home / Our children/ Academic titles and degrees. What is the difference between an academic degree and an academic title? Associate Professor scientific title

Academic titles and degrees. What is the difference between an academic degree and an academic title? Associate Professor scientific title

Academic degrees

Academic degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.

To obtain the degree of candidate or doctor of science, it is necessary to prepare a dissertation and defend it at a meeting of the dissertation council created at a university, research institute or other scientific institution. To defend a dissertation for a doctorate degree, it is currently necessary to have a candidate of science degree; defense of a dissertation for a doctorate degree is not provided for by persons who do not have a candidate degree, in accordance with the current “Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees”. It should be noted that the correspondence or relatedness of branches of science and specialties previously received (sequentially) of higher education, the degree of Candidate of Sciences and the degree of Doctor of Sciences is in fact not regulated in any way, except in cases of seeking academic degrees in medical and veterinary sciences, which are possible only if you have applicant for higher medical (veterinary) education. In fact, in practice, cases of obtaining a higher degree in a branch of science and a specialty unrelated to the existing one are recognized as quite acceptable and are not in any way limited by the Higher Attestation Commission: for example, a candidate of economic sciences by engineers (mathematicians, chemists), a doctorate of economic sciences by candidates, for example, of technical and physical sciences. mathematical sciences, etc.

In parallel, there are similar degrees of Doctor of Law, Theology, etc., awarded by an accredited institution of higher education. Doctor of Laws (DL), Doctor of Medicine (DM), Business Administration (DBA), etc. degrees are in many countries considered to constitute a professional rather than an academic/research doctorate, i.e. the degree holder is expected to be engaged in a general occupation , practical activity, not science. Obtaining such degrees also does not require independent scientific research, so a professional doctorate is not usually considered an advanced degree. Whether a degree is classified as a professional or research doctorate varies by country and even by university; Thus, in the USA and Canada the degree of Doctor of Medicine is professional, and in Great Britain, Ireland and many countries of the British Commonwealth it is research. A number of UK universities (including Oxford and Cambridge) even include the Doctor of Medicine degree in the higher doctorate (roughly equivalent to the Doctor of Science in Russia), requiring significant contribution into medical science.

Academic titles

In Russia, academic titles are currently divided into the titles of associate professor (or professor) by specialty And by department. Since 2011, academic titles both in the department and in the specialty are awarded by orders of the Minister of Education and Science on the recommendation of the Higher Attestation Commission. The qualification requirements for applicants for academic titles in the department and in the specialty are somewhat different, for example, to apply for the academic title of professor in the department, you must be the author (co-author) of textbooks or teaching aids, which is not required for the title of professor in a specialty. But a professor in his specialty needs larger number persons who defended candidate dissertations under his supervision: for a professor in the department - as a rule, no less than two, for a professor in the specialty - as a rule, no less than five.

In addition, the requirements differ within each category (professor in the department, associate professor in the department, professor in the specialty, associate professor in the specialty). Thus, it is allowed to assign the academic title of professor in the department to persons who have an academic degree of Candidate of Sciences, and associate professor to persons who do not have an academic degree, but the requirements for them are much stricter than for applicants who have the academic degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences, respectively. Special requirements are imposed on applicants for the academic title who are workers of culture and art and have the corresponding honorary titles (People's Artist, Honored Artist, etc.), as well as employees physical culture and sports, having the title of Honored Trainer. In addition, it is allowed to assign the academic title of professor in the department to major specialists who have received international or Russian recognition in the relevant field of knowledge.

According to the current system in Russia and Belarus, to obtain the academic title of professor it is not necessary to have the academic title of associate professor.

Previous academic degrees and titles

The academic title of senior researcher is currently not awarded in the Russian Federation; it is equivalent to the title of associate professor in the specialty. Previously (and also currently in Ukraine and some other post-Soviet states), the title of senior researcher was awarded to employees of research institutes, and the qualification requirements for applicants for this title did not include teaching work in universities, unlike the title of associate professor.

Until the 1950s in the USSR there was the academic title of “senior laboratory assistant”.

