A complete list of negative moral qualities of a person with a description. Positive character traits of a person, a list of good personality traits What are the personality qualities and character traits

When a new personality is born, it receives a unique character as a gift. Human nature can consist of traits inherited from parents, or it can manifest itself in a completely different, unexpected quality.

Nature not only determines behavioral reactions, it specifically influences the manner of communication, attitude towards others and oneself, and towards work. A person's character traits create a certain worldview in an individual.

A person’s behavioral reactions depend on character

Temperament or character?

These two definitions create confusion because they both play a role in shaping personality and behavior. In fact, character and temperament are heterogeneous:

1. Character is formed from a list of certain acquired qualities mental make-up personality.
2. Temperament is a biological quality. Psychologists distinguish four types of it: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic.

Having the same temperament, individuals can have completely different characters. But temperament has an important influence on the development of nature - smoothing or exacerbating it. Also, human nature directly affects temperament.

What is character

Psychologists, speaking about character, mean a certain combination of individual traits that are persistent in their expression. These traits have the maximum impact on the behavioral line of the individual in diverse relationships:

• among people;
• in the work team;
• to one's own personality;
• to the surrounding reality;
• to physical and mental labor.

The word "character" is of Greek origin and means "to mint." This definition was introduced into everyday use by the natural scientist Ancient Greece, philosopher Theophrastus. Such a word really, very accurately defines the nature of an individual.

Theophrastus was the first to coin the term "character"

The character seems to be drawn as a unique drawing; it gives birth to a unique stamp, which is worn by the individual in a single copy.

To put it simply, character is a set, a combination of stable individual mental characteristics.

How to understand nature

To understand what kind of nature an individual has, you need to analyze all his actions. It is behavioral reactions that determine examples of character and characterize personality.

But such a judgment is often subjective. A person does not always react the way his intuition tells him. Actions are influenced by upbringing, life experience, and customs of the environment where the person lives.

But you can understand what kind of character a person has. Observing and analyzing for a long time actions of a certain person, it is possible to identify individual, especially stable traits. If a person behaves the same way in completely different situations, showing similar reactions, makes the same decision, this indicates the presence of a certain nature.

Knowing which character traits are manifested and predominant in an individual, one can predict how he will manifest himself in a given situation.

Character and its traits

A character trait is an important part of a personality; it is a stable quality that determines the interaction between a person and the surrounding reality. This is the defining method of resolving emerging situations, therefore psychologists consider a personality trait as a predictable personal behavior.

Variety of characters

A person acquires characteristics of character throughout his entire life; it is impossible to classify individual traits of nature as innate and characterological. To analyze and assess a personality, a psychologist not only determines the totality of individual characteristics, but also identifies their distinctive features.

It is character traits that are defined as primary in the study and compilation of psychological characteristics of a person.

But, when defining and assessing a person, studying behavioral traits in social terms, the psychologist also uses knowledge of the meaningful orientation of nature. It is defined in:

• strength-weakness;
• breadth-narrowness;
• static-dynamic;
• integrity-contradiction;
• integrity-fragmentation.

Such nuances constitute a general, complete characteristic a certain person.

List of personality traits

Human nature is a complex combination of unique traits that forms a unique system. This order includes the brightest, most stable personal qualities, revealed in gradations of human-society relationships:

Relationship system	Inherent Traits of an Individual
	Pros	Cons
To self	Pickiness	Condescension
	Self-criticism	Narcissism
	Meekness	Boastfulness
	Altruism	Egocentrism
To the people around you	Sociability	Closedness
	Complacency	Callousness
	Sincerity	Deceit
	Justice	Injustice
	Community	Individualism
	Sensitivity	Callousness
	Courtesy	Shamelessness
To work	Organization	Laxity
	Mandatory	Cluelessness
	Performance	Sloppiness
	Enterprise	Inertia
	Hard work	Laziness
To items	Economy	Wastefulness
	Thoroughness	Negligence
	Neatness	Negligence

In addition to the character traits included by psychologists in the gradation of relationships (as a separate category), manifestations of nature in the moral, temperamental, cognitive and sthenic spheres were highlighted:

• moral: humanity, toughness, sincerity, good nature, patriotism, impartiality, responsiveness;
• temperamental: passion, sensuality, romance, liveliness, receptivity; passion, frivolity;
• intellectual (cognitive): analytical, flexible, inquisitive, resourceful, efficient, critical, thoughtful;
• sthenic (volitional): categoricalness, persistence, obstinacy, stubbornness, determination, timidity, courage, independence.

Many leading psychologists are inclined to believe that some personality traits should be divided into two categories:

1. Productive (motivational). Such traits push a person to perform certain actions and actions. These are goal-traits.
2. Instrumental. Giving personality during any activity individuality and method (manner) of action. These are methods-traits.

Gradation of character traits according to Allport

Allport's theory

The famous American psychologist Gordon Allport, an expert and developer of gradations of an individual’s personal characteristics, divided personality traits into three classes:

Dominant. Such traits most clearly reveal the behavioral form: actions, activities of a certain person. These include: kindness, selfishness, greed, secrecy, gentleness, modesty, greed.

Ordinary. They manifest themselves equally in all numerous areas of human life. These are: humanity, honesty, generosity, arrogance, altruism, egocentrism, cordiality, openness.

Secondary. These nuances do not have a particular impact on behavioral reactions. These are not dominant behaviors. These include musicality, poetry, diligence, and diligence.

A strong relationship is formed between a person’s existing personality traits. This pattern forms the final character of the individual.

But any existing structure has its own hierarchy. The human warehouse was no exception. This nuance is traced in Allport's proposed gradation structure, where minor traits can be suppressed by dominant ones. But in order to predict an individual’s actions, it is necessary to focus on the entire set of personality traits.

What is typicality and individuality?

The manifestation of the nature of each person always reflects the individual and typical. This is a harmonious combination of personal qualities, because the typical serves as the basis for identifying the individual.

