home / Success stories/ Romanin A.N. Basics of psychotherapy: Textbook

Romanin A.N. Basics of psychotherapy: Textbook

Keywords

ASSOCIATION / FREE ASSOCIATION METHOD / ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENT/ SOCIALIZATION / SOCIAL STEREOTYPE / PUBLIC OPINION / EMPIRICAL SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH / MAGADAN REGION/ MIGRATION / ASSOCIATIONS / FREE ASSOCIATION METHOD / ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENT / SOCIALIZATION / SOCIAL STEREOTYPE / PUBLIC OPINION / EMPIRICAL SOCIAL STUDIES / MAGADAN REGION / MIGRATION

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, author of the scientific work - Ivanova Nina Anatolyevna

The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the application free association method as one of empirical methods For sociological research. It has a number of advantages over other methods: ease of use, obtaining a significant amount of data, the ability to quantitatively and qualitatively interpret the results, applicability to the study of new and little-studied issues. Use free association method in sociology has a number of differences from its application in psychology, linguistics, interdisciplinary research and various areas practical activities. Using an associative approach, Russian sociologists study, for example, the image of a territory, public opinion , electoral preferences, implementation efficiency social programs in the perception of the population, factors of migration processes. Practice of application free association method for a sociological survey in the form of a questionnaire is considered on specific example- study of migration sentiments of residents of the Magadan region. The association question allowed us to establish the main types of associations, which include: geographical position; climate; nature; People; Natural resources; past; social and economic problems; everyday life. Correlations have been established between the type of associations of respondents, emotional connotation and age. Given practical recommendations by use free association method V empirical sociological research.

Free association method in empirical sociological research

The article examines theoretical and practical aspects of free association method. It has a number of advantages over other methods: it is easy to use, intended to obtain a significant amount of data, quantitative and qualitative interpretation of the results, applicability to the study of new and insufficiently investigated issues. Application of free association method in sociology has some differences compared with its application in psychology, linguistics, interdisciplinary studies, and its practical application. By using an associative approach, Russian sociologists examine, for example, an image of a territory, public opinion, electoral preferences, migration factors, and effectiveness of social program implementation from the point of view of people.The article on revealing migration attitudes of people in Magadan region as an example of the practical application of free association method in a sociological survey. The associative question allowed to establish the main types of associations which include: geographical location, climate, nature, people, natural resources, history, social and economic problems, everyday life.The survey revealed correlation between the type of respondents' associations, emotional connotation and their age. Practical recommendations on application of free association method in empirical sociological research are proposed.

If you want to remember something new, you just need to correlate it (find an associative connection) with some already known fact, calling on your imagination to help.

Tony Buzan "Super Memory"

Memory Feature

A person remembers best those facts that are connected with each other and with information the person already has. To remember something you just need to associate different facts into one whole. Connections can be very different, the main thing is that they mean something to a person. They meant - in the broad sense of the word. Some kind of memory funny story, an anecdote, just a made-up turn of events that will never happen. The main thing is that they stand out against the general background and are unique for the person memorizing the material.

Associative method

One of the ways to memorize is the associative method. It and its variants are also found under other names: the method of chain of associations, the method of associative connections, the chain method of memorization. The method can be used to remember sequences of words, numbers, phone numbers, dates. Knowing how to use this method will be useful for working with other methods, such as the place method, discussed later.

The essence of the method is that a connection is established between two words or objects, which creates a single whole from objects that have nothing in common.

What are associations?

Association is understood as such a connection between objects or phenomena in the human psyche, which, when one of the objects included in the association appears in the mind, entails the appearance of another object. An association can involve two or more objects.

How to create associations?

If there is no connection between objects, then it needs to be invented. The connection can be anything: fabulous, fantastic, absurd, funny. The more unusual connections you can come up with, the better you will be able to remember these objects. Let's look at some examples.

Attic - Cavalry- imagine horsemen waiting in the attic for a signal to attack in the attic. A trumpet signal sounds and riders on horses barely climb through the attic window. Then the horses, like cats, look for a place to descend and jump from the roof. With shouts of hurray, the cavalry rushes to the attack.