Before the revolution, in the scientific and educational system of Russia there were academic degrees of full student, candidate (more precisely, candidate of the university), master's and doctor, academic titles of adjunct, privat-docent, associate professor, associate professor, extraordinary professor, ordinary professor, emeritus professor. This entire hierarchy was abolished in its entirety in 1918 (although some of the listed degrees and titles were abolished back in the 19th century). Academic degrees in Russian Empire gave the right to receive ranks of a certain class (see Table of Ranks).

Status of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia

Before the implementation of the Bologna recommendations, bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia do not refer to academic degrees, but to qualifications (degrees) of graduates educational institutions higher vocational education.

Nomenclature of academic degrees

Depending on the specialty in which the dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the academic degrees.

Honorary degree

An honorary degree of Doctor of Science (Honor Doctor or Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa) is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without completing a course of study and without taking into account mandatory requirements (for publications, defense, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and who have gained fame in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are involved in teaching activities and give lectures in best universities many countries of the world. An honorary Doctor of Science degree is not awarded in medicine.

An honorary degree may be awarded or withdrawn.

Non-governmental organizations

Religious organizations can award candidate (doctor) degrees in theological sciences (or theology), award the titles of professor and associate professor, etc. Other non-governmental organizations can also award various academic degrees and titles, up to academician (see Non-state academies). However, all these degrees and titles are not legally recognized as such in Russia and do not give their holders the rights provided for by law Russian Federation.

Contemporary discussions

Notes

Academic degrees in the world

Academic degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.

B.S. levels and M.S. refer, in the Russian interpretation, to a university, and Ph.D. - to postgraduate education. There are countries where not one, but two postgraduate levels are provided: for example, in Germany there is an analogue of the Ph.D. (German: Doktorgrad) and there is a higher habilitation in the hierarchy (German: Habilitation). Russia is one of the countries with a two-stage system of postgraduate academic degrees.

Academic degrees in Russia

Story

Academic degrees in the Russian Empire

The first attempts to award academic degrees in the Russian Empire were made in the 18th century at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Moscow University. The procedure for exponentiation was based on European models (it was necessary to write an essay, pass a debate and exams) and took place outside the legislative field, only as the use of the attributes of European science.

The University Charter of 1884 abolished the concepts of candidate and full student, introducing instead the gradation of university diplomas of the 1st and 2nd degrees and leaving the dual system of degrees “master-doctorate”. The latter was the prototype of the Soviet/Russian system “candidate of sciences - doctor of sciences”.

Post-revolutionary period

Current academic degrees

Degree system. Award procedure

An analogue of the Russian degree of Candidate of Sciences in most countries is the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and equivalent degrees. Analogs Russian doctor sciences do not exist in countries with a “single-stage” system of postgraduate degrees (for example, in the USA), and in countries with a “two-stage” system such an analogue is a higher-level degree (in Germany - a habilitation doctor).

List of branches of science and academic degrees

Status of Bachelor and Master levels in Russia

On optimization of the degree system

Discussions on a global scale

One of the important areas of global modern discussions about the system of academic titles is the issue of its international unification within the framework of the Bologna process. It is necessary that the levels of higher education in all countries become as similar as possible, and the degrees awarded are easily comparable. Such unification should facilitate international scientific exchange.

Another direction is related to the specification of the status of academic degrees above Doctor of Philosophy and its equivalents. Among others, the option of abolishing such degrees is being considered. For example, in Germany, habilitation is no longer an absolutely necessary element for admitting an employee to professorships, as was traditionally the case previously.

Various private issues of optimizing the rank system in a specific country or group of countries are also raised.

Internal Russian discussions

Currently, there is a discussion regarding the possibility of transferring the scientific and qualification powers of the Higher Attestation Commission to the scientific councils of universities and research institutes (including non-state ones), as has been done in many Western countries. Opponents of such a transfer express the opinion of the inevitable devaluation of the system of academic degrees and titles as a result of the loss of state control over the certification of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel. One of the consequences of the public discussion can be considered the project “Concept for modernizing the system of certification of highly qualified scientific personnel in the Russian Federation”, implemented by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

This document, along with the provisions on the transfer of part of the powers of the Higher Attestation Commission to universities, provides for the possibility of public professional certification of highly qualified personnel not related to scientific and scientific-pedagogical activities. It is proposed that the award procedure exists in a number of states, but is not officially approved in Russia. professional doctoral degrees similar to those provided for in the UNESCO International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). This certification model, new for the Russian Federation, has practically existed since 1998.