What is a typical character. When a person has a certain set of traits that are the same (common) for a specific group of people, such a warehouse is called typical. It is like a mirror, reflecting the accepted and habitual conditions of existence of a particular group.

Also, typical features depend on the warehouse (a certain type of nature). They are also a condition for the emergence of a behavioral type of character into the category of which a person is “recorded.”

Having understood exactly what characteristics are inherent in a given personality, a person can be drawn up an average (typical) psychological portrait and assigned a certain type of temperament. For example:

Positive	Negative
Choleric
Activity	Incontinence
Energy	Hot temper
Sociability	Aggressiveness
Determination	Irritability
Initiative	Rudeness in communication
Impulsiveness	Unstable behavior
Phlegmatic person
Perseverance	Low activity
Performance	Slowness
Calm	Inactivity
Consistency	Unsociability
Reliability	Individualism
Integrity	Laziness
Sanguine
Sociability	Aversion to monotony
Activity	Superficiality
Goodwill	Lack of persistence
Adaptability	Poor perseverance
Cheerfulness	frivolity
Courage	Recklessness in actions
Resourcefulness	Inability to concentrate
Melancholic
Sensitivity	Closedness
Impressionability	Low activity
Performance	Unsociability
Restraint	Vulnerability
Cordiality	Shyness
Accuracy	Poor performance

Such typical character traits, corresponding to a certain temperament, are observed in each (to one degree or another) representative of the group.

Individual manifestation. Relationships between individuals always have an evaluative characteristic; they are manifested in a rich variety of behavioral reactions. The manifestation of an individual’s individual traits is greatly influenced by emerging circumstances, the formed worldview and a certain environment.

This characteristic is reflected in the vividness of the individual's various typical features. They vary in intensity and develop individually for each individual.

Some typical traits manifest themselves so powerfully in a person that they become not just individual, but unique.

In this case, typicality develops, by definition, into individuality. This personality classification helps to identify the negative characteristics of an individual that prevent them from expressing themselves and achieving a certain position in society.

By working on himself, analyzing and correcting shortcomings in his own character, each person creates the life he strives for.

Every person is endowed with a unique, personal character from birth. A child can inherit certain traits from his parents, some show them to a greater extent, while others are completely different from any of the family members. But character is not the behavior of parents projected onto the child, it is more complex mental phenomenon. The list of positive ones is very long. In this article we will try to highlight the main character traits.

person?

Translated from Greek, the word “character” means “distinctive feature, sign.” Depending on the type of their psychological organization, people find their soul mates, establish relationships, and build their entire lives. Human character is a unique set of mental characteristics, personality traits that play a decisive role in various aspects of a person’s life and are manifested through his activities.

To understand the character of an individual, it is necessary to analyze his actions en masse. Judgments about morality can be very subjective, because not every person acts as his heart tells him. However, it is possible to identify individual stable character traits by studying behavior for a long time. If a person makes the same decision in different situations, draws similar conclusions and demonstrates a similar reaction, then this indicates that he has one or another trait. For example, if someone is responsible, then his behavior both at work and at home will meet this criterion. If a person is cheerful by nature, a one-time manifestation of sadness against the background of general positive behavior will not become a separate character trait.

Character Formation

The process of character formation begins in early childhood, in the child’s first social contacts with his parents. For example, excessive love and care can later become the key to a stable characteristic of a person’s psyche and make him dependent or spoiled. That is why many parents are especially attentive to instilling positive character traits in their children. They get pets so that the baby can feel what responsibility is, assign him to do small chores around the house, teach him to put away his toys and explain that not all desires and whims can be fulfilled.

The next stage is kindergarten and school. The child already has the basic character traits, but at this stage they can still be corrected: you can wean the little personality off greed and help get rid of excessive shyness. In the future, as a rule, the formation and change of character traits are possible only when working with a psychologist.

Character or temperament?

Very often these two concepts are confused with each other. Indeed, both character and temperament shape human behavior. But they have a fundamentally different nature. Character is a list of acquired mental properties, while temperament is of biological origin. Possessing the same temperament, people can have completely different characters.

There are 4 types of temperament: impetuous and unbalanced choleric, unhurried and imperturbable phlegmatic, easy and optimistic sanguine and emotionally vulnerable melancholic. At the same time, temperament can restrain certain character traits, and vice versa, character can compensate for temperament.

For example, a phlegmatic person with a good sense of humor will still be stingy in showing emotions, but this will not prevent him from demonstrating a sense of humor, laughing and having fun in the appropriate society.

List of positive human qualities

The list of positive and negative qualities of a person is huge. Initially, all definitions regarding the nature and essence of a person, his behavior are subjective. Society has established certain norms that allow us to determine how positive or negative a particular personality trait or action is. However, there are the highest qualities of a person that demonstrate his virtue and good intentions. Their list looks like this:

• altruism;
• reverence for elders;
• kindness;
• fulfillment of promises;
• moral;
• responsibility;
• loyalty;
• perseverance;
• moderation;
• responsiveness;
• honesty;
• sincerity;
• selflessness and others.

These qualities, along with their derivatives, constitute the nature of the true beauty of a person's character. They are laid down in the family; in the process of upbringing, children copy the behavior of their parents, and therefore a well-educated person will have all these highest qualities.

List of negative human qualities

The list of positive and negative qualities of a person can take a long time to form, since there are a lot of them. Attributing to a person the presence of a negative character quality based solely on his action or behavior will be completely wrong. You can't put labels on anyone, even the most well-mannered may actually believe that they are endowed with, say, greed or arrogance. However, if this behavior is a pattern, then the conclusion will be obvious.

The list of negative traits, as well as positive ones, is huge. The most basic and common ones look like this:

• lack of will;
• irresponsibility;
• harmfulness;
• greed;
• malice;
• deceit;
• hypocrisy;
• hatred;
• selfishness;
• intolerance;
• greed and others.

The presence of such character traits in a person is not a diagnosis; they can and should be dealt with even in adult, conscious age, and correct behavior.

