Where did the ancestors of modern Siberian Tatars come from? Indigenous peoples of Siberia: Siberian Tatars

), Tomsk (Kalmaks, Chats and Eushta).

Language - Siberian-Tatar. Dialects: Tobol-Irtysh (Tar, Tevriz, Tobolsk, Tyumen, Zabolotny dialects), Barabinsk and Tomsk (Kalmak and Eushta-Chat dialects). Most believers are Sunni Muslims. Some Siberian Tatars adhere to traditional beliefs. The Siberian Tatars are dominated by features of the Ural anthropological type, which developed as a result of other crossbreeding between Caucasians and Mongoloids.

In the most general form, the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars is currently presented as a process of mixing Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic and partly Mongolian tribes and nationalities that became part of different groups of this ethnic community. The penetration of the Turks occurred mainly in 2 ways - from the east, from the Minusinsk Basin, and from the south - from Central Asia and Altai. Apparently, the original territories of settlement of the Siberian Tatars were occupied by other Turks Turkic Khaganates. In the Tomsk Ob region, the Kyrgyz and Teles tribes played a certain role in the formation of the Turkic-speaking population. The autochthonous Turkic tribes of the Siberian Tatars are considered to be the Ayals, Kurdak, Tural, Tukuz, Sargat, etc. Perhaps it was the ancient Turkic tribes, and not the Kipchaks, who appeared later (in the 11th-12th centuries), who formed the main ethnic component at the first stage of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars Siberian In the IX-X centuries. on the territory of the Tomsk Ob region, the Kimaks - carriers of Srostkino culture. From their midst came the Kipchak tribes and nationalities. Tribes and clans of Khatans, Karakypchaks, and Nugais were recorded as part of the Siberian Tatars. The presence of the Mrassa and Kondoma tribes in the Tobol-Irtysh group indicates their ethnogenic connection with the Shor tribes. Later, the Yellow Uighurs, Bukharan-Uzbeks, etc. joined the Siberian Tatars. Eleuts(in the Tara, Barabinsk and Tomsk groups), Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs. They, with the exception of the Yellow Uyghurs, strengthened the Kipchak component within the Tatars of Western Siberia.

The overwhelming mass Bukharians of Siberia were Uzbeks and Tajiks, in addition, there were Uighurs, Kazakhs, Turkmen and, apparently, Karakalpaks, and in Siberia, in some cases, Siberian and Kazan Tatars.

After the Mongol campaigns of the 13th century. The territory of the Siberian Tatars was part of the Golden Horde state of Khan Batu. The earliest state entities Siberian Tatars - Tyumen Khanate (in the 14th century with a center in Chimge-Tur, on the site of the modern Tyumen), at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. - Khanate of Siberia(after the name of the settlement Siberia or Kashlyk). The growth of economic and cultural ties, relatedness of languages ​​and other factors led to the emergence of new supra-tribal ethnic communities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. The main groups of Siberian Tatars formed.

The ethnic history of the Siberian Tatars within the Russian state was complex, which is due to the vast territory of their settlement in Western Siberia, a certain disunity, contacts with many peoples, complex social composition and other factors. The ethnic territories of the Siberian Tatars gradually stabilized, although some of their movements were observed at the end of the 19th-20th centuries. Despite the territorial disunity in composition Russian state, connections between the Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, Tomsk-Ob Turkic-speaking groups of Siberian Tatars created the opportunity for the development of consolidation processes.

During the years of the USSR, the ethnic structure of consolidation processes changed little. U Barabintsy The division into groups and tribes has disappeared; only in certain villages is knowledge about the Tugums - genealogical groups - preserved. Among the Tobol-Irtysh and Tomsk Tatars, the idea of ​​division into subethnic groups weakened, but did not completely disappear. According to some scientists, the Siberian Tatars are an independent people, others point to the incompleteness of their consolidation into a single ethnic group, believing that they most likely represent an incompletely formed ethnic community. The Siberian Bukharans finally became part of the Siberian Tatars by the middle of the twentieth century. In the 1960-80s. There were active processes of rapprochement and partial mixing of the Siberian Tatars with the Volga-Ural Tatars. In all censuses of the USSR, Siberian Tatars were included in the Tatars.

Siberian Tatars are settled mainly in the middle and southern parts of Western Siberia - from the Urals and almost to the Yenisei. Their villages are scattered among Russian villages; Russians also live in the Tatar villages themselves, sometimes making up 15-30% of the total population. Significant groups of Siberian Tatars live in Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and other cities where the former compactness of their settlement in the Tatar settlements disappeared. Many Volga-Ural Tatars also settled in the cities of Western Siberia. All Turkic groups belonging to the Siberian Tatars at the end of the 17th century. numbered 16 thousand people at the end of the 18th century. - over 29 thousand, at the end of the 19th century. - 11.5 thousand people. The number of Siberian Bukharans was early XVII V. 1.2 thousand people, at the end of the 19th century. - 11.5 thousand people. The number of Volga-Ural Tatars - migrants to Siberia until the 1860s. grew slowly: in 1858 there were only 700 people on the West Siberian Plain. By 1897 their number increased to 14.4 thousand people. According to the 1926 census, the Siberian Tatars numbered 90 thousand people, and all Tatars (including the Volga-Ural) - 118.3 thousand.

Traditional occupations are agriculture (for some groups it existed before the Russians came to Siberia) and cattle breeding. Among the Baraba Tatars big role lake fishing played a role, and among the northern groups of Tobol-Irtysh and Baraba Tatars - river fishing and hunting. They raised cattle and horses. In the southern part of the region, wheat, rye, oats, and millet were grown.

Crafts - leatherworking, making ropes from linden bast (Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), knitting nets, weaving boxes from willow twigs, making birch bark and wooden utensils, carts, boats, sleighs, skis. The Siberian Tatars were also engaged in trade, waste trades (hired work in agriculture, at state-owned forest dachas, sawmills and other factories), and carriage.

The social structure has changed significantly over the centuries. During the period of the Siberian Khanate, there was a neighboring territorial community, while the Barabins, Yaskolbins and other tribal relations disappeared with the annexation of Siberia to Russia. The bulk of the Tatar population of Western Siberia before the reform of M.M. Speransky, carried out at the end of the first quarter of the 19th century, consisted of yasaks - ordinary community members. In addition to them, among the Siberian Tatars there were groups of serving Tatar-Cossacks, backbone (dependent) Tatars, quitrent Chuvalshiks (they paid taxes from the chuval - stove), as well as nobles, merchants, Muslim clergy and others. According to the Charter on the Management of Foreigners (1822), almost all Siberian Tatars and Siberian Bukharans were transferred to the category of settled “foreigners”. In the USSR, the social composition of the Siberian Tatars has changed significantly. Managers, specialists, employees, machine operators, qualified workers. workers accounted for more than 50% of the Baraba residents, and 60% of the total rural population among the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars.

The main form of family among the Siberian Tatars in the 18th - early 20th centuries. there was a small family (on average 5-6 people). In recent decades, the family has consisted of 2, less often 3 generations and has 3-5 people.

The Siberian Tatars called their villages auls, or yurts; among the Tomsk Tatars, the terms “ulus” and “aimak” were preserved before the revolution.

The villages of the Siberian Tatars are characterized by riverine and lakeside types of settlements. With the construction of roads, villages along the tracts appeared. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. For most Tatar settlements, the correct rectilinear street layout was typical. In some settlements, other features were also noted - curvature of streets, turns, nooks and crannies, some scattered housing, etc. Houses were placed on both sides of the street; in coastal villages one-sided buildings were rarely found.

In the 17th century dugouts and half-dugouts were used as dwellings. However, for a long time the Siberian Tatars were known for above-ground log buildings, as well as adobe, turf and brick dwellings. Log yurts in the 17th-18th centuries. They were low, had small doors (one had to squat through them), there were no windows, and daylight came through a hole in the flat earthen roof. Later, houses were built according to the Russian model. Some Tatars had 2-story log houses, and in the cities, wealthy merchants and industrialists had stone houses. The interior of the houses of each group of Siberian Tatars had its own characteristics, but the central place in the decor of most dwellings was occupied by bunks, covered with carpets, felt, lined with chests and bedding along the edges. The bunks replaced almost all the necessary furniture. The houses also had tables with very low legs and shelves for dishes. Only the rich Tatars had other furniture - cabinets, chairs, etc. The houses were heated by chuval stoves with an open hearth, but some Tatars also used Russian stoves. Only a few houses were decorated with patterns on window frames, cornices, and estate gates. Basically it was a geometric pattern, but sometimes the patterns contained images of animals, birds and people, which was prohibited Islam.

More often, patterns were used to decorate clothes, hats and shoes. Shirts and trousers served as underwear. Both men and women wore bishmets on top - long open kaftans with sleeves, camisoles - sleeveless or with short sleeves, tight-fitting open kaftans, robes (chapan) made of homespun fabric or Central Asian silk fabrics, and in winter - coats and fur coats (ton, tun) . In the XIX - early XX centuries. Among some of the Siberian Tatars, Russian dokhas, sheepskin coats, sheepskin coats, army jackets, men's shirts, trousers, and women's dresses became widespread.

