How to complete task 7 of the exam. Algorithms for completing exam tasks in the Russian language

Task No. 7 on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is formulated as follows:

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters

Types of Grammar Errors

1. Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Remember that the prepositions THANKS, ACCORDING, DESPITE are used only with the dative case:

thanks to (whom) friend

contrary to (what) expectation

according to (what?) schedule

• The preposition “PO” controls the prepositional case:

upon arrival in Kazan

upon expiration of the period

upon arrival and home

1. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The majority objected to such changes in the work plan; the majority objected).

Remember the rules:

1. agreement of the predicate with the words: RANGE, MAJORITY, MINORITY, MANY, SEVERAL, PART.

A). The predicate is placed in singular, if there are no dependent words with these words (the minority supported the speaker).

B).Singular and with inanimate subjects (a number of schools have introduced elective courses in law into their programs).

IN). Plural in other cases:

• A number of teachers advocated extra hours in Russian (animate noun).
• Part of the proceeds will go to the treatment of sick children (if the subject has a participle or a subordinate clause with the word WHICH).
• Several writers and poets were present at the evening (if there are several subjects or predicates).
• Many suggestions for changing the structure of the speech were offered by colleagues (if there are other members of the sentence between the subject and predicate).

The subject and predicate are always singular in the following cases:

• If the subject has only a singular number, for example: youth, peasantry, people, students.

• If the subject contains the words MUCH, LITTLE, LITTLE.

For example: Many years have passed since I graduated from school.

• If there are particles before the subject ONLY, ONLY.

For example: Only a small part of readers prefer the classics.

• If the subject is the pronoun WHO and words formed from it

(nobody, some, etc.)

For example: Whoever takes the path of good cannot help but be happy.

• If the subject is compound numerals, the last word in which - ONE + noun.

For example: Twenty-one people came to the meeting.

3. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

Application is a definition expressed by a noun. If an appendix is ​​the name of something in quotation marks, then the appendix is ​​inconsistent. How to use it correctly?

• If there is a common noun before the application, then the application is used in the nominative case:

I am reading Leo Tolstoy’s book “War and Peace” (Im.p.)

My mother works at the Zarya factory.

• If there is no such common noun, then the application is used in the case that is required by the context:

I admire War and Peace (TVp.)

She works at Zarya (P.P.)

What kind of mistake happens in task No. 7?

Example:

She works at the Zarya factory (that's right: at the Zarya factory).

I am reading Leo Tolstoy’s book “War and Peace” (that’s right: the book “War and Peace”).

4. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Cannot be used as homogeneous members full and short adjective:

She was beautiful and happy (beautiful and happy OR beautiful and happy)

• It is impossible to mix genus-specific concepts in a series of homogeneous members:

The basket contained fruits, apples, pears (that’s right: there were fruits in the basket: apples, pears).

• It is unacceptable to use words as homogeneous members, logically

incompatible:

Those departing walked with bags and joyful faces.

• It is necessary to use double conjunctions correctly: do not replace individual words in them with other words, use only immediately before homogeneous members:

The mood was NOT ONLY the main thing for the creator, BUT ALSO for the readers

(that’s right: the mood was the main thing NOT ONLY for the creator, BUT ALSO for the readers).

He behaved NOT ONLY defiantly, BUT simply horribly (that’s right: he behaved NOT ONLY defiantly, BUT simply horribly).

• You cannot use one preposition for homogeneous members if one of them has a different preposition:

People were everywhere: IN the streets, squares, squares (that’s right: people were everywhere: IN the streets, squares, IN squares).

• Homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word:

The conference discussed many writers: Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov

(correct: at the conference many writers were discussed: Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov)

• Incorrect if the homogeneous members are a noun and an infinitive:

I love reading, music and playing sports (that's right: I love reading, music and playing sports).

5. Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

First, let us remember that the gerund denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the predicate verb.

Correct use of adverbial verbs:

• Remember that in a correctly constructed sentence, the subject of the action - the subject - can simultaneously perform both the main action (predicate) and the additional action (gerund). In such sentences, the gerund is easy to replace with a verb.

For example:

While preparing for the exam, I repeated all the rules (I prepare and repeat)

• A one-part definite personal will also be correct, since in it the subject can easily be inserted into a sentence.

For example:

When preparing for an exam, I repeat the rules (I prepare and repeat).

• Impersonal sentences will also be correct, but remember one very important condition: the sentence must contain an infinitive and the following words: CAN, SHOULD, NECESSARY, SHOULD, WANTED, RECOMMENDED, REQUIRED, IMPOSSIBLE.

For example:

When preparing for the exam, you need to remember the rules.

Examples of incorrect use of participial phrases:

• Having climbed the mountain, it became very cold (in an impersonal sentence there is no subject who would perform an additional action expressed by a gerund).
• Approaching the station, my hat fell off (the subject cannot perform an additional action).

6. Violations in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

• Violation of agreement between the defined word and the participial phrase. It is necessary to ask a question from the word being defined to the participle, and at the end of it, determine what ending the participle will have.

For example:

Poachers who break the law face a serious fine (what kind of poachers? those who break).

• The defined word cannot be used inside a participial phrase. It should be either BEFORE or AFTER it.

For example:

A boat moored to the shore aroused suspicion (that's right: a boat moored to the shore).

7. Incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

• Direct speech is someone's speech conveyed without changes. Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's speech and its meaning in the form of a complex sentence. In sentences with indirect speech, you cannot use 1st and 2nd person pronouns, only the 3rd person is needed.

Examples.

Wrong:

Nekrasov wrote that “I dedicated the lyre to my people” (incorrect use of 1st person).

Right:

Nekrasov wrote that HE “dedicated the lyre to his people,”

These are the main types of grammatical errors, examples of which are provided in the 2015 demo. Of course, there are much more errors of this kind. In the next article I will remind you of them. While you are learning these rules, do more test tasks.

Good luck to you!

Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

Algorithm for completing Unified State Exam tasks

In Russian.

Part 1.

Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

Algorithm for completing the task:

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. By sequentially selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in the gap.

Task 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) in the sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Algorithm for completing the task:

read the assignment carefully;

find the specified offer;

include each of the suggested lexical interpretations to replace the word given for analysis;

listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;

determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

• if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

  if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.

Task 4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

Remember: the mobility of the Russian accent creates objective difficulties when completing this task.

agent, Augustowsky, agency, agony, acropolis, alcohol, alphabet, anapest, anatom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, arrest, aristocracy, argument, asymmetry, astronom, Atlas (collection geographical maps), atlas (fabric), bourgeoisie, being,

bureaucracy, airports

SCAM, crimson, run, pamper, pampered, pampered, bow (bAnta, bows)

barman, unrestrained, birch bark and birch bark, gas pipeline, Blagovest, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (assigning something to someone), armor (protective plating), bakery, bourgeoisie, sandwich, being, bureaucracy

gross, boil (cook, boil, boil, boil), watchman, willow, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgoda, wolf (Volka, Wolves, Wolves), thief (thieves, vorOV, vorAM, about thieves), magic, invest, Concave, alarm, exorbitantly expensive

gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier, pear

cousin, maiden, democracy, department, despot, hyphen, act, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, dobela, prey, dogma, agreement, contractual, naked, red-hot, document, report, naked, dosinya, leisure, associate professor, do black, dramaturgy, dormant, confessor,
heretic,
blinds, muzzle, life,

book, (assign something to someone), book (cover with armor), enviably, bent, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), bent, long, frosty, busy (person), busy (with someone ), cork, corked, moldy, seal up, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, significance, significance, sagacity, jagged

scoop, scooper, cleaner,
chassis, seamstress, ROUGH, syringes, sorrel, crushed stone, chips, chips,
Excursion, expert, export, equipped, express, epilOg, pullOver

Legally Divine

religion, exhaust,
flounder, catalogue, rubber, cough, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, whooping cough, college, colossus, compass, complex, self-interest, prettier, nettle, flint, cooking, kitchen, aches, hunk, blade, gloss t (waste, leftovers), flap (piece of fabric),
alluring, masterfully, medicines, glimpses, manager, metallurgy, meager (minuscule is allowed), youth, milkman, monologue, ordeal,

naked, naked (cut), naked (hold checkers), bent over, over a long time, intention, tilt, backhand, begin, begun, arrears, illness, obituary, hatred, unpretentious, oil pipeline, newborn,
provision, facilitate, aggravate, embraced, embraced, facilitate, encourage, lend, embittered, wholesale, inform, edge, uncork, adolescence, partly, paralysis,
parterre, plowing, firstborn, moldy, pizzeria, offer, fable, understood, understood, understood, raised, midday, briefcase, pedestal, funeral, at the funeral, plateau, anticipate, undertaken, pass, reward, bonus, sentence Or, dowry

knowledgeable, beets, silage, orphan, orphans, plum case, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statue, status, statute, shorthand, joiner, vessel, bent,
thereOzhnya, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoe,
decoration, speed up, deepen, coal, Ukrainian, improve, dead, mentioned, mention, strengthen, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, extravaganza, phenomenon, fetish, fluorography, flyleaf, form,
haos, characteristic (typical), characteristic (actor), intercessor, intercession, intercession, well-groomed (adj.), well-groomed (adj.), Christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsy,

Task 5. In one of the sentences below WRONG The highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. Algorithm for completing the task:

read all proposals carefully;

determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronym words by selecting synonyms and antonyms or taking into account what words each of them can be combined with;

indicate the correct answer.