In 2017, the Ministry of Education and Science proposed to allow the receipt of academic degrees in the medical and veterinary branches of science only by persons with a master's or specialist qualification, respectively, in the field of medicine and veterinary medicine.

Honorary degree

An honorary doctorate (lat. honoris causa - for the sake of honor) is awarded without defending a dissertation, on the basis of the applicant’s significant services to science or culture.

Notes

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 24, 2013 N 842 “On the procedure for awarding academic degrees” (undefined) . Rossiyskaya newspaper (01.10.2013). Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Hawkins C. F. Write the MD Thesis // How To Do It. - 2nd edition. - London: British Medical Association, 1985. - ISBN 0-7279-0186-9.
, With. 63.
Kozlova L. A.“Without a dissertation defense”: status organization of social sciences in the USSR, 1933-1935 // Sociological Journal. - 2001. - No. 2. - pp. 145-159.
Imperial Moscow University: 1755-1917: encyclopedic Dictionary/ comp. A. Yu. Andreev, D. A. Tsygankov. - M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2010. 894 p.: ill.

In the Russian Federation, academic degrees have been established - doctor and candidate of sciences and academic titles - professor and associate professor in a specialty, professor and associate professor in a department (see the Unified Register of Academic Degrees and Academic Titles). The regulations determine the procedure for awarding academic degrees, including determining the criteria that dissertations must meet, the procedure for the work of the dissertation council and the consideration of dissertations by the Higher Attestation Commission, making decisions on the nostrification of academic degrees, the procedure for depriving (restoring) academic degrees and other issues - see .:

List of programs for candidate examinations in history and philosophy of science, foreign languages and special disciplines. Appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 8, 2007 No. 274

About candidate exams. Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated July 12, 2011 No. SI-754/04

On the placement of advertisements for defense and files of abstracts of dissertations on the Internet. Letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated September 8, 2011

On posting announcements about defenses and abstracts of doctoral and master's theses. Information message from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated November 24, 2011.

By order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, two instructions were approved - Instructions on the procedure for submitting materials on the creation of new, changing existing dissertation councils in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Instructions on the procedure for submitting for assignment of academic titles to military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - see:

On the awarding of academic degrees and conferring academic titles to military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of February 12, 2004 No. 44

Deferment for graduate students from conscription for military service

Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated April 18, 2011 No. 04-258<По вопросу предоставления отсрочки от призыва на военную службу на время обучения в очной аспирантуре>

Nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers

Before December 31, 2009, advice on defending doctoral and candidate dissertations must be brought into line with the Nomenclature of Specialties scientific workers:

Nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers. Approved by Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated February 25, 2009 No. 59

Salaries and additional payments (allowances) for titles and degrees

In the public sector and in government institutions, as well as for military personnel, salaries and additional payments (allowances) for academic degrees and titles are established:

On the establishment of salaries for the titles of full members and corresponding members of state academies of sciences. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 22, 2008 No. 386

On the amount of monthly additional payments for academic degrees to civilian personnel of budgetary institutions (organizations) of science of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and military educational institutions of higher professional education of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the duration of annual paid leave of scientific workers of budgetary institutions (organizations) of science of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation who have an academic degree degree . Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2003 No. 120

On the establishment of allowances for an academic degree and (or) academic rank for employees of certain federal executive authorities and military personnel performing military service under a contract. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2006 No. 343

Expired:
On the establishment of a bonus (additional payment) for an academic degree for certain categories of military personnel undergoing military service under contract, and employees of internal affairs bodies. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of April 1, 2004 No. 211. - The document has lost force due to the publication of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 31, 2012 No. 60
On the establishment of salaries for the titles of full members and corresponding members Russian Academy Sciences, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Russian Academy of Education, the Russian Academy of Arts and the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences and additional payments for the academic degrees of Doctor of Sciences and Candidate of Sciences. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 6, 1994 No. 807. - The document has lost force due to the publication of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 29, 2014 No. 245

Academic degrees

Academic degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.