Of the women's headdresses, the specifically local one was the headband (saraoch, sarautz) with a solid front part made of cardboard covered with fabric, decorated with braids and beadwork. The festive headdress was the kalfak (cap). In addition, women wore cylindrical summer and winter hats, with scarves and shawls on top. Men wore skullcaps, felt hats, and winter hats different types, including a spade-shaped protrusion at the back. As for footwear, soft leather boots (ichigi), leather shoes, winter felt boots (pimas), as well as short teal boots, hunting boots, etc. were widely used. Women's jewelry was numerous - bracelets, rings, signet rings, earrings, beads, laces, ribbons . Girls wore braids decorated with coins, and townswomen wore silver and gold medallions.

The food was dominated by meat and dairy products. Dairy products - cream (kaymak), butter (may), varieties of cottage cheese and cheese, a special type of sour milk (katyk), ayran drink, etc. Meat - lamb, beef, horse meat, poultry; did not eat pork; from wild animal meat - hare, elk. Soups: meat (shurpa), millet (tarik ure), rice (korets ure), fish, flour - from noodles (onash, salma, umats), batter (tsumara) and flour fried in oil (plamyk). They ate talkan porridge - a dish of ground barley and oats diluted in water or milk; from flour dishes they ate flatbread (peter), wheat and rye bread, baursaks - large pieces of butter dough fried in oil, sansu (a type of baursak) - fried in in butter, long ribbons of dough (“brushwood”), pies with different fillings (peremets, balish, sumsa), dishes like pancakes (koymak), halva (alyuva) and others. Drinks: tea, ayran, partially kumiss, some types of sherbet, etc.

Among the national holidays, Sabantuy is celebrated annually. Of the Muslim holidays, the most widespread are Eid al-Adha and Kurban Bayram. In some villages of the Siberian Tatars back in the 2nd half of the 19th century. there were ministers of other pagan cults. Among some of the Baraba and Tomsk Tatars until the 1920s. There were shamans (kamas) who treated the sick and performed rituals during sacrifices. Among the pre-Muslim beliefs, the cult of ancestors, the cult of animals, totemism, belief in spirits - masters of natural phenomena, dwellings, estates, astral-mythological ideas, belief in spirit-idols (patrons of the family, community, personal patrons) were preserved.

Lit.: Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; It's him. Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population West Siberian Plain at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 20th century. Novosibirsk, 1992; Valeev F.T., Tomilov N.A. Tatars of Western Siberia: history and culture. Novosibirsk, 1996.

1. SIBERIAN TATARS.

Before the arrival of the Russians, the Middle Irtysh region was inhabited mainly by the Tatar population. There was a lot of land in Siberia, and before the mass migrations the second half of the 19th century V. Tatar settlements owned a significant amount of land. “Each foreign society has since ancient times owned certain coastal areas and forests, which are distributed in equal parts among the families that make it up. If their number increases, they begin, with the general advice of the prince and society, to a new division” (Gagemeister, 1854).

The newcomers of the Volga-Ural Tatars settled mainly in the places where Siberian Tatars lived: either they were separate streets in Siberian-Tatar settlements, which is most common, or, occasionally, they founded their villages not far from the Siberian-Tatar settlements. Russian migrant population at the end of the 19th century. founded a significant number of new villages in places where there were more or less free lands. The fact is that the settlement of the Russian migrant population with old-timers was rare, although it had a number of advantages in the form of more convenient land and the opportunity, with the help of old-timers, to acquire their own farm. But not all visitors could afford this, since old-timer societies often demanded large monetary contributions to the secular treasury for settlement. That is why Russian settlers of the late 19th century. and founded their own villages. Thus, not far from the Tatar settlement of Iptsiss (mentions of which are found in archival documents dating back to the 16th century) at the end of the 19th century. Russian settlers founded several settlements - the village of Porechye, whose residents celebrated the centenary of its founding in 1995, the villages of Alekseevka, Igorsvka, Ryazapy and others. The settlement of Russians on lands that belonged to the indigenous Siberian Tatars caused some discontent among the latter.

There was quite a lot of land belonging to the village of Inciss. Agriculture at the end of the 19th century. Only a few were engaged, according to informants, about 10 families (according to the 1897 census, there were 67 households in Iptsissa). Since the Tatars did little farming, the Incis lands were leased to the Russian population of Porechye and Alekseevka. As rent for the use of land, the Russians gave bread to the Tatars. Basically, the Tatars bought bread or exchanged it for timber, tar, and resin.

Everyone kept cattle in Incissa. Hayfields were distributed per person. With the increase in population, the norm per person has decreased. The meadows and lands on which they sowed, along the road towards the village of Evgashchipo (on the other bank of the Tara) went 5 km from Intsis. Therefore, the Russian population rented from the Tatars not only arable land, but also hayfields. The Russians gave part of the harvested hay to the Tatars as rent. During collectivization and the creation of collective farms, land was cut off and divided among nearby villages.

In the past, commercial hunting and fishing played a significant role in the Tatar economy. In the middle of the 19th century. fishing lakes most often belonged to societies of foreign Tatars or individual members of these societies. From them the Russians took over the maintenance of the lake for several years for a significant fee. Foreigners also owned most of the hunting grounds, and therefore Russians who went fishing had to buy from them the right to catch animals.

The cycle of rituals of the Siberian Tatars associated with birth and death has retained ancient features to this day. Until the beginning, and in some places until the middle of the 20th century. Tatar women gave birth at home, usually on planks or on the floor. The birth was delivered by an experienced elderly woman or midwife (kentek ine), who cut the child’s umbilical cord. According to the custom of the Siberian Tatars, the umbilical cord was cut by placing it on a silver coin. This custom, according to the Siberians, provided the newborn with strong, metal-like health and wealth. The umbilical cord along with the afterbirth was usually wrapped in a clean rag and buried in the ground, choosing a clean place in the yard for this. In some places there was a custom to preserve the umbilical cord of a newborn. The umbilical cord was wrapped in a rag or leather and stored in the gap between the motherboard and the ceiling boards. According to this belief, the umbilical cord protected the life and health of the child.

Until 40 days, the child lay on a pillow next to his mother, and after 40 days he was placed in a cradle (tsenkeltsek). The most common form of cradle is a light wooden frame on which canvas is stretched, straps are fastened at the four corners of the frame, their upper ends come together (sometimes intertwined) around an iron ring. Using this ring, the cradle was suspended from a strong iron hook driven into the mother.

The festive cycle associated with the birth of a child and with certain phenomena in his life includes the following rituals: inviting the midwife, performing a sacred ablution, smearing the child’s lips with a mixture of honey and butter (pal avyslantyru), throwing his father’s shirt over him, the holiday of the room to the cradle (bala tue), the first shaving of hair (karyn tsats), naming, circumcision.

The birth of a child was usually seen as an important event. The birth of a son brought especially great joy to parents; the birth of twins was also considered a good omen.

Siberian Tatars regard death as an inevitable event that ends life path man, there is also a widespread opinion that the death of a person is punishment for his sins during life. In the 16th-17th centuries. Siberian Tatars, before the Kazan Tatars and Bukharians came here, buried their dead in birch bark cases or hollowed out tree trunks. Ground burials such as mounds and burials in peculiar crypts - log cabins with roofs - were also common; there is evidence that in some groups of Siberian Tatars there were methods of burying the dead directly on the ground or in a natural pit.

In the 19th-20th centuries. For burial, the Siberian Tatars set aside places not far from their settlements. A special feature of the ground graves of the Muslim Tatars was a side niche (lyakot, lyakhet), where the body of the deceased was placed. An inclined canopy was built over the deceased from boards, poles, and small logs, the lower ends of which rested against the bottom of the grave, and the upper ends against the opposite wall.

Sometimes a washed dead person without clothes was immediately wrapped in a piece of canvas or calico, but more often they sewed special clothes that consisted of several layers. The deceased was also dressed in trousers and slippers made of white fabric, his head was tied with a scarf, sometimes another piece of fabric was wrapped around it, and caps were put on. The top of the body was wrapped in white cloth (savan-kafen): for a man in three layers, and for a woman in five layers. Usually 4-6 people lowered the body into the grave on ropes, placing it at the bottom of the grave in a niche. In most cases, the bottom of the grave was not covered with anything, but in various places information was collected that the bottom of the grave could have been covered with shavings, straw, birch branches or boards.

In the last century and earlier, all groups of Siberian Tatars had a widespread custom of leaving food and various objects (utensils, jewelry, tools) for the deceased. After the funeral, relatives distributed money (khair), and sometimes the clothes of the deceased, to those present. Trees were planted on the burial mounds and birch stakes were placed. Characteristic feature gravestones of the Tomsk and Baraba Tatars were steles made of stone and wood, some of them were designed in the form of a human figure or decorated with inscriptions on Arabic. for the groups of Kurdak-Sargat, Tobolsk, and Marsh Tatars, a characteristic detail of grave structures are high wooden pillars (bagan), decorated with notches in the form of a ladder, tops in the form of a spear (song), a comb (torak), and a ball.

Currently, the Siberian Tatars have three main types of grave structures made of wood and metal: wooden log houses and fences - picket fences and metal fences. In modern Siberian studies, the generally accepted point of view is that the most ancient and traditional form of such structures are wooden log houses. they can have the shape of a truncated prism with straight ends of the logs, with hewn ends; such log houses can be decorated with columns with inscriptions. Another interesting detail of such structures is that they are covered with matits, the number of which varies from one to two, three. There are also log houses in the shape of rectangles. Children's gravestones of this type differ in size. in some cases, the custom of leaving various objects used by the deceased on the grave has survived to this day.

