EntranceReactive nature. Reactive complications
Along with individual traits and qualities of character, we can highlight the general way of adapting an individual to the social environment is the type of person’s character. When determining the type of character, we highlight what is essential and similar in the characters of individual people, which determines the general style of their life.
On this basis we distinguish following types characters:
1. Harmonically integral type – characterized by stability of relationships and at the same time high adaptability to environment. A person with this type of character does not have internal conflicts, his desires coincide with what he does. He is a sociable, strong-willed, principled person. People with a harmoniously integral character retain their system of values in all difficult circumstances of life. This is a type of strong-willed fighter for his ideals and principles. Not opportunism, but changing reality in accordance with their ideals - this is the way these people adapt
2. The type is internally conflicting, but externally harmoniously consistent with the environment– characterized by inconsistency between internal motivations and external behavior, which, in accordance with the requirements of the environment, is carried out with great tension.
A person with this type of character is prone to impulsive actions, but they are constantly restrained by volitional efforts. The system of his relationships is stable, but his communicative properties are not sufficiently developed.
People of this type have a complex system of correlating their value orientation with the conditions of reality.
Discord with outside world these people overcome through internal tactical restructuring, psychological defense, devaluing current events that do not fit into their value system, preserving the basic values of the individual, but not actively trying to change external circumstances. This is a type of wise contemplator detached from everyday struggle.
3. Conflict type with reduced adaptation – characterized by conflict between emotional impulses and social responsibilities, impulsiveness, predominance negative emotions, underdeveloped communicative properties, insufficient structure of self-awareness. People have separate connections with the world of this type are not included in any general behavioral system. The life of such people follows a simplified scheme: their changing needs should, in their own opinion, be immediately satisfied without much effort.
The psyche of such individuals is not burdened with much experience; they are not concerned about the future. They are not seasoned in the struggle for existence. In childhood, they, as a rule, were subjected to overprotection and were surrounded by excessive care of the people around them. They are characterized by immaturity and inability to overcome life's difficulties. The main mechanism of their life is pleasure (hedonism). People of this type perceive all difficult situations as acute conflict situations and resort to unconscious psychological pseudo-defense – distorted reflection of reality (whims, stubbornness, retreat into the world of dreams and fruitless dreams)
4. Variable type character - outwardly adapting to the environment as a result of instability of positions, unprincipledness, indicates a low level of personality development, the absence of a stable general way of behavior.
Lack of character and constant opportunism are a surrogate for plasticity of behavior; it should not be confused with genuine plasticity of behavior, with the ability to take into account circumstances to achieve basic goals, without deviating from social norms and requirements.
People of this type are characterized by a simplified inner world; their struggle for existence is straightforward. They do not show doubts or hesitations in achieving utilitarian goals and do not have any special internal restrictions. They know only one type of obstacle - external. Reality puzzles them only with questions of a “technical” nature - how to achieve, how to achieve the greatest possible number of momentary benefits. This is the type of “realists”: such people try to satisfy their needs as fully as possible within the limits of realistically existing possibilities. Adaptation, adjusting, adjusting the inner world to external circumstances - this is the general way of adaptation of these people.
Typological characterology can be based on leading orientation of the personality. Thus, the famous German philosopher and psychologist Eduard Spranger (1882–1963) distinguishes the following personality types according to their leading orientation*.
* Spranger E. Lebensformen V., 1922.
1. Scientific person. In its pure form, he knows only one passion, passion for a problem, for a question, which leads to explanation, establishment of connections, theorizing. His experiences are divorced from real life: he may despair over the impossibility of knowing, or rejoice over a purely theoretical discovery. He exhausts himself as a psychological being in order to generate a purely ideal world of regular connections. For him, only the purity of methods of cognition is valuable - truth at any cost. The world for him is an endless production of entities and a system of relationships of dependence... In its most natural and pure form, this form of life is embodied in professional scientists who, as a rule, come to the formulation of their life tasks as a result of free interest. But the preliminary stages of this kind of spiritual organization are found regardless of professional affiliation, and, perhaps, they appear much more clearly structural features type than that of great scientists, who are often very complex people.
2. Economic man. This is not necessarily a person associated with production. The most important thing is that the main motive that determines the most various areas personality and the nature of its existence is the motive of utility.
“In the most general terms, an economic person is one who puts utility in first place in all life connections. Everything for him becomes a means of maintaining life, the struggle for existence and the best arrangement of his life. He saves material, effort, time - just to extract from this maximum benefit. It would be more accurate to call him a practical person, since the entire field of technology is connected with the concept of economics. The meaning of his actions is not in the activity itself, but in its beneficial effect...
3. Aesthetic person. Purely aesthetic behavior is not characterized by lust. Direct contact with the world is always painful and associated with the struggle for existence. But there is a second world where pain is as sweet as joy, suffering is as spiritual as joy: this is the world of fantasy. We know that there are people who surround themselves with such fantasies, through which they perceive reality.
When considering the aesthetic type, we mean not so much artists who create material works, but people who create themselves, possessing the internal structure of the aesthetic type...
4. Social person. A special life form, which is called social, arises when this need for self-denial for the sake of another becomes a leading life need.
Social orientation in its highest manifestation is love. It can be a fundamental feeling for all of life. But it can also be directed at a separate object or a circle of objects and at the same time not lose the character of a leading need that determines all individual existence. The individual becomes the object of love as the center of values. You can love another person because the value of truth, or beauty, or holiness is discovered in him. Akin to such love is a passionate desire to acquire the values of life that are already known to us. But the essence of love itself is even deeper: it remains something in itself, turned to another life for the sake of the values contained in this life. Conceptually defining what ultimately cannot be formulated, we can say that love reveals in another person - in one, several or many - potential carriers certain values and finds the meaning of his own life in devotion to these people.
5. Political person. A special case when power in itself becomes the main thing for a person.
Here we have the totality of the worldview: self-affirmation, achievement of success, vitality, energy of being...