Addressee - addressee. Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - the person or organization sending the postal item (sender).

Anecdotal - anecdotal. Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).

Archaic - archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - out of use, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).

Everyday - everyday. Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).

Inhale - sigh. Inhale - absorb, draw in air (inhale oxygen), inspire something (inhale courage); sigh - let out a sigh (breathe with relief); rest a little (let me breathe); yearn, be sad (sigh for children).

Educational - educational. Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the teacher (educational room).

Everyone - everyone. Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most varied (all kinds of searches).

Elective - selective. Elective - relating to elections, elected by voting (elected position); selective - partial (spot check)

Harmonic - harmonious. Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - harmonious, coordinated (harmonious personality).

Main - capital. Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).

Engine - mover. Engine - a machine that sets in motion, force (electric motor); mover - that which sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated).

Democratic - democratic. Democratic - related to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of democracy, democrat (democratic act).

Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, movement ( dynamic theory); dynamic - having great internal energy(dynamic pace).

Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long - long. Long - having a large length (long report); long - long-term (long vacation, long period).

Voluntary - volunteer. Voluntary - performed without coercion (voluntary labor); volunteer - relating to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).

Dramatic - dramatic. Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (drama club).

Friendly - friendly. Friendly - relating to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).

Pathetic - pitiful. Pathetic - expressing grief, melancholy, suffering; plaintive, sad (pathetic voice); compassionate - prone to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).

Spare - thrifty. Spare - available as a reserve (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).

Angry - malicious. Evil - filled with feelings of enmity (angry person); malicious - having a bad purpose, deliberate (malicious defaulter).

Executive - performing. Executive - diligent, with the goal of accomplishing something (executive worker); performing - relating to the performer (performing skill).

Traveler - business traveler. Seconded - a person on a business trip (seconded specialist); travel - related to a traveler (travel expenses).

Comical - comical. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comical - funny (comical look).

Critical - critical. Critical - related to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).

Logical - logical. Logical - related to logic ( logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).

Methodical - methodical. Methodical - related to methodology (methodological conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).

Hateful - hateful. Hateful - imbued with hatred (hateful actions); hated - causing hatred (hated enemy).

Intolerable - intolerant. Unbearable - one that cannot be tolerated (unbearable cold); intolerant - unacceptable (intolerant attitude).

Impoverish - impoverish. To become poor - to become poor (to become poor as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).

Dangerous - wary. Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).

Misprint - unsubscribe. A typo is an accidental mistake when writing (an unfortunate typo); unsubscribe - an answer that does not affect the essence of the matter (impudent unsubscribe).

Master - master. Master - learn to use something, include it in your circle of activities (master the production of new products); learn - make it habitual; understand, remember (learn what you read).

Organic - organic. Organic - related to the plant or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).

Condemnation - discussion. Conviction - an expression of disapproval, passing a sentence (conviction of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);

Responsible - responsible. Responsive - being a response (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible worker).

Reportable - distinct. Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - clearly distinguishable (distinct sound).

Political - political. Political - related to politics (politician); political - acting diplomatically, carefully (political hint).

Understanding - understandable. Intelligent - quickly understands (an understanding person); understandable - clear (understandable reason).

Representative - representative. Representative - making a favorable impression (presentable appearance); representative - elected (representative body); related to the representation, representative (representation expenses).

Presentation - provision. Presentation - presentation for familiarization, nomination for encouragement (presentation of characteristics); provision - placing something at someone's disposal (providing a loan).

Noticeable - noticeable. Perceptive - capable of noticing (observant critic); noticeable - noticeable (noticeable displeasure).

Realistic - realistic. Realistic - following realism (realistic painting); realistic - corresponding to reality, quite practical (realistic goal).

Hidden - secretive. Hidden - secret, invisible (hidden threat); secretive - not frank (secretive person).

Tactical - tactical. Tactful - possessing tact (tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).

Technical - technical. Technical - related to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).

Lucky - lucky. Lucky - happy; the one who is lucky (lucky explorer); successful - successful (lucky day).

Actual - factual. Actual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (factual report).

Master - economic. Master - related to the owner; such as a good owner (owner's interest); economic - occupied with the economy, associated with the economy (economic issues).

Explicit - obvious. Explicit - obvious, unconcealed (obvious superiority); distinct - distinct, clearly distinguishable (clear whisper).

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Find errors in education and use

case forms of numerals;

numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred;

collective numbers, including numerals both, both;

comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;

nominative and genitive case plural some nouns;

forms imperative mood some verbs.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Determine which part of speech this word belongs to.

2. If this name is a numeral, remember that

for complex cardinal numerals both parts bow;

Cases

From 50 - 80

200, 300, 400

From 500 – 900

fifty

heels And ten And

heels And ten And

fifty

five Yu ten Yu

oh hey And ten And

two hundred

dv wow hundred

dv mind st am

two hundred

dv skillfully st ami

o dv wow st Oh

five hundred

heels And hundred

heels And st am

five hundred

five Yu st ami

oh hey And st Oh

when declension of compound ordinal numbers changes only the last word;

numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both- female;

Cases

M., Wed. genus

J. genus

both

both

both

both

both

about both

both

both

both

both

both

about both

collective numbers ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting male persons, names of baby animals, paired objects or having only a plural form.

3. If this name is an adjective, make sure that the forms of degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Comparative

Excellent

simple

composite

simple

composite

beautiful her(s)

less- she

deeper e

more Beautiful

less Beautiful

beautiful eish- th

great aish- th

nai the most difficult

most Beautiful

most Beautiful

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

comparative

excellent

simple

composite

composite

-her(s)- hurt - sick her, sick to her

-e – easy - easier e-she- thin - thinner e

adverb + more (less) more thin

less Interesting

comparative degree + pronoun everyone, everything:

did best of all (all)

4. If it is a verb, pay attention to the correct formation

imperative forms;

Past tense forms used without a suffix are –NU-.

(There is - well - there is an error in the verb - the correct answer)

5. If it's a noun, make sure it's formed correctly.

nominative plural forms;

genitive plural forms.

NOMINATIVE PLURAL

m. kind

With the ending - and I(emphasis on ending)

With the ending - s, -i ( emphasis on base)

influence of the dual number)

Addresses, coast, century, fan, director, doctor, gutter, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, vacation, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, haystack, paramedic, outhouse, stable, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

sentences, mines,

editors, snipers, tractors, cakes, fronts, drivers.

volumes

Bakery mechanics

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor, -sor stylistically neutral: directors

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on -er,

-er:engineers

2. Inanimate. foreign words in

-tor, -sor:processors

3. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor with a bookish touch: editors.

Remember: oil – plural. h. - oil A

cream - plural – cream s(not cream A)

male

female

average

banknotes

giraffe

hall

adjustment

piano

roofing felt

tulle

shampoo

sandal, boot

cuff, callus

sneaker

reserved seat

gravy (with gravy)

slipper

shoe (no shoes)

surname

bast

tentacle

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

1. Look for errors in sentences:

1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the conjunction I. Ask a question from the verb to homogeneous members of the sentence. The question must be the same, if not, then it’s a mistake!!! This will be the correct answer. (I see??? (sentence member missing) and proud nature? I see what?, I’m proud of what?)

2) with participial phrases; (look at the end of the participle, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)

3) with proper names, enclosed in quotation marks and being the names of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;

4) with derivative prepositions thanks, in agreement, in spite of and non-derivative preposition By, used in figures of speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;

5) with double unions not only but; both...and;

6) using quotes;

7) starting with the words: everyone who...; those who...; none of those who...

Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:

1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with an alternating vowel in the root ( gar - mountains, zar - zor, clan - clone, tvar - creation, lag - lodge, bir - ber, pir - per, dir - der, tyr - ter, world - mer, blist - shine, steel - stel, zhig - burned, chit - even, kas - braid, rast - rasch - grew, skak - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).

2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words in which the unstressed vowel requires memorization;

3) if you found vocabulary word, then you can cross it out, since it will not be the correct answer;

4) if you managed to find a test word for the word, in which the unclear vowel sound came under stress and is clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.

Task 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

You need to know the following spelling rules:

spelling of prefixes in –З and –С;

spelling of prefixes PRE and PRI;

PRE -

AT -

abide (=re-)

Arrive (approaching)

Despise (hate)

To look after (to give someone shelter)

betray (= re-)

Add (give extra, change something, add)

Bow down, bow down (= re-)

Lean (approach)

Convert (incarnate)

Pretend (incomplete action)

Transient (= re-)

Coming (approaching)

Endure (endure)

Get used to it (get used to it)

Successor (= re-, take over)

Receiver (radio)

Resign (die)

Put (put close)

Vicissitudes (reversals of fate)

Gatekeeper - guard at the gate

Immutable (unshakable, indestructible)

Attach (attach)

An indispensable condition (mandatory)

Unacceptable conditions (impossible)

Limit (border)

Chapel (extension in the church)

Downplayed (very)

Downplayed (slightly)

Remember:

PRE-

AT-

preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, seduce, not fail, premiere, neglect, drug, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, contender, preference

private, fastidious, privilege, circumstance, handsome, picky, adventure, prima donna, primacy, primitive, priority, deplorable, swear, claim, embellish, unpretentious, whimsical

Prefixes on –З and –С:
spelling depends on the following consonant

before voiced consonants – z appeal, rootless

before voiceless consonants - with

bake, carefree, silent

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E /I/ is written in place of the gap

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If a vowel is missing from the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to determine its conjugation:

in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation the vowels E, U are written;

in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation the vowels I, A (I) are written.

3) If a vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

missing vowel in participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ashch, yashch, im, eat (ohm).

missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn .

4) Spelling of participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

in participles , educated from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written ush, yush, eat(om) ;

in participles , educated from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written ashch, yash, im.

5) Spelling a vowel before suffixes participles vsh and nn depends from that on yat - yat or it - eat the infinitive form of the original verb ends:

at or at , then before NN V passive participles the past tense retains the vowel and I);

if the original verb ends in to eat or eat , then before NN only written e ;

before the suffix vsh the same vowel is retained , as before the end t in an indefinite form.

HINT: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (What are THEY doing? What are THEY going to do?) ending -ut-ut – verb 1 conjugation – in the endings you should write a letter E,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugations - in the endings you should write a letter AND.

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap

You need to know the spelling of suffixes

nouns ( ec, ic; ink, enk; purl, in; ichk, echk; ik, ek );

adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );

verbs ( willow, yva; eva, ova; I, E before the stressed suffix wa) .

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.

2) Apply the desired rule.

adjective

-ev- unstressed: cle ev oh, enamel ev th

-iv- percussion: flax ive th

Exception: merciful ive oh, fool ive th

-chiv-:infusion chiv th

-liv-: talent Liv th

verb

-ova- (-eva-)

hang up

I'm hanging

Yva- (-iva-)

be annoyed

I'm annoyed

DEFINITION TABLE

ENDINGS OF VERBS AND SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES

Verb endings

Suffixes valid. participles

Suffixes suffer. participles

I conjugation

rest

-eatwriteeat

-eatwriteeat

-yeahwriteyeah

-utwriteut

-yutthoughtut

-ush-writeushch th

-yush-thoughtyushch th

-om-carriedohm th

-eat-blowing eatth

II conjugation

N.F. on - And t

-themstrictlythem

-heystrictlylook

-itestrictlyite

-atstrictlyyat

-yatstorageyat

-asch-breatheasch th

-box-storagebox th

-them-storagethem th

Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT and solov are written CONSOLIDATED (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write down this word.

)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

NOT with nouns, qualitative adjectives, adverbs ending in – O and – E;

NOT with verbs and gerunds;

NOT with participles.

1. Not with nouns, adjectives, adverbs ending in O, E

seamlessly

apart

1.Not used without NOT:

ignoramus
tall tales

careless

ridiculous

1.If there is opposition with the unionA It's not true, it's a lie

Not happy, but sad

Not close, but far

adverb not in O-E: did not act like a friend

2. If for a word with the prefix NOT you can find a synonym without NOT

Foe (enemy)

Misfortune (grief)

Enemy (enemy)

Unhappy (sad)

Not close (far)

2. If the word with NOT contains the words far, at all, not at all, not at all, not at all

Far from being a beauty

Not a friend at all

Not at all interesting

Not at all sweet

3.Remember:

not big

slave

trouble

deficiencies

undergrowth

dunno

klutz

3.Remember:

not in moderation, not in accordance with the example, not for good, not in haste, not to taste, not within one’s strength, not according to one’s gut, not by hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, nor for anything

about nothing, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny and so on.

not one (nobody) - not one (many), not once (never) - not once (often) .

2.Not with verbs and gerunds

seamlessly

apart

1.Not used without NOT:

to be indignant (indignant)

go on a rampage (rage)

unwell

dislike

hate

1.Always separately

Was not

Not catching up

Not knowing

2. With the prefix under-

UNDER-= below normal, not 100% be in insufficient quantities
there is an antonym with over- (=excess)
under-salt the soup (over-salt the soup)
the result is unsatisfactory
lacking = not enough
You lack patience.
^I always lack money.

2. With prefixes not + to

not done to end
can't finish watching the movie, can't get it home
She didn’t finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
doesn't reach = doesn't reach
The rope is not enough before floor.
Before the poplar is missing the fifth floor

3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.

seamlessly

apart

1. not used without NOT:
n units insanity (b.b., not up. without NOT)
2. NO opposition with the conjunction A and
dependent words: n without seeded field (no a, ZS)

1. with brief participles: not_closed
2. IS oppositions with the conjunction a:
unfinished A started meeting
3. IS dependent words:
not_ sown during field, not yet plowed field

4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNS

seamlessly

apart

There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one

THERE IS AN EXCUSE

No one, no one

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written TOGETHER (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Unions so that, too, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, therefore are written seamlessly ; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar in sound to these conjunctions whatever, the same in the same way, for that, for that, for what , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; other component (that, that with which, yes, that) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: CONSEQUENCE = because of, IN VIEW = because of, ABOUT = about, TOWARD = to, DESPITE = in spite of.

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN DIFFERENCE, IN CONCLUSION, DURING.

For continuous, hyphenated or separate writing of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions

Nouns with prepositions

during

There was no news V flow of the year.

How long?

(time value)

within (what?) rivers

Look V continuation(what?) series.

IN(fast) current rivers

Look V(coming soon) continued series

continued

She said in continuation hours.

Finally articles

In the end, in the end

Sat V conclusion

Sat V(by duty) conclusion

in contrast from others

(used with from)

Difference V differences life.

Difference V(strong) differences life.

as a consequence= due to

He did not come due to diseases.

Remember: later And - adverb

as a consequence

Intervened as a consequence in a theft case.

Intervened V(new) consequence in a theft case.

like=like

vessel like flasks

Error V sort of noun.

about= about, about

Reach an agreement about excursions.

Put on check in the bank.

Put on(mine) check.

towards=k

Go towards to a friend.

Go to the meeting with friends.

Go on(long awaited) meeting.

in view of=due to

In view of it rained we didn't go to the cinema.

I meant Tomorrow. (stable expression).

as cone

in mind cities

(cone view, city view)

adverbs

Nouns with prepositions

rise up (refer to verb)

rise to the top mountains

on(most) top mountains

shoes for me just right

on time flowering -

V ( spring) it's time flowering

Derivative prepositions

Participles with negation

Despite rain, we went out of town

(Although it was raining).

Regardless of bad weather, we went hiking.

(in spite of what?)

Despite father, he got up from the table.

Regardless of me, he left the room.