Among the Siberian Tatars, there are log fences made of boards, imitating the shape of log houses, or rectangular log houses made of timber, very similar to dwellings. Wooden fences - picket fences are very diverse in shape, among them a group of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic ones stands out. The most modern type of grave structures include metal fences. The appearance of crescents on the gravestones of the Siberian Tatars is associated with the influence of Islam. In addition to the described structures, the cemeteries of the Siberian Tatars usually contain sheds for storing equipment and boxes (tabut) for carrying the dead.

Siberian Tatars held funeral services for the deceased on the 3rd, 7th, 40th, 100th day and every other year. In some groups of Siberian Tatars, funerals were organized, in addition, on the 14th, 52nd day, half a year. All Siberian Tatars in the 19th and early 20th centuries. in funeral rites, features were noted that were incompatible with Muslim dogmas. Frequently, funeral services were held on the day of the funeral, alcohol was consumed, roosters were sacrificed, and on memorial days they visited the grave and arranged a meal and drinks there. The Baraba Tatars immediately after the funeral slaughtered a ram or a bull (in the 17th century - a horse) in the cemetery; their funeral lasted for several days.

And now the funeral rite of the Siberian Tatars largely retains the features that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries. based on a synthesis of local pre-Muslim funeral elements introduced through the Bukharians and Volga Tatars, associated with the influence of Islam.

From the cycle of family rituals, along with rituals associated with birth and death, elements of wedding rituals are still very persistently preserved. In the past, the forms of marriage among the Siberian Tatars were marriages through matchmaking, through voluntary departure and forcible abduction of the bride. The main stages of the first form of marriage were matchmaking (kys suratu), conspiracy, advice (kingash), the wedding itself (tui), the groom's greeting of his parents (salom), transportation of the newlywed to the husband's house (kuch), the visit of the newlyweds to the house of the parents of the young (turgen) . As a rule, the parents themselves looked for a bride for their son from a circle of families equal to them in economic status. There were restrictions on marriages with relatives: such marriages were considered possible only in the third generation.

Another form of marriage was the departure of a girl secretly from her parents to the house of her lover. This happened when the parents did not agree to the marriage.

Much more often marriages occurred through bride kidnapping. The reasons for this could be different. Most often they were associated with differences in property between families. Usually, the inability to pay the bride price resulted in her abduction, which was carried out both with the consent of the bride and by force. Sometimes the parents of the bride and groom agreed to stage a kidnapping in order to avoid paying bride price, not to prepare a large dowry, and to replace an expensive wedding with a small party for close relatives. Often in such cases, a specially decorated horse was assigned to the bride.

Among the holidays related to calendar rituals, the Siberian Tatars celebrate religious holidays (Kurban Bayram, Eid al-Fitr, Maulet, etc.), all-Russian holidays, as well as such holidays of rural workers as the day of the first furrow, the day of livestock breeding, and the harvest festival. the conduct of the Tatar national holiday Sabantuy. Along with traditional types of competitions and entertainment such as wrestling, climbing a smooth pole for a prize, fighting on a log with tightly filled bags of straw, pulling each other by a stick, new sports games and attractions appeared (motorcycle and bicycle racing, throwing grenades, lifting weights, volleyball, football, etc.) in everyday life for leisure, along with such international instruments as the accordion, some groups of Siberian Tatars also had original musical instruments such as the komys. playing the komys required a certain skill.

The religious beliefs of the Siberian Tatars are characterized by a combination of Islamic and pre-Muslim (pagan) phenomena. According to modern religion, Siberian Tatars are Muslims - Sunnis of the Hanafi madhhab; the adoption of Islam occurred from the 14th to the mid-18th century (in certain groups of Baraba Tatars). In almost every more or less large settlement of the Tatars a mosque was built. A devout Muslim is obliged to perform daily prayer (namaz) on a special rug, while facing the shrines of Islam.

In everyday life to this day, Islamic canons of life coexist with the belief in the need to protect ourselves from various evil forces. Most groups of Siberian Tatars have a recorded belief that the dwelling is protected from various adversities by a horseshoe nailed at the entrance; inside the dwelling is protected by juniper branches, hot red peppers, outbuildings and vegetable gardens in some groups of Siberian Tatars are protected by a specific amulet - the carcass of a killed magpie (sauskan).

Pre-Islamic remnants in the religious worldview of the Tatars in some areas of Siberia are expressed in beliefs about the magical power of various objects - trees, stones, etc. To this day, the most diverse groups of Siberian Tatars have revered trees, usually birch or pine, which usually have striking features. the same can be said about sacred stones. The Tatars held prayers near such trees and stones. There was a belief that good spirits lived around these places, promoting successful hunting, getting rid of diseases, etc. On the branches of such sacred trees, the Tatars left pieces of multi-colored fabrics, coins, and sometimes even jewelry.

The ethnocultural ties of the Siberian Tatars with other peoples are clearly visible in their clothing and jewelry. Thus, the Bukhara component is clearly expressed in the presence of robes and turbans in men's clothing. Among the Siberian Tatars, such robes of Central Asian origin were called chapan. Sheepskin coats and fur hats, as well as sheepskin coats, were used as winter clothing for men. The Siberian Tatars girded their outer clothing with woven “pilbau” belts and “kur” fabric belts. The main type of men's headdresses were various skullcaps. Such skullcaps were decorated with chain stitch embroidery, gold embroidery, or were made from fabrics with a pattern.

Complex women's clothing The Siberian Tatars consisted of dresses of various cuts, over which they wore sleeveless camisoles, decorated with sewn coins, jewelry-made plaques, and braids in various combinations. Camisoles were made of silk and velvet lined with printed fabrics. Beshmets, also decorated with coins and various plaques, were used as warm women's clothing. Embroidered decorations on outerwear were located mainly along the sides and armholes, but could also be located in the belt area on the back. In winter, Siberian Tatar women wore covered fur coats. As headdresses, the Siberian Tatars used round caps like skullcaps, kalvakis borrowed from the Volga Tatars, as well as a frame headdress in the form of a Sarauz headband. All these headdresses were made of silk and velvet in combination with embroidery with gold threads, beads and beads. fragments of such headdresses could be purchased ready-made and used to make them at home.

The decorations of the Siberian Tatars in the period under review were basically the same as those of the Kazan Tatars. The materials for decoration were metal, stone, and fabric. Siberian-Tatar jewelry bore the general name “shai”, which comes from the Arabic-Persian word “shay” (thing, object). Metal jewelry included bracelets and earrings; metal jewelry in combination with fabric included bracelets and tushlek breast jewelry (see Appendix 2).

The shoes of the Siberian Tatars were divided into leather and felted. Leather shoes include soft homemade boots “charyk”, as well as leather boots decorated with leather mosaics, which were brought in large quantities from the Volga region or made in Siberia by Tatar shoemakers of Volga-Ural origin.

The traditional utensils of the Siberian Tatars were quite diverse. It was made of wood, birch bark, and metal. Wooden utensils included kobe butter churns, kul tirmen hand mills, scoops, mortars, sieves, flour troughs, bakery shovels, various tubs and barrels, buckets, blocks for chopping meat, and fliers for drying dishes. Household utensils made of birch bark (tuz, tus) were containers for berries, storage of butter, sour cream, etc., boxes for various purposes. Among the household utensils of the Siberian Tatars there were also metal products. These include frying pans, choppers, pokers and tongs for coals, as well as tall copper and bronze jugs of Central Asian origin for making tea - tankan and washing - kumgan, copper basins, etc. With the development of capitalism, utensils of the Russian peasant population of Siberia penetrate into the life of the Siberian Tatars and modern factory utensils - samovars, teapots, milk jugs, pepper shakers, etc.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Siberian Tatars consumed dairy, meat products, fish, cereals, bread and other types of flour foods, and to a lesser extent, vegetables and fruits. Great place The diet of the Siberian Tatars, especially in winter, consisted of livestock meat (lamb, beef, horse meat), which was consumed both fresh and stored for future use. dried lamb meat "chilga" was used as road food, while hunting, and during field work. Small fish harvested for future use, such as crucian carp, were also dried in the sun, threaded through the gills onto a ring made of willow twig. Flour dishes were very diverse - they were made from both unleavened and sour dough. Baursaks were widespread - round pieces of butter dough fried in oil. From the end of the 19th century, some dishes of the Kazan Tatars and Mishar Tatars began to penetrate into the diet of flour products of the Siberian Tatars, for example, chakchak - a sweet pie made from pieces of butter dough fried in oil and drizzled with honey.

Tatar villages in Western Siberia can be divided into following types:

1. Coastal or riverside.

2. By-tract.

3. Priozerny.

Villages of coastal or riverine type were located along the banks of the Irtysh, Tobol, Tura and other rivers. They usually consisted of two parallel streets with alleys. Coastal villages often had an arc shape, going around the bend of the river. These are the villages of Rechapovo, Ebargul, Saurgachi, Seitova, Kirgap in the Omsk region, and Yurt-Ory in the Novosibirsk region, Laitamak in the Tyumen region. The coastal type sometimes had only one street with one-sided buildings. The villages near the tract had a linear shape. Usually they consisted of a street with two-sided buildings and were stretched along the road or stood perpendicular to it, near a potable reservoir. This is how the Kaskarinsky and Iskinsky yurts are located in the Tyumen region. The third type of Tatar villages included villages located near large and small lakes. In this type, elements of linear, radial, quarterly, and most of all cumulus planning were traced, as in the village of Tarmakul.