In parallel, there are similar degrees of Doctor of Law, Theology, etc., awarded by an accredited institution of higher education. Doctor of Laws (DL), Doctor of Medicine (DM), Business Administration (DBA), etc. degrees are in many countries considered to constitute a professional rather than an academic/research doctorate, i.e. the degree holder is expected to be engaged in a general occupation , practical activity, not science. Obtaining such degrees also does not require independent scientific research, so a professional doctorate is not usually considered an advanced degree. Whether a degree is classified as a professional or research doctorate varies by country and even by university; Thus, in the USA and Canada the degree of Doctor of Medicine is professional, and in Great Britain, Ireland and many countries of the British Commonwealth it is research. A number of UK universities (including Oxford and Cambridge) even include the Doctor of Medicine degree as a higher doctorate (roughly equivalent to the Doctor of Science in Russia), which requires a significant contribution to medical science.

Academic titles

In Russia, academic titles are currently divided into the titles of associate professor (or professor) by specialty And by department. Since 2011, academic titles both in the department and in the specialty are awarded by orders of the Minister of Education and Science on the recommendation of the Higher Attestation Commission. The qualification requirements for applicants for academic titles in the department and in the specialty are somewhat different, for example, to apply for the academic title of professor in the department, you must be the author (co-author) of textbooks or teaching aids, which is not required for the title of professor in the specialty. But a professor in a specialty needs a larger number of people who have defended candidate dissertations under his supervision: for a professor in a department - as a rule, at least two, for a professor in a specialty - as a rule, at least five.

In addition, the requirements differ within each category (professor in the department, associate professor in the department, professor in the specialty, associate professor in the specialty). Thus, it is allowed to assign the academic title of professor in the department to persons who have an academic degree of Candidate of Sciences, and associate professor to persons who do not have an academic degree, but the requirements for them are much stricter than for applicants who have the academic degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences, respectively. Special requirements are imposed on applicants for the academic title who are workers in culture and art and have the corresponding honorary titles (People's Artist, Honored Artist, etc.), as well as workers in physical culture and sports who have the title of Honored Trainer. In addition, it is allowed to assign the academic title of professor in the department to major specialists who have received international or Russian recognition in the relevant field of knowledge.

According to the current system in Russia and Belarus, to obtain the academic title of professor it is not necessary to have the academic title of associate professor.

Previous academic degrees and titles

Until the 1950s in the USSR there was the academic title of “senior laboratory assistant”.

Before the revolution, in the scientific and educational system of Russia there were academic degrees of full student, candidate (more precisely, candidate of the university), master's and doctor, academic titles of adjunct, privat-docent, associate professor, associate professor, extraordinary professor, ordinary professor, emeritus professor. This entire hierarchy was abolished in its entirety in 1918 (although some of the listed degrees and titles were abolished back in the 19th century). Academic degrees in the Russian Empire gave the right to receive ranks of a certain class (see Table of Ranks).

Status of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia

Before the implementation of the Bologna recommendations, bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia do not refer to academic degrees, but to qualifications (degrees) of graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education.

Nomenclature of academic degrees

Depending on the specialty in which the dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the academic degrees.

Honorary degree

An honorary degree of Doctor of Science (Honor Doctor or Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa) is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without completing a course of study and without taking into account mandatory requirements (for publications, defense, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and who have gained fame in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are attracted to teaching and give lectures at the best universities in many countries around the world. An honorary Doctor of Science degree is not awarded in medicine.

An honorary degree may be awarded or withdrawn.

Non-governmental organizations

Contemporary discussions

Notes

Related links

Website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Baleevskikh L.S., Muranov A.I. Domestic history of normative regulation of nomenclatures of specialties of scientific workers in relation to jurisprudence // Jurisprudence. - 2008. - No. 5. - P. 243-259.

