.I. Butakov was involved in testing pole mines. The pole mine was also called a “mine ram,” which consisted of a powder charge (weighing approximately 20 kg) attached to the end of a spy log (5 to 18 m long), which is a continuation of the stem armored boat. As an explosive in different times gunpowder, dynamite and pyroxylin were used.
By the 70s of the 19th century, there were more than 10 types of pole mines in the Russian fleet, from the lightest to the very heavy (the ship mine of V.F. Petrushevsky weighed 182 kg without the pole and had a charge of 57.5 kg of gunpowder). This mine weapon was actively used during civil war in America, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 and at that time it was a powerful destructive force. They stopped using pole mines after the invention of torpedoes.
The year 1838 for Schilder was marked by new inventions. He came up with his own design of high-explosive rockets with a large amount of gunpowder. The inventor also used electric current to explode underwater mines, came up with a way to lay wires under water and improved methods for constructing a waterskin bridge. In addition, Schilder worked on establishing a steamship service between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt, where the inventor, together with B. S. Jacobi, tested his new types of weapons. Unfortunately, this case ended in failure. The steamships turned out to be poorly designed and moved slowly.
The tirelessly talented inventor also designed gunpowder torpedoes and an underwater torpedo bomber, and together with Academician Jacobi, galvanic and galvanic-impact underwater mines were created.
In 1849, Schilder was appointed chief of engineers of the field army. He was supposed to monitor the condition of the fortresses in the western region. Under his leadership, the Novogeorgievsk fortress was built. In honor of the inventor, one of the fortifications was named “Shilder”
The systematic development of underwater mine weapons in Russia began with the creation in 1839 of the “Committee on Underwater Experiments,” which examined Schilder’s submarine, his high-explosive missiles and other projects to create underwater mines.
In 1853 it began Eastern War, and Karl Andreevich took an active part in it. He led the work to strengthen the Danube with the aim of exterminating the Turkish flotilla, in which he achieved success. Russian batteries, built and skillfully camouflaged with fleur masks and anvelopes (external buildings in fortresses to cover dry ditches and the main rampart of the fortress from artillery fire), destroyed the Turkish fleet at Rushchuk (1854).
Subsequently, Schilder organized the successful crossing of the Russian army across the Danube and was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with diamond decorations for this.
Schilder's work in the field of organizing fortress maneuvers was very successful and was subsequently used by engineers of subsequent generations. Experts in this field under the leadership of E.I. Totleben, using Schilder’s achievements, made history by defending Sevastopol.
During preparations for the siege of the Silistria fortress and carrying out mine work, a grenade exploded and crushed the inventor's wounded leg. After the amputation of his leg, Schilder remained steadfast and did not lose his composure and sense of humor. However, he failed to recover. On June 11, 1854, the talented inventor passed away. This loss was a great tragedy both for ordinary soldiers who simply idolized their commander, and for the entire Russian people, for whose benefit all of Schilder’s inventions were made. Contemporaries spoke of Karl Andreevich as a tireless seeker of everything new and better, a man of high morality, courage and dedication.
The Emperor, who was present at the testing of almost all of Schilder’s innovations, was very upset when he learned of the death of the inventor, and noted that “there will not be a second like him in terms of knowledge and courage.”
Discoveries and inventions of Russia, Slavic House of Books
Karl Andreevich Schilder(December 27, 1785 (January 7, 1786) - June 11 (23), 1854) - military engineer, engineer general (1852).
Biography
Born on December 27, 1785 (January 7, 1786 according to the new style) in the village of Simanovo, now Nevelsky district, Pskov region.
He received his secondary education at the Moscow Noble University Boarding School. In 1803 he was enrolled in the school of column leaders at the Tsar's Retinue Depot.
In 1805 he was in the battle of Austerlitz. Having attracted the attention of Count Opperman, in 1811 he was sent to work on expanding the fortress in Bobruisk. Then he participated in the defense of the latter during the siege of it Polish troops in 1812.