During the period under review, dugouts and semi-dugouts were quite widespread in the villages of the Siberian Tatars. The roofs of such dwellings were made of earth, the walls were mostly made of adobe or wicker and coated with clay. The source of light in such dwellings was a fiberglass window into which a frame was inserted, covered with a specially treated bull bladder.

The Siberian Tatars built adobe houses and mud brick houses even before the fall of the Siberian Khanate, and the construction technology remained virtually unchanged until the mid-19th century. The roofs of such houses were covered with layers of turf and were most often gable.

From the second half of the 19th century, the old traditional dwellings of the Siberian Tatars began to be replaced by dwellings that arose among them under the influence of the Russian population, i.e. plastered log houses.

Since the 1880s, the four-walled hut became the most common, which, however, retained the features of the traditional dwelling of the Siberian Tatars. The transitional form from adobe dwellings to log ones was daubed log houses with an earthen roof, both gable and hipped. Later, the roofs of such houses began to be covered with planks, and subsequently covered with slate and roofing felt.

Construction materials Pine and cedar were used for wooden log houses. Tatars of forest-steppe, steppe and swampy areas usually bought log houses from neighboring villages for import. Timber was purchased less frequently. The Tatars’ method of cutting a log house, like the Russians, was “in a corner”, “in a round bowl”. Log houses were found with earthen, plank and slate roofs, and in both cases the roof could be either gable or hipped. Quite often in the villages of the Siberian Tatars there were two-story houses.

The Siberian Tatars surrounded the space of the estate with a fence made of various materials, depending on the degree of prosperity of the family. An indispensable attribute was a gate, and often the design was very simple and consisted of two vertically placed logs and a crossbar. The upper part of the gate was sometimes made of planks and decorated with applied sawn carvings. The upper part of the gates was decorated in the same way. Ornamentation of gates and gates with applied sawn carvings in Tatar villages appeared only at the end of the 19th century, mainly under the influence of the Russian population. The ornamentation on such gates was most often of a solar nature. Fences were made from poles, wicker and planks. The gates were locked with bolts of various designs.

The oldest residential buildings in the villages of the Siberian Tatars are characterized by an almost complete absence of ornamentation on the platbands and pediments of the houses. Since the end of the 19th century, frames decorated with carvings have appeared, but without shutters. The appearance of shutters dates back to a later time, and the majority of shutters were paneled, with virtually no carved decorations.

Since ancient times, ovens have been an indispensable attribute of the homes of the Siberian Tatars - both baking and heating. IN Lately The most common are heating stoves combined with a stove for cooking. Sometimes a temporary stove is placed next to such a stove for cooking in the summer. The chimney of such a stove is led into the chimney of the main stove. An integral part of the interior of Siberian dwellings were low round and rectangular dining tables. Such tables are still found in the homes of older Siberian Tatars today. Various benches and chairs were used for seating. Some of the clothes were stored in chests, small items in boxes. During the daytime, bedding, including blankets, were placed rolled up on chests in the front corner. The walls were decorated with carpets, the floors were covered with rugs.

The origins of the material culture of the Siberian Tatars, and the layout of estates in particular, have not yet been sufficiently studied. But, nevertheless, it should be noted that in the Middle Ages - the modern era, the estate in its modern form apparently did not exist among the Siberian Tatars. A European-style estate appeared among the Siberian aborigines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Currently, the courtyard of the Siberian Tatars consists of a group of outbuildings concentrated around the dwelling; the entire territory of the courtyard is surrounded by a fence made of boards, poles or wattle, and a vegetable garden in which various crops are grown. Among such buildings one can name various kinds of barns, stables, bathhouses, toilets, summer stoves, sheds, corrals, wells, dugouts and half-dugouts, etc.

Sheds on the farms of the Siberian Tatars were built for a variety of purposes - as barns (for storing food, hay, etc.), barns (oran, chicken) for the winter keeping of small and large livestock, chickens, etc. It is typical for Siberian Tatars to build such structures from wattle clay, poles and logs.

Sheds and corrals in the estates of the Siberian Tatars were used to keep large and small livestock in the summer, spring and autumn, under the sheds, in addition, various utensils and vehicles (carts and sleighs) were stored. Typically, pens are located at the very back of the estate, and sheds can be located near the home.

One of the specific elements of the Siberian Tatar estate is the outbuildings, wholly or partially immersed in the ground - kupka. Nowadays, the prevailing view in the scientific literature is that such buildings repeat the form of residential buildings used by the population of Siberia in the Middle Ages - modern times. Currently, some of these structures are used as barns for winter housing of small or small numbers of large livestock, or as chicken coops.

The appearance of bathhouses (muntsa, munch) among the Siberian Tatars is directly related to settlers from the European part of Russia. Apparently, black baths can be considered the earliest type of such structures. Based on the material used in construction, we note daubed baths and baths made of logs.

The appearance of a toilet, like baths, on the estate is possibly associated with the adoption of Islam, one of the guidelines of which is the requirement of cleanliness, both during prayers and in everyday life. Based on the nature of the material used for their construction, toilets can be distinguished from wattle and logs.

Summer stoves were also built. The purpose of summer ovens is to cook food in warm weather and (or) bake bread. The traditional design of such a furnace is poles placed vertically in the shape of a square or circle, coated with clay. Modern summer stoves are usually made entirely of adobe or ordinary factory bricks, have an adobe firebox, above which a metal plate is placed for installing dishes, but previously a cast-iron boiler was installed directly into the stove firebox. Such a stove was called kazanlak (kasanlyk). Often the stove was installed on a wooden base; previously it could have been a wooden frame made of 2-3 crowns covered with boards; now platforms are made in a wide variety of ways.

The methods of construction of economic and residential structures among the Siberian Tatars are different for adobe, daub, wicker, structures made of poles and logs. For example, the construction of a barn made of wicker walls with an earthen roof involves the preparation of turf for the roof and the preparation of knots for the walls. During construction, the support pillars are first braided and then covered with a roof. To make adobe structures, a hammer was used to hammer the clay. The construction of structures from poles required completely different techniques.

The Tatars' means of transportation included: sleighs, carts, horse harnesses, skis, and boats.

In the foreground in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The system of movement of the Siberian Tatars included sleigh and cart transport (sleigh sledges, koshevy, four-wheeled carts and two-wheeled taratayki), in addition, to move small loads on personal households and in hunting in winter, sledges (tsanak, chaganak) and small sled. Sleighs and carts of the modern type were borrowed from the Russians, although the wheeled cart of the arba type was known to the Siberian Tatars from ancient times.

Traditionally, horse harness is divided into riding and cargo. Cargo horse harness is similar to that used by the Russian population and consists of shafts, a bow, a collar with a harness, reins, a saddle with a girth, and a bridle. Horse harness is undoubtedly more ancient, consisting of a bridle (sometimes with a rein - a chembur), a saddle and stirrups, etc. Until now, Siberian Tatars are excellent riders.

Traditional means of transportation of Siberian Tatars. Previously (until the second half of the 18th century) they also made military campaigns on skis. The sliding skis of the Siberian Tatars (tsanga, changa) were divided into covers (lined with fur) - for moving in winter on deep loose snow and skis - for walking on hard crust in the spring.

Hemmed skis were most often made from aspen and birch, as well as from pine, spruce, cedar and bird cherry trunk. The material for covering the sliding part was elk, horse and deer camus; sometimes skis were lined with dog skins. In the past, the Tomsk and Barabinsk Tatars used wide hemmed skis with a arch under the treadplate, a sharp toe and a less sharp back. Distinctive feature Such skis consisted of a snow bag (often fabric) in place of the stepping platform, into which the foot was inserted, and the bag was tied around it at the top. The Siberian Tatars had different types of ski boots - straight ones with sides along the edges of the treading part, skis with a raised treading platform, etc. They helped themselves when skiing with special poles.

Among all groups of Siberian Tatars, pointed-type dugout boats (kama, keme, kima), made from aspen, and less often from poplar, were common. Often, to increase the load capacity, heels (side boards) were attached to the dugout. Many Tatar farms had wooden boats of the Russian type. Such boats are still actively used on the farms of the Siberian Tatars. To move on boats, poles (in shallow water) and oars (in depth) are used.

Siberian Tatars were engaged in agriculture even before the annexation of Western Siberia to the Russian state. In most areas, farming was by hoeing and was characterized by a small composition of crops - barley, spelt, oats. But also in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Agriculture among the Tatars of Siberia was at a low level. A small number of agricultural crops (rye, wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, millet), primitive agricultural tools, small arable plots (two thirds of farms had less than 10 acres of arable land), the predominance of a three-field crop rotation system, the lack of practice of fertilizing arable lands - all this caused low harvests that often did not meet the family's needs for bread until the new harvest. Siberian Tatars began to engage in vegetable gardening late - only in the middle of the 20th century. At the same time, special tools were used for weeding.

The main arable tools on the farms of the Siberian Tatars were a simple one-horse wooden plow with an iron coulter, borrowed from Russian peasants, and later a one-horse plow. Sickles, scythes, flails, wooden pitchforks, rakes and shovels were used as agricultural tools. The harvested grain was tied into sheaves, which were stacked into heaps and later stacked. After drying, the sheaves were transported to the current. Wooden shovels were used to clean threshed grain, and special devices were used for raking.