Character traits that manifest themselves in relation to other people

We have compiled a list of positive and negative human qualities. Now we will talk about character traits that manifest themselves in relation to other people. The fact is that depending on in relation to whom or what a person performs an action or deed, a specific individual feature of him is revealed. In society, he can demonstrate the following qualities:

• communication skills;
• responsiveness;
• sensitivity to other people's moods;
• respect;
• arrogance;
• egocentrism;
• coarseness;
• isolation and others.

Of course, a lot depends on the conditions in which a person finds himself: even the most open and sociable person can experience problems communicating with a strict, closed and heartless person. But, as a rule, polite people endowed with positive qualities easily adapt to society and suppress their negative traits.

Character traits manifested in work

Building a person’s career directly depends on the qualities of his character. Even the most talented and gifted people can fail because they are not responsible enough for their work and their talent. By doing so, they only harm themselves and do not give themselves the opportunity to reach their full potential.

Or, on the contrary, there are cases where the lack of talent was more than compensated for by special diligence in work. A responsible and careful person will always achieve success. Here is a list of the main character traits:

• hard work;
• responsibility;
• initiative;
• accuracy;
• sloppiness;
• laziness;
• negligence;
• passivity and others.

These two groups of character traits actively overlap with each other, since work activity and communication between people are inseparably linked.

Character traits manifested in relation to oneself

These are the traits that characterize his self-perception in relation to himself. They look like this:

• feeling self-esteem or superiority;
• honor;
• arrogance;
• self-criticism;
• egocentrism;
• self-adoration and others.

Character traits manifested in relation to things

Attitude to things does not affect the building of a person’s social connections, but demonstrates and reveals the best or unsightly qualities of his nature. These are traits such as:

• accuracy;
• thrift;
• scrupulousness;
• sloppiness and others.

Mentality, qualities of a Russian person

Mentality is a very subjective concept, and it is based on stereotypical thinking. However, it cannot be denied that certain traits are inherent in one or another nationality. Russian people are famous for their cordiality and hospitality, and cheerful disposition. The Russian soul throughout the world is considered mysterious and incomprehensible, since Russians are not distinguished by the rationality and logic of their actions, and are often influenced by mood.

Another feature of the Russian people is sentimentality. A Russian person instantly adopts the feelings of another and is always ready to share emotions with him and lend a helping hand. One cannot help but mention another trait - compassion. Historically, Russia has helped its neighbors at all borders of the country, and today only a heartless person will ignore the misfortune of another.

When speaking about such a concept as “human character,” most of us mean a person’s reactions to certain events in his life, as well as the people around him. In fact, this concept is much more complex. Today you will learn about the characteristics of human character, its main types and traits.

Concept, manifestation of character

The concept of “character” in psychological terminology implies (translated from Greek as “seal”) a set of personal characteristics of a person that are formed in the process of growing up and clearly manifest themselves in a person’s life (both personal and social). As a result, stable and uniform behavior is formed in certain situations.

In fact, not all psychological characteristics of a person can be considered permanent character traits. A simple and striking example: a person in a fairly stressful situation showed himself to be rude and unrestrained. Does this mean that such behavior is characteristic of him due to his character? Not at all. Only the regular manifestation of such behavior can indicate a character trait.

The basis of human character is formed by his nervous activity, or rather its type; the dynamics of its manifestation is the environment.

There are many deep definitions and decodings of the set of concepts included in the word “character”. In simple terms, human character is most often understood as:

• a system of stable behavior that forms a personality type;
• the line between the inner world of a person and the external world in which he lives or the way an individual adapts to the environment;
• a clearly defined system of human behavioral reactions to certain stimuli.

It is worth noting that character cannot be called fully formed until a person lives, grows and develops. The formation of a person’s character directly depends on the characteristics of his lifestyle, which include not only the physical, but also the spiritual: thoughts, feelings, motivations, etc.

The content of a person’s character is a complex relationship between social influence and the orientation of the individual, consisting of spiritual/material needs, beliefs, interests, etc.

Character traits

It is worth noting that the direct formation of character occurs under the influence of certain social subgroups to which a person belongs (for example, family, friends, work team, etc.). Depending on which group is dominant for a person, such character traits will develop in him. In addition, a significant role in this process will be played by the position of the individual in the group and the degree of his interaction with it.

In general, several groups of character traits can be distinguished depending on a person’s relationship with the outside world:

1. A person's attitude towards other individuals. This implies the individual’s perception of his own family, colleagues, friends, and simply strangers. Here there is a person’s desire for active communication and, accordingly, character traits accompanying this desire, such as respect for others, collectivism, sensitivity, and kindness towards others. The opposite manifestation is also possible - the desire for limited communication and, accordingly, the traits associated with it - callousness, restraint, contempt for others, etc.
2. A person’s attitude towards his own work and achievements. As in the previous case, it is common for a person to show radically different emotions. Everything depends on his characteristic traits: hard work, creativity, organization, responsibility - with a positive attitude towards one’s own work, and laziness, dishonesty, sloppiness, etc. - with a negative/indifferent attitude towards work.
3. A person's attitude towards himself. An important component in character is a person’s own “I”. This refers to character traits such as self-esteem, pride (a healthy feeling), modesty, or the opposite character traits: conceit, arrogance, resentment, selfishness.
4. A person's attitude towards things. Everything is simple here: a person either cares about the condition of his (and not only) things (neatness, careful handling), or not (sloppiness, negligence, etc.).

The relationship between character and temperament

Many people mistakenly believe that a person’s temperament is initially akin to character and therefore equate these two concepts. The scientific community has officially accepted 4 main views on the interaction of character and temperament:

• Identification (character and temperament are considered equal concepts).
• Contrasting concepts, emphasizing the fundamental difference between them.
• Recognition of temperament as part of character, sometimes even its core.
• Recognizing temperament as the actual foundation for character development.