They aim high social status and only then, as leaders, in the rays of glory, do they feel in their place.
6. Religious person. A religious person is one whose spiritual structure is constantly and entirely aimed at achieving the highest meaning of life, postulated by religion.
The behavior of religious people is dominated by an altruistic orientation. Supreme meaning They see their existence in noble, free service to people - in helping the injured, wounded, maimed, infirm, humiliated and lonely. The behavior of such people significantly exceeds norm of social responsibility.
Religious dogmas are firmly embedded in the sphere of superconsciousness of a religious person, covered by the complex intuitive mechanism of the human psyche - the mechanism of faith. The behavior of a religious person is modified - ideas of goodness and love for man begin to dominate in his psyche. It is characterized by a desire for sinlessness, and its possible guilty behavior is reorganized through deep repentance and atonement for guilt through good deeds.
All the main religious confessions of the world affirm spirituality, morality, the highest ideals of human existence, mobilize a person to walk his earthly path with dignity, and postulate unshakable laws of human life among people.
End of work -
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Subject, tasks and principles of psychology
Many years ago, in the forests of Aveyron, in the south of France, hunters found a boy, apparently fed by some kind of animal and completely feral. Later they were found in the jungles of India
Man is a social being
Natural features man changed in the process of his social historical development, received a socio-cultural “cut” - man became a “freedman of nature”
The concept of the human psyche
The psyche arose and was formed as the ability of living organisms to actively interact with the outside world on the basis of neurophysiological coding of vital influences.
Mental properties of a person are features of his psyche that are typical for a given person, features of the implementation of his mental processes
Mental properties of a person include: 1) temperament; 2) personality orientation (needs, interests, worldview, ideals); 3) character; 4) abilities (Fig. 3). That's how it is
Development of the psyche in the process of evolution
All living organisms must interact with their environment for their survival: obtain nutrients, avoid harmful influences. To do this, you need to reflect, feel the external
Anthropopsychogenesis is the emergence and development of the human psyche. Consciousness as the highest form of psyche
Ancient ancestors people - hominids appeared several million years ago. Obviously some natural disasters forced them to come down from the trees and move to life on the plain,
The transition to an instrumental method of interaction with the environment in social conditions led to a qualitatively new development of the human psyche
A person begins to constantly use tools; this requires him to be equipped with certain operations, accumulate and transfer labor experience, and experience of social interaction. AND
H. The relationship between three levels of human mental activity: unconscious, subconscious and conscious
Mental activity of a person, his psyche functions simultaneously at three interconnected levels: unconscious, subconscious and conscious. Unconscious
Current organization of consciousness - attention
Centralization in consciousness of what is of greatest significance for human activity, optimal organization of consciousness, manifested in its direction and concentration
Structure and functional organization of the human nervous system
The human psyche is a socially determined phenomenon; not a natural product of the brain. However, it is realized by a natural, physiological substrate – the brain. Functioning
The cerebral cortex, the organ of higher mental functions, is especially developed in humans.
The total area of the cerebral cortex is on average 0.25 m2. Its thickness is 3–4 mm. The bark consists of 6 layers. The nerve cells of each layer have a specific structure and perform different functions.
Principles and laws of higher nervous activity
The activity of the cerebral cortex is subject to a number of principles and laws. The main ones were first established by I.P. Pavlov. Currently, some provisions of Pavlov's teachings are
The law of consistency in the work of the cerebral cortex (dynamic stereotype)
The body's reaction to a particular stimulus depends on the connections that have developed in the core system (the external is mediated by the internal). Experiments have shown that if you develop a series of reflexes on p
Typological features of higher nervous activity
In the experiments of I.P. Pavlov it was established that the effect of certain stimuli depends not only on their quality, but also on the typological features of the highest nervous activity. P
Psychophysiological problem - the relationship between mental and physiological
Understanding the psyche, on the one hand, as an ideal phenomenon, and on the other, as a “product” of highly organized matter - the brain, gives rise to complex psychophysiological problems
General concept of sensations
Sensation is a mental process of direct, sensory reflection of the elementary (physical and chemical) properties of reality. Sensation - sensitivity person
Neurophysiological basis of sensations
Individual properties of objects and phenomena that affect our senses are called irritants, the process of influence is called irritation, and the nervous
General psychophysiological patterns of sensations
The operation of each analyzer has specific patterns. Along with this, all types of sensations are subject to general psychophysiological laws. These include: 1) threshold
Features of certain types of sensations
Visual sensations. For visual sensations to occur, exposure is necessary. electromagnetic waves on1 visual receptor - the retina of the eye (accumulation of photosenses
Perception is a direct, sensory reflection of objects and phenomena in a holistic form as a result of awareness of their identifying characteristics*
* Perception is otherwise called perception (from the Latin perceptio - I perceive), and the processes of perception are perceptual processes. Images of perception are built on the basis of p
Neurophysiological basis of perception
The physiological mechanism of perception is the complex analytical and synthetic activity of analyzers - the formation of complex conditioned reflexes to complex stimuli
General patterns of perception
Different types of perception have specific patterns. But in addition to intraspecific ones, there are also general patterns of perception: 1) meaningfulness and generality; 2) subject
Features of the perception of space and time
Space and time are universal forms of existence of matter. The perception of space and time reflects objective spatiotemporal relationships between objects.
Spatial thresholds for distinguishing elements of human appearance
Elements of appearance and dynamic manifestations of a person Spatial thresholds of perception Identification of a human figure Movement p
Individual differences in perception
Life experience, knowledge, interests, level of mental development determine the individual characteristics of perception - its selective focus, completeness and accuracy. Sinte
Person's perception by person
As an object of perception, a person has a special social significance. When perceiving a person who is new to himself, the subject identifies in him i.e. features of his appearance
A person’s perception of the surrounding subject environment
The environment surrounding a person is perceived by him in its entirety, and not as a set of isolated objects. This environment is considered by a person as a field of his life activity.