Due to the abundance of fish, fishing was a profitable activity for many groups of Siberian Tatars. Most of the fish were sold frozen in winter at city bazaars and fairs. The residents of Eushta also sold fish in the summer in Tomsk, transporting it live in large boats with bars specially equipped for this purpose. The Tatars were engaged in fishing both on rivers and lakes. They caught pike, grayling, crucian carp, perch, tench, chebak, ide, burbot, muksun, taimen, nelma, sturgeon, sterlet, etc. Fishing was especially important among the Baraba and Tyumen Tatars in villages located in a strip of large lakes, where fish They were caught by large teams. At the same time, fishing dugouts were built in fishing areas.

The main fishing gear were nets (au), nets and seines (au, alym, elym), krivdas (kuru), which the Tatars sometimes wove from purchased threads. Seines were divided according to their purpose into ulcer seines (opta au), cheese seines (yesht au), crucian carp seines (yazy balyk au), and muksun seines (chryndy au). They also caught fish with fishing rods (karmak, lets), nets, and “paths.” Basket-type fishing gear was widespread: muzzles (sugan, sugen), tops and korchazhki. Wicks and nonsense were also used. Large fish caught at night by torchlight with a spear of three to five teeth (sapak, tsak-tsy). Locking fishing was also widespread, using kotts (ese) and complex locking structures (tuan), the main element of which was an earthen dam (pieu, yer biyeu). The fish collected in the cauldron were scooped out with nets and scoops.

The share of hunting in the structure of traditional crafts by end of the 19th century V. It decreased significantly and was no longer the main industry for all Siberian Tatars. In some villages they no longer engaged in hunting at all; in some villages there were several hunters and commercial hunters. In the taiga they caught fox, weasel, ermine, squirrel, and hare. They also hunted wolves, moose, roe deer, lynxes and bears. In the summer they hunted moles. The abundance of game contributed to the preservation of hunting for wild geese, ducks, partridges, hazel grouse, and wood grouse.

When hunting, guns and purchased iron traps and decoys were used. When hunting wolves, the Tatars used checkmers - clubs made of wood with a thickened end covered with an iron plate. Wolves were also caught with traps. Sometimes hunters used long knives (blades). There is evidence that some groups of Siberian Tatars used bows with blunt arrows to hunt waterfowl and small fur-bearing animals. Homemade wooden traps (kulemki) were placed on weasel, stoat and wood grouse, the bait in which was fish, meat, etc., pressure-type traps (pasmak). Cherkans (chirkans) and crossbows were also used in hunting, and various hair loops and snares were used (tozok, tosok, kyl). When setting traps in winter, the hunter covered his tracks with a broom. The hunt was on foot (in winter they used skis), while checking traps and traps in some places they rode horses. Almost all hunters had dogs. During the hunting season, hunters lived in hunting huts or dugouts, and dried the skin of the hunted animal, stretching it on the walls of dwellings or outbuildings.

The traditional occupation for the Siberian Tatars was wood processing and making various products from it. The main tool for this was an adze. Among all groups of Siberian Tatars, there were specialists in making dugout boats from solid wood, bending skis and rocker arms, as well as weaving boxes for sleighs and carts.

The Siberian Tatars mastered the technology of processing fibers of both plant (flax, hemp) and animal (wool) origin. The culture of spinning flax into fiber became widely known to the Siberian Tatars only from the beginning of the 19th century from the Tatars - immigrants from the Volga and Urals regions; Before this, the main plant fiber for making fabrics was hemp (kinder). Wool was used mainly from sheep, sometimes from goat down.

To prepare the fiber for spinning, cards were used, then the fiber was spun on various types spinning wheels, incl. Root and spinning wheels. Then they began to actually weave the fabric on “turap uryn” looms, an indispensable part of which was the reed, often ornamented. The fabrics were made mainly of simple plain weave and were used to make clothing, home furnishings, etc.

Numerous ethnic conflicts not only between Kazakhs and Russians, but also Poles, a significant part of whom live on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. The villages and towns in which Poles currently live are a reflection of the multinational structure of the entire Republic of Kazakhstan. Poles who previously lived in Ukraine have become accustomed to the need to coexist with representatives...

SIBERIAN TATARS(self-called Sibirtatar, Sibirtatarlar), people in the Russian Federation (approx. 190 thousand people in Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen regions). They also live in Kazakhstan and some countries Wed. Asia and Turkey (total about 20 thousand people). Ethnic groups - Tobol-Irtysh (Kurdak-Sargat, Tar, Tobol, Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), Barabinsk (Barabinsk-Turazh, Lyubey-Tunus and Terenin-Choi Tatars), Tomsk (Kalmaks, Chats and Eushta).

Language – Siberian-Tatar. Dialects: Tobol-Irtysh (Tar, Tevriz, Tobol, Tyumen, Zabolotny dialects), Barabinsk and Tomsk (Kalmak and Eushta-Chat dialects). The majority of believers are Sunni Muslims. Part T.s. sticks to tradition. beliefs. At T.s. The features of the Urals predominate. anthropopol. a type that developed as a result of other crossbreeding between Caucasians and Mongoloids.

In the most general form, the ethnogenesis of T.s. seems to be present time as a process of mixing Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic. and partly Mongolian. tribes and nationalities included in different groups of this ethnicity. community. The penetration of the Turks took place mainly. 2 ways - from the east, from the Minusinsk Basin, and from the south - from Sr. Asia and Altai. Apparently, the original settlement territories of T.s. occupied by other Turks of the Turkic Khaganates. In the Tomsk Ob region, def. role in the formation of the Turkic language. the population was played by the Kyrgyz. and body tribes. Autochthon. Turkic tribes within the T.s. Ayals, Kurdak, Tural, Tukuz, Sargat, etc. are considered. Perhaps it is the ancient Turk. tribes, and not the Kipchaks, who appeared later (in the 11th–12th centuries), formed the main. ethnic component at the 1st stage of ethnogenesis T.s. In the 9th–10th centuries. on ter. The Kimaks, carriers of the Srostkino culture, advanced in the Tomsk Ob region. From their midst came the Kipchak. tribes and nationalities. As part of T.s. Tribes and clans of Khatans, Kara-Kypchaks, and Nugais were recorded. Availability in Tobol-Irtysh. group of tribes of the Mrassa and Condoms indicates their ethnogene. connection with the Shor tribes. Later, as part of the T.s. Yellow Uighurs, Bukharan-Uzbeks, Teleuts (into the Tarsk, Barabin and Tomsk groups), Kazan joined. Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs. They, excl. yellow Uighurs, strengthened the Kipchak. component of the Tatars of the West. Siberia.

The overwhelming majority of Siberian Bukharians were Uzbeks and Tajiks; in addition, there were Uighurs, Kazakhs, Turkmens and, apparently, Karakalpaks, and in Siberia in the department. cases sib. and a cauldron. Tatars.

After Mong. campaigns of the 13th century territory T.s. was part of the Golden Horde state of Khan Batu. The earliest state education T.s. – Tyumen Khanate (in the 14th century with its center in Chimge-Tur, on the site of modern Tyumen), in the end. XV – beginning 16th century – Siberian Khanate (after the name of the settlement Siberia or Kashlyk). Growth of households and cultures. connections, related languages, and other factors led to the emergence of new supra-tribal ethnicities. communities. In the XIV–XVI centuries. the foundations were formed groups T.s.

Ethnic history of T.s. within the framework of Rus. state was not easy, which is due to the huge territory of their settlement in the West. Siberia, defined disunity, contacts with many people. peoples, complex social composition and other factors. They gradually stabilized ethnically. territory of T.S., although dep. their movements were observed back in the end. XIX–XX centuries Despite the territory. disunity within the Russian Federation. state-va, connections between Tobol-Irtysh., Barabin. and Tomsk-Ob Turkic languages. groups T.s. created an opportunity for the development of consolidation. processes.

During the existence of the USSR, ethnic. structure of T.s. little has changed. Among the Barabinians, the division into groups and tribes disappeared, only in the department. knowledge about the Tugums is preserved in the villages - genealogist. groups. Tobol-Irtysh. and the Tomsk Tatars weakened, but did not completely disappear, the idea of ​​division into subethnics. groups. According to some scientists, T.s. – are independent. people, others point to the incompleteness of their consolidation into a single ethnic group, believing that they most likely represent an incompletely formed ethnic group. community. Sib. the Bukharans finally became part of the Ts. to mid. XX century In the 1960s–80s. assets took place. processes of convergence and partial mixing T.s. from Volga-Ural. Tatars. In all censuses of the USSR, T.s. were included in the Tatars.

T.s. settled in the main on Wednesday. and south parts of Western Siberia - from the Urals and almost to the Yenisei. Their villages are scattered among the Russians. villages, Russians also live in the Tatars themselves. villages, sometimes accounting for 15–30% of the total population. Means. groups T.s. They live in Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and other cities, where their settlement in the Tatars was compact. the settlements disappeared. In Western cities Siberia settled and many others. Volgo-Ural Tatars. All Turkic. groups belonging to T.s., in the end. XVII century numbered 16 thousand people, at the end. XVIII century – St. 29 thousand, in con. XIX century – 11.5 thousand people. Number Sib. Bukharians were in the beginning. XVII century 1.2 thousand people, in the end. XIX century – 11.5 thousand people. Volga-Ural number. Tatars - migrants to Siberia until the 1860s. grew slowly: in 1858 there were them in West Sib. the plain has only 700 people. By 1897 their number increased to 14.4 thousand people. According to the 1926 census, T.s. there were 90 thousand people, and all Tatars (including the Volga-Urals) - 118.3 thousand.