(=without looking)

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers replaced by NN (N)

determine which part of speech a word with a missing letter belongs to;

apply the spelling rule N and NN in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun:

NN

N

1. If the root of a word ends in N and the suffix begins with N:

MaliNN IR(Mali n A)

2.If noun. formed from an adjective with NN, or from a participle:

illnessenne awn(disease enne y)

spoiled(spoiled)

3. Remember: lack of pride NN itza

1. In words formed from nouns that have the suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-

peatyang IR(from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one N: studyn IR(from adj. study n y), martyr, worker

3. In words:

gaff yang itza (hook) yang y) ,hemp yang IR(cannabis) yang y)

var en ik (var yeon y), kopch yeon awn (kopch yeon y)

cost yang ika (cost yang oh) wise yeon awn (wise yeon y)

oil en itza (oil) en y), oats yang itza (oats) yang y)

GOST in itsa (gost in y), firewood yang IR (firewood) yang Ouch)

smart yeon awn (smart n y), great en itza

Adjective:

NN

N

1. noun -H+ -H-: karmaNN th

2. -ONN-, -ENN-: commissionionn oh, cranberriesenne oh,

! without in the wind NN th

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASSNN OH, TINNN OH TREENN YY

YU NN And you ( yun s nat uralists)

1. -IN-: gus in th

2. exception WINDN YY(day, person)

3. -AN- (-YAN-): leatheren th

Remember: Yu n y;

gaff yang oh, room yang oh, ry yang oh, drink yang oh, right n y (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n yay, swi n oh, si n oh, green n oh, eat n oh, core n y.

Short adjectives contain as many ns as full adjectives.

Tuma NN aya distance - distance tuma NN A

in the wind n that girl is a girl in the wind n A

Participles:

Н – НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

NN

N

1. There is a prefix: about sifted flour

(except for the console Not-)

But: unprompted her NN that's a torment

1. There is a prefix Not-: Not sowing n that's a torment

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: sowing NN and I through a sieve flour

2. No ¬: sowing n that's a torment

3. there is a suffix -ova-/-eva-:

marin ovaNN y cucumbers

3. Exceptions: Kova n oh, chewy n oh, good bite n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

4. Formed from an unprefixed perfective verb:

Resho NN task (to decide what With do?)

But: from wound NN th , wound NN th in leg fighter

! Being woundNN th, the soldier remained in service.

The women immediately hung erasedNN oh.(Patient parable, because they preserve verb meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless

4. Exception: wound n oh, windy

5. These same words in their literal meaning will be participles : name NN oh play, after all NN oh job.

5. When a participle transforms into an adjective, the lexical meaning of the word can change: a smart child, an uninvited guest, a sworn brother, an imprisoned father, a dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a finished man.

Exceptions: cutesy, desirable,

unheard of, unprecedented, sacred,

unexpected, unexpected, accidental, deliberate, slow, wakeful, arrogant, minted

6. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: goldfish n oh, scrap n th-fracture n oh, Word everything as a whole has meaning adj.(high degree of quality), and not the meaning “adj. + participle."

7. Short participles: the girl is spoiled n A

SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED

Short adjective

Short participle

The girl was raised NNa (sama – short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: well-mannered I.

The girl was raised n and in orphanage(by whom?) - short parable. Replaced with a verb: the girl was raised.

Adverb

Short neuter participle

 Ch.  adv.

He answered deliberately(how? in what way?).

Deliberately is a circumstance.

noun  cr. ???

Case thought out (what?) from all sides.

Thought out is a predicate.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which you need to put one comma.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine what conjunctions connect them:

if it is a single connecting or separation union (and, or, either, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not placed ;

if it's a double union ( both... and; not so much..., but; not only but; although... but ), the comma is placed only before the second part of the double conjunction ;

if this repeated conjunctions , That a comma is placed only in front of those who are between homogeneous members ;

before opposing alliances between homogeneous members there is always a comma .

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!

Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Remember:

participial answers the questions Which? which? which? which? ;

participle answers the questions what did you do? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions How? When? Why?

the placement of punctuation marks in a participial phrase depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

the participial phrase is always highlighted in writing with commas;

homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single conjunction AND, are not separated by a comma.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial phrase occupies (BEFORE - is not highlighted by commas!!! AFTER the word being defined - is highlighted!!!).

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the conjunction I, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma before the conjunction I.

4).Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of the revolution, this is provocation!!! Eliminate them!!!Use the technique of eliminating the highlighted turnover.

Task 17.

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of eliminating highlighted words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory.

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that the following words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, moreover, only, Meanwhile, for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, as before, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find grammar basics offers.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with subordinate clauses , in them conjunction word which does not stand at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle her, therefore comma before union word not installed. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word “which”

4. Attention to the union I). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

To complete the task, use the algorithm:

1. Identify the grammatical bases in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are connected to each other.

4. Find out if it is present in the sentence union I , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

If homogeneous members , then there is a comma before it not placed ;

If parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma before it is put .

5. Find 2 conjunctions nearby: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

Comma between conjunctions NOT put, if the words continue in the sentence then, yes, but

Comma between conjunctions is put, If no SO, SO, BUT.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:

they (argument and conclusion) contain the main information;

Therefore, among the answer options, you should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.

Remember the main information is given only in its literal meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICALLY)

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence keywords, important for understanding the issue addressed in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the cause-and-effect relationships between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, and introductory constructions.

3. Shorten the text by deleting secondary information (various types of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your sentence conveying its main idea) with the answer options.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text.

2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary “photography”:

if you can “photograph” the entire text in one frame, that’s description ;

if you can “photograph” the text in a sequential series of frames, this is narration ;

if the text cannot be “photographed” - this is reasoning .

3. Remember that

description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);

narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of characters);

reasoning proves and is built according to the scheme: thesis - evidence - final conclusion.

Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.

Types of speech

Compositional scheme

Narration

(what happened?)

I came, I saw, I conquered.

report a sequence of actions or events.

Verbs are used.

Several frames

Exposition

The beginning

Development of action

Climax

5. Denouement

Description

(Which?)

indicate the characteristics of an object, person, place, condition. Adjectives are used.

1 frame

From the general impression to the details.

Reasoning (why?)

to substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), to explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.

It talks about causes and consequences, events and phenomena, our ideas, assessments, feelings. - about what cannot be photographed.

1. Thesis (thought that is proven) →

2. arguments (proofs, examples) →

3. conclusions.

Task 22. From the above proposals write down synonyms (synonymous pair). (There may be various lexical means.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. If the task requires you to find a specific lexical unit in a specified passage of text, you must

recall the definition of this lexical unit:

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual

Homonyms-these are words, howeverhigh in sound (withpossible differentspelling) or writingsania (if possibledifferent soundingnii), but different in meaning.

Historicisms- these are outdated words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance from life of the objects and phenomena that they denoted.

Neologisms– new words of limited use.

Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang your nose, win, voice of one crying out)

Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is related to the previous one using possessive pronoun(other means of communication). Write the number of this offer.

Lexical means of communication required in task B7:

lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);

synonyms and synonymous substitutions;

contextual synonyms;

antonyms (including contextual ones).

Morphological means of communication:

unions;

personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;

adverbs;

degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

TO syntactic means connection proposals include:

syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of members of adjacent sentences);

parcellation (removal of any part from a sentence and its design in the form of an independent incomplete sentence);

incomplete sentences;

introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronominal connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.

2. Remember that you must determine the connection of a given sentence with the previous one , with the one that is before the offer you are considering .

CLASSES OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

Personal

Unit h.pl. h.

1 l. - I we

2 l. - you you

3 l. - he, she, it they

Returnable

myself

Interrogative

Relative

who, what, which, whose, which, how many, what

Undefined

someone, something, some, several, some, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, some, some, how many- someday

Negative

no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing

Possessives

my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs

Index fingers

that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)

Definitive

all, everyone, each, himself, any, other, most, other

When some pronouns are declined, the entire word changes: I - to me, you - to you...

Distinguish between the categories of pronouns.

Wed. Her (his, theirs) book– whose? – possessive pronoun.

We sawher (him, them ) - whom? - personal pronoun.

Who Are you on duty today? – interrogative pronoun.

We do not know, Who today duty officer is a relative pronoun.

Task 24. Restore the terms missing in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive language means presented in the sample answers.

Divide all the terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.

Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.

4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list those terms that, according to their meaning, cannot be in place of gaps in the text.