In 1813 he was transferred to the 1st Engineer Battalion, where he served until 1818, when, due to family circumstances, he retired as a lieutenant colonel; but in 1820, at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, he again entered service as commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and in 1826 Schilder was appointed commander of the Life Guards Engineer Battalion, with which he went on the Turkish campaign in 1828.
With the arrival of the Guards sappers near Varna, Schilder fell ill. The gradual attack on the fortress, launched without him, was unsuccessful. Immediately upon recovery, Schilder drew up his plan of attack and carried it out brilliantly. With the beginning of the campaign of 1829, Schilder led a gradual attack near Silistria with such success that it ended with the surrender of the fortress.
Polish War in 1831 she found him correcting the position of chief of engineers of the Guards Corps. In the battle of Ostroleka he was wounded by a bullet in the leg, but during the storming of Warsaw he was already on crutches in the midst of the most brutal dump in the Wola fortification.
“...despite the wound received at Ostroleka, from which he had not yet recovered, and, moving on crutches, was everywhere in front with the guards sappers, who, both in the Wola fortification and on the main city rampart, carried out work in the most severe fire, to crash into embrasures..."Field Marshal Count Paskevich
From 1831 to 1854, Schilder, appointed adjutant general on October 31, 1831, chief of engineers of the army in the Kingdom of Poland, stood out for his activities in inventing and testing various methods of engineering attack and defense. His most remarkable proposals are: tubular mines, countermine systems; application of Schilling's ideas to explosions using galvanic electric detonators; submarines with pole mines and missiles; galvanic and galvanic shock underwater mines, developed by him together with Academician Jacobi.
Many of Schilder's inventions were significantly ahead of his contemporary state of technology, and therefore only now can they receive proper application. The secret of Schilder's submarine, tested in 1834, was preserved so diligently that it itself disappeared without a trace, and Schilder's son in the seventies of the 19th century could only learn something about it from the words of P. I. Patrick, who sailed on it during experiments, and find some drawings in an abandoned archive. A drawing of the original boat is included in Mazyukevich’s book: the engine was paddles like crow’s feet; the use of them and the propeller remained unfulfilled; many quite successful experiments were made with the boat; the speed of movement turned out to be insufficient. Tests of this world's first all-metal submarine, including the first underwater missile launch, were carried out on August 29, 1834 on the Neva, 40 miles above St. Petersburg. In the presence of Nicholas I, 4-inch incendiary rockets were launched from a submarine under the command of Schilder himself, which destroyed several training targets - sailing scows at anchor.
Schilder’s activity as the initiator and organizer of fortress maneuvers, experiments and other methods of practical training of the engineering corps in peacetime is also remarkable, thanks to which our engineers, with Totleben at the head, most of whom went through Schilder’s school, later took such an honorable place in the history of the defense of Sevastopol.