The aesthetic and ergonomic organization of the human environment is a sign of culture, civilization, and psychological competence of society
Different peoples in different times develop their own aesthetic standards. However, there are also general psychological norms for optimal perception of objects. What is beautiful is what is harmonious, and what is harmonious is what
Human life should be carried out in an aesthetic and functionally organized, ergonomic environment
Concluding our consideration of the sensory-perceptual sphere of the human psyche, we come to the following conclusions: numerous stimuli from the external environment become stimuli, that is, they are reflected in
Concept of thinking
Cognizing and transforming the world, a person reveals stable, natural connections between phenomena. Patterns, internal connections of phenomena are reflected in our consciousness indirectly - in
Abstraction (from Latin abstractio - abstraction) is the operation of reflecting individual properties of phenomena that are significant in any respect.
In the process of abstraction, a person, as it were, “cleanses” an object from side features that make it difficult to study it in a certain direction. Correct scientific abstractions reflect actions
Types of thinking
Practical-effective, visual-figurative and theoretical-abstract - these are interconnected types of thinking. In the process of historical development, human intelligence
Patterns of thinking
1. Thinking arises in connection with solving a problem; the condition for its occurrence is a problem situation - a circumstance in which a person stands up
The structure of mental activity when solving non-standard problems
Mental activity is divided into reproducing (reproductive) - solving typical problems using known methods - and searching (productive). Productive thinking activity
A common way to solve investigative problems is information modeling
In the process of investigation, the objects of modeling can be the event of a crime, the place and time of its commission, the motives and methods of committing the act, the identity of the perpetrator, the victim and all other objects.
Types of problem-search investigative situations
The optimal investigative strategy is adek
The totality of traces available at the scene of the incident must be systematized as a set of certain structurally integrated subsystems
When analyzing traces, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of “traces of a criminal” and “traces of a crime.” Traces of a criminal are all changes in the surrounding material environment (incl.
Creative thinking is thinking that provides a fundamentally new solution to a problem, leading to new ideas, discoveries and solutions
A new idea is always a new look at the relationships and interdependencies of phenomena. Often a new idea arises from a new "clutch" previously known information. (So, A. Einstein, like
Human intelligence
Intelligence (from Latin intellectus - mind, reason, reason) - a stable structure of an individual’s mental abilities, the level of his cognitive capabilities
Neurophysiological basis of imagination
The neurophysiological basis of imagination is the formation of temporary nerve connections in the sphere of the first and second signal systems, their dissociation (breakdown into separate elements
Types of imagination
Imagination is divided into voluntary and involuntary, reconstructive (recreating) and creative. The simplest type of imagination is non-produced
Memory is an integrated mental reflection of a person’s past interaction with reality, the information fund of his life activity
The ability to store information and selectively update it and use it to regulate behavior is the main property of the brain that ensures the interaction of the individual with the environment. Memory integrated
Neurophysiological basis of memory
Physiological mechanisms memory – formation, consolidation, excitation and inhibition of nerve connections. These physiological processes correspond to memory processes: imprinting
Patterns of memory
Patterns of memory (conditions for successful memorization and reproduction) are associated with forms of memory. The conditions for successful involuntary memorization are:
Memory disorders
Severe memory impairments - amnesia (from a - negative particle and Greek mnēmē - memory, recollection) - occur in two forms: retrograde
Concept of emotions
Emotions (from the French émotion - feeling) are a mental process of impulsive regulation of behavior, based on the sensory reflection of the need significance of external influences.
Emotional personality traits
In the process of life, based on environmental and genetic prerequisites, a person develops stable emotional qualities - emotional characteristics and properties.
Physiological basis of emotions and feelings
Emotions and feelings are associated with various functional states of the brain, excitation of its certain subcortical areas and with changes in the activity of the autonomic nervous system.
Properties and types of emotions
Emotions and feelings vary depending on their quality (positive and negative), depth, intensity and duration, impact on activity
Higher emotions - feelings
Feelings are an emotional form of reflection of socially significant phenomena. They are caused by the correspondence or deviation of certain circumstances from the parameters of life
General patterns of emotions and feelings
The emergence and extinction of emotions and feelings are subject to all the laws of the formation of a conditioned reflex. Feelings developed for one object are transferred in a certain
The concept of will
Will – conscious self-regulation behavior, deliberate mobilization of behavioral activity to achieve goals perceived by the subject as a necessity and opportunity
Neurophysiological basis of will
I. P. Pavlov noted that volitional actions are the result of the total work of the entire brain. Physiological mechanisms of volitional regulation of activity are not localized in any
The structure of volitional regulation of activity
Activity is carried out by a system of actions. Action is a structural unit of activity. Perceptual, mental, mnemonic and practical actions are distinguished
Complex volitional actions
The actions discussed above have simple structure. They are usually performed in a stereotypical manner. Complex volitional actions have a more developed structure. The structure is complex
Awareness of the possibilities of satisfying actualized needs, struggle of motives (predecision stage)
Each need allows for different possibilities for its satisfaction. The process of choosing one of these possibilities is the process of forming the goal of an action. In difficult behavioral conditions, this choice
Decision making is the choice from a number of possible goals of one that is assessed as the most optimal in given conditions for a given individual.
Decision making is the choice of behavior in a situation of uncertainty. The choice of behavior can be transitive - justified, optimal, taking into account the conditions of the environment.
Conditionality of volitional mental states by structural stages of complex volitional action
STAGES OF ACTIVITY VOLITIONAL STATES 1. Awareness of a number of goals that can satisfy the emerging need
Volitional personality traits
A person’s lifestyle and style of life strengthen certain psychoregulatory qualities in him, which are usually called volitional personality traits.