1. Trails – words and expressions used figuratively:

epithet – figurative definition (Through wavy The moon creeps through the fogs... /A.S. Pushkin/);

personification – attribution of human qualities, actions, emotions to objects, nature, abstract concepts (The earth sleeps in a blue glow / M.Yu. Lermontov/);

comparison - a comparison of two objects or phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice fragile on the chilly river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov/);

metaphor – transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (Lit rowan bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin/);

metonymy – allegorical designation of the subject of speech, “renaming”, replacement of one concept with another that has a causal connection with it ( All flags will visit us /A.S. Pushkin/);

synecdoche – a type of metonymy, when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);

hyperbola – excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (The sunset burned like a hundred thousand suns /V.V. Mayakovsky/);

litotes – excessive understatement of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboedov/);

irony - hidden ridicule; using a word or expression in a sense opposite to the literal one (Otkole, smart, you're delusional, head? /I.A. Krylov/);

paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their distinctive features or an indication of character traits (King of beasts/instead of a lion/);

2. Figures of speech – special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:

antithesis – a sharp contrast of concepts, thoughts, images (You and the poor, You and the abundant, You and the mighty, You and the powerless, Mother Rus'! /N.A. Nekrasov/);

inversion – reverse word order (White lonely sail/M.Yu. Lermontov/);

gradation – arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes);

oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);

parcellation – intentional violation of the boundaries of a sentence (This happened a long time ago. A very long time ago. Anna was in trouble. Big.);

anaphora – unity of beginning, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait a lot. Wait when the yellow rains make me sad, Wait when the snow is swept away, Wait when it's hot, Wait, when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday /K. Simonov/);

epiphora – repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent structures (I would like to know why I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? /N.V. Gogol/);

a rhetorical question – a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (To be or not to be? /Shakespeare/);

rhetorical appeal – emotional appeal to people not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);

ellipsis - omission of the predicate, giving dynamism to speech (We villages - to ashes, cities - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);

lexical repetition - deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance the emotionality and expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).

questionably - response form – a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What should I do? I don’t know. Who should I ask for advice? Unknown.);

syntactic parallelism – the same syntactic structure of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar parts of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. /M.Yu. Lermontov/);

homogeneous members of the sentence .

3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary

Dialect words - a word or phrase existing in a certain area (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialectism): rooster crows

Jargonisms- the speech of a social group, different from the general language, containing many artificial words and expressions. There are different jargons: salon, bourgeois, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. “Smell” is from the jargon of hunters, “amba” is from the sea.

Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on уma - name) - words with opposite meanings: “Cunning and love”, “White only is the shine, black is the shadow.”

Archaisms(from the Greek Archaios - ancient) - an outdated word or figure of speech.

Neologisms(from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) - a newly formed word that appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). Neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, “mediocrity” instead of “mediocrity”.

Synonyms(from Greek - eponymous) 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close (or identical) in meaning: defeat-overcome (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - lovely; hippopotamus - hippopotamus. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that are similar in meaning in the same context; these words are of an individual, situational nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); talk (murmur) of waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) of foliage.

Contextual synonyms - words or combinations of words that acquire similar meaning only in a certain context. “Doing nothing” is passive rest.

Phraseologism - a lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, a phrase complete in meaning, reproduced in the form of a ready-made speech unit. (Frown your eyebrows, win a victory, lower your head, break your nose, burn with shame, show your teeth, sudden death, melancholy, biting frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate situation)

Homonyms- the same sounding words having different meaning, eg: club (couple and sports), change your mind (many things and change your mind). IN oral speech sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

PART 2

It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author’s position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and convincingly expressing one’s own attitude to what was read. The volume of the essay is at least 200 words.

To complete the task correctly you need to know Part C assessment criteria.

Plan for writing an essay - reasoning on the proposed text

Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, compiled on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of Part C:

1. Formulate the problem - K 1

2. Comment on the problem.K-2

4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4

5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).

6. Final conclusion (conclusion).

Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.

Lesson developments (lesson notes)

Secondary general education

Attention! The site administration is not responsible for the content of methodological developments, as well as for the compliance of the development with the Federal State Educational Standard.

Syntactic norms

Theory of task 7

Exercise: Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. In the 1st column under the letters A) B) C) D) D) examples are given, in the 2nd column under the numbers justifications for grammatical errors are given.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

What the response should look like:

The maximum number of points for completing this task is 5 points.

For each correct match - 1 point.

1. Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

In the letter task, we look for derived prepositions (usually the sentence begins with them) and check the case of the noun that comes after the preposition. All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the Dative case of a noun:

• According to (who? what?)
• Thanks to (who? what?)
• Contrary to (who? what?)
• Like (who? what?)
• In defiance of (who? what?)

Also in a sentence there can be prepositions that are combined with a noun in the Genitive case:

• in moderation (of what?)
• during (what?)
• in continuation of (what?)
• due to (what?)
• in conclusion (what?)
• in the form of (what?)
• for a reason (what?)
• like (what?)

For example: Thanks to the increased level of service, there are more customers in company stores.

2. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

In tasks with letters, we are looking for the construction “everyone who...”, “those who...”, “the one who...”, etc., it is necessary to check the agreement of the subject and predicate (singular/plural) in the main and in subordinate clauses.

For example: Everyone who has read Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov” remembers the tramp Varlaam.

Everyone who has read Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov” remembers the tramp Varlaam.

3. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

Letter assignments must have quotation marks.

For example: To those who passionately love their native culture, D.S. appears before us. Likhachev in the book « Letters about the good and the beautiful » .

Explanation: Application is a definition expressed by a noun.

Explanation:

• If the quotation marks are preceded by a generic title (book, newspaper, magazine, painting, etc.), the title in quotation marks must be in Im.p. For example, the novel “Eugene Onegin”; painting “Autumn”; song "Dubinushka".
• If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is declined. For example, in “Eugene Onegin”; in "Autumn" by Levitan; in "Dubinushka".

4. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

If a sentence contains homogeneous clause members connected by the conjunction “and”, followed by a common dependent word(s), it is necessary to check whether the first homogeneous clause clause is consistent with this common dependent word. For example, in the sentence “we hoped and believed in victory,” the first homogeneous member of the sentence “hoped” does not agree with “in victory,” so there is a grammatical error in this sentence.

Words cannot be used as homogeneous members of a sentence different parts speech For example, “I love drawing and painting”

If in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by double conjunctions “not only – but also”, “both – so and”, “if not – then”, it is necessary to check whether the homogeneous members of the sentence are located immediately after these conjunctions. For example, in the sentence “We waited Not only Waving, but also Vanya” the conjunctions are correct. If we change the place of one of them: “We Not only were waiting for Masha, but also Vanya,” a grammatical error will appear in the sentence.

5. Violation of homogeneity of concepts

Words from different parts of speech cannot be used as homogeneous members of a sentence. For example, “I love drawing and painting”

6. Violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements

It is unacceptable to violate the homogeneity of the syntactic elements of a sentence. The participial phrase and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.

For example, in the sentence “Ivan, who studied in the 9th grade and took part in the competition, ...” an error was made.

7. Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

The letter task begins with an adverbial phrase

For example: Having received Primary home education in Moscow, Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Page Corps.

Participles answer the questions: doing what? what did you do?

Explanation: the gerund expresses an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. The person performing both actions must be the same. In the sentence, the action “enrolled” is performed by “they, some people” (indefinite personal sentence), and the action “received” is performed by Radishchev.

Explanation: participial phrases most often cannot be used together with impersonal sentences, except in cases where the action is expressed by the words “can, can’t”

8. Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

We look for participial phrases in tasks with letters

The sacrament answers the questions: what is he doing? what did he do? what done?

Examples of participles: working, doubting, arriving, written, etc.

For example: For one of the novel’s heroes, searching for the meaning of life, the path to inner freedom opens.

Explanation: If a sentence has a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun it modifies. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the participle. For example, “there were a lot of guys (who?) came to the forest.” The end of the participle must coincide with the end of the question to it.

9. Incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

You cannot mix direct and indirect speech. It is unacceptable to use in the subordinate part of a sentence in indirect speech pronouns “I, WE, YOU, YOU.”

For example, “Dima admitted that I I’m not ready for class today.”

10. Errors associated with violation of word order in a simple sentence

	Type of error
	The subject occupies a place that does not correspond to the established generally accepted order.	The author discusses the problems of humanism and mercy in his article.
	The complement is in isolation from the word that controls it.	We cannot agree on his attitude to the problem with the author.
	The definition is in isolation from the word being defined.	He was struck by the majestic and beautiful building of the theater located on the right.
	The circumstance occupies a place that does not correspond to the generally accepted order.	He returned to Leningrad later, after the war, from the hospital.
	Wrong location of preposition.	After two hours the dispute ended (two hours later)
	Wrong location of compound conjunction.	Since yesterday and today this problem remains important.
	The particle's location would be wrong.	He would like to fly into space or become a traveler.