Traditional occupations - agriculture (for some groups it existed before the Russians came to Siberia) and cattle. At the reels. Lake fishing played an important role among the Tatars, and among the northern. Tobol-Irtysh groups. and drum. Tatar - speech. fishing and hunting. They bred croup. horn. cattle and horses. To the south parts of the region grew wheat, rye, oats, and millet.

Crafts - leatherworking. business, making ropes from linden bast (Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), knitting nets, weaving boxes from willow twigs, making birch bark. and wooden dishes, carts, boats, sleighs, skis. T.s. They were also engaged in trade, waste trades (hired work in agriculture, at state forest dachas, sawmills and other factories), and carting.

Society way of life for centuries. changed. During the Sib. Khanate there was a neighboring territory. community, if the Barabinsky, Yaskolbinsky and other clans are present. relations that disappeared with the annexation of Siberia to Russia. Basic mass of Tatars. population of the West Siberia before the reform of M.M. Speransky, carried out in the end. 1st quarter XIX century, were made up of yasak people - ordinary community members. Besides them, among T.s. There were groups of serving Tatar-Cossacks, backbone (dependent) Tatars, quit-rent Chuvalshiks (they paid taxes from the chuval - stove), as well as nobles, merchants, and Muslims. clergy, etc. According to the Charter on the management of foreigners (1822), almost all T.s. and Sib. Bukharians were transferred to the category of settled “foreigners”. In the USSR social prof. composition of T.s. creatures changed. Managers, specialists, employees, machine operators, qualified workers. workers accounted for more than 50% among the Baraba residents, and among the Tobol-Irtysh. Tatars – 60% of all villages. population.

Basic family form in T.s. in the XVIII - early XX century there was a small family (average 5–6 people). Lastly decades, the family consists of 2, less often 3 generations and numbers 3–5 people.

Their villages T.s. were called auls, or yurts; among the Tomsk Tatars, the terms “ulus” and “aimak” were preserved before the revolution.

For villages T.s. riverine and lakeside types of settlements are typical. With the construction of roads, villages along the tracts appeared. In con. XIX - early XX century for most Tatars. In settlements, a regular rectilinear street layout was typical. In some of us. At points, other features were noted - curvature of streets, turns, nooks and crannies, some dispersion of dwellings, etc. Houses were placed on both sides of the street, and one-sided buildings were rarely found in coastal villages.

In the 17th century Dugouts and half-dugouts were used as dwellings. However, since ancient times T.s. Above-ground log buildings were known, as well as adobe, turf, and brick. dwellings. Log yurts in the 17th–18th centuries. They were low, had small doors (one had to squat through them), there were no windows, and daylight came through a hole in the flat earthen roof. Later, houses were built in Russian. sample. Some Tatars had 2-story log houses, and the cities were prosperous. merchants and industrialists - stone. Houses. In the interior of the houses of each group of T.s. had its own characteristics, but the center. The place in the furnishings of most dwellings was occupied by bunks, covered with carpets, felt, lined with chests and bedding along the edges. The bunks replaced almost all the necessary furniture. The houses also had tables with very low legs and shelves for dishes. Only the rich Tatars had other furniture - cabinets, chairs, etc. The houses were heated by stoves with an open hearth, but some Tatars also used Russian. stoves. Only a few houses were decorated with patterns on window frames, cornices, and estate gates. In the main it was a geometer. ornament, but sometimes the patterns contained images of animals, birds and people, which was prohibited by Islam.

More often, patterns were used to decorate clothes and heads. clothes and shoes. Shirts and trousers served as underwear. Both men and women wore bishmets on top - long open caftans with sleeves, camisoles - sleeveless or with short sleeves, tight-fitting open caftans, robes (chapan) made of homespun fabric or Central Asian. silk. fabrics, and in winter - coats and fur coats (tone, tun). In the XIX - early XX century among part of T.s. Russian spread dokhas, sheepskin coats, sheepskin coats, army jackets, husband. shirts, trousers, and for women - dresses.

From wives heads The specifically local headdress was the forehead. headband (saraoch, sarautz) with a solid front part made of fabric-covered cardboard, decorated with braiding and beadwork. Holiday heads The dress was a kalfak (cap). In addition, women wore summer and winter cylindrical hats. shapes, and on top are scarves and shawls. Men wore skullcaps and felt. hats, winter heads. different types of headdresses, including those with a spade-shaped protrusion at the back. Soft leathers were widely used for footwear. boots (ichigi), leather shoes, winter felt boots (pimas), as well as short teal boots, hunting boots, etc. There are numerous women. jewelry - bracelets, rings, signet rings, earrings, beads, beads, laces, ribbons. Girls wore braids decorated with coins, and townswomen wore silver. and angry medallions.

The food was dominated by meat and dairy. products. Milk products - cream (kaymak), butter (may), varieties of cottage cheese and cheese, a special type of sour milk (katyk), ayran drink, etc. Meat - lamb, beef, horse meat, homemade. bird; did not eat pork; from wild animal meat - hare, elk. Soups: meat (shurpa), millet (tarik ure), rice (korets ure), fish, flour - from noodles (onash, salma, umats), batter (tsumara) and flour fried in oil (plamyk). They ate talkan porridge - a dish of ground barley and oats diluted in water or milk; from flour dishes they ate flatbread (peter), wheat and rye bread, baursaks - cereals. pieces of butter dough fried in oil, sansu (a type of baursak) - long ribbons of dough fried in oil (“brushwood”), pies with various fillings (peremets, balish, sumsa), dishes like pancakes (koymak), halva (alyuva), etc. Drinks: tea, ayran, partially kumiss, certain types of sherbet, etc.

From the people. Sabantuy is celebrated annually on holidays. From Muslims. The most widespread holidays are Uraza (Ramadan) and Kurban Bayram. In some villages T.s. back in the 2nd half. XIX century there were ministers of other languages. cults Among the parts are drums. and Tomsk Tatars until the 1920s. There were shamans (kamas), who treated the sick and performed rituals during sacrifices. From pre-Muslims. beliefs preserved the cult of ancestors, the cult of animals, totemism, belief in spirits - the masters of natural phenomena, dwellings, estates, astral mythology. ideas, belief in spirit-idols (patrons of the family, community, personal patrons).

Lit.: Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; It's him. Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1992; Valeev F.T., Tomilov N.A. Tatars of Western Siberia: history and culture. Novosibirsk, 1996.

We have all probably heard that the Tatars - Siberian, Kazan or Crimean - are a people who have inhabited the territories of our vast homeland for quite a long time. Today, some of them have assimilated, and now it is quite difficult to distinguish them from the Slavs, but there are also those who, in spite of everything, continue to honor the traditions and culture of their ancestors.

This article is aimed at giving the most accurate possible description of such a representative of the multinational Russian people as the Russian Tatar. The reader learns a lot of new and sometimes even unique information about these people. The article will be very interesting and educational. It is not for nothing that today the customs of the Tatars are considered one of the most ancient and unusual on the planet.

General information about the people

Tatars in Russia are a nationality that densely inhabits the central European part of our state, as well as the Urals, Volga region, Siberia and Far East. Outside the country, they are found in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

According to ethnographic scientists, their approximate number is this moment is 5523 thousand people. If we talk about this people in general, the Tatars, it is worth noting, can be divided according to their ethno-territorial characteristics into three main categories: Volga-Ural, Astrakhan and Siberian.

The latter, in turn, as a rule, call themselves Sibirtatarlars, or Sibirthars. Approximately 190 thousand people live in Russia alone, and about 20 thousand more can be found in some countries of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Siberian Tatars. Ethnic groups

Among this nationality the following are distinguished:

• Tobol-Irtysh, which includes the Kurdak-Sargat, Tyumen, Tara and Yaskolbinsk Tatars;
• Barabinskaya, which includes the Barabinsk-Turazh, Terenin-Choy and Lyubey-Tunus Tatars;
• Tomsk, consisting of Kalmaks, Eushtins and Chats.

Anthropology and language

Contrary to popular belief, in anthropological terms the Tatars are considered extremely heterogeneous.

The whole point is that, say, the Siberian Tatars in their physical appearance are very close to the so-called South Siberian type, belonging to the huge Tatars, permanently residing in Siberia, as well as those who inhabit the Urals and Volga region, speak their own Tatar language , which belongs to the Kipchak subgroup of the very widespread Turkic group (Altaic language family).

Their literary language once formed on the basis of the so-called middle dialect. According to experts, the writing system, called the Turkic runic, can be considered one of the most ancient on the planet.

Culture of the Siberian Tatars and national wardrobe items

Not everyone knows that at the very beginning of the last century, local residents of Tatar settlements did not wear underwear. In their views on this matter, Russians and Tatars differed significantly from each other. The latter's underwear consisted of fairly loose trousers and shirts. Both men and women wore national beshmets, which were very large caftans with long sleeves.

Camisoles, which were made both with and without sleeves, were also considered very popular. Special preference for a long time were given to special local chapan robes. Tatar women sewed them from durable homespun fabric. Such outfits, of course, did not protect against the winter cold, so during the cold season, warm coats and fur coats, called tones or tunas in the local language, respectively, were taken out of the chests.