Glass - Goats- two goats rush towards each other. When the distance between them turns out to be very small, someone's kind soul manages to insert glass between them - so that the goats do not inadvertently damage each other. They hit the glass with a roar with their horns, which withstands their blow, shrug their shoulders in bewilderment and disperse, leaving the tinkling glass behind them.
By doing this, you can connect anything with each other. And the more incredible the association between them, the better.

There are various ways to create associations, which you can read about.

To train memory using the association method, word memorization tasks are used. It may seem that this exercise has no practical significance. Really, who would need to memorize a random set of words? This is wrong. This method, immediately after mastering, can be used to remember a shopping list, a list of actions that need to be completed during the day, etc. You can remember almost any information from which you can extract a set keywords: jokes, quotes, recipes, etc.

To practice creating associations, you can use the exercise "

We have all probably noticed how a randomly heard word or some seen object gives impetus to our thoughts, seemingly unrelated images arise, and our imagination is activated. This is how associative thinking works.

Associationis a connection between separate representations in which one of the representations causes another.

Associations, like bridges, can connect newly received information with existing information. In our minds, associations replace each other in a continuous stream, arising in response to all kinds of stimuli. Associative thinking is an extremely important component of the human mind, allowing it to generalize and abstract.

Aristotle also pointed out the value of associations and their role in memorization new information and thought process. Since the time of Aristotle, several types of associations have been distinguished:

1. By contiguity, that is, by proximity, proximity in space or time, when one idea evokes another in consciousness, due to their temporal or spatial coincidence. Most often, this proximity is natural, for example: beehive - bees, bear - winter - den, winter - frost - snow... But sometimes there is no natural connection between ideas, and the association arises because a random coincidence of the perception of objects once occurred. For example, when you hear certain music, you remember the person you met who played the same music. The entire habitual train of thoughts acquired by memory is due to nothing more than an association by contiguity. The words of a poem trigonometric formulas, historical events, the properties of material objects are all for us certain systems or groups of objects that are interconnected through countless repetitions in a certain sequence, each of which evokes in memory an idea of the others.

2. By similarity, in likeness, that is, similar in some way: in shape, in color, in perception, in function... For example: a ball is a watermelon, a lemon is lemonade, snow is cotton wool... This feature is not always significant, which leads to quite original associations. An example is the situation described by A.P. Chekhov in a story about a man whose surname “Ovsov” was associated with a “horse” (“Horse surname”)

3. By contrast, that is, the opposite in some properties. This type of association is the most complex, is relatively rare and is more typical for people with non-standard thinking. For example: good - evil, mountain - plain, mountain - gorge, sparks - snowflakes...

A feature of associative thinking is the ability to identify common features of things - to generalize without logical analysis. Associations can be seen as a source of additional information that can be used in the creative process.

Associations can be an important source of information. They are able, as if in a chain, to “pull out” from the recesses of our consciousness the most diverse, often quite unexpected, memories, images, thoughts, which significantly expand the area of creative search.

Unfortunately, most often, associations arise involuntarily, spontaneously, unexpectedly even for the person himself.

Associative thinking can be developed, made more conscious, focused, and manageable.

Methods for managing the process of generating associations

"Field of associations"

Using a system-functional approach.

1. Present the starting concept in the form of a system that includes subsystems.

Example:tree. This concept includes such subsystems as leaves, roots, branches, trunk, roots, bark etc.

2. Imagine the starting word as part of a larger system.

Example:wood is included in systems such as forest, park, garden, nature etc.

3. Determine the functions performed by this concept, where and when it occurs.

Example:made from wood furniture, paper, are building Houses, used as firewood For ovens, fireplace etc.

4. Consider association concepts as systems.

Example: forest – mushrooms, berries, animals, birds, goblin, forester, mushroom pickers etc.