General functional states of mental activity
The most common basic mental state – the state of vigor – is a state of optimal clarity of consciousness, the individual’s ability to
State of mental tension in dangerous situations. Adaptive behavior in extreme situations
A state of mental stress is a complex of intellectual, emotional and volitional manifestations in difficult operating conditions. When an individual adapts to difficult external situations
Adaptive behavior during arrest
Anticipating an arrest, you need to find a lawyer and agree with him on joint actions and a system of symbols for further communication, consult with him about your rights in various cases
How to survive in prison?
1) talk less, don’t trust anyone; 2) do not get involved in someone else's conversation; don't quarrel with anyone, don't use obscene words, do not insult anyone, do not lie, to the question: “Why
Personal crisis states
For many people, individual everyday and work conflicts result in unbearable mental trauma and acute, persistent mental pain. Individual mental vulnerability
Borderline mental states of the individual. general characteristics
Mental states adjacent to normal and pathological are called borderline states. These states include: reactive states; neuroses; psychopath
All borderline states are abnormal (deviating), they are associated with a violation of any significant aspect of mental self-regulation
The process of mental self-regulation is carried out in the unity of content-semantic, genetic and neurodynamic processes. And here both multi-level variations of the norm and different
The biologically inherited qualities of a person must be understood as a subsystem of the development of certain mental qualities
Some mental anomalies are associated with genetic abnormalities - Klinefelter syndrome (extra X chromosome - 47/XXY syndrome or extra Y chromosome - 47/XYY syndrome). Extra X-hr
Reactive states
Reactive states are acute affective reactions, shock mental disorders as a result of mental trauma. Reactive states arise both as a result of
Neuroses are breakdowns of neuropsychic activity: hysterical neurosis, neurasthenia and obsessive states
1) Hysterical neurosis occurs in psychotraumatic circumstances, mainly in persons with pathological character traits, with an artistic type of higher nervous activity. P
Mental retardation
Terms " mental retardation" and "mental retardation" are synonyms. And since mental processes are inextricably linked with all mental processes
Aggressive state
Mental abnormalities include increased aggressiveness. Aggression is a persistent desire of an individual to inflict physical or psychological harm on another person.
Self-regulation of mental states
A person’s ability to suggest is widely used in mental self-regulation: through self-suggestion and meditation, a person is able to significantly change his mental and physiological state.
A person as a subject of social relations, a bearer of socially significant qualities is a person
Along with the concept of personality, we also use such terms as person, individual and individuality. All these concepts have specifics, but they are all interconnected. The most general
The relationship between biological and social factors in the mental development of the individual
A person is born with certain hereditary inclinations. Most of them are multi-valued: on their basis, various personality traits can be formed. In this case, the decisive role
Personal behavior is the implementation of its mental regulatory qualities in a socially significant sphere of life.
Human behavioral acts are interconnected and systemic. Activities and behavior arise on the basis of needs, their implementation begins with motivational motives. At the same time, consciousness is directed to
Types of temperament and the corresponding mental properties of a person
A melancholic person is characterized by increased vulnerability, a tendency to
Temperament as an innate type of mental self-regulation
The four types of temperament discussed above are usually not presented in their “pure form.” People tend to have mixed temperaments, but one or another type of temperament
The concept of personality orientation
The orientation of the individual is the value-orientation system of the individual, the hierarchy of his basic needs, values and sustainable motives of behavior, the main system formation
Personal needs
The prerequisite for this or that action, the source of human activity, is need. People carry out various types of activities, not inventing them, but needing their results
All needs have direction, intensity, and cyclicality.
From a neurophysiological point of view, a need represents the formation of a dominant - a stable excitation of certain brain mechanisms that organize and regulate the needs
Motivation of personality behavior
Motivation is the excitation of certain nervous structures (functional systems) caused by an actualized need, causing directed activity of the body.
Character is a system of stable motives and modes of behavior that form a behavioral type of personality
Formed in social conditions, influenced by the demands of the social environment, character in its dynamic manifestations is associated with genetic characteristics individual, the type of his higher nervous system
Character accentuations
Accentuation is an extreme variant of the norm, in which individual character traits are exaggerated and manifest themselves in the form of “weak points” in the individual’s psyche – its selective
Types of character accentuations
Type of character accentuation Behavioral manifestations Factors contributing to character accentuation
Gender-role differences in character
Some features of people's characters are determined by their gender. Sexual mental characteristics are associated not only with biological factors, but also with historical
National psychological character traits
A nation, people, ethnic group is a stable group of people historically formed in a certain territory, possessing common features culture and mental makeup, consciousness
Age-related character traits. Human life strategy
The happiness of the first years of a person’s life lies in the predominance of contemplation over solving life’s problems. A child's brain, which reaches full volume by the age of seven, provides him with intense
The concept of social community, society and society
Social community is a collection of individuals that acquires integrity as a subject of a certain social action - social, political, industrial, cult
Society - society as a specific social system, as an integral social entity with an economic and social structure
The composition of society is divided into group and mass communities. Group communities are distinguished by homogeneity (homogeneity) of composition, structural-differential organization, activity
Socio-psychological organization of a small social group
The reorganization of the original diffuse social community into an association of interacting and interdependent individuals is called group formation. The emergence of social
Communication as a social connection. Means and techniques of communication
Communication is social interaction between people through sign systems for the purpose of broadcasting (transferring) social experience, cultural heritage and organizing joint
Communication is the semantic side of communication. Actions focused on their semantic perception by other people are called communicative
In communicative acts, informative, phatic (contact) and managerial tasks of communication are realized. By exchanging information, people influence each other. In the process of communication they
Paralinguistic means of communication
An essential communicative factor of communication is the use of paralinguistic means of communication (from the Greek par - “about” and “linguistics”) -
Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships
Interpersonal relationships– subjectively experienced relationships and mutual influence of people. The psychology of interpersonal interaction is determined by social positions about
"Secret" test for men to use
If you want to find out the truth about your loved one, ask her to answer “yes” or “no” to each set of questions. 1. Do you consider yourself beautiful?