Qualifications, degrees and titles in science and education
University graduates

ACADEMIC TITLES, DEGREES- officially accepted indicators of the level of scientific or pedagogical qualifications of specialists, their achievements in the development of science, technology, culture and training of personnel with higher education. In the Soviet Union U. z., p. are awarded to specialists with higher education who have deep professional knowledge and scientific work in a particular branch of science.

IN different countries We have our own historically established terminology and nomenclature. IN pre-revolutionary Russia there were bachelor's degrees (late Latin baccalaureus), master's degrees (lat. magister teacher), doctor of sciences. The master's degree was awarded by university departments in specialties other than medicine, which immediately awarded the doctor of medicine degree, bypassing the master's degree. The following academic titles were awarded: assistant (lat. assistens helping), associate professor (lat. docens teaching), professor (lat. professor teacher), ordinary professor (lat. ordinarius ordinary) - occupying a department, extraordinary professor (lat. extraordinarius peculiar) - not occupying a department.

In the Soviet Union U. z., p. introduced by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated January 13, 1934 in order to encourage scientific work and advanced training of research and teaching staff. The academic degrees of candidate and doctor of sciences, academic titles - professor, associate professor, senior researcher, assistant, junior researcher have been established.

In accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated December 29, 1975, a strict procedure for awarding U.S., s. According to this provision, the academic degree of Doctor of Science “is awarded by a decision of the Presidium of the USSR Higher Attestation Commission on the basis of a petition from a specialized council at a higher educational institution or research institution (research and production association), accepted after the public defense of a doctoral dissertation and the conclusion of the corresponding expert council of the USSR Higher Attestation Commission on the submitted dissertation " The scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences is awarded by decision of the specialized academic council of a higher educational institution or research institution (research and production association) to persons who, as a rule, have the appropriate higher education who have successfully passed the candidate exams and publicly defended a dissertation for the academic degree of candidate (medical, economic, pedagogical, etc.) sciences (see Medical dissertations). Applicants for the academic degrees of candidate and doctor of science must demonstrate the ability to independently scientific research, ability to develop relevant scientific problems, which have important theoretical and practical significance. An applicant for a doctorate degree must also prove himself to be a creative researcher. capable of posing and solving problems at a high scientific level theoretical problems and major national economic problems that represent a significant contribution to science and practice.

The Higher Attestation Commission (HAC of the USSR), as a control procedure, reviews all candidate and doctoral dissertations defended in specialized academic councils, after which the board of the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR makes a decision on issuing a diploma of a candidate of sciences, and the presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission - on issuing a diploma of a doctor of sciences. The Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR, on the basis of the conclusion of the relevant expert council, has the right to cancel the decision of the specialized council to award academic degrees.

The scientific degree of Doctor of Science is awarded, as a rule, to persons who have a Candidate of Science degree in the relevant branch of science. Persons who have received the academic degrees of Doctor of Science or Candidate of Science are issued a uniform diploma on behalf of the USSR Higher Attestation Commission.

Academic titles professor, associate professor, senior researcher are assigned by the USSR Higher Attestation Commission on the recommendation of academic councils of universities or research institutions (scientific and production associations), which have the right to file a petition for the assignment of the corresponding academic titles to persons who have an academic doctorate degree (for the assignment of the title of professor ) or candidate of sciences, the required scientific and pedagogical work in the relevant position and have proven themselves to be highly qualified teachers, scientists and creators of scientific schools and directions. The academic title of professor is assigned by decision of the presidium, the title of associate professor and senior researcher - by the decision of the board of the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR. At the institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the academies of sciences of the union republics, the academic ranks of senior research fellows are awarded to persons holding the academic degrees of Doctor or Candidate of Sciences by the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences upon the recommendation of the academic councils of research institutions. Professors, associate professors, seniors researchers uniform certificates are issued.

In the USSR, as in many other countries, there are honorary academic degrees and titles. So, for example, an honorary doctor (of a certain branch of science), an honorary professor of an educational institution, an honored worker of science, etc. These academic degrees and titles are awarded to scientists for outstanding achievements in science and technology, including foreign scientists .