EXAMPLE: Construction of an association field for the concept “Personality”

Method “Garland of Associations and Metaphors”

G. Ya Bush in the book “Dialogue and Creativity” offers a more complex version of the method we considered, which he called the “Garland of Associations” method. Its goal is to facilitate the search for a solution to a problem when there is a lack of information, that is, when possible solutions are not known to a person. The use of chains (garlands) of associations and metaphors allows you to make the transition to new area knowledge, interpret various aspects of the problem in a new way. In this case, the associative memory of the person searching for solutions acts as a kind of information fund.

The following stages of the “garlands of associations” method can be distinguished.

1. Determination of synonyms of an object and the formation of the first garland from them - a garland of synonyms.

2.Random selection of random objects. Completely arbitrarily, in any way, for example, from memory or from encyclopedic dictionary choose several nouns that do not necessarily have to denote even technical objects. From the selected words they form a second garland - a garland of random objects.

3. Making combinations of elements of a garland of synonyms and a garland of random objects. The combination is made up of two elements by connecting sequentially each synonym of the object in question with each random object.

4. Compiling a list of characteristics of random objects. Their signs are determined. In this case, it is necessary to determine whether larger number signs for a limited time, for example, two to three minutes. The success of the search largely depends on the breadth of coverage of features of random objects. It is therefore advisable to list both the main and secondary, insignificant features. For convenience, you can create a table of characteristics.

5. Generating ideas by alternately attaching features of randomly selected objects to a technical object and its synonyms. Similarly, a list of new constructions is formed, obtained by alternately attaching synonyms of attributes of other random objects to the garland.

6. Generating garlands of associations. From the characteristics of random objects identified in the fourth step, garlands of free associations are generated. For each individual feature, garlands can be of practically unlimited length, so generation should be limited in time or by the number of elements of the garland. If the generation of a garland of associations is carried out in a team, then each of its members does this independently.

7. Generating new ideas. They alternately try to attach elements of the garlands of associations to the elements of the garland of synonyms of a technical object. At this step, they decide whether among the combinations of synonyms of a technical object with elements of garlands of associations there is a sufficient number of original and tempting ideas. If, according to a preliminary assessment, there are few such ideas, you can continue to form garlands of associations, starting with some new element of the garlands created in the sixth step.

8. Evaluation and selection of rational options for ideas. Generating new options for solving problems at previous steps usually gives a fairly large set of options. Among the many irrational, trivial and even ridiculous ideas, as a rule, there will always be original and rational ones. It is recommended to select options in several stages. First, obviously irrational options are crossed out, then original ones of dubious usefulness are selected, but are attractive due to their unexpectedness. It is advisable to study the list of such options with the involvement of experts or a creative team. The list of rational solutions includes options that best meet the goals and production requirements.

9. The selection of the best option from rational ones is carried out different ways. The method of expert assessments is very simple and effective.

Heuristic method. Association method

The specialists who developed this method believe that the associative method of activating the creative thinking of students is based on the use of semantic analogies and secondary semantic shades in the creative process. The main sources for generating ideas are associations, metaphors and randomly selected concepts.

Between two completely different, unrelated concepts, a logical connection can be made and an associative transition can be established in 4-5 stages. For example, if we take two different concepts - “wood” and “ball”, then when making an associative transition we can get a chain: “wood” - “forest”, “forest” - “field”, “field” - “football”, “ soccer ball".

USING METAPHORS

Various metaphors can be used to create associations and generate ideas in the practice of training and personnel development. At interactive training It is more convenient to use their simpler types:

Binary analogue metaphors (“the bell laughs”, “horseshoe eyebrows”);

Catachretic metaphors containing contradictions (“land sailor”, “round square”);

Riddle metaphors (“fog over the forest” - a headscarf, “a room full of people” - a cucumber).

When developing the creative potential of managers and specialists, it is also advisable to use new associations, which ultimately give rise to truly productive solutions to the problem.

In the process of the emergence of associations, extraordinary connections are established between the components of the problem being solved and the previous experience of managers and specialists participating in game interaction. As a result of the emergence of new associative connections, non-standard creative ideas arise that provide new perspectives and new opportunities.