Can you cheat on your loved one?
5. Do you believe in love at first sight? Do you believe in love at all? Do you admit a lack of intelligence in men? You can date a man who is not for you
Forms of interpersonal mental interaction
In the process of communication, people constantly interact mentally with each other. This interaction can be purposeful and spontaneous, conscious and subconscious.
Tense and conflicting mental interaction in communication
Psychologists note that ordinary overwork of people at work at the end of the shift leads to the emergence of a psychological phenomenon of low stress, to “staff burnout.”
Human interaction can be cooperative, competitive and conflictual.
Cooperation is the main form of organizing interpersonal interaction, consisting in the constructive unification of human efforts. Cooperative activity is characterized by high
Psychology of conflict
Conflicts can be interpersonal and intergroup. Acute unconstructive conflicts are often accompanied by morally condemned methods of struggle, the desire for psychological
Psychology of business communication
Folk wisdom It says - stupid people quarrel, but smart people come to an agreement. In conditions market relations negotiations between people become a special area of their daily life
Rules that help people like you
Be genuinely interested in other people. Smile. Remember that a person’s name is the sweetest and most important sound for him. Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves.
Test your communication skills
Test for self-analysis of communicative qualities The proposed questions should be answered: “yes”, “sometimes”, “no”. "Answer price" ("d
Marketing Psychology
Marketing (from the English marketing - market) is an economic management system focused on the laws of market relations, adaptation of production
Psychology of Management
Management (from the English manage - to manage) is a modern psychologized doctrine of managing enterprises and institutions, based on the laws of effective social
Qualities of a leader (manager) high low
1. Competence 7 3 2. Communication skills 7 2 3. Emotional stability, tolerance 6.5 2.5 4. Courage 6 2 5. Persistence 6.5 2 6.
Democratic leadership style ensures personal self-realization of employees
However, in some cases, preference may be given to an authoritarian leadership style (organizing work in extreme situations and so on.). The authoritarian leadership style also occurs in early
Large social groups and psychological mechanisms of their self-regulation
Big social group– a quantitatively unlimited social community that has stable values, norms of behavior and social-regulatory mechanisms (Part
Socio-psychological phenomena of large social communities
All microsocial processes are determined to one degree or another by macrosocial processes. General social norms, values, needs and attitudes are formed on the macrosocial
Psychology of mass communication
Social communication, carried out in an organized manner throughout society, is called mass communication (from the Latin communicatio - communicating with
Psychology of social management
Social management is a systemic activity social institutions and organizations aimed at regulating social processes. Social management of society
Civil society and the psychology of civic consciousness
The idea of civil society, which originally emerged as a philosophical concept, has evolved into real basis vital activity modern society. Creation of civil society
In civil society, the individual is separated from the masses, the possibilities for his self-realization are not limited in any way.
Civil society controls the power structures and socio-economic life of the country. The social structure of society is determined by citizens (general free elections, referendums), and not politically
Spirituality is a person’s stable orientation towards sociocultural values, the subordination of human behavior to a higher, human duty.
The mysterious power of a person’s spirituality is his ability to distance himself from himself, the ability to submit himself to the court of a higher authority - his conscience and honor. The loss of spirituality is the fall of a person
Law as a factor of social regulation
Law, legal regulation is the main form of social regulation. Regulation of social processes is the direction of behavior of social communities and individuals
In the 18th century psychology developed under the influence of the emergence of new worldviews
A powerful movement of scientific consciousness against the theological worldview, called "enlightenment", gravitated towards determinism - the root cause explanation of physical and spiritual phenomena.
In the structure of personality, he identified three spheres: unconscious, preconscious and conscious.
Personality structures, according to Freud, are located in these three layers. The entire unconscious sphere of personality, inaccessible to self-consciousness, is located in the structure of the id (it). This structure is energy
The fundamental theory of the origin and development of human higher mental functions was developed by L. S. Vygotsky (1896–1934)
Based on the ideas of comparative psychology, L. S. Vygotsky began his research where comparative psychology stopped at questions that were insoluble for it: it could not explain the phenomenon
Terminological dictionary
PERSONAL AUTONOMY is the isolation of the individual, his ability to self-determinate his positions. As a universal principle of human behavior, personal autonomy has been
General and social psychology
Textbook for universities License No. 064250 dated October 6, 1995. License No. 070824 dated January 21, 1993. Signed for publication on July 13, 1999. Format 69x90/16. Condition
People can be divided in different ways, but there is one principle of division that distinguishes them by their actions. The division of people into proactive and reactive types is based on their different attitudes towards different issues; it is this difference that determines their radically different behavior in different situations. And this, in turn, becomes the reason for more or less success for these people.
There are many differences in the views and attitudes of proactive and reactive people, but we have tried to highlight the most significant ones, those that most determine the distinctive actions of people and, therefore, in our opinion, most help or hinder a person from achieving the intended goal, the desired success.
The biggest difference between proactive and reactive people is their different attitudes toward success. For proactive people, success is expressed not in money, property and authority, but in the sense of social benefit created with their help. They feel, see, appreciate the benefits that are created as a result of their work, and this is what gives them a feeling of special success. Everything else that follows this success is less important to them.
This is where their different attitudes to life come from. For the proactive person main goal life is to have time to create maximum benefit. They try to act in such a way, think in such a way, and work in such a way as to create maximum benefit throughout their lives. They know perfectly well that what and how much you get in return depends on how much you do and how useful it is. And the greater the public benefit you create, the more freely you can choose the form of return. Get it in the form of money, respect, or any combination of them.
This is where their different attitudes towards time begin. For proactive people, time is the main, most valuable resource. They perfectly understand that those who are better able to use this most important resource will have more time. They plan and change their plans, but never go with the flow, they set themselves clear goals in time, and always try to achieve them. They fall asleep earlier and get up earlier in order to accomplish more and better things planned for that day. Every day for them is another step towards their intended goal, even when they devote this day to rest. Because they know that they rest in order to work better later, and not vice versa - to work in order to rest well later.