Despite the radically different scientific views on the concept of character and temperament, it is possible to highlight their general dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, namely the characteristics of his nervous system. It is also worth noting that temperament is more firmly connected with the individual’s nervous system, and therefore is actually the basis for character. Temperament has a decisive influence on the formation of such traits as balance, adequate perception of a given situation, calmness of reaction, etc.

Nevertheless, temperament is not yet a predetermining factor in the formation of character. Thus, the formation of radically different characters with the same temperament is considered a fairly common occurrence.

Basic character types

There are many different theories according to which human character can be divided into several types. Here are some of the most common ones in the scientific community.

Character types according to Kretschmer

According to the famous German psychologist Kretschmer, all individuals living on Earth belong to one of three main groups/character types (the main role in determining a person into one type or another is his physiological data):

• Asthenics. People are of thin build with thin, long arms and legs, and a weak chest. Most often, people from this group have poorly developed muscles. Psychologically, this type corresponds to the schizothymic type of character: people with this type of character are characterized by isolation, stubbornness, and poor adaptation to changes in the environment.
• Athletics. People are quite strong, with well-developed muscles. This type corresponds to the ixothymic type of character: people with this type of character are characterized by calmness, practicality, restraint, authority, etc.
• Picnics. People are quite dense or even overweight, have a large head, a short neck, and a face with small features. The appropriate type of character is sociability, emotionality, quick adaptation to new conditions.

Classification of characters according to Carl Gustav Jung

The famous psychiatrist and psychologist from Switzerland created a simple at first glance, but quite deep classification of characters, since we are talking about the interaction of the conscious with the unconscious. So, K.G. Jung identified three main character types: extrovert, introvert, ambovert.

Thus, the reactions and activities of an extrovert depend to a greater extent on external impressions of events, people, etc. For an introvert, the opposite is true: he is more guided by his own experiences, sensations, etc.

Extroverts are sociable people, pleasant conversationalists, open, cheerful, and have a large number of friends. They always try to take everything from life, they care little about their own health

Introverts are a special type of person who is quite difficult to understand. He is always closed, uncommunicative, strives to analyze everything, is rather suspicious, and has few friends.

Well, and finally, an ambivert is a person who, so to speak, has learned the best from the first two types. This person is an excellent analyst with a subtle soul, prone to periodic “attacks” of loneliness and at the same time capable of “stirring up” a large company with his wit, humor and charisma.

Types of characters according to Hippocrates

Hippocrates is considered the founder of one of the key theories of human essence. True, in distant ancient times, the typology of temperament he created was understood, rather, to be the physical component of a person. And only a couple of centuries ago, the concept of four temperaments that he developed began to be studied from a psychological point of view.

So, there are 4 main types of character/temperament:

• Choleric; a rather passionate, quick-tempered, sometimes aggressive person who finds it quite difficult to control his emotional state and reactions to irritating external factors. A choleric person is characterized by frequent outbursts of anger, mood swings and other sudden changes in behavior. Quickly consumes energy, depleting your reserve of strength.
• Sanguine. A very active and cheerful person, who, like a choleric person, is characterized by sudden mood swings, but at the same time a quick and stable reaction to external factors. A sanguine person is a productive and purposeful person.
• Phlegmatic person. The person is very reserved and shows virtually no emotions. He is unhurried, has a balanced psyche, is persistent and persistent in his work.
• Melancholic. A very impressionable and easily vulnerable person, acutely experiencing his own failures. It reacts quite sharply to external stimuli.

That, perhaps, is all you need to know about a person’s character, his main types, characteristics and manifestations in the world around him. From all of the above, we can draw a simple conclusion: each person is very individual, his personality is complex, multifaceted and unusual.

Each of us has positive and negative qualities, the unique combination of which determines character. The more in a person good features, the faster he gets along with people, the easier his life is.

Naturally, there are no ideal people, but nature has a good and bright beginning in everyone. To achieve harmony with yourself and the world around you, it is absolutely necessary to develop positive character traits. Their list contains many items, besides different people have their own views on this matter, but there are universal qualities that are equally valued (in society) and make a person better. Let's try to list and characterize some of them.

How and when is character formed? Dependence on temperament

According to psychologists, personality is largely influenced by individual characteristics of temperament. Depending on which type predominates in a person and how they combine and interact, the basic qualities of character can be determined.

For example, choleric people are characterized by hot temper and imbalance, while sanguine people are characterized by restlessness and activity. However, if temperament is given to everyone from birth and is unchangeable, then character must be developed and nurtured.

For example, the innate calm and equanimity of a phlegmatic person can manifest itself both as excessive slowness and useful and, undoubtedly, positive determination, perseverance and accuracy. Moreover, character is formed in very early childhood, so it needs to be raised as early as possible.

Inheritance of character and characteristics of upbringing

It is a fairly common belief that positive and negative character traits can be inherited. Many even give examples of how children and grandchildren display the same qualities as members of the older generation. But, according to psychologists, education still plays a much larger role. After all, it is the family that becomes the place where the first values ​​and principles are instilled.

Adults, by their example, show a child from the very first months of his life how he can and cannot behave, laying the foundations of politeness and decency. Those character traits that are valued by parents become important for their children. This could be hard work, responsibility, or, for example, cheerfulness and friendliness.

The connection between character and nationality

Many scientists are actively studying the dependence of basic personal qualities on a person’s belonging to a particular nation. They managed to substantiate quite convincingly that in different countries their own types of character develop.

It is known that the mentality has been formed for more than one century; it largely depends on the characteristics of culture, the history of philosophy and other factors. We can even talk about climate. Thus, representatives of northern peoples tend to accumulate energy. Hence some slowness and thoroughness. Residents of warm southern countries On the contrary, they generously waste energy, they are characterized by ardor and temperament. And, for example, the positive character traits inherent in representatives Slavic peoples- this is generosity, cordiality, a tendency to self-sacrifice.

What is commonly understood as positive traits?

The list of good qualities includes many items. However, everyone will have their own list. However, no one will argue that a person’s success in his personal life and career, his relationships with friends and relatives, and, ultimately, his attitude and perception of himself directly depends on character.