During interactive communication, it is necessary that each member of the group offers his word, a concept, which should be the basis for establishing associative connections with the process of generating ideas.

The advantage of metaphorical thinking is its high level of originality. Generating metaphors develops the creative thinking of trained managers and specialists, allows them to see the world and real practice on a more global level.

PRINCIPLES OF TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATIONFREE ASSOCIATIONS

This technology is based on the following principles:

Free associations.

Anti-conformism.

Delayed critical analysis.

Then, to initiate new associations and generate new ideas on this issue, the word “TV” is offered as a stimulus.

RULES FOR ORGANIZERSON APPLICATION OF THE METHOD

Organizers of the process of generating ideas using the method of free association should act as follows:

Before solving a problem, try to reformulate it several times;

Offer an initial word, a concept that will stimulate the thought and imagination of learning participants to form unexpected associations and generate ideas;

In the initial stage of creative impulse, as in brainstorming, do not criticize proposals, whatever they may be;

Change words and concepts quickly, on the basis of which associative chains are formed.

RULES OF INTERACTIVE INTERACTIONFOR PARTICIPANTS

One should not be afraid to express out loud everything that is directly or indirectly related to the emerging association or idea;

Any ideas that arise among members of the gaming team are necessarily recorded;

Systematization and classification of ideas are carried out only when the generation process is completed;

The most optimal and constructive idea is selected after a critical analysis of all the accumulated information.

Specialists in creative technologies for training and development include the following types of interactive technologies:

Time limit method;

Method of sudden prohibitions;

Method of new options;

Method of information insufficiency or, conversely, information saturation;

Delphi method;

Focal object method;

Method of morphological analysis;

Method of the absurd and others.

The advantage of the listed methods is that they allow you to develop dialectics of thinking, find a way out of a seemingly hopeless situation, and find original, unexpected solutions to creative problems of varying levels of difficulty and problematic nature.

However, it seems to us that all these techniques in themselves are not interactive; they can only be used to one degree or another by informed teachers as creative techniques in a variety of games.

Thus, the analysis of interactive heuristic technologies also indicates their diversity and specificity, which allows the teacher to use both entire game complexes and individual techniques of an independent nature for various educational and professional purposes.

It is also important to note that brainstorming, synectics and the method of free associations allow diagnose the creative potential of an individual, identify imaginative thinking and outlook, originality of imagination, speed of reaction, ability to transform, ability to persuade, influence other people, mobility and innovation, etc.

Teacher tips for problem solving

Classify and clarify the problem.

Agree on processes and problem solving methods with trainees.

Divide known information according to the proposed criteria (strengths, weaknesses, etc.).

Talk about threats and weaknesses the current situation. Use linear or logical thinking. Take learning styles and technologies into account. Develop the clarified concepts, deepen them using brainstorming and synectics sessions.

Take time to think through each step of solving a problem.

Share information generated by class participants and your own.

Consider ways out of deadlock situations. Avoid restrictions in wording.

Check that all participants in the lesson have adequate understanding of the terms and wording.

Methods of associative search for ideas help to establish connections between concepts, allow you to generalize information, update information stored in memory, and give impetus creative thinking. You've probably noticed how a randomly heard word or some seen object gives rise to seemingly unrelated images and activates your imagination. This is how associative thinking works.

What are associations?

Association is a connection between separate representations in which one of the representations causes the other.

“A dream caused by the flight of a bee around a pomegranate, a second before awakening”, Salvador Dali, 1944

With the help of associations and metaphors, connections between concepts can be established. This is useful for generating ideas. It is believed that any two concepts can be connected by a chain of an average of ten associative transitions. For example, the associative transition between the concepts “wood” and “ball” will look like this: “wood” - “forest”, “forest” - “field”, “field” - “football”, “football” - “ball”. How to connect the concepts of “sky” and “tea”: “sky” - “earth”, “earth” - “water”, “water” - “drink”, “drink” - “tea”.