SHILDER KARL ANDREEVICH
Schilder (Karl Andreevich, 1785 - 1854) - an outstanding military engineer. He received his education at the school of column leaders. In 1805 he was in the battle of Austerlitz. Having attracted the attention of Count Operman, in 1811 he sent him to work on expanding the fortress in Bobruisk. Then he participated in the defense of the latter during the blockade by Polish troops in 1812. In 1813 he was transferred to the 1st Engineer Battalion, where he served until 1818, when, due to family circumstances, he retired as a lieutenant colonel; but in 1820, at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, he again entered service as commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and in 1826 Schilder was appointed commander of the Life Guards Engineer Battalion, with which he set out on the Turkish campaign in 1828. With his arrival Guards sapper near Varna, Schilder fell ill. The gradual attack on the fortress, launched without him, was unsuccessful. Immediately upon recovery, Schilder drew up his plan of attack and carried it out brilliantly. At the beginning of the 1829 campaign, Schilder led a gradual attack near Silistria with such success that it ended with the surrender of the fortress. The Polish War in 1831 found him filling the post of chief of engineers of the Guards Corps. In the battle of Ostroleka he was wounded by a bullet in the leg, but during the storming of Warsaw he was already on crutches in the midst of the most brutal dump in the Wola fortification. From 1831 to 1854 Schilder, appointed adjutant general, chief of engineers of the field army in the Kingdom of Poland, stood out for his activities in inventing and testing various techniques of engineering attack and defense. His most remarkable proposals are: tubular mines, the application of Schilling's ideas to explosions through galvanism; submarines with pole mines; galvanic and galvanic shock underwater mines, developed by him together with Academician Jacobi. Many of Schilder's inventions were significantly ahead of his contemporary state of technology, and therefore only now can they receive proper application. The secret of his submarine was preserved so diligently that it itself disappeared without a trace, and Schilder’s son, in the seventies, could only learn something about it from the words of N.P. Patrick, who sailed on it during the experiments, and find some drawings in an abandoned archive. A drawing of the original boat is included in Mazyukevich’s book: the engine was paddles like crow’s feet; the use of them and the propeller remained unfulfilled; many quite successful experiments were made with the boat; the speed of movement turned out to be insufficient. Schilder’s activity as an initiator and organizer of fortress maneuvers, experiments, etc. is also remarkable. methods of practical training of the engineering corps in peacetime, thanks to which our engineers, with Totleben at the head, most of whom went through Schilder’s school, later took such an honorable place in the history of the defense of Sevastopol. A business trip in 1854 to the Danube army gave Schilder a new occasion for a number of differences: during the destruction of the Turkish flotilla at Ruschuk by the fire of our batteries, built by him and cleverly camouflaged with anvelopes and fleur masks; when crossing our troops at Brailov; during the siege of Silistria. Launched by Prince Gorchakov, against the wishes of the commander-in-chief, the Danube campaign of 1853 - 1854. It was carried out incoherently and sluggishly, contrary to the instructions of Emperor Nicholas, which was reflected in a number of failures. Unaware of personal considerations, imbued only with the desire for success for the cause, Schilder waged a merciless struggle not only with the enemy, but also with countless reasons that impeded the favorable course of our movements on the Danube, especially during the siege of Silistria. Always ahead with his sappers, bypassing the siege work, Schilder was wounded in the leg by a grenade fragment and died in Kalarash, unable to endure the operation. Emperor Nicholas I, in a letter to Prince Gorchakov, honored the memory of his favorite with the words: “The loss of Schilder upset me extremely; there will not be a second like him, both in knowledge and in courage.” - A man of initiative, with rare military and civil courage, inexhaustible in the means to overcome unexpected obstacles, alien to pettiness, Schilder was quite a “knight without fear and reproach” and earned the name “Bayard of the Russian Engineering Corps.” Wed. Mazyukevich “The Life and Service of Adjutant General K.A. Schilder” (St. Petersburg, 1876); "Russian Antiquity" (1875 and 1876).
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
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Engineer General, Adjutant General.
Genus. December 27, 1785 in the Simonovo estate, Nevelskoy district. Vitebsk province, which his father Andrei Mikhailovich, a wealthy Riga merchant, bought in 1785 after the liquidation of trade affairs and where he moved from Riga. Sh. spent his childhood in the village, and received his initial education under the guidance of tutor Liebicht and his mother, who instilled in him sincere religious convictions, which distinguished him later, and developed in him a love for the fine arts.
To continue his education, he was sent to Moscow to his elder brother Efim Andreevich, a civil engineer, who, in all likelihood, placed him in the Noble University boarding school.
At the end of the course, due to an early manifested inclination towards military service, on March 7, 1802, Sh. was enrolled as a non-commissioned officer in the Moscow garrison battalion; a year later he was enlisted as a column leader; in 1804 gr. Sukhtelen appointed him as an assistant to Second Lieutenant Tenner, with whom he began collecting and preparing materials for an astronomical expedition that was supposed to accompany Golovnin to China. Sh., however, was not included in the expedition and remained in St. Petersburg to continue his education.