The attitude of proactive people towards their work differs. They believe that what they do is a tool for self-expression, creativity, and creating more. They are constantly trying to improve the methods, approaches and means used in order to do more and better in time. For them, excellence in business is the main condition for achieving the goal. They try not to waste time on things that they can’t do well, they can’t, and don’t give them pleasure, because they know that perfection can only be achieved in the work that you like, it turns out, where you use the maximum of your abilities and properties, where you feel like fish in water. It is by finding such a thing, doing a lot, and doing better and better, that they try to achieve the goal of life - to do the maximum that they can. That is why proactive people, as soon as they see that they are doing something they don’t like, quit their jobs, but when they understand that they are doing the right thing, they fight to the end in order to create best conditions work. In contrast to reactive people, who also feel that they are wasting time, but get used to such work, they themselves do nothing to improve their working conditions, and try to dispel the discomfort caused by the feeling of wasted time, mainly by complaining to loved ones about managers, employees, work, however without result.
Different attitudes to business also come from different attitudes of proactive and reactive people to the environment. Business for proactive people is an opportunity to take care of the environment, loved ones, colleagues, and society as a whole. Any business they do is imbued with concern for others. Since proactive people know very well that caring is the most important motive and desire that drives a person to do special, worthwhile things. Caring helps a person find both the strength and the idea to better care for those he loves and who are important to him. Whereas for reactive people it is much more important that others take care of them, take into account their interests and mood, otherwise they feel in an unfair environment. They do things more in order to prove to themselves and others their advantage, abilities, capabilities, and to earn respect for this, rather than to bring any benefit to anyone.
The difference in attitude determines the different attitudes of proactive and reactive people towards learning. If reactive people study in order to get a title, diploma, or the right to do something, after which they believe that books and studies are just a waste of time for them, and now it’s time to enjoy what they suffered during their studies, for For proactive people, learning is a constant, continuous process, which is the main opportunity to achieve excellence in what they do. To do more and better, which gives them the opportunity to achieve their life's purpose. Accordingly, proactive people never stop learning, every day they try to devote at least half an hour to reading a book that interests them, listening to a lecture, or thinking for themselves, working on a question that will make it possible to find something new, interesting, and worthwhile.
It is precisely the attitude towards learning that is one of the main things that determines the different attitudes of proactive and reactive people towards other people. Proactive people know that everyone around them is better in some way. They look for the best in them, value and respect them because of this difference, and try to learn and adopt this best from others. Whereas, reactive people, on the contrary, look for the worst in people in order to feel superior and enjoy it. Accordingly, their attitude towards people is more arrogant, more secretive and mocking. As a result, relationships with reactive people are more difficult and stressful, while relationships with proactive people are pleasant and interesting.
The attitudes of proactive and reactive people towards their subordinates are extremely different. Reactive people perceive subordinates as low-ranking employees in relation to themselves, who are mainly used to perform menial tasks. They try not to entrust them with anything that will help them express themselves and that will cause them to increase their self-esteem. Because they think, or subconsciously believe, that in this case they may have a competitor who will have a claim to their place. Accordingly, they block the best ideas coming from employees, or, having slightly altered them, attribute them to themselves. They always try to present to managers that their subordinate employees are mostly ignorant, slackers, unmotivated, and they have to do everything themselves. This makes them feel more secure.
Whereas for proactive people, subordinates are first and foremost full members of their team. They know well that if they want to do and accomplish more, this can only be achieved by the right team, where the more will be done, the more the creative abilities of each person are included, where people will open up to the end, try very hard, ideas will appear, and they will fight to put your ideas into practice. Proactive people know that creating such a team environment is a prerequisite for getting things done the most and the fastest, which is why they try to create conditions for employees where they will give their best, increase self-esteem, learn and receive more, and will create more value. Because the main benefit of a team leader is not in the authorship or execution of any specific idea, but in leading a team that produces and executes the best ideas, and this helps them both in achieving their own life goals and in receiving better evaluation from managers and others.
And finally, the biggest difference between proactive and reactive people is still in their attitude towards their own successes or failures. Proactive people believe that the main reason for their success is luck, their employees, friends, family members, to which fortunate circumstances were added, and in the end all this led to success. Whereas, during a failure, they believe that they missed huge chances, misjudged the situation, made the wrong decisions, and did not give people the opportunity to help in a timely and correct manner. This approach helps proactive people extract more lessons From any failure, it is good to analyze what changes need to be made in your behavior and attitude in order to avoid making similar mistakes. And success causes less complacency. As a result, proactive people are never satisfied with their successes. They always strive to achieve more, and openly express gratitude to everyone around them for helping them achieve this, and this helps them achieve even greater success.
Then, as reactive people believe that success is the result of their special abilities and diligence, accordingly, they themselves deserve fame and greatness from this success, and failure is due to the situation and people around them, and they always look outside themselves for the culprit for unachieved goals, unsolved tasks, incorrect steps. This attitude creates in them less motivation to seek opportunities for their own improvement, makes it easier for them to be satisfied with what they have achieved, makes it difficult and stressful for others to work with them, and daily relationships with them, which becomes the reason for even greater failure.
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Proactive and reactive people are distinguished only by their attitude to different issues, however, it is these attitudes that determine their different behavior in specific situations, which, in turn, also often causes different results. We are not saying that proactive people are better than reactive people, but they tend to achieve more in life, and this is precisely the result of such relationships. Being proactive is not at all difficult, the main thing is to understand the difference and make the appropriate choice.
"Strategy and Organization"
The problem of character in personality psychology is a relatively little-studied area. The term character was introduced into science by the ancient Greek scientist Theophastus (4th century BC). In Greek, character is a trait, a sign, a sign, a feature. Before Theophastos, Aristotle used the word “ethos” to denote the active side of personality - which means character, custom. The history of the doctrine of character shows diversity even in the starting positions when determining this side of the personality.