Features of associative thinking

It has been established that the number of direct associative connections of any concept (word) is on average about ten. One associative step allows you to choose from 10 words, the second - from 10 2, the third - from 10 3, the fourth - from 10 5. Thus, each step increases by an order of magnitude the number of connections of a given concept with other concepts according to certain characteristics, which significantly expands the possibilities for choosing solution ideas.

A feature of associative thinking is the ability to identify common features of things - to generalize without conducting logical analysis. Associations can be seen as a source of additional information that can be used in the creative process.

Associations are capable of “pulling out” from the recesses of our consciousness the most diverse, often quite unexpected, memories, images, thoughts, which significantly expand the area of creative search.

Methods of associative search for ideas are good, for example, when creating the plot of an advertising video. Unexpected elements attract attention and make people focus on the advertisement. You can search for associations using visual images. In Google, Flickr, Pinterest, search for the word of interest. The result is an expansion of the range of creative solutions and inspiration for their development.

Types of associations

By contiguity, that is, by proximity, proximity in space or time, when one idea evokes another in consciousness, due to their temporal or spatial coincidence. Most often, this proximity is natural, for example: beehive - bees, bear - winter - den, winter - frost - snow... But sometimes there is no natural connection between ideas, and the association arises because a random coincidence of the perception of objects once occurred. For example, when you hear certain music, you remember the person you met who played the same music. The entire habitual train of thoughts acquired by memory is due to nothing more than an association by contiguity. The words of a poem, trigonometric formulas, historical events, the properties of material objects - all these are for us certain systems or groups of objects that are interconnected through countless repetitions in a certain sequence, each of which evokes in memory an idea of the others.
By similarity, in likeness, that is, similar in some way: in shape, in color, in perception, in function... For example: a ball is a watermelon, a lemon is lemonade, snow is cotton wool... This feature is not always significant, which leads to quite original associations. An example is the situation described by A.P. Chekhov in a story about a man whose surname “Ovsov” was associated with a “horse” (“Horse surname”)
By contrast, that is, the opposite in some properties. This type of association is the most complex, is relatively rare and is more typical for people with non-standard thinking. For example: good - evil, mountain - plain, mountain - gorge, sparks - snowflakes...

Focal object method

If the characteristics of other, randomly selected objects are transferred to the object being improved, the number of unexpected solution options will sharply increase. This idea served as the basis for a method for activating creativity, proposed in 1926 by Berlin University professor F. Kunze (catalogue method) and improved in the 50s by the American inventor Charles Whiting (focal object method).

The focal object method gives good results when searching for new modifications of known methods and devices. In addition, it can be used to train the imagination (exercises like: imagine a fantastic animal, plant, ship, etc.).

The essence of the method is to transfer the characteristics of randomly selected objects to the object being improved, which lies, as it were, in the focus of transfer.

The focal object method is applied in the following order:

Selecting a focal object (for example, a watch).
Selection of three or four random objects (they are taken at random from a dictionary, catalog, technical journal etc. For example, cinema, snake, box office, pole).
Compiling lists of attributes of random objects (for example, cinema: widescreen, sound, color, volumetric, etc.).
Generating ideas by attaching features of random objects to a focal object (e.g., widescreen clock, audio clock, volumetric clock, etc.).
Development of the resulting combinations through free associations (for example, a wide-screen watch: instead of a narrow dial, a wide one is taken; there may be a narrow dial, which is sometimes stretched wide, projected somewhere... etc.).
Evaluating the ideas received and selecting useful solutions (it is advisable to entrust the evaluation to an expert or group of experts, and then jointly select the necessary solutions).

Method “Garland of Associations and Metaphors”

G. Ya Bush in the book “Dialogue and Creativity” offers a creative technique, which he called “Garland of Associations”. Its goal is to facilitate the search for a solution when there is a lack of information. The use of chains (garlands) of associations and metaphors allows you to make a transition to a new area of knowledge and interpret various aspects of the problem in a new way. In this case, the associative memory of the person searching for solutions acts as a kind of information fund.