Positive personality traits make life easier and happier. Negative ones, on the contrary, harm primarily the individual himself.

It is quite difficult to classify a person’s good qualities in any way, because they are closely interconnected. However, in order to make it easier to list and characterize them, we will try to distribute them into several groups. After all, in order to build strong relationships or succeed at work, different personal qualities are required. In addition to this, there are also main character traits, without which a person, in principle, cannot be considered positive. We can probably start with them.

Universal qualities

The list of top positive qualities can start with politeness. After all, an ill-mannered, rude, boorish person will not be able to achieve success in any area of ​​life. Politeness, based on basic rules of etiquette, familiar to everyone since childhood, and respectful attitude towards others is what makes us human.

Honor is one of the qualities that makes us a person. This is true nobility of soul, the ability to strictly follow one’s moral principles, without betraying them even in the most difficult life situations, the desire to behave with dignity and always remain human.

Justice is a manifestation of character that helps you be honest with yourself and others. Such a person strives to do the right thing and always remains true to his ideals, openly advocating for what he believes to be right.

Reliability is another of the traits necessary for both harmony in your personal life and career success. A person who has this quality will fulfill his promise, no matter how difficult it may be, and will do his job regardless of others. You can rely on it in any situation, which is why reliability is so valued.

Bravery and bravery, self-confidence are undoubtedly positive qualities. After all, a coward will not be able to achieve any height and maintain it. And heroes and daredevils remain in our hearts and memories for many centuries.

Positive qualities for relationships with other people

Character indicators that have a direct impact on our relationships with other people are undoubtedly important for each of us. After all, a person cannot live in isolation from the collective. One of the most important qualities is friendliness. Such a person treats others warmly, is always ready to help his friends, and does not wish harm to anyone.

Closely associated with it are attentiveness, responsiveness and the ability to empathize. These good qualities of a person help him establish harmonious relationships with loved ones. After all, sincere attention to people and the ability to understand their problems are much more valuable than any gifts.

Sincerity and truthfulness are qualities that have always been worth their weight in gold. A genuine, honest attitude towards others characterizes a person from the most the best side.

Friendliness and openness are two more character traits that help you get along with others and find new friends. Such a person quickly establishes relationships and easily maintains them.

Do not forget about such qualities as hospitality and generosity. Such a person shares his time, things and good mood with loved ones. Offers shelter and food without demanding anything in return. Welcomes guests into your home in a way that makes them feel important and important.

Many more can be added to these qualities. Here are just a few: loyalty, tolerance, generosity, devotion, tact and many others. Possessing these qualities makes a person attractive in the eyes of others.

Qualities that influence success in life and career

The list of positive traits that have a significant impact on success, including in the business sphere, can be opened with such a quality as determination. A person who possesses it knows how to make plans and translate them into reality. He is not distracted by minor details and confidently moves towards his goal.

Activity is also a positive character quality, indispensable in the business sphere. No wonder they say that water does not flow under a lying stone. Active person will not wait for favors from Providence, but builds his own destiny with his own hands, without fear of mistakes and failures.

Accuracy and conscientiousness are two more character traits that have a significant impact on success in business life and beyond. This is the ability to accurately and diligently complete a given task, not forgetting about the smallest details. Neat people are attentive not only to their appearance, but also to their official duties, performing them conscientiously.

A positive person, if we talk about his career, is not only efficient, but also proactive. This quality presupposes the ability to contribute to the common cause and show oneself from the best side, without waiting for instructions from superiors, to look for new, non-standard ways to solve certain problems.

The modern world requires considerable organizational abilities from a person. Moreover, this will be useful not only for people in leadership positions. The ability to captivate with your idea, organize the work process, inspire and encourage action is valued in any situation and in every team.

Flexibility also characterizes a person in the best way. We are talking about the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and respect the decisions of superiors. However, in any situation you should not compromise with your own conscience.

Character traits that improve quality of life

Gratitude and satisfaction are qualities that allow a person to be grateful to life for everything that happens to him. This is the ability to rejoice at every gift of fate, no matter what it brought. Such a person is not afraid to show close people how much he appreciates them, he thanks every new day and has every chance to achieve harmony and become happy.

The ability to judge yourself and your actions is a quality inherent in a truly strong person. Only with the help of an impartial assessment can you avoid mistakes and achieve success in life.

The ability to forgive is a trait that is not so common today, but is necessary for a fulfilling life. Such people do not harbor or remember grievances, they simply let them go. The ability to sincerely forgive and not hold a grudge is a quality inherent in a happy person.

Good quality and floor

Positive and negative qualities largely depend on gender. After all, the requirements for men and women are sometimes radically different, as are the types of character inherent in them.

Representatives of the stronger half of humanity are expected to be reliable, self-confident, and decisive. A real man is ready to support and help with solving any difficulties, you can always rely on him, he is brave and resilient.

But the typical female character, examples of which can be found not only in life, but also in films or books, is usually portrayed in a completely different way. For girls, such qualities as tenderness, patience, kindness, caring and the like are much more valuable.

A real woman is, first of all, a continuator of the family, a keeper of the family, a loving mother and wife. Moreover, some qualities that are positive for girls become completely unacceptable if a man possesses them and vice versa. For example, meekness adorns a woman, but not a man. And excessive perseverance or desperate courage will suit a young man, but is unlikely to be useful to a girl.

How to develop and nurture good qualities?

As mentioned above, it is necessary to cultivate one’s personality from early childhood - first parents do this, later - school. But even in adulthood it is possible and even necessary to develop your good qualities. After all, true strength of character lies not only in what is inherent in childhood, but also to a much greater extent in what is acquired through long-term self-improvement. How can this be achieved?

First of all, you need to soberly evaluate yourself and determine which positive and negative character traits predominate. This is necessary in order to find out in which direction to move, what to develop, and what to eradicate.