11. Errors in the use of prepositions

Type of error		Offers
	Mixing prepositions from and with (with) guilt from and with through and because of	When he arrived With villages to the city, I was surprised at many things. Returning with school, he immediately sat down to his homework. Soldiers who took part on war, returned to peaceful life. True heroism revealed at battles for Moscow. From morning until evening he worked in his editorial office. He almost died through betrayal of a friend.
	No excuse.	You can't help but bow down his heroism.
	Having an unnecessary pretext.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRAMMAR ERRORS:

1. incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2. incorrect use of the case form of a noun
3. disruption of the connection between subject and predicate
4. violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
5. error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
6. violation of homogeneity of concepts
7. violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements
8. incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases
9. violation in the construction of sentences with a participial phrase
10. incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech
11. violation of word order in a simple sentence
12. errors in the use of prepositions

Unified State Exam 2017: task 7

SYNTAX NORMES

OPTION 1

OFFERS

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

Learn to spot grammatical errors. If you learn to confidently recognize them in a task, you will not lose points in the essay. (Criterion 9 - “Compliance with language norms.”) In addition, an assignment for which you can get 5 points requires special attention!

Task 7 Unified State Exam in Russian

Task formulation: Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Grammatical errors

offers

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial phrase B) error in the construction of a complex sentence C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate D) violation of aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms

1) I.S. Turgenev subjects Bazarov to the most difficult test - the “test of love” - and thereby revealed the true essence of his hero. 2) Everyone who visited Crimea took with them, after parting with him, vivid impressions of the sea, mountains, southern grasses and flowers. 3) The work “The Tale of a Real Man” is based on real events that happened to Alexey Maresyev. 4) S. Mikhalkov argued that the world of the merchant Zamoskvorechye can be seen on the stage of the Maly Theater thanks to the excellent acting of the actors. 5) In 1885 V.D. Polenov exhibited at a traveling exhibition ninety-seven sketches brought from a trip to the East. 6) Theory of eloquence for all genders poetic works written by A.I. Galich, who taught Russian and Latin literature at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. 7) In I. Mashkov’s landscape “View of Moscow” there is a feeling of the ringing beauty of a city street. 8) Happy are those who are after long journey with its cold and slush, he sees a familiar house and hears the voices of relatives. 9) Reading classical literature, you notice how differently the “city of Petrov” is depicted in the works of A.S. Pushkina, N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

How to complete such a task? It is better to start from the left side. Find the named syntactic phenomenon (participial phrase, subject and predicate, etc.) in the sentences on the right and check for a grammatical error. Start with those that are easier to find and identify.

Let's look at typical grammatical errors in the order in which they should be checked on the exam.

Inconsistent application

An inconsistent appendix is ​​the title of a book, magazine, movie, picture, etc., enclosed in quotation marks.

Changes by case in a sentence generic word, and the inconsistent application is in initial form and does not change: V novel"War and Peace"; picture Levitan "Golden Autumn" at the station metro station "Tverskaya".

If there is no generic word in the sentence, the application itself changes by case: heroes of "War and Peace"; looking at " Golden autumn» Levitan, meet me at Tverskaya.

Grammar mistake : in the novel “War and Peace”; in the painting “Golden Autumn”, at the Tverskoy metro station.

In the assignment, such an error occurred in sentence 3.

Direct and indirect speech.

A sentence with indirect speech is a complex sentence. Compare:

The conductor said: “I will bring you tea” - The conductor said that he would bring us tea. Grammar mistake: The conductor said that I will bring you tea.(The personal pronoun must change.)

The passenger asked: “Can I open the window?” - The passenger asked if he could open the window. Grammar mistake : The passenger asked if he could open the window.(The sentence contains LI as a conjunction; the conjunction THAT is not allowed in a sentence.)

Participial

We find sentences with a participial phrase and see if there are any errors in its construction.

1. The defined (main) word cannot fall inside the participial phrase; it can appear before or after it. Grammar mistake: those who came spectators to a meeting with the director. Right: spectators who came to meet the director or spectators who came to meet the director.

2. The participle must agree in gender, number and case with the main word, which is determined by meaning and by question: residents mountains (which ones?), frightened by a hurricane or residents mountains(which ones?), overgrown with spruce trees. Grammar mistake: residents of mountains frightened by a hurricane or inhabitants of the mountains, overgrown with spruce trees.

Note: one of the events that happened last summer(we agree the participle with the word ONE - we are talking about one event). I remember a number of events that happened last summer (we ask the question from EVENTS “which ones?”).

3. The participle has a present tense ( student memorizing a rule), past tense ( student who memorized the rule), but there is no future tense ( student memorizing a rule- grammar mistake).

In the assignment, such an error occurred in sentence 5.

Participial turnover

Remember: The participle names the additional action, and the predicate verb names the main action. The gerund and predicate verb must refer to the same character!

We find the subject in the sentence and check whether it performs an action called a gerund. Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova had natural excitement. We reason: excitement arose - Natasha Rostova walked- different characters. Correct option: Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova experienced natural excitement.

In a definite personal sentence it is easy to restore the subject: I, WE, YOU, YOU: When making an offer, consider(You) grammatical meaning words. We reason: you take into account And you make up- there is no error.

The predicate verb can be expressed infinitive: When composing a sentence, you need to take into account the grammatical meaning of the word.

We reason: After reading the sentence, it seems to me that there is no error. ME cannot be the subject, since it is not in the initial form. This sentence has a grammatical error.

The grammatical connection between subject and predicate.

The error may be hidden in complex sentences built according to the model “THOSE WHO …”, “EVERYONE WHO …”, “ALL WHO …”, “NONE OF THOSE WHO …”, “MANY OF THOSE WHO …”, “ ONE OF THOSE WHO..." Each simple sentence within a complex sentence will have its own subject; you need to check whether they are consistent with their predicates. WHO, EVERYONE, NOBODY, ONE, are combined with predicates in the singular; THOSE, ALL, MANY are combined with their predicates in the plural.

Let's analyze the proposal: None of those who visited there in the summer were disappointed. NO ONE WAS – grammatical error. WHO HAS VISITED – there is no mistake. Those who did not come to the opening of the exhibition regretted it. THEY WERE REGRET – there was no mistake. WHO DID NOT COME - grammatical error.

In the assignment, such an error occurred in sentence 2.

Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms.

Pay special attention to predicate verbs: incorrect use of verb tense leads to confusion in the sequence of actions. I work inattentively, intermittently, and as a result I made a lot of ridiculous mistakes. Let's fix the error: I work inattentively, intermittently, and as a result I make a lot of ridiculous mistakes.(Both verbs imperfect form are in the present tense.) I worked inattentively, intermittently, and as a result I made a lot of ridiculous mistakes.(Both verbs are in the past tense, the first verb - imperfective - indicates the process, the second - perfective - indicates the result.)

In the assignment, the following error occurred in sentence 1: Turgenev exposes and reveals...

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Grammatical errors in sentences with conjunctions AND.

1. Union AND cannot connect one of the members of a sentence with the whole sentence. I don't like to get sick and when I get a bad grade. Moscow is a city which was the birthplace of Pushkin and described in detail by him. When Onegin returned to St. Petersburg and having met Tatyana, he did not recognize her. Listened to a lecture on the importance of sports and why do they need to do it?. (Let's correct the error: Listened to a lecture on the importance of sports and the benefits of sports activities. Or: We listened to a lecture about what is the importance of sport And why do they need to do it? .)
2. Union AND cannot connect homogeneous members expressed by the full and short form of adjectives and participles: He is tall and thin. She is smart and beautiful.
3. Union AND cannot connect an infinitive and a noun: I love doing laundry, cooking and reading books. (Right: I like to do laundry, cook and read books.)
4. It is difficult to recognize an error in a syntax like this: The Decembrists loved and admired the Russian people. In this sentence, the addition PEOPLE refers to both predicates, but is grammatically connected with only one of them: ADMIRED (BY WHOM?) THE PEOPLE. From the verb LOVED we ask the question WHO? Be sure to ask a question from each predicate verb to its object. Here are the typical mistakes: parents care and love children; I understand and sympathize with you; he studied and used the rule; I love and am proud of my son. Correcting such an error requires the introduction of various additions, each will be consistent with its predicate verb: I love my son and am proud of him.

Using Compound Conjunctions.