Stages of the “garlands of associations” method

1. Determination of synonyms of an object and the formation of the first garland from them - a garland of synonyms.

2.Random selection of random objects. Completely arbitrarily, in any way, for example, from memory or from an encyclopedic dictionary, several nouns are chosen, which do not necessarily have to denote even technical objects. From the selected words they form a second garland - a garland of random objects.

4. Compiling a list of characteristics of random objects. Their signs are determined. In this case, it is necessary to determine the largest possible number of signs within a limited time, for example, in two to three minutes. The success of the search largely depends on the breadth of coverage of features of random objects. It is therefore advisable to list both the main and secondary, insignificant features. For convenience, you can create a table of characteristics.

5. Generating ideas by alternately attaching features of randomly selected objects to the original object and its synonyms. Similarly, a list of new constructions is formed, obtained by alternately attaching synonyms of attributes of other random objects to the garland.

7. Generating new ideas. They alternately try to attach elements of the garlands of associations to the elements of the garland of synonyms of the original object. At this step, they decide whether among the combinations of synonyms of the original object with elements of garlands of associations there is a sufficient number of original and tempting ideas. If, according to a preliminary assessment, there are few such ideas, you can continue to form garlands of associations, starting with some new element of the garlands created in the sixth step.

8. Evaluation and selection of rational options for ideas. Generating new options for solving problems at previous steps usually gives a fairly large set of options. Among the many irrational, trivial and even ridiculous ideas, as a rule, there will always be original and rational ones. It is recommended to select options in several stages. First, obviously irrational options are crossed out, then original ones of dubious usefulness are selected, but are attractive due to their unexpectedness. It is advisable to study the list of such options with the involvement of experts or creative team. The list of rational solutions includes options that best meet the goals and production requirements.

9. The selection of the best option from rational ones is carried out in different ways. The method of expert assessments is very simple and effective.

Examples of using associations and metaphors in advertising

Wild, wild Raid. Idea of Stanislav Stroganov and Alexander Ilyin

More creative techniques

Brainstorming is a method of searching for ideas that was proposed by Alex Osborne (USA) in the 40s. XX century The goal of brainstorming is to generate as many different ideas as possible. The essence of the method is to teach participants not to be afraid of fantastic ideas: they are easier to “tame” than to come up with. This method awakens tired imaginations. The main provisions of the method: collective search for ideas, separation […]

Methods of associative search for ideas help to establish connections between concepts, allow you to generalize information, update information stored in memory, and give impetus to creative thinking. You've probably noticed how a randomly heard word or some seen object gives rise to seemingly unrelated images and activates your imagination. This is how associative thinking works. What are associations? Association is a connection between individual ideas, […]

What is an Ideas Conference? Behind this simple name lies a carefully developed methodology for conducting a meeting organized to generate the ideas the company needs. The authors of the methodology are Gilde W. and Starke K. (1970). This method involves thoughtful selection of participants, careful preparation and a certain algorithm of actions. Who is invited to the ideas conference? Managers and ordinary employees who constantly deal with the problem under discussion, as well as newcomers free from stereotypes who are able to look at the state of affairs from the outside, are invited to the conference of ideas using the Gilde method. Each participant must know that [...]

Method test questions is a creative technique that allows you to use a list of questions to consider a problem from different angles and find a non-standard solution. It will be useful for designers, copywriters, engineers, screenwriters, scientists, and anyone who needs to find a non-trivial solution. It should be said that this technique does not have an author as such. Equally, many techniques use lists of questions. The sequence of actions when using the method […]

Romanin A.N. Basics of psychotherapy: Textbook

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, author of the scientific work - Ivanova Nina Anatolyevna

Related topics scientific works on sociological sciences, the author of the scientific work is Nina Anatolyevna Ivanova

Free association method in empirical sociological research

Memory Feature

Associative method

What are associations?

How to create associations?

What are associations?

Features of associative thinking

Types of associations

Focal object method

Method “Garland of Associations and Metaphors”

Stages of the “garlands of associations” method

Examples of using associations and metaphors in advertising

More creative techniques

Password recovery