After a person chooses those qualities that, in his opinion, need to be cultivated in character, it is necessary to answer another important question: “What is this for?” Perhaps he lacks the determination and activity to properly express himself at work, or he is not brave enough, and this interferes with his personal life.

Positive example plays an important role in character development. Therefore, at the next stage, it would be nice to choose a famous historical or fictional person who has the necessary qualities and imagine yourself in their place, to imagine how this person would behave in a given situation.

And, of course, practice is of paramount importance. It is impossible to cultivate any trait in yourself, be it determination, courage or accuracy, without demonstrating it. In other words, you need to gradually accustom yourself to behave in a new way. And even if this manifests itself at first only in small things, later the acquired habit will become an element of character.

It is important to cultivate different traits in yourself equally, paying attention to all facets of your personality. Only then will development be harmonious and complete. However, when educating yourself, you need to remember about moderation. After all, some positive character traits can easily become negative.

You can often observe how, for example, caution borders on cowardice, thriftiness borders on stinginess, and excessive cheerfulness borders on frivolity. In addition, you can look at almost any life situation from different sides and see how closely good and evil, good and bad, both in a person and in the whole world, coexist.

Do not forget that there are no completely ideal people, but you still need to try to ensure that positive character traits prevail over negative ones. The desire for excellence, constant self-development, the desire to help those in need - this is what makes a person truly positive. And you will see how people around you become kinder.

Character(Greek - sign, distinctive property, distinctive feature, feature, sign or seal) - a structure of persistent, relatively permanent mental properties that determine the characteristics of relationships and behavior of an individual.

When they talk about character, they usually mean just such a set of properties and qualities of a person that leave a certain stamp on all its manifestations and actions. Character traits constitute those essential properties of a person that determine a particular way of behavior or way of life. Character statics are determined by type nervous activity, and its dynamics - the environment.

Character is also understood as:

• a system of stable motives and modes of behavior that form a behavioral type of personality;
• a measure of balance of internal and external worlds, features of an individual’s adaptation to the reality around him;
• a clear definition of the typical behavior of each person.

In the system of personality relationships, there are four groups of character traits that form symptom complexes:

• a person’s attitude towards other people, the team, society (sociability, sensitivity and responsiveness, respect for others - people, collectivism and the opposite traits - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people, individualism);
• traits that show a person’s attitude to work, his business (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness in work, a responsible attitude to work, initiative, perseverance and the opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsible attitude to work, passivity) ;
• traits that show how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, correctly understood pride and the self-criticism associated with it, modesty and its opposite traits - conceit, sometimes turning into arrogance, vanity, arrogance, resentment, shyness, egocentrism as a tendency to consider center of events
• yourself and your experiences, egoism - the tendency to care primarily about your personal good);
• traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things (neatness or sloppiness, careful or careless handling of things).

One of the most famous theories of character is the theory proposed by the German psychologist E. Kretschmer. According to this theory, character depends on physique.

Kretschmer described three body types and three corresponding character types:

Asthenics(from Greek - weak) - people are thin, with long faces. long arms and legs, flat (ore cell and weak muscles. The corresponding type of character is schizothymics- people are closed, serious, stubborn, difficult to adapt to new conditions. In case of mental disorders, they are prone to schizophrenia;

Athletics(from Greek - characteristic of wrestlers) - people are tall, broad-shouldered, with a powerful chest, strong skeleton and well-developed muscles. Corresponding character type - ixothymics- people are calm, unimpressive, practical, domineering, restrained in gestures and facial expressions; They do not like change and do not adapt well to it. In case of mental disorders, they are prone to epilepsy;

Picnics(from Greek - dense. thick) - people of average height, overweight or prone to obesity, with a short neck, large head and a wide face with small features. The corresponding type of character is cyclothymics - people are sociable, sociable, emotional, easily adapting to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to manic-depressive psychosis.

General concept of character and its manifestations

In concept character(from the Greek character - “seal”, “minting”), means a set of stable individual characteristics that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication, determining typical modes of behavior for it.

When determining the character of a person, they do not say that such and such a person showed courage, truthfulness, frankness, that this person is courageous, truthful, frank, i.e. the named qualities are the properties of a given person, his character traits that can manifest themselves under appropriate circumstances. Knowing a Person's Character allows you to predict with a significant degree of probability and thereby correct expected actions and actions. It is often said about a person with character: “He had to do exactly this, he could not have done otherwise - that’s his character.”

However, not all human features can be considered characteristic, but only significant and stable ones. If a person, for example, is not polite enough in a stressful situation, this does not mean that rudeness and intemperance are a property of his character. Sometimes, even very cheerful people can feel sad, but this will not make them whiners and pessimists.

Speaking as a lifetime person, character is determined and formed throughout a person’s life. The way of life includes the way of thoughts, feelings, motives, actions in their unity. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, the person himself is formed. Big role social conditions and specific life circumstances in which the life path of a person, based on his natural properties and as a result of his actions and actions. However, the actual formation of character occurs in groups of different levels of development (groups of friends, class, sports team, etc.). Depending on which group is the reference group for the individual and what values ​​it supports and cultivates in its environment, the corresponding character traits will develop in its members. Character traits will also depend on the individual’s position in the group, on how he integrates into it. In a team as a group high level development, the most favorable opportunities are created for the development of better character traits. This process is mutual, and thanks to the development of the individual, the team itself develops.

Character content, reflecting social influences, influences, constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. her material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the individual determines the goals, life plan of a person, and the degree of his life activity. The character of a person presupposes the presence of something significant for him in the world, in life, something on which the motives of his actions, the goals of his actions, the tasks that he sets for himself depend.