In the USSR there are also the highest academic scientific titles: corresponding member and full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences or union republics and certain branch academies, including the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Corresponding members are elected by the relevant departments of the Academy of Sciences and approved by the general meeting of the Academy. Full members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, union republics and branch academies are elected by the general meeting of the academy.

In some socialist countries, the certification system for scientific workers and the list of academic degrees differs from those adopted in the USSR. So, for example, in Hungary the first academic degree is a doctor of the university (awarded to university graduates who have passed 2-3 special exams and defended their work on the university commission), the second degree is a candidate of sciences and the third degree is a doctor of sciences. They are awarded by the Academy of Sciences. The scientific degree of Doctor of the University gives the right to occupy the position of assistant teacher, and the scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences gives the right to occupy the position of assistant professor and head of the department. Confirmation of the position of professor is carried out by resolution of the Council of Ministers.

In the GDR, the scientific degree of a doctor in the relevant field is equivalent to the degree of candidate of science in the corresponding field in the USSR, doctor-ha-bil (lat. habilitas suitability, ability) - the position of associate professor or professor.

The scientific degree of doctor accepted in Poland is equivalent to the degree of candidate of sciences in the USSR. Universities accept such scientific and pedagogical titles as assistant, professor (extraordinary, ordinary). Researchers in the position of professor are approved by the State Council, and from that moment on they are considered to have the title of professor.

In capitalist countries, as a rule, each higher education institution has its own system for awarding academic degrees; All these systems are not unified. However, the main systems for certification of scientific personnel are Anglo-American and French. The Anglo-American system provides bachelor's, master's, Ph.D., or PhD degrees. The academic degree of Bachelor of Science (or Arts) is awarded to graduates of English or American higher education institutions. educational establishments and those who passed special exams, and sometimes defended a small abstract paper. The scientific degree of Master of Science (Arts) is received by persons who have a bachelor's degree and have completed an additional course of study for 1-2 years, and in some universities, in addition, who have defended a dissertation like thesis. The scientific degree of Doctor of Philosophy or, in some high fur boots, Doctor of Science is awarded to persons who have defended relevant dissertations. In Burma, India, Iran and many other countries, persons who graduate from higher educational institutions with a 4-6 year period of study without defending work are awarded a bachelor's degree. French system Certification provides for bachelor's, licentiate, advanced, and doctorate degrees. A bachelor's degree indicates completion of high school. The licentiate degree is obtained by persons in the 2nd-4th years of study in higher school who have passed the exams and completed coursework. This degree gives the right to work as a teacher in high school. The Agrege degree is awarded to university graduates who have passed additional exams and defended his dissertation. The agrege degree gives the right to be a teacher in lyceums. The scientific degree of doctor is awarded to persons who have defended relevant dissertations. Academic titles in capitalist countries, as a rule, are awarded to persons holding the position of professor or head of department.

The equivalence of educational diplomas, academic degrees, and scientific qualifications is determined by special intergovernmental conventions.

G.N. Sobolevsky.

Academic titles and degrees. What is the difference between an academic degree and an academic title? Associate Professor scientific title

Academic degrees

Academic titles

Previous academic degrees and titles

Status of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia

Nomenclature of academic degrees

Honorary degree

Non-governmental organizations

Contemporary discussions

Notes

Related links

Encyclopedic YouTube

Subtitles

Academic degrees in the world

Academic degrees in Russia

Story

Academic degrees in the Russian Empire

Post-revolutionary period

Current academic degrees

Degree system. Award procedure

List of branches of science and academic degrees

Status of Bachelor and Master levels in Russia

On optimization of the degree system

Discussions on a global scale

Internal Russian discussions

Honorary degree

see also

Notes

Deferment for graduate students from conscription for military service

Nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers

Salaries and additional payments (allowances) for titles and degrees

Academic degrees

Academic titles

Previous academic degrees and titles

Status of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia

Nomenclature of academic degrees

Honorary degree

Non-governmental organizations

Contemporary discussions

Notes

Related links

Password recovery