1. Learn to recognize the following conjunctions in a sentence: “NOT ONLY..., BUT ALSO”; “AS..., SO AND.” In these conjunctions, you cannot skip individual words or replace them with others: Not only us, but our guests were surprised. The atmosphere of the era in comedy is created not only by the actors, but also by off-stage characters. Work is in full swing both during the day and at night.
2. Parts of a double conjunction must be immediately before each of the homogeneous members . Incorrect word order leads to a grammatical error: We examined not only the ancient part cities, but also visited new areas.(Correct order: We not only looked around..., but also visited...)In the essay you need how about the main characters, tell me so O artistic features . (Correct order: The essay must tell how about the main characters, and about artistic features. )

Generalizing words with homogeneous terms

The generalizing word and the homogeneous members following it are in the same case: Play two sports:(how?) skiing and swimming.(Grammar mistake: Strong people have two qualities: kindness and humility.)

Prepositions with homogeneous members

Prepositions before homogeneous members can be omitted only if these prepositions are the same: He visited V Greece, Spain, Italy, on Cyprus. Grammar mistake: He visited V Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus.

Complex sentence

Errors associated with the incorrect use of conjunctions, allied words, and demonstrative words are very common. There can be many possible errors, let's look at some of them.

Extra conjunction: I was tormented by the question of whether I should tell my father everything. I didn't realize how far from the truth I was.

A mixture of creative and subordinating conjunctions: When Murka got tired of messing with the kittens, and she went somewhere to sleep.

Extra particle WOULD: I need him to come see me.

Missing index word: Your mistake is that you are in too much of a hurry.(Missed IN VOL.)

The conjunctive word WHICH is torn off from the word being defined: Warm rain moistened the soil, which the plants so needed.(Right: Warm rain in which plants needed, moistened the soil.)

In the assignment, such an error was made in sentence 9.

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

1. Prepositions THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, CONTRAST, IN CONTRAST, LIKELY + noun in the DATIVE CASE: thanks to the skillYu , according to scheduleYu , contrary to the rulesam .

• The preposition ON can be used to mean “AFTER”. In this case the noun is in prepositional case and has an ending AND: upon graduation (after graduation), upon arrival in the city (after arrival), after the expiration of the term (after the expiration of the term).

Remember: upon arrival AND, upon completion AND, upon completion AND, upon expiration AND, upon arrival E, upon arrival E.

• We remember the management features in the following phrases:

Prove (what?) right

Marvel at (what?) patience

Give an example of (what?) an error

Summarize (what?) the work

Confess (what?) to a crime

Miss, be sad (for whom?) for you

Pay attention to (what?) little things

Point out (what?) shortcomings

Blame (what?) for greed

Let's remember the pairs:

Worry about your son - worry about your son

Believe in victory - confidence in victory

Question about construction - problems with construction

Earn rental income – receive rental income

Ignorance of the problem - unfamiliarity with the problem

To be offended by mistrust - to be offended by mistrust

Pay attention to health - pay attention to health

Preoccupation with business - worry about business

Pay for travel - pay for travel

Feedback on an essay - review of an essay

Service fee – payment for service

Superiority over him - advantage over him

Warn of danger - warn of danger

Distinguish between friends and enemies - distinguish friends from enemies

Surprised by patience - surprised by patience

Characteristic of him - inherent in him

For execution tasks 7 it is necessary to know typical cases of violation of syntactic norms. Material for expanding speech experience is systematized by topic.

Faulty designs

1. Management

1) Verbs with different controls as homogeneous members of a sentence:

Words with different controls can be used as homogeneous members if each of them has its own dependent words used in the desired case. For example:

She waited for him and called him all evening.

She was waiting for (who?) his(V.p.) and called (who?) to him(D.p.) all evening.

Pronouns often help to construct such sentences correctly:

Children rarely listen to and follow the advice of adults.

Children rarely listen (to what?) to advice (D.p. with the preposition To) adults and follow (what?) them(D.p.).

People were exhausted, but they believed in victory and hoped for it.

People were exhausted, but they believed (in what?) in victory (V.p. with the pretext V) and hoped (for what?) at her(D.p. with preposition on).

2) Different controls for verbs and nouns:

be interested in art(t.p.) — interest in art(D.p.)
love literature(v.p.) — love of literature(D.p.)
hate clutter(v.p.) — hatred of disorder(D.p.)
respect colleagues(v.p.) — respect for colleagues(D.p.)
trust a friend(D.p.) — trust in friends(D.p.)
sympathize with the weak(D.p.) — sympathy for the weak(D.p. with a preposition)

3) Different controls for words with similar meanings:

worry about something(P.p.) — worry about something(V.p.)
pay for something(v.p.) - z pay for something(V.p. with preposition behind)
pay for travel(V.p. with preposition behind) — pay for travel(V.p.)
pay attention to something(D.p.) — pay attention to something(V.p. with preposition on)
inform someone(D.p.) — inform someone(V.p.)
to blame for something(P.p. with preposition V) — condemn for something(V.p. with preposition behind)
review of something(P.p. with preposition O) — review of something(V.p. with preposition on)
belief in something(V.p. with preposition in (in)) — confidence in something(V.p. with the preposition c)
characteristic of something(D.p.) — characteristic of something(R.p. with a preposition For)

4) Different controls for verbs with and without negation:

notice the reaction(v.p.) — not notice the reaction(R.p.)
He noticed(What?) the audience's reaction to his words. - Out of excitement, he didn’t notice(what?) the audience's reactions to his words.

5) The use of names of works of literature and art.

In “War and Peace,” actor V. Tikhonov played the role of Prince Andrei.
In the film “War and Peace,” actor V. Tikhonov played the role of Prince Andrei.

After words - generic designations, for example, fairy tale, novel, story, story, picture, film and others similar, naming the genre of a work of literature or art, the proper name is placed in the nominative case. If such words are absent in the sentence, then the names of works of literature and art are used in those cases that are necessary for the context of the sentence.

In the fairy tale "Turnip" or: In "Turnip"
In the movie "War and Peace" or: In "War and Peace"
In the ballet "The Nutcracker" or: In "The Nutcracker"

Remember:

Many verbs require a specific noun case after them.

Verbs require the genitive case:

Achieve, achieve, desire, crave, want, expect, do, fear, beware, fear, avoid, lose, be afraid, be ashamed, shun, cost, seek, ask, demand etc. (who? what?)

Verbs with negation: don't see, don't notice, don't hear etc. (who? what?)

Verbs require the dative case:

Give, believe, trust, threaten, indulge, learn, rejoice, smile, speak, answer, threaten, threaten, object, bow, nod, wave, signal, call, write, speak, tell, announce, answer, explain, report, to please, to seem, to disturb, to harm, to take revenge, to change, to harm, to avenge, to annoy, to disgust, to give, to buy, to bring, to send, to show, to help, to promise, to dream, etc.(to whom; to what?)

All transitive verbs require the accusative case:

Give, donate, sell, buy, send, show, promise, build, sew, clean, wash, erase, take, put, put, hang, see, look, hear, listen, feel, experience, notice, love, hate, despise, respect, appreciate, remember, understand, study, decide, teach, tell, explain, inform, speak, thank, congratulate, remember, meet, scold, wait, etc.(who? what?)

Verbs require the instrumental case:

rule, lead, manage, command, manage, rule, manage, get carried away, be interested in, engage in, admire, admire, delight, enjoy, be proud, admire, admire, be captivated, treasure, own, use, possess, take possession of, boast, be proud of, boast, swear, trade, sacrifice, risk, be, become, become, appear, appear, remain, be considered, have a reputation, be called, etc.(by whom? with what?)

Many verbs are characterized by double control:

give, convey, hand over, give out, sell, return, donate, hand over, provide, entrust, give up, leave something to someone
To say, explain, announce, inspire, tell, declare, answer, promise, recommend something to someone
Promise, guarantee something to someone
teach someone something
count, imagine, recognize, imagine, name, depict, scold, declare someone to be someone

Standard options

to want, desire, crave, ask, deserve a reward - rewards(V.p. and R.p), but: deserve a reward(V.p.)
Ask for advice, permission - advice, permission(R.p. and V.p.)
Wait for the train, call - train, call(R.p. and V.p.), but wait for grandma, sister(V.p.)
Give, take, get, receive, send, buy, put, pour, sprinkle, drink, sip, taste water, sugar - water, sugar(V.p. and R.p.)

Attention:

Miss (what? who?) work, home, mother, husband. But with pronouns: miss (who?) us, you. This use of pronouns in the prepositional case for a long time was considered the only correct one.