Crucial to understanding character is the relationship between what is socially and personally significant for a person. Every society has its own most important and essential tasks. It is on them that the character of people is formed and tested. Therefore, the concept of “character” refers to a greater extent to the relationship of these objectively existing tasks. Therefore, character is not just any manifestation of firmness, perseverance, etc. (formal persistence may simply be stubbornness), and the focus on social meaningful activity. It is the orientation of the individual that underlies unity, integrity, and strength of character. Possessing goals in life is the main condition for the formation of character. A spineless person is characterized by the absence or scattering of goals. However, the character and direction of a person are not the same thing. Both a decent, highly moral person and a person with low, unscrupulous thoughts can be good-natured and cheerful. The orientation of the individual leaves an imprint on all human behavior. And although behavior is determined not by one impulse, but by an integral system of relationships, in this system something always comes to the fore, dominating it, giving a person’s character a unique flavor.

In a formed character, the leading component is a belief system. Conviction determines the long-term direction of a person’s behavior, his inflexibility in achieving his goals, confidence in the justice and importance of the work he is doing. Character traits are closely related to a person’s interests, provided that these interests are stable and deep. Superficiality and instability of interests are often associated with great imitation, with a lack of independence and integrity of a person’s personality. And, conversely, the depth and content of interests indicate the purposefulness and perseverance of the individual. Similarity of interests does not imply similar character traits. Thus, among rationalizers one can find cheerful and sad people, modest and obsessive people, egoists and altruists.

Indicative for understanding character can also be a person’s attachments and interests associated with his leisure time. They reveal new features, facets of character: for example, L. N. Tolstoy was fond of playing chess, I. P. Pavlov - towns, D. I. Mendeleev - reading adventure novels. Whether a person’s spiritual and material needs and interests dominate is determined not only by the thoughts and feelings of the individual, but also by the direction of his activity. No less important is the correspondence of a person’s actions to the goals set, since a person is characterized not only by what he does, but also by how he does it. Character can only be understood as a certain unity of direction and course of action.

People with similar orientations can take completely different paths to achieving goals, using their own special techniques and methods to achieve this. This dissimilarity also determines the specific character of the individual. Character traits, having a certain motivating force, are clearly manifested in the situation of choosing actions or methods of behavior. From this point of view, the degree of expression of an individual’s achievement motivation—his need to achieve success—can be considered as a character trait. Depending on this, some people are characterized by a choice of actions that ensure success (showing initiative, competitive activity, risk-taking, etc.), while others are more likely to simply avoid failures (deviation from risk and responsibility, avoidance manifestations of activity, initiative, etc.).

Teaching about character - characterology has a long history of development. The most important problems of characterology for centuries have been the establishment of character types and their definition by their manifestations in order to predict human behavior in various situations. Since character is the lifetime formation of a personality, most of its existing classifications are based on grounds that are external, indirect factors in personality development.

One of the most ancient attempts to predict human behavior is to explain his character by his date of birth. Various ways of predicting the fate and character of a person are called horoscopes.

No less popular are attempts to connect a person’s character with his name.

A significant influence on the development of characterology was exerted by physiognomy(from the Greek Physis - “nature”, gnomon - “knowing”) - the doctrine of the connection between the external appearance of a person and his belonging to a certain type of personality, thanks to which external signs can be established psychological characteristics this type.

Palmistry has no less famous and rich history than the physiognomic direction in characterology. Palmistry(from the Greek Cheir - “hand” and manteia - “fortune-telling”, “prophecy”) - a system for predicting a person’s character traits and his fate based on the skin texture of the palms.

Until recently scientific psychology consistently rejected palmistry, but the study of the embryonic development of finger patterns in connection with heredity gave impetus to the emergence of a new branch of knowledge - dermatoglyphics.

Graphology, a science that considers handwriting as a type of expressive movements that reflect the psychological properties of the writer, can be considered more valuable in diagnostic terms compared to, say, physiognomy.

At the same time, unity and versatility of character do not exclude the fact that in different situations the same person exhibits different and even opposite properties. A person can be at the same time very gentle and very demanding, soft and compliant and at the same time firm to the point of inflexibility. And the unity of his character can not only be preserved, despite this, but it is precisely in this that it manifests itself.

The relationship between character and temperament

Character are often compared with, and in some cases these concepts are replaced with each other.

In science, among the dominant views on the relationship between character and temperament, four main ones can be distinguished:

• identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer, A. Ruzhitsky);
• contrasting character and temperament, emphasizing the antagonism between them (P. Viktorv, V. Virenius);
• recognition of temperament as an element of character, its core, an unchangeable part (S. L. Rubinstein, S. Gorodetsky);
• recognition of temperament as the natural basis of character (L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananyev).

Based on a materialistic understanding human phenomena, it should be noted that what character and temperament have in common is dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, and above all on the type of nervous system. The formation of character significantly depends on the properties of temperament, which is more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines character traits such as balanced or unbalanced behavior, ease or difficulty of entering a new situation, mobility or inertness of reaction, etc. However, temperament does not determine character. People with the same temperamental properties can have completely different characters. Features of temperament can promote or counteract the formation of certain character traits. Thus, it is more difficult for a melancholic person to develop courage and determination than for a choleric person. It is more difficult for a choleric person to develop restraint and phlegmatic behavior; a phlegmatic person needs to spend more effort to become sociable than a sanguine person, etc.

However, as B.G. Ananyev believed, if education consisted only of improving and strengthening natural properties, then this would lead to a monstrous uniformity of development. The properties of temperament may, to some extent, even come into conflict with character. In P. I. Tchaikovsky, the tendency to melancholic experiences was overcome by one of the main features of his character - his ability to work. “You always need to work,” he said, “and every honest artist cannot sit with his hands folded, under the pretext that he is not in the mood... If you wait for favor and do not try to meet him, then you can easily fall into laziness and apathy . Dislikes very rarely happen to me. I attribute this to the fact that I am gifted with patience, and I train myself never to give in to reluctance. I learned to conquer myself.”

In a person with a formed character, temperament ceases to be independent form manifestations of personality, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain speed of mental processes and manifestations of personality, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and actions of the individual. Here it should be noted the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a steadily repeating system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in various repeated situations is influenced by his attitude to the situation, as a result of which excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system can change. It is also necessary to note the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signaling system, through which social influences are carried out.

Ultimately, the traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a single, holistic appearance of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - an integral characteristic of his individuality.

