Homonyms: examples of use in Russian. Research work on the Russian language "homonyms and their types" Permanent staff homonyms

1. What words are called homonyms?

2. How do homonyms differ from ambiguous words?

3. What is the difference between the ways of denoting homonyms and polysemantic words in explanatory dictionaries?

As you know, the appearance of words differs in the set of sounds and their sequence.

But there are words whose sound composition, including stress, is completely the same. The spelling of such words also coincides, for example: translate (someone across the street) and translate (from one language to another); thin (skinny) and thin (leaky); motive (melody) and motive (reason).

Such words are homonyms in the language. The term homonym goes back to the Greek elements: homos - identical and onima - name. They superficially coincide with ambiguous words, but differ significantly from them. Homonyms are different words that denote different, in no way similar objects, signs, actions; There are no common elements of meaning between the lexical meanings of these words.

A polysemantic word also denotes different objects, signs, actions, but similar in some respect; between the lexical meanings of polysemantic words there is common element sense.

Homonyms as a phenomenon of the language dictionary, in addition, are characterized by the following mandatory features: belonging to the same part of speech, the same pronunciation and spelling, for example: start (a business) and start (some kind of animal); dashing (year) and dashing (rider); current (electric) and current (threshing platform). If at least one of these features is missing, words cannot be called homonyms. Thus, the words stove (a structure for heating a room and cooking food) and stove (cooking food in the heat) are not homonyms, since they refer to different parts speech.

It is necessary to distinguish homographs, homophones and homophores from homonyms.

Homonyms, as is known, appear in a language in different ways: a) as a result of borrowing words from different languages, for example: bloc (union of states, party) from the French language and bloc (mechanism) from the English language, borrowing someone else’s word in the presence of an original Russian word (for example: club - premises from the English language and club (smoke) - Russian word); b) as a result of the formation of new words from cognate words using different or identical suffixes (for example: wallet - wallet for paper money and wallet - a paper industry worker).

At the same time, a language in many cases avoids the formation of homonyms if it already contains words that sound and spell the same. Thus, men - residents of the Kuban River valley - are called Kuban, but there is no parallel name for women - residents of Kuban similar word, since there is a word kubanka meaning “special headdress”.

Homonyms in speech, like polysemantic words, differ in context, that is, in the verbal environment.

In explanatory dictionaries, homonyms are indicated by numbers at the top right. There are special dictionaries of homonyms.

Exercise 276.

Determine in what meaning the highlighted homonyms are used.

1. In a clear field, in the silver light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time. (A. Pushkin). 2. I walked around the world a lot (from the song). 3. The fox lay down on her back and plays like a dog. (A.

Chekhov). 4. Fried chanterelles are delicious. 5. Small tangerine trees bear up to four thousand fruits every year. (K. Paustovsky). 6. The governor sent to them nine officials, or mandarins, with a retinue. (I. Goncharov). 7. In the whole world there is no more beautiful city in which you were born and live. 8. Peace will win the war.

Exercise 277.

Explain the different meanings of identical sounding nouns.

1. The situation required great endurance. The furnishings of the apartment were conducive to a sincere conversation.

2. An athlete injured his knee during training. The dancer performed a masterly knee dance.

3. Elephants use their trunks to perform useful work. During artillery firing, the trunk of the gun was damaged.

Exercise 278.

Find puns. Explain how they are built: on the use of homonyms or on the use of the same word in different meanings.

1. The realm of rhymes is my element, and I write poetry easily, without thinking, without delay, I run to line from line. I even refer to Finnish brown rocks with a pun...

2. Poetry has always been my element, my first verse sounded freely and truthfully, but, unsure of censorship, I verseed and now I write poetry only for friends.

3. One day, the coppersmith, while forging a basin, said to his wife in anguish: I will give the children a task and I will disperse the melancholy.

Exercise 279.

Read the article about homonyms. Make up sentences containing homonyms.

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. Onion-weapon and onion-vegetable are the most obvious examples of homonyms. You can make dozens of humorous phrases using various homonyms. Well, at least these: A few drops on the window glass. Three times I told you: three times this glass is clean. Let's pull this beam into that deep beam. Know, there was no need to interfere with his knowledge. I once said that I had no time, but now I have more than enough time. Hail fell on the city of Peter. I told her, come to the pier.

There are whole chains of homonyms. For example, the word scythe has four meanings. You can create a phrase where all of them will be applied. “On a river spit, a girl was sharpening her scythe; everything was good about the girl: her face, her figure, and her long braid, but, unfortunately, she had a braid.”

(S. Narovchatov)

Exercise 280.

Make up sentences with the following words.