Here he began mainly to study fortification.
In 1805, he was appointed to the headquarters of General Bennigsen's corps, which was part of General Michelson's army, sent to join the allied forces against Napoleon.
When this corps entered Silesia, Sh. was sent to the army of gr. M.I. Kutuzova, who was already retreating towards the Russian border and pursued by Napoleon, and on November 20 participated in the battle of Austerlitz, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Anna 4th degree with the inscription "for bravery". Upon returning to Russia, he continued his interrupted scientific studies at the Map Depot and, having passed the exam, on May 17, 1806, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant with an appointment to the 2nd Pioneer Regiment. From that time on, his service began in the engineering troops.
In 1810, with the rank of lieutenant, he, among the best engineering officers, was assigned to the Bobruisk fortress to carry out work on its expansion.
Patriotic War found Sh. in Bobruisk; this fortress was almost completed by that time, which had great value in view of the upcoming blockade.
During the siege of Sh., he was instructed to correct the duties of an artillery officer due to the lack of the latter.
The fortress was not taken; The Polish troops besieging it were forced to retreat. On August 13, 1812, Sh. received the rank of staff captain and was transferred to the Sapper Regiment, which was assigned to the corps of Lieutenant General. Ertelya, stationed near Mozyr, to defend the banks of the river. Hurry up.
Sh. arrived there in September and was entrusted with the formation of half a company of Cossack horse artillery.
Having completed this assignment, Sh. with his half-company joined the detachment of the regiment. Lukovkin, who took part in the battle of the village of Ushi on November 7. In 1813, Sh. received the rank of captain and was assigned to the 1st engineer battalion.
In the companies of 1813 and 1814 Sh. did not take part, because his battalion remained in Russia.
In 1815 he married the daughter of Doctor Shtokmar, a neighbor on his father's estate. In February 1818 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and at the beginning of 1819 he left the service and settled in the village. Alexandrov, an estate that belonged to his wife. Less than a year had passed, however, when Sh. again began to think about returning to military service.
Having learned about this, the adjutant of the Inspector General of Engineers A.K. Gerua reported on the desire of Sh. Vel. book Nikolai Pavlovich and, having received permission, invited Sh. to enter the engineering troops. On January 27, 1820, Sh. was appointed commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and on September 2, 1821, he was promoted to colonel.
Commanding a battalion, Sh. took up the issue of improving methods for crossing troops across rivers and made his first invention - he drafted a rope bridge of a new design.
For useful activities, on March 11, 1826, Sh. was awarded a transfer to the Life Guards. Sapper battalion as a junior staff officer.
Sh. took an active part in the company of 1828. On April 1 of this year, commanding the Life Guards. With a sapper battalion, Sh. set out from St. Petersburg to the south; having reached Kovarn safely, he fell ill with a fever and was forced to transfer command to Colonel Wittv; Only on September 12 did he rejoin the battalion, which received orders to go to the troops besieging Varna. The siege of Varna proceeded extremely slowly; the approaching autumn promised storms on the Black Sea, which would force the Russian fleet to retreat from Varna to find a more convenient anchorage, and the troops would be forced to urgently lift the siege and retire to the left bank of the Danube, since there were no permanent crossings across this river for transportation supplies to the active army. These circumstances prompted Count Vorontsov to resort to taking Varna by storm.
Arriving at the fortress, Sh. quickly became familiar with the siege work and developed a plan for new work, which, eliminating the need for a bloody assault, would make it possible to capture the fortress in a short time. Upon approval of this plan for mine work by the Sovereign, Sh. boldly began to carry it out, showing great resourcefulness in the use of engineering art and great personal courage.