Character has long been identified with a person’s will; the expression “a person of character” was considered as a synonym for the expression “a strong-willed person.” Will is associated primarily with strength of character, its firmness, determination, and perseverance. When they say that a person has a strong character, they seem to want to emphasize his determination, his strong-willed qualities. In this sense, a person’s character is best demonstrated in overcoming difficulties, in struggle, i.e. in those conditions where human will is most manifested. But character is not limited to strength; it has content, determining how the will will function under various conditions. On the one hand, character is formed in volitional actions and is manifested in them: volitional actions in situations that are significant for the individual pass into a person’s character, becoming fixed in him as his relatively stable properties; these properties, in turn, determine human behavior and his volitional actions. The strong-willed character is distinguished by certainty, constancy and independence, firmness in achieving the intended goal. On the other hand, there are often cases when a weak-willed person was called “spineless.” From a psychological point of view, this is not entirely true - and a weak-willed person has certain character traits, such as, for example, timidity, indecisiveness, etc. The use of the concept “characterless” means the unpredictability of a person’s behavior, indicates that he lacks his own direction, an internal core that would determine his behavior. His actions are caused by external influences and do not depend on himself.

The originality of character is also reflected in the peculiarities of the flow of a person’s feelings. K. D. Ushinsky pointed out this: “nothing, neither words, nor thoughts, nor even our actions express ourselves and our attitude to the world as clearly and truly as our feelings: in them one can hear the character of not a separate thought, not a separate decision, but the entire content of our soul and its structure.” The connection between feelings and character traits of a person is also reciprocal. On the one hand, the level of development of moral, aesthetic, and intellectual feelings depends on the nature of a person’s activity and communication and on the character traits formed on this basis. On the other hand, these feelings themselves become characteristic, stable personality traits, thus constituting a person’s character. The level of development of a sense of duty, a sense of humor and other complex feelings is a rather indicative characteristic of a person.

Especially great importance for characterological manifestations there is a relationship between intellectual personality traits. Depth and sharpness of thought, unusualness in posing a question and its solution, intellectual initiative, confidence and independence of thinking - all this constitutes the originality of the mind as one of the aspects of character. However, how a person uses his mental abilities will depend significantly on character. It is not uncommon to encounter people who have high intellectual abilities, but who do not provide anything valuable precisely because of their characterological characteristics. An example of this is the numerous literary images of superfluous people (Pechorin, Rudin, Beltov, etc.). As I. S. Turgenev said well through the mouth of one of the characters in the novel about Rudin: “Perhaps there is genius in him, but there is no nature.” Thus, a person’s real achievements depend not on abstract mental capabilities alone, but on a specific combination of his characteristics and characterological properties.

Character Structure

In general All character traits can be divided into basic, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main. So, if we consider such traits as indecisiveness, timidity and altruism, then with the predominance of the former, a person, first of all, is constantly afraid that “something might not work out” and all attempts to help his neighbor usually end in internal experiences and searches for justification. If the leading trait is the second one - altruism, then the person does not outwardly show any hesitation, immediately goes to help, controlling his behavior with his intellect, but at the same time he may sometimes have doubts about the correctness of the actions taken.

Knowledge of leading features allows you to reflect the main essence of character, show its main manifestations. Writers and artists, wanting an idea of ​​the character of the hero, first of all describe his leading, core features. Thus, A.S. Pushkin put into the mouth of Vorotynsky (in the tragedy “Boris Godunov”) an exhaustive description of Shuisky - “a crafty courtier.” Some heroes literary works They reflect certain typical character traits so deeply and correctly that their names become household names (Khlestakov, Oblomov, Manilov, etc.).

Although every character trait reflects one of the manifestations of a person’s attitude to reality, this does not mean that every attitude will be a character trait. Only some relationships become traits depending on the conditions. From the entire set of relationships of the individual to the surrounding reality, character-forming forms of relationships should be distinguished. The most important distinctive feature Such relationships are decisive, primary and general vital significance of those objects to which a person belongs. These relationships simultaneously serve as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

A person’s character is manifested in a system of relationships:

• In relation to other people (in this case, one can distinguish such character traits as sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tactfulness - rudeness, etc.).
• In relation to business (responsibility - dishonesty, hard work - laziness, etc.).
• In relation to oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, pride - humiliation, etc.).
• In relation to property (generosity - greed, frugality - wastefulness, neatness - sloppiness, etc.). It should be noted that this classification is somewhat conventional and there is a close relationship and interpenetration of these aspects of the relationship. So, for example, if a person is rude, then this concerns his relationship with people; but if at the same time he works as a teacher, then here it is already necessary to talk about his attitude to the matter (dishonesty), about his attitude towards himself (narcissism).

Despite the fact that these relationships are the most important from the point of view of character formation, they do not simultaneously and immediately become character traits. There is a certain sequence in the transition of these relationships into character properties, and in this sense it is impossible to put, for example, the attitude towards other people and the attitude towards property, since their very content plays a different role in the real existence of a person. A person’s attitude towards society and people plays a decisive role in the formation of character. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team, without taking into account his attachments in the form of camaraderie, friendship, and love.

In the character structure, one can identify traits common to a certain group of people. Even in the most original person you can find some trait (for example, unusualness, unpredictability of behavior), the possession of which allows you to classify him into a group of people with similar behavior. In this case, we should talk about typical character traits. N.D. Levitov believes that a character type is a specific expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people. Indeed, as noted, character is not innate - it is formed in the life and activity of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, a person’s character is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups.

Individual character reflects a variety of typical traits: national, professional, age. Thus, people of the same nationality are in living conditions that have developed over many generations and experience the specific features of national life; develop under the influence of the existing national structure and language. Therefore, people of one nationality differ from people of another in their lifestyle, habits, rights, and character. These typical features are often recorded ordinary consciousness in various attitudes and stereotypes. Most people have a formed image of a representative of one country or another: an American, a Scot, an Italian, a Chinese, etc.