The concept of character can be represented in two meanings: general (broad) and more specific.
In a broad sense character- these are individual, pronounced and qualitatively unique psychological traits of a person that influence his behavior and actions.
A. Kovalev and V. Myasishchev define character as an individually unique combination of essential personality traits. K. Platonov refers to character as a set of the most pronounced and relatively stable personality traits that are typical for a given person and constantly manifest themselves in his actions and actions. K. Kornilov character is the main individual psychological feature of a person, expressing his basic life attitudes: worldview, interests, moral beliefs, ideals - and receiving their realization in the uniqueness of human activity.
In more in the narrow sense character is defined as the mental makeup of a person’s personality, expressed in its orientation and.
B. Teplov believes that character is manifested both in the goals that a person sets and in the means or ways in which he achieves these goals. Character is determined by a person’s attitude towards the world, towards other people, towards himself. character refers to those personality properties that reflect the main orientation and are manifested in a way of action that is unique to the individual.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of personality traits and character when they are close and sometimes coincide. Character is the psychological uniqueness of a person, the integral of all his properties. Basically, character is the unity of relationships and the ways of their implementation in a person’s experiences and actions.
Character is a psychological formation that contains a person’s fixed emotional relationships to typical life situations and stereotypes of cognitive and behavioral “patterns” of response to these situations that are in a certain way associated with it. Character, as a system of certain stereotypes of emotional, cognitive, behavioral response to typical life situations, is formed under the strong influence of a person’s worldview and orientation, but does not overlap. It determines reactive rather than proactive human behavior.
The task of studying character structure is to isolate and systematize character traits and establish their relationship.
Character traits are understood as being sufficiently indicative of a person and allowing one to predict his behavior in a particular case with a certain probability.
While every personality trait is a personality trait, not every personality trait is a personality trait. In order to have grounds to be called a character trait, the personality trait must be sufficiently expressed, sufficiently interconnected with other character traits into one whole, so that it systematically manifests itself in a necessarily various types activities. It should be noted that every whole is not equal only to the sum of its elements, and character as a whole is something more than just the sum of individual character traits. Character represents that part of the personality structure, which includes only personality traits that are sufficiently expressed and sufficiently connected with each other as a whole to constantly manifest themselves in various types of activities.
Notes that character and temperament are often used as synonyms and are identified with the concept of personality. He pointed out that each of them is different from his own personality. The word “character” evokes an association with a certain moral standard or value system in accordance with which a person acts. For example, when we hear that a person “ good character", then we are talking about the fact that personal qualities socially or ethically desirable. From Allport's point of view, character is an evaluative concept and an evaluated personality, but personality is not of an evaluative nature.
Temperament, according to Allport, on the contrary, is the “primary material” (along with intellect and constitution) from which personality is built. Representing one of the aspects of genetic given, temperament limits development. According to Allport, “you can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.”
The labile type is a psychotype, a characteristic personality pattern. Sometimes it’s an accentuation of character.
The labile type is most fully described under various names: “emotionally labile” (Schneider, 1923), “reactive-labile” (P. B. Gannushkin, 1933) or “emotionally labile” (Leongard, 1964, 1968), etc. In N.I. Kozlov’s classification, this is a Person of Mood.
Brief description of the psychotype
The main feature of the labile type is extreme mood variability, rapid and little predictable switching of emotional state...
Rich sensory sphere, high sensitivity to signs of attention. Severe mental pain from emotional rejection from loved ones, loss of loved ones and separation from those to whom they are attached. Sociability, good nature, sincere affection, social responsiveness. They are interested in communication, are drawn to their peers, and are content with the role of a ward.
Labile type and external assessment
Labile teenagers are very sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention, gratitude, praise and encouragement - all this gives them sincere joy, but does not at all induce arrogance or conceit. Blame, condemnation, reprimands, and lectures are deeply felt and can lead to hopeless despondency.
More about the labile type
Portrait of a labile type according to N.N. Kozlov
We all come from childhood. A man of mood, however, differs from the rest in that he remained like that in childhood. His is the soul of a child, it is bright, sincere, spontaneous and naive. Look
Reactive character traits can be divided into avoidance (phobic attitudes) and opposition (reactive formations). All of them are produced in one or more ways: ordinary fatigue or general lethargy caused by economic impoverishment, rigidity, breakthroughs of impulses in action.
events and dreams. However, all reactive traits limit the flexibility of the individual, since he loses the ability to both complete satisfaction and sublimation. Habitual defensive attitudes can again be subdivided: for some they appear only in certain situations, for others they are relatively constant, as if
instinctive temptation is permanent. For defensive purposes, such individuals are constantly rude or polite, experience affective emptiness, or are always ready to blame others. Their settings are non-specific and apply to everyone. Such relationships can be designated as “characteristic defenses” in a narrower sense. In psycho
In analysis, it is extremely important that the personality first overcomes the rigidity of these relationships, since they bind energy in a pathogenic way. Even when there is evidence of a struggle between instinct and defense in other aspects, it is very important that the analyst directs attention to rigid defenses. If psychoanalysis successfully mobilizes old conflicts, infantile instincts do not appear immediately.