Somewhere at the turn of the century, Russian dokhas, short fur coats, sheepskin coats and army jackets came into fashion. This is how men dressed. But women preferred to dress up in dresses lavishly decorated with folk patterns. By the way, it is believed that the Kazan Tatars assimilated more quickly than the Siberian ones. At least now, in terms of clothing, the former are practically no different from the indigenous Slavs, while the latter remain very isolated, and those who adhere to national traditions are still considered fashionable among them.

How is the traditional home of this people arranged?

Surprisingly, Russians and Tatars, who have lived side by side for a long time, have completely different ideas about the construction of the so-called hearth. For many centuries, the latter called their settlements yurts and auls. Such villages in most cases were located along the banks of lakes and rivers.

It should be noted that local mayors ordered and carefully ensured that all streets, whether in a city or a modest village, were located in a straight line, intersecting strictly at right angles. The Kazan Tatars, by the way, never adhered to this principle. They have a center settlement It was an almost even circle with ray-like streets diverging in all directions.

The houses of the Tatars living in Siberia are still located on both sides of the road, and only in some cases, for example near a reservoir, is one-sided development observed. The huts were made of wood, but mosques, as a rule, were built of brick.

Always stood out against the general background postal stations, schools, numerous shops and shops, as well as forges.

Tatar dwellings are rarely decorated with any patterns. Only sometimes can you find them applied to window frames, the eaves of houses, or the gates of an entire estate. And this is far from accidental. Depicting animals, birds, or especially humans, was prohibited by Islam.

As for the interior decoration, even now modern Tatars of Moscow, St. Petersburg and other large cities of our country very often decorate their houses and apartments with tables on low legs and intricate shelves for dishes.

Economic activity

At all times, the traditional occupation of this group of Tatars was agriculture. It existed in the tradition of the people even before the arrival of the Russians. Its features are still determined by the geography of the place of residence. For example, in the southernmost part of Siberia, millet, wheat, oats and rye were predominantly grown. In the northern territories, lake and river fishing was and continues to be in high esteem.

Cattle breeding can be practiced in forest-steppe areas or on steppe salt licks, which at all times were famous for their variety of herbs. If the territory allowed, and the vegetation of the region was relatively lush, the Siberian Tatars, unlike the same Tatars, always bred horses and cattle.

When talking about crafts, one cannot fail to mention leatherworking, the production of especially strong ropes made from special linden bast, weaving boxes, knitting nets and almost mass production, both for one’s own needs and for exchange, of birch bark dishes, boats, carts, skis and sleighs.

Beliefs of representatives of this nationality

Since the 18th century in Russian Siberia, the majority of Tatars have been Sunni Muslims, and today their religious center is in the city of Ufa. The most important and widely celebrated holidays are Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Adha.

Almost immediately after the arrival of the Russians, a significant part of the Tatars adopted Christianity and began to profess Orthodoxy. However, it should be noted that such representatives of a given nationality, as a rule, broke away from their historical ethnic group and continued to assimilate with the Russian population.

Until approximately the second half of the 19th century, ministers of various ancient pagan cults existed en masse in villages, shamanism flourished, and local healers treated the sick. There were also sacrifices during which a tambourine and a special beater in the form of a spatula were used.

By the way, it should be noted that both men and women could be shamans.

Beliefs, myths and legends

The Siberian Tatars considered kudaia and tangri to be their supreme deities. They also believed in the existence of the evil underground spirit Ain, who brought trouble, illness and even death.

Myths also testify to special spirit-idols. According to legend, they had to be made from birch bark and branches, and then left in a special place in the forest, most often in tree hollows. It was believed that they could protect an entire village from harm.

It often happened that such wooden gods had to be nailed to the roofs of houses. They had to protect all household members.

It was believed that the spirits of the dead could attack the village, so local residents from time to time made special kurchak dolls from fabric. They had to be kept in wicker baskets under spreading trees not far from the cemetery.

Features of national cuisine

It should be noted that even today the Tatars of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan and Ufa boast with great pride of the delicacies and delights of their cuisine. What's so special about it? Yes, strictly speaking, nothing special, except, perhaps, for the fact that literally everything here is actually very tasty.

In their food, Siberian Tatars prefer to use mainly meat (pork, elk, rabbit and poultry) and dairy (airan, cream, butter, cheeses and cottage cheese) products.

Soups are very popular. Nowadays, visitors to fashionable Tatar restaurants are happy to order shurpa or a very peculiar flour soup, as well as national first dishes made from millet, rice or fish.

Traditional milk or water based porridges are prepared with the addition of barley or oats.

Tatars are famous lovers of flour. At the first opportunity, you should try their flatbreads, pies and dishes that are vaguely reminiscent of our pancakes.

Social organization of Siberian Tatars

During the reign of this people, there were so-called tribal relations with the elements of the territorial community present in them. Initially there were two such communities: a village and a volost. Society was governed through democratic meetings. By the way, mutual assistance among these people is far from uncommon, but the usual order of things.

It is impossible not to mention the existence of the tugum, which was a whole group of families with established between them. This administrative body, as a rule, was used to regulate both family and economic relations, and also supervised the performance of various kinds of folk and religious rituals.

System of modern Tatar education

In general, today this issue is considered one of the most pressing. It is not surprising that Siberian Tatars make a lot of efforts to introduce their children to national traditions and centuries-old culture.

Despite this, assimilation is still in full swing. Only a small part of the Tatars have the opportunity to send their children to live with their grandparents in the villages for the summer, thereby giving them a chance to take part in folk celebrations or practice their language. A huge proportion of teenagers remain in cities, speak only Russian for a long time and have very vague ideas about the culture of their ancestors.

In places of mass settlements of Tatars, as a rule, newspapers are published on their native language, few times a week; A series of programs in Tatar is broadcast both on radio and television. In some schools, although mostly rural, specialized lessons are held.

Unfortunately, get higher education not possible in Russia. True, since last year a new specialty “Tatar language and literature” was introduced at universities. It is believed that future teachers, having graduated from this faculty, will be able to teach the language in a Tatar school.

WHO ARE YOU, SIBERIAN TATARS?