The main merit Sh. in this case is the rapid capture of the fortress without storming it, but only with the help of successfully applied engineering art.
For the capture of Varna, Sh. was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree, with the rank of major general and appointment as commander of the Life Guards. Sapper battalion.
By order of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, the artist Zatzerweide depicted one of the moments of the explosion of the 2nd bastion of the Varna fortress. Another feat of Sh. in this war was the preparation of the crossing of the Danube for the siege of Silistria.
The pontoons for the bridge were prepared near Cape Fundeni and it was necessary to float them along the Danube to Kalrat in view of the Turkish fortifications and the Danube flotilla.
Having strengthened the mouths of pp. Arzhis and Both, Sh. set off on the boats, armed with them, down the Danube. The first two days the storm almost destroyed the dinghies; in the further voyage he had to withstand several attacks from the Turks, which were, however, successfully repulsed.
The dinghies were delivered to their destination and the island opposite Silistria was occupied. Upon the arrival of the main Russian forces to Silistria, from land, and from sea? The Black Sea flotilla began the siege of the fortress.
Sh. was entrusted with part of the work on the mine business. At this time, the main part of the army had to move away from Silistria, where only 8 thousand people were left for the siege.
Sh. used here the means he had tested during the siege of Varna, and after a successive series of undermining and explosions, Russian troops entered the fortress, which was forced to surrender on June 17.
For this Sh. was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree.
After the capture of Silistria, Sh. was with the corps of Lieutenant General. Krasovsky and took part in three battles.
After peace was concluded, Sh. returned to St. Petersburg to his battalion.
In May 1830, he entered into a second marriage with Alexandra Nikolaevna Dubenskaya.
In 1831, Sh. was appointed chief of engineers of the Guards Corps and seconded to the headquarters of the corps, which was under the command of Vel. book Mikhail Pavlovich, sent to Poland to pacify the uprising that broke out.
Here Sh. took part in several battles; for his work during the crossing at Tykochin, he was awarded a golden sword with diamond decorations and the inscription “for bravery.” In the case near Ostrolenka near the village. Srzhendi S. was wounded in the leg, after which, after being treated for three months in Konigsberg, with a bullet in his leg, still walking on crutches, he returned to the active army stationed near Warsaw and took an active part in the assault on the latter.
Field Marshal Prince Warsaw reported on the activities of Sh. “despite the wound received at Ostroleka, from which he had not yet recovered, and moving on crutches, he was everywhere in front with the guards sappers, who, both in the Volya fortification and on the main the city rampart, in the most severe fire, they carried out work to cut embrasures into it.” Soon, however, the suffering caused by the unhealed wound forced Sh. to leave the active army and go to St. Petersburg.
The ensuing period of peace gave Sh. the opportunity to engage in the development of mines and sappers. In 1832, he was the first to use galvanic current to explode gunpowder buried in the ground. Further, he invented a new counter-mine system based on the principle of laying pipes in wells drilled in the ground; To produce these wells, he invented a special drill.
For these inventions, Sh. in 1833 was awarded the title of adjutant general.
In 1836, he was appointed chief of engineers of a separate Guards Corps.
In 1838, Sh. invented high-explosive rockets of a new design, which contained large number gunpowder; he used electric current to explode underwater mines, inventing a method for laying wires under water; he improved the method of constructing wineskin bridges; He also has the honor of inventing the first submarine, and an armored one at that.
True, the first boat, manufactured at the Aleksandrovsky plant, did not live up to the standards due to imperfection technical devices, the hope placed on her; but Sh.’s merit is that he was the first in Russia to build a boat from iron, wanting to make it impenetrable to shells, hide the mechanism that sets the ship in motion from shots, and reduce the size of the surface part of the boat in order to reduce the sighting area as much as possible; in a word, Sh. came up with the idea of building armored ships. At the same time, Sh. worked on the establishment of a steamship service between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.