First, the patient experiences anxiety, and only the analysis of this anxiety brings instinctual impulses to the surface. Between the initial impulse and the final attitude there is a “layer” of anxiety. In fact, many pathological behavior patterns have developed as a defense against anxiety; in infancy, anxiety is
teria is often overcome by reactive behavior. In the psychoanalysis of reactive character traits, as in the psychoanalysis of compulsive symptoms, various vegetative and hormonal somatic disorders often arise. Further analysis reveals that these symptoms are equivalents of anxiety, interpolated between the initial impulse and the final attitude. A character that is predominantly reactive nature, unproductive. The behavioral patterns of such individuals express an obstructive countercathexis, but these patterns are often mixed with features of rejected impulses that break through again. We can assume that individuals of the described type have a “reactive character” (1013). Character is constituted not only by reactive formations against initial needs, but also by reactive formations against reactive formations. An extreme example of reactive characters are ascetics; they spend their entire lives struggling with instinctual needs. There are individuals who almost do not allow themselves to be drawn into any activity, because any activity has an instinctive meaning for them. Some eccentrics devote their lives to the fight against a special evil, which on an unconscious level represents their own instinctual needs. Other types in this category have already been described in the chapters on behavioral inhibition (p. 675). The rigidity of reactive traits is clearly manifested in
so-called hard workers, for whom it is extremely important to constantly work in order to get rid of the feeling of unbearable internal tension. One of Reich's patients aptly named himself
robot (1272). It is clear why work under these conditions is not very effective. In this regard, mention should be made of “Sunday neuroses” (484). Patients become neurotic on Sundays because on weekdays they avoid neurosis through reactive labor. Such people do not seek salvation in fantasy from some
temptations and punishments of the objective world, rather, escaping from instinctive fantasies, they interact with reality in a reactive manner. Despite all the rigidity of reactive traits, a breakthrough of the original motives continues to pose a danger.
If a fireman sets fires to put out a fire, he shows that his interest in fighting fire is not at all of a sublimative type. The same can be said of a committed vegetarian, at the forefront of the vegetarian movement for many years, who, when circumstances changed, changed his profession and became a butcher.
Reactive behavior is found not only in attitudes directed against instinctual impulses, but also in conflicts over self-esteem. Many arrogant people actually struggle with feelings of inferiority. Others who despise themselves for their insignificance carefully conceal a deep-rooted arrogance (1263). Many ambitions express the need to confront feelings of inferiority; Excessive activity may mask a desire to be inactive. At the same time, quite often such attempts fail, and deep-level aspirations emerge. Often there is a compromise between the external desire to not
dependence and deep-seated passivity is expressed in the idea that temporary passivity is necessary to achieve independence in the future. Such people, in their fantasies about the future, can enjoy independence and at the same time in reality be content with passivity. This simultaneity is one of the emotional benefits of childhood; the boy submits to a courageous father with the goal of becoming courageous in the future. The tendency to maintain such a happy compromise is one
one of the reasons why neurotics are unconsciously interested in remaining children or adolescents. Two basic types of reactive nature can be distinguished: “frigid” and “hyper-emotional”. With a frigid character, a “phobia of feelings” arises and an avoidance of feelings in general; instead, a cold intellect develops. With a hyper-emotional character against frightening emotions, counter-emotions arise as a reactive formation, which produce a false and theatrical impression.
chatting. But, as a rule, counter-emotions contain more genuine emotions than the patient realizes. The intensity of the suppression of genuine emotions is such that
an energy dam emerges from the personality, and as a result, even rational activity acquires emotional coloring. If persons with the first type of character resist psychoanalysis by intellectualizing it, then persons with the second type of character produce a lot of emotional material, but they lack detachment and relaxation in order to treat this material objectively.
Reich compared reactive character traits to armor put on the ego to protect against both instincts and external dangers.. The armored character is formed when external environment for a long time there are obstacles to satisfying instinctive needs, and “draws its strength and right to exist from current conflicts.” To allow communication, the shell should be presented as perforated. In the reactive nature there are very few perforations and the material around them is not elastic. Because ambivalence is a prerequisite
formations, the fewer of them, the greater the sexual maturity of the individual. However, reactive characters basically coincide with “pregenital characters,” which will be discussed below. The primacy of the genitals brings another advantage to the formation of character, independent of the overcoming of ambivalence. The ability to achieve orgasm is a prerequisite for overcoming an energy dam. This ability allows you to economically regulate the energy of instincts (1270, 1272).
It is important to emphasize here that classification is inevitably an abstract procedure. In fact, every personality has both types of character traits. The ideal, “post-ambivalent” character without reactive formations is a purely theoretical construction (25). The section on homosexuality discussed overcoming aggressive urges through identification and subsequent love (p. 439). This overcoming must be of a sublimative type. More often, however,
traces of the original cruelty prove that the rejected inclinations at the unconscious level still persist, that is, a reactive change of attitudes takes place. The original cruelty is partially “canalized” into identification, partially preserved and suppressed by counter-cathexis. According to Freud, group members are identified
with each other and, as the original aggressive cathexis is absorbed by this identification, hostility in the group ceases (606). In reality, the cessation of hostility is often conditional; aggressive tendencies are very easily revived. To determine psychological structure groups, the sublimation ratio is extremely important
tive and aggressive components when rejecting aggressive impulses. This relationship is critical in assessing whether stabilization deserves
trust or limiting aggressiveness is just a mask that is difficult to maintain. Sometimes it is pointed out that analysts are simplifying their task when they resort to the assumption that in the patient’s words and actions one should look for content that is the opposite of what is declared. Reactive attitudes do hide opposing tendencies, which makes them different from other attitudes. Should the patient's behavior be seen hidden meaning, is determined by clinical criteria, because the validity of interpretations is also not judged by the patient’s agreement or disagreement with them (pp. 52-54). In this diagnosis, clinical symptoms (general exhaustion, rigidity, gap in defense) and the dynamics of the patient’s reactions to interpretations play a decisive role.
E. Determine which of the five character types associated with any stage of psychosexual development (anal, oral, urethral, phallic, genital) the following descriptions correspond to:
a) ambitious, competitive, bashful; URETHRAL
b) clean, tidy, prone to hoarding; ANAL
c) self-confident, demanding attention, or vindictive, demanding; ORAL
d) capable of love, pleasure, creative; GENITAL
e) desperate, determined, vain, sensitive. PHALLIC
G. What, according to A. Adler, is the main difference between the life goals of a neurotic and a healthy person?