My friends and acquaintances often ask me, as an ethnographer, to talk about the Siberian Tatars, where they came from and how they are connected with the Tatars living in the Volga region and Crimea. They are very surprised when I say that the Siberian, Volga and Crimean Tatars have almost nothing in common with each other. These are three different Turkic peoples formed in separate territories. Each of them has its own special culture, and their languages ​​have the same differences as, say, Russian and Ukrainian or Uzbek and Kazakh. Among the residents of Tobolsk, including among senior officials, I also did not find an understanding of this issue. Many people believe that all Tatars, no matter where they live, are one people. Hence many problems. In words, while proclaiming the revival of the original culture of the Siberian Tatars, in fact, the language and culture of the Kazan Tatars are being promoted in the Tobolsk media, in the Center of Siberian-Tatar Culture, in the Russian-Tatar department of the TSPI Faculty of Philology. The time has come to radically change the situation. In my short article, I wanted to briefly highlight the essence of the issue and thereby convey to the consciousness of Tobolsk residents an understanding of the need to preserve and enhance the unique culture of one of the most numerous ethnic groups in Siberia - the Siberian Tatars. Now about 190 thousand people living in Tyumen, Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions and some countries of foreign Asia call themselves Siberian Tatars. You should not mix Siberian Tatars with Volga and Crimean Tatars. Each of these peoples has its own, different from others, ethnic history. Each of them has its own culture, traditions, and customs. They speak different languages ​​related to Turkic language group. Having been studying the ethnography of the indigenous peoples of the Tyumen North for several years, I paid little attention to the representatives of other nationalities living there, among whom the Tatars, as a rule, occupied third place in number after the Russians and Ukrainians. The problems of the history and culture of the Tatars interested me in 1997, while working on an anthropological and ethnographic expedition in the Tatar villages of the Bolsherechensky and Ust-Ishimsky districts of the Omsk region. In the village of Ulenkul, Bolsherechensky district, I first learned that there and in some other villages along the Irtysh, indigenous Siberian Tatars and descendants of immigrants from the Volga region and Central Asia live together. According to the stories of local residents, previously the Volga Tatars and “Bukharans” settled separately from the Siberian Tatars, did not have the right to land and did not enter into mixed marriages. Fundamental changes occurred after the October Revolution, which equalized everyone’s rights, and since the 1950s, both Siberian and Volga Tatars, and “Bukharians” began to be recorded in official documents simply as Tatars. In 1998, after moving to live in Tobolsk, I was able to become more deeply acquainted with the problems of the history and culture of the Siberian Tatars. I studied all the few scientific literature on the history and ethnography of this people (works of Dr. historical sciences F. T. Valeev, academician N. A. Tomilov and his students), which convincingly proves that the Siberian Tatars are an independent ethnic group, with their own unique history, culture and language. It was all the more surprising for me to learn that at the Russian-Tatar department of the philological faculty of the Tobolsk State Pedagogical Institute. D.I. Mendeleev (hereinafter TGPI), the language of the Volga Tatars (the so-called Tatar literary) is taught as a compulsory subject, and in the city Center of Siberian-Tatar Culture there are dance and choral clubs where they teach dances and songs of the Volga Tatars. Students of the Russian-Tatar department of the Faculty of Philology of the TSPI and teachers of rural schools complained to me in private conversations that students and schoolchildren have to learn the “literary” Tatar language as a foreign language.
According to my observations, the introduction of the language and culture of the Volga Tatars into the environment of the Siberian Tatars does not produce almost any results. In Tobolsk itself there is only one school where the Volga Tatar language is taught. In the Tobolsk and nearby Vagai districts, which gravitate toward Tobolsk, the Volga Tatar language is taught only in villages with a compact Tatar population, and such villages in each district are less than half of the total number. As a rule, graduates of schools with teaching Tatar language The Volga region language is not used in everyday life; families speak Siberian-Tatar and Russian. Books and newspapers are not brought from Tatarstan to Siberia. The only newspaper in Tyumen in the Volga Tatar language, “Yanarysh,” is popular mainly among Volga Tatars living in the Tyumen region. Pop music from Kazan has greater success among the Siberian Tatars. Singers constantly come to Tyumen and Tobolsk on tour, but people’s love for them is most often expressed in the words “the song is beautiful, but not a word is clear.” However, the propaganda of the Volga language and culture still has an impact on the self-awareness of the Siberian Tatars. Some students, teachers and cultural workers from the Siberian Tatars, who fell under the influence of Kazan propaganda, told me that they considered the language of the Kazan Tatars more beautiful, and they themselves were more cultured. Individual scientists from the Siberian Tatars also make their contribution to this matter. The famous Tyumen scientist, doctor of philology Kh. Ch. Alishina in one of the issues of the newspaper “Yanarysh” (summer 2000) called on all Siberian Tatars to abandon the shameful (emphasis added by Yu. K.) term “Siberian”. In 1998, the Tobolsk State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve held 1st Siberian symposium " Cultural heritage peoples of Western Siberia. Siberian Tatars". It discussed the problems of ethnogenesis, ethnic history and culture of the Siberian Tatars. Archaeologists, anthropologists, ethnographers, linguists, historians, local historians from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen and other cities gathered in Tobolsk. A delegation from Kazan, represented by scientists from the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, also arrived. In contrast to the reports of scientists from other cities, the speeches of Kazan residents boiled down to promoting the idea of ​​​​the unity of all peoples calling themselves Tatars. The Kazan Tatars claim to be the second titular nation in Russia after the Russians, since during their existence Soviet Union they settled throughout its territory up to Pacific Ocean. According to the 1989 census, there were 5,522,000 people in Russia. True, 180,000 Siberian Tatars were also included in this number. In Kazan, the Siberian Tatars are considered an integral part of the supposedly existing single Tatar ethnic group. The government of Tatarstan funds science programs, in which Kazan scientists are trying to prove that all Tatars have the same roots. Thus, ethnographers D.M. Iskhakov and I.L. Izmailov deny the direct kinship of their people with the Volga Bulgars, who lived on the territory of present-day Tatarstan since the 10th century, and claim that all Tatars are descendants of the Kipchak nomads. For the sake of achieving short-term political gain, some scientists are ready to rewrite the history of their people. Today in Kazan, archaeologists have also joined the ethnographers. How did it happen that the Siberian Tatars were not recorded as a separate people in any Soviet census? Firstly, ethnographers believed that the Siberian Tatars had not yet formed into a single ethnic group. Although all dialects of the Siberian-Tatar language are mutually intelligible in the territory from the Tobolsk Zabolotye to the Baraba steppes in the Novosibirsk region. Secondly, it can be assumed that there were not enough qualified linguists to develop primers and textbooks in the Siberian Tatar language. However, at the same time, textbooks were made for the Khanty in three dialects. It is also possible that the Soviet government did not want to create another Tatar autonomy, especially on such a vast territory. Who are the Siberian Tatars? Siberian Tatars are a separate ethnic group
They include the ethnic groups of Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tomsk Tatars. The Siberian-Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak (northwestern) group of Turkic languages. It has dialects corresponding to ethnic groups. The Tobol-Irtysh dialect is divided into dialects: Tyumen, Tobolsk, Zabolotny, Tara, Tevriz. Various ethnic components took part in the formation of the Siberian Tatars, including Turkic, Ugric, Samoyed, and Mongolian. The first settlers in the south of Western Siberia were Ugric tribes, the ancestors of the modern Khanty and Mansi. The Samoyeds, the ancestors of the Nenets and Selkups, did not stay here long; pressed by the Turks, they moved further north, into the taiga and tundra regions. The Turks began to penetrate here in the 7th-8th centuries. from the Minusinsk Basin, from Central Asia and Altai. In the IX-X centuries. they assimilated the southern Khanty population in the area of ​​the river. Tara, and in the XII-XIII centuries. Ugrians of the forest-steppe Tobol region and the river basin. Iset. The main ethnic component at the first stage of the formation of the Siberian Tatars were the Turkic tribes of the Ayals, Kurdak, Turals, Tukuz, Sargat, etc. In the 9th-10th centuries. Turkic Kimak tribes advanced from Altai to the territory of the Tomsk Ob region. The Kipchak tribes separated from them, and by the 10th century. settled as far west as the southern Urals and took part in the formation of the Bashkir people. In the south, in the Aral Sea region, the Kipchaks joined the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Karakal-Paks, and in the north, in the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve, they joined the Siberian Tatars. A small part of the Kipchaks was assimilated by the Volga Bulgars, who formed the basis of the modern Kazan Tatars. Some Kipchak tribes in the XII-XIII centuries. settled in Crimea, while others migrated to the Danube, in the territory of present-day Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. In the 13th century The Turkic-speaking population of Western Siberia was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and this territory became part of the empire of Genghis Khan. In the middle of the century, Islam began to spread here. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the earliest state formation of the Siberian Tatars was formed - the Tyumen Khanate. In the 15th century a significant part of the southern regions of Western Siberia and the Kazakh steppes came under the rule of nomadic “Uzbeks” (named after Khan Uzbek). In the second half of the 15th century. in the Tyumen Khanate, which significantly expanded its territory in the east, the local nobility ruled. At the end of the century, the Siberian-Tatar Khan Mamet united the uluses along the Lower Tobol and Middle Irtysh and formed the Siberian Khanate with its capital in the settlement of Siberia (Kashlyk). In 1563, the Siberian Khanate was conquered by the Uzbek Khan Kuchum. At the end of the century, the territory of the Khanate was annexed to Russia. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. V Western Siberia Traders and artisans began to come from the possessions of the Bukhara emir - Uzbeks, Tajiks, Karakalpaks, Uighurs, Turkmens. In official documents they were called collectively “Bukharians”. They, with the permission of the Siberian Tatars, settled on the outskirts of villages or founded their own settlements. In the 19th and early 20th centuries. Tatars from the Kazan, Simbirsk and Ufa provinces began to move into the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve.

They did not have rights to own land, so they were hired as workers by the indigenous Tatars for food and housing. In official documents they were called quitrent chuvalshchiki. Before the administrative-territorial reform of 1910, Siberian Tatars, quitrent Chuvalshchiki and Bukharians were listed in their own special volosts and were subject to different taxes. The indigenous Tatars were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, landless people from the Volga region had the status of “zakhrebetniks”, and the Bukharans were mainly traders and artisans. Living separately, these peoples did not have a noticeable influence on each other’s culture and way of life. Marriages between them were rare. IN Soviet time social differences were erased and the number of interethnic marriages increased. However, this did not become a mass phenomenon, despite the fact that, in official documents since the 1950s. both the native and newcomer Turkic population began to be recorded as Tatars. Until now, representatives of each of these groups remember the national identity of their ancestors. The ethnonym Tatars appeared in Russian written monuments after the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. Modern Kazan, Crimean and Siberian Tatars are not direct descendants of those tribes that lived on the territory of Mongolia at the beginning of our era and were designated in various sources as Tatars. According to some scholars, the Tatar tribes were in the vanguard of the Mongol army, while the smaller Mongol tribes formed the ruling elite. Therefore, after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Turkic population of Crimea, the Volga region and Siberia, conquered by the Mongol-Tatars, began to be called Tatars, not Mongols. In official documents of the tsarist administration Russian Empire XVIII-XIX centuries The Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia are also called Tatars: Chulym Tatars (Chulymtsy), Kuznetsk or Chernev Tatars (Shorts), Minusinsk or Abakan Tatars (Khakass), Tatars (Teleuts). In some documents there are such names as Aderbeijan Tatars, Turkmen Tatars, Uzbek Tatars. For some of these peoples, the name Tatars was assigned as an unofficial, everyday self-name. Officially, the ethnonym Tatars was established by the Russian administration at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. only for the Volga, Siberian and Crimean groups of the Turkic-speaking population, although the representatives of these peoples themselves never perceived it as a self-name. Moreover, the word “Tatar” was used in the first half of the 20th century. was perceived by them as an insult. Kazan Tatars, direct descendants of the Volga Bulgars, called themselves “Kazanians”, Siberian Tatars, descendants of the Kipchaks, called themselves “Muslims” by religious affiliation, and the majority Crimean Tatars Having a complex ethnic history, they called themselves “Krymlya”. It follows from this that today there is no single Tatar ethnic group, and in the Volga region, Siberia and Crimea there live separate peoples to whom the ethnonym Tatars was imposed by the administrative apparatus of the Russian Empire.

Yu. N. Kvashnin
Candidate of Historical Sciences