This enterprise, however, ended in failure, because the steamships made in Russia were poorly built, sailed slowly, and soon the organized society ceased its activities.
From this short list of Sh.'s most important inventions, it is easy to imagine how tireless their author was. Sh. enjoyed the great confidence of Sovereign Nikolai Pavlovich, in whose presence experiments were carried out on many of his inventions.
In 1849, Sh. was instructed to investigate the actions of Lieutenant General. Schwartz and the High Commission in the Novye Zagatala fortress in the case of the theft of private and government funds. He went to his destination, but with the beginning of the Hungarian campaign he was ordered to complete the investigation of the case as quickly as possible, in order to then go to the active army. Despite the hasty completion of the matter and the speed of the move, Sh. arrived at the main army headquarters after the suppression of the uprising.
In the same year, he was appointed chief of engineers of the active army. His responsibility was to monitor the condition of the fortresses in the western region; under him, the Novogeorgievsk fortress was built and in his honor one of the fortifications received the name “Schilder”. The remaining fortresses of the region were put in complete order at his insistence.
In 1853, the Eastern War broke out. Prince M.D. Gorchakov was appointed commander of the army to occupy the Danube principalities, who soon asked Sh. to be sent to him, which was done.
The book's indecisive behavior. Gorchakov was known to Sh., so the latter, upon arrival in the army, began to act independently.
He began to strengthen the banks of the Danube in order to destroy the Turkish flotilla with the help of the erected fortifications, which he succeeded on February 3 near Rushchuk.
Following this, he arranged the successful crossing of Russian troops across the Danube, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with diamond jewelry.
He began to prepare the siege of Silistria, for which, on his orders, three islands on the Danube below this fortress were occupied and batteries were erected on them.
The siege work had already begun and the mine work entrusted to Sh. was going well. On July 1, during the usual round of work, he sat down on the tour to rest.
A grenade that exploded at that time crushed the foot of his wounded leg. He was carried into a tent, his leg was immediately amputated and transported for further treatment to Kalrath.
The wounded man did not lose his presence of mind and treated his situation with jokes.
The state of health, however, became more complicated; On June 10, he asked for a priest, received communion, and died on the 11th.
He was buried in the Kalrat cemetery of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.
Contemporaries highly valued Sh.; he himself dearly loved the soldiers, who, in turn, idolized him. One of his contemporaries spoke of Sh. in the following way: “Until his most glorious death, he was always a man of initiative, remarkable courage, for whom difficulties gave rise to energy and the means to destroy them, and at the same time possessed a moral courage so rare in our time, which is not retreats from any responsibility." Markovich: “The life and service of Adjutant General K. A. Schilder” St. Petersburg. 1876 - "For many years. Russian Star." 1894 - N. K. Schilder. "Emperor Nicholas I in 1828-29. Rus. Star". 1894. His own, “K. A. Schilder.
Rus. Star." 1875 - His own, "Field Marshal Paskevich in Crimean War. Rus Star." 1875 - His own, "Notes on the events of 1853-1854. Rus. Star." 1875. - Ushakov, "Notes of an eyewitness about the Russian warrior against Turkey and the Western powers 1853-1856." - P. Glebov, "K. A. Schilder in the Turkish War of 1828 and 29. Military collection" 1861 No. 10? "Memoirs of the campaign on the Danube in 1854 by General Clemens, "Ing. magazine." 1864 No. 2. - Falkenstein, "History Ch. Sapper battalion" St. Petersburg. 1851. - N. Epapchin, "Essays on the campaign. 1829 to European Turkey" St. Petersburg. 1905-1907 B. Savinkov. (Polovtsov) Schilder, Karl Andreevich (1785-1854) - an outstanding military engineer.
He received his education at the school of column leaders.
In 1805 he was in the battle of Austerlitz.
Having attracted the attention of Count Operman, in 1811 he was sent to work on expanding the fortress in Bobruisk.