For example, in the reference book by D. E. Rosenthal “Management in the Russian Language” it is indicated that with nouns and pronouns of the 3rd person it is correct: miss someone or something, For example: miss my son, miss him. But with personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers are correct: miss someone, For example: missed us, miss you.

But in Lately Both options are accepted. It is believed that with I'm heaping(and I'm sad, I'm sad and so on.) for you- old norm; for you- new. Today these options compete, which is reflected in reference books. Thus, “Russian Grammar” (M., 1980) forms miss you And miss you considered as variable.

2. Constructions with prepositions

1 ) prepositional control:

thanks, according to, despite, in defiance, like+ D.p. noun, for example: contrary to instructions, rules, opinions of loved ones, according to the order...

by (meaning “after something”) + P.p. noun, for example: upon arrival, upon return, upon completion of the experiment...

to the extent, by virtue of, during, in continuation, in conclusion, for the reason of, upon completion, like, by means of+ R.p. noun,
For example: in the course of the conversation, in a week.. .

2)use of prepositions in non-prepositional constructions:

The article sparked my thoughts.

Wrong: to thoughts

Incorrect: to the manufacturer

3) prepositions with homogeneous members of the sentence:

I need to go to the station, the post office and the store.
Classes take place in the stadium, park and hall.

If different prepositions are required with different nouns, they must be used. Omitting prepositions in such cases is unacceptable.

4) prepositions in, on - with, from:

In Kamergersky Lane, store in Kamergersky

on the street, shop on Tverskaya

From Rostov, from the theater, from the store, from the park, from exile, from the circus, from the club, from the conservatory, from the restaurant, from school, from class, from the airport, from the port, from the institute, from the university, from the library, from the hospital

from the south, from the square, from the boulevard, from the post office, from the market, from a lecture, from a performance, from a concert, from a station, from a train station

3. Using the full form of adjectives instead of the short form

1) short forms of adjectives act as predicates:

Sister sick already a week.

Incorrect: My sister has been sick for a week.

This photo road us.

Wrong: This photo is dear to us.

2) full and short forms are not used as homogeneous members of a sentence:

Sister she was beautiful And sad.

Wrong: The sister was beautiful and sad.

4. Sentences whose subordinate part begins with the conjunctive word who

Relative pronoun Who as a conjunctive word it is used only with singular verbs, for example:

Anyone has an excellent chance to enter the most prestigious universities.
Whoever is not late will participate in the competition.

The subject and predicate in the main part must be in either singular or plural form. The predicate cannot be used in the singular if the subject is plural, and vice versa. For example:

Those, Who will write the Unified State Examination with 85 points and above, will be able to enroll to the most prestigious universities.
All, Who will write the Unified State Examination with 85 points and above, will be able to enroll to the most prestigious universities.

5. Violations in sentences with participial phrases

Having climbed the mountain, tourists saw the sea.

It means that
1) tourists have risen (several action producers),
2) tourists saw.

Hence:
1) there are actors: tourists,
2) they performed the following actions: got up and saw
3) the main action is expressed by a verb, the additional action is expressed by a gerund.

Such two-part simple sentences are the most typical examples of the use of participial phrases in speech.
Are there sentences constructed differently? There are. Let's look at them below.

In preparation for the Unified State Exam, I complete practice tasks.

Definitely a personal proposal. There is a character: this is evidenced by the form of the verb. There is no subject, but it can be restored. Here it can be the personal pronoun of the 1st person singular. I.
Consequently, the use of participial phrases is possible in definite personal sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb in the 1st or 2nd person singular forms. or plural It is important that such proposals relate to a situation in which there is an actor or actors and the actions they perform: main and additional.

When preparing for the Unified State Exam, complete practice tasks.

Definitely a personal proposal. There is a character: the imperative sentence is addressed to him. The predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed by a verb in the form of the imperative singular. Propositions of this kind correspond to a situation in which there is an actor and the actions he performs: main and additional.

When preparing for the Unified State Exam, you need to complete practice tasks.

There is no subject, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the indefinite form of the verb (=in the infinitive form). In such sentences the following words are required: necessary, possible, must, follows (should, should), has to (had to, had to, would have to), succeeded, cannot, impossible, should not, does not have to, failed. In such sentences, personal pronouns in the form D.p. are frequent: me, us, you, you, him, her, them, which will designate the character. This is one of the types of impersonal sentences.

Violations:

Participial phrases are not possible in impersonal sentences, except for the sentences with infinitives described above.

In Russian you cannot say: Having climbed the mountain, it became completely dark.
Right: When he (I, she, we, they, etc.) climbed the mountain, it became completely dark.

Participles are not possible in passive constructions.
In Russian you cannot say: Having climbed the mountain, they wrote a poem.
Right: Climbing the mountain, he wrote a poem.

Participles are not possible in sentences with personal pronouns in D.p., unless they include an infinitive.
In Russian you cannot say: It was difficult for us while preparing for the Unified State Exam.
Right:When we were preparing for the Unified State Exam, it was difficult for us.

Participles are not possible in sentences with personal pronouns in V.p., unless they include an infinitive.

In Russian you cannot say: While taking the Unified State Exam, he was shaking with excitement.
Right: When he took the Unified State Exam, he was shaking with excitement.

6. Violations in sentences with participial phrases

1) agreement of the participle with the word being defined:

Herbs, (what?) used to make medicine, assembled in China.
He asked the audience a series of questions, (what?) exciting for everyone.
Katerina’s protest, (what?) defending her rights, shown in this production in a new way.

2) mixing of passive and active participles:

Exercise, carried out by us, does not cause any difficulties.

Wrong: Task performed by us.

3) combination of constructions a) with a participial phrase and b) with which:

Rain, poured in the morning and interfered with our walk, ended after lunch.

The rain, which had been pouring since the morning and interfered with our walk, stopped in the afternoon.

Wrong: The rain, which had been pouring since the morning and which interfered with our walk, stopped in the afternoon.

7. Sentences with a conjunction word which

These are complex sentences with attributive clauses.

1) It is a mistake to make a gap between the word being defined and subordinate clause with the word which:

Wrong: I want to pass the Unified State Exam in Russian, mathematics, and history, which I have not studied seriously before.
Right:I want to pass the Unified State Exam in mathematics, history and the Russian language, which I have not seriously studied before.

Wrong: Look at the gift for my mother's birthday that my sister made herself.
Right: Check out the gift my sister made herself for my mom's birthday..

2) erroneous control of the word which:

Wrong: Yesterday it snowed, which made us all happy.
Right: Yesterday it snowed, which we were all happy about. I: Yesterday it snowed, which we all missed.

8. Erroneous transmission of indirect speech

Wrong: Petka said that I am not yet ready for the exam and am very afraid of not passing it. (Petka said: “I’m not ready for the exam yet and I’m very afraid of not passing it.”)
1st and 2nd person pronouns are not used in indirect speech.
Right:Petka said that he is not yet ready for the exam and is very afraid of not passing it.

Wrong: Petka said that he was waiting for his mother, who was supposed to arrive yesterday. (Petka said: “I’m waiting for my mother, who should arrive yesterday.”)
Right:Petka said that he was waiting for his mother, who was supposed to arrive yesterday.

9. Sentences with double conjunctions

1) incorrect placement of conjunctions in a sentence:

Like... and...
Not only but…
If not... then...
Not so much... as...
Not that... but...

Wrong: Not only the ninth, but also the eleventh grades passed the exams. (Violation of logic, conjunction used incorrectly)
Right:Not only the ninth, but also the eleventh grades passed the exams.

2) erroneous doubling of the union how: than than:

Wrong: He is more talented than his brother. (Union how simple)
Right:He is more talented than his brother.

3) violation of the union structure not so... than instead of not like:

Wrong: My bag is not as beautiful as my friend’s. (The type of union has been distorted because)
Right: My bag is not as beautiful as my friend's. Or: My bag is less beautiful than my friend’s.

Wrong: He did not perform as well as his friends. (The type of union has been distorted because)
Right: He didn't perform as well as his friends. Or: He performed less successfully than his friends.

10. Sentences with homogeneous members

1) using different parts of speech as homogeneous members of a sentence:

Wrong: Please be quiet and listen to me.
(Incorrect use of different parts of speech as homogeneous members of a sentence)
Right: I ask for silence and attention.

False: He loves football and shooting.
Right: He loves to play football and shoot. Or: He loves football and shooting.

2) use of complete and short forms adjectives:

False: Trees are tall and slender.
Right: The trees are tall and slender. Or: The trees are tall and slender.

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