1. Simple - uncomplicated and simple - a forced break from work. 2. Peace is the universe and peace is the absence of hostility. 3) Translate - move to another place and translate - destroy. 4) Forge - a blacksmith's hearth with bellows and a blower, for heating metal and a forge - a brass wind instrument, a signal horn.

Exercise 281.

Read an excerpt from Karol Korda's poem, find homonyms, explain their meaning.

Strange things happen in nature:

The chair has a leg, but the chair doesn't move,

The clock often strikes, but we did not hear

So that they offend someone.

The key, the one that quenches thirst in the forest,

The door to the apartment does not open,

The apartment key is regular, the door key is

He won’t give us spring water to drink.

Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: Lezginka (dance) - Lezginka (woman); rook (chess piece) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procuring food) - ambassador (diplomat). The identical external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer is an impersonal offer; buds are blooming - cure the buds; right hand - right (innocent).

Types and examples of homonyms in Russian

Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words belonging to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), car assembly (from the verb to collect) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothing), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in the spelling and sound of words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all forms: stingray (wheel; inanimate) - stingray (to the river; inanimate) - stingray (fish; animate); bury a hole (perfect form - bury) - bury medicine (perfect form - bury); crayfish (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a singular number).

There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, associated with grammatical and sound changes: mouth - gender (pronounced like [roth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); pair (boot) - (clubs) pair; oven (pirozhki) - (Russian) oven.

Homonyms: examples and types by structure

1. Root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and state) and peace (the Universe).
2. Derived homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.

Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use

Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and “Ford”, illuminate and consecrate, people and lyut.

Homographs (letter, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same letter composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (the stress in these words falls on different syllables).

Homoforms - coincidence grammatical forms one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb it's time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); popsicle ice cream - frozen meat (noun and adjective); return in the spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun ); leak on the floor - seal a leak (verb and noun).

Puns and homonyms: examples of words and casual statements

You need to be careful when using homonyms, since in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of a statement and lead to comedy. For example, the commentator's words football match: “In today’s match the players left without goals” - can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:

• "Did you hear?"
• "You cannot be indifferent to evil."

The term orthoepy (Greek orthos - straight, correct + epos - speech) is used in two meanings: 1) a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of normative literary pronunciation and 2) a set of rules establishing a uniform pronunciation that corresponds to the pronunciation norms accepted in the language.

Russian orthoepy includes rules for the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft consonants, combinations of consonants, rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms, and features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin. Issues of stress and intonation that are sometimes included in orthoepy, which are important for oral speech, are not the object of consideration of orthoepy, since they do not directly relate to pronunciation. Stress relates to phonetics (serves to highlight a syllable in a word), to vocabulary (being a sign of this word) or to grammar (being a sign of a given grammatical form). Intonation is an important means of expression oral speech, giving her emotional coloring, but is not related to pronunciation rules.

Formation of Russian literary pronunciation

The most important features of Russian literary pronunciation developed in the first half of the 18th century. based on spoken language city ​​of Moscow. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features and combined the pronunciation features of the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and were adopted there on the basis of local dialect features. This is how pronunciation features were formed that were not characteristic of the Moscow orthoepic norm (the pronunciation features were most clearly expressed in St. Petersburg - the cultural center and capital Russia XVIII-XIX centuries).

The pronunciation system of the modern Russian literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between one and the other are of a particular nature (certain features of pronunciation vernacular have disappeared, in a number of cases there has been a convergence of pronunciation with spelling, and new pronunciation variants have appeared). Although there is no complete unification of literary pronunciation, in general, modern spelling norms represent a consistent system that is developing and improving. In the formation of literary pronunciation, theater, radio broadcasting, television, and sound films play a huge role, which serve as a powerful means of disseminating orthoepic norms and maintaining their unity.

Issues of correct literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline - orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking in front of an audience: government and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, Russian and foreign teachers languages, preachers, lawyers. But in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the problems of oral culture among various sectors of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, live speeches by government officials, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, and specialists in various areas science and culture.

Mastery of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate speech is gradually being recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.

Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy developed in such a way that the basis of literary pronunciation was Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered.”

Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and scatters the attention of listeners. Regional peculiarities of pronunciation, incorrectly placed emphasis, “reduced” conversational intonation, and ill-considered pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of a public speech.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge of Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary from the point of view methodological recommendations:

Ø learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

Ø learn to listen to your own speech and the speech of others;

Ø listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;

Ø consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

Ø correct them through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: full, recommended for public speaking, and incomplete (colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. A complete style is characterized primarily by compliance with basic requirements spelling norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of phrases and speech in general. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including function words), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

the presence of two or more meanings in a linguistic sign. A linguistic sign is a two-sided unit of language, representing the unity of the plane of content (signified) and the plane of expression (signifier), but, despite the interdependence of the two sides of the sign, they are subject to the general law of asymmetry in language, a special case of which is ambiguity.