Then he participated in the defense of the latter during the blockade by Polish troops in 1812. In 1813 he was transferred to the 1st Engineer Battalion, where he served until 1818, when, due to family circumstances, he retired as a lieutenant colonel; but in 1820, at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, he again entered service as commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and in 1826 Sh. was appointed commander of the Life Guards Engineer Battalion, with which he went on the Turkish campaign in 1828. Upon the arrival of guards sappers near Varna, Sh. fell ill.
The gradual attack on the fortress, launched without him, was unsuccessful.
Immediately upon recovery, Sh. drew up his plan of attack and carried it out brilliantly.
With the start of the campaign in 1829, Sh. near Silistria led the gradual attack with such success that it ended with the surrender of the fortress.
The Polish War in 1831 found him filling the post of chief of engineers of the Guards Corps.
In the battle of Ostroleka he was wounded by a bullet in the leg, but during the storming of Warsaw he was already on crutches in the midst of the most brutal dump in the Wola fortification. From 1831 to 1854, Sh., appointed adjutant general, chief of engineers of the active army in the Kingdom of Poland, stood out for his activities in inventing and testing various methods of engineering attack and defense.
His most remarkable proposals are: tubular mines; application of Schilling's ideas to explosions through galvanism; submarines with pole mines; galvanic and galvanic shock underwater mines, developed by him together with Academician Jacobi. Many of Sh.'s inventions were significantly ahead of his contemporary state of technology, and therefore only now can they receive proper application.
The secret of his submarine was kept so diligently that it itself disappeared without a trace, and Sh.’s son in the seventies could only learn something about it from the words of N.P. Patrick, who sailed on it during the experiments, and find it in one abandoned archive some drawings.
A drawing of the original boat is included in Mazyukevich’s book: the engine was paddles like crow’s feet; the use of them and the propeller remained unfulfilled; many quite successful experiments were made with the boat; the speed of movement turned out to be insufficient.
Sh.’s activity as the initiator and organizer of fortress maneuvers, experiments and other methods of practical training of the engineering corps in peacetime is also remarkable, thanks to which our engineers, with Totleben at the head, who mostly went through Sh.’s school, later took such an honorable place in the history of defense Sevastopol.
A business trip in 1854 to the Danube army gave Sh. a new occasion for a number of differences: during the destruction of the Turkish flotilla at Rushchuk by the fire of our batteries, built by him and cleverly camouflaged with anvelopes and fleur masks; when crossing our troops at Brailov; during the siege of Silistria.
Launched by Prince Gorchakov, against the wishes of the commander-in-chief, the Danube campaign of 1853-54. It was carried out incoherently and sluggishly, contrary to the instructions of Emperor Nicholas, which was reflected in a number of failures.
Unaware of personal considerations, imbued only with the desire for success for the cause, Sh. waged a merciless struggle not only with the enemy, but also with countless reasons that impeded the favorable course of our movements on the Danube, especially during the siege of Silistria.
Always ahead with his sappers, bypassing the siege work, Sh. was wounded in the leg by a grenade fragment, and died in Kalarash, unable to endure the operation.
Emperor Nicholas I, in a letter to Prince Gorchakov, honored the memory of his favorite with the words: “The loss of Sh. upset me extremely; there will not be a second like him, both in knowledge and in courage.” A man of initiative, with rare military and civil courage, inexhaustible in the means to overcome unexpected obstacles, alien to pettiness, Sh. was quite a “knight without fear and reproach” and earned the name “Bayard of the Russian Engineering Corps.” Wed. Mazyukevich, “The Life and Service of Adjutant General K. A. Sh.” (SPb., 1876); "Russian Antiquity" (1875 and 1876). (Brockhaus) Schilder, Karl Andreevich general engineer, adjutant general, chief. engineers of the active army, commander of a sapper battalion (1830); r. 1786 (1787), † July 11, 1854 from a wound during the siege of Silistria. (Polovtsov)