Ambiguity is manifested in the fact that one signifier corresponds to different signifieds. The main types of such correspondence are polysemy (or polysemy) and homonymy. Polysemy is the presence of two or more language units in a language unit. more values ​​between which there is a connection; for example, the word needle may refer to a sewing tool ( sewing needle), a metal rod with a pointed end (gramophone stylus), conifer leaf ( pine needle), a spiny formation on the body of some animals ( hedgehog needles), however in all cases there is a common component of meaning: “something long and sharp.” Homonymy sound and graphic coincidence of different linguistic units, the meanings of which are not related to each other, for example marriage"matrimony" and marriage"product defect". Since in written languages ​​the signifier has oral (sound) and written (graphic) forms, in addition to homonymy, homophony is also distinguished - sound coincidence when the spelling of linguistic units differs ( horn And rock) and homography graphic coincidence when the pronunciation of linguistic units differs ( Atlas And atlas).

The types of ambiguity of signs A and B can be schematically represented as follows:

Ambiguity manifests itself at all linguistic levels where significant units are distinguished: at the level of morphemes, word forms, words, phraseological units, phrases and sentences.

Moreover, the term “ambiguity” is also used in graphics, a section of linguistics that studies the relationships between phonemes and graphemes, single-plane (without a content plan) linguistic units. In no letter is there a one-to-one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes, i.e. such a relationship when each grapheme conveys only one phoneme, and each phoneme conveys only one grapheme. Typically, one grapheme can denote different phonemes, and vice versa, one phoneme can be denoted by different graphemes.

The use of one grapheme to denote different phonemes is called polyphony (multiple meanings) of the grapheme. So, in English letter g before front vowels indicates the sound ( pa g e, G erman), in other positions [g] ( g ood, ba g ); in French letter g before front vowels denotes the sound, before vowels A , O and before consonants [g] ( g rand), in final position is not pronounced at all ( san g ); V German letter s before a vowel indicates the sound [z] ( S ack), before consonants p And t – [š] ( s pitz, s till), before other consonants and at the end of the word [s] ( au s ); in Russian, the same consonant letter can denote consonant sounds that are paired in hardness/softness and voicedness/voicelessness, for example the letter h in words h Arya, h erno,ra h ,re h b denotes the sounds [s], [s"], [z] and [z"] respectively. Polyphony sometimes leads to homography of words.

On the other hand, the possibility of denoting the same phoneme or a differential feature of a phoneme by different graphemes is called polygraphemicity. Thus, in English the phoneme [s] can be expressed by letters c (c inema) and s (s inger); in French the phoneme [v] is also denoted by the letter v (v oyage), and the letter w (w agon); in German the letters are used to denote the phoneme [f] f (F abrik), v (v ier) and letter combination ph (Ph oto); in Russian words ka With ka And uka h ka letters With And h transmit the same dull sound. Polygraphicity can lead to homophony of words.

Maslov Yu.S. Homonyms in the dictionary and homonymy in the language. In the book: Questions of theory and history of language. Leningrad, 1963
Iordanskaya L.N. Syntactic homonymy in Russian(from the point of view of automatic analysis and synthesis). NTI, 1967, No. 5
Vinogradov V.V. Selected works: Studies in Russian grammar. M., 1975
Kim O.M. Transposition at the level of parts of speech and the phenomenon of homonymy in modern Russian. Tashkent, 1978
Soboleva P.A. Derivative polysemy and homonymy. M., 1980
Gladky A.V. Syntactic structures natural language V automated systems communication. M., 1985
Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language, 3rd ed. M., 1986
Dreizin F.A. Syntactic homonymy. In the book: Machine translation and applied linguistics. M., 1988
Malakhovsky L.V. Theory of lexical and grammatical homonymy. Leningrad, 1990

Find " AMBIGUITY"on

The polysemy of the word is countered by this linguistic phenomenon as homonymy. homos identical and onym name are words that are identical in sound and spelling but are completely unrelated in meaning, unlike polysemantic word. Lexical homonyms are words of different meanings of the same part of speech that coincide in sound and spelling in all forms, for example, a braid a type of hairstyle, a long sandbank, a mowing tool, mute.

If this job does not suit you, there is a list at the bottom of the page similar works. You can also use the search button

The concept of homonymy

Lexical, oractually homonymswords with different meanings that coincide in sound and spelling in all their forms and refer to the same part of speech.

The polysemy of a word is opposed by such a linguistic phenomenon as homonymy. Homonyms (<греч. homos – одинаковый и onyma name) words are called,identical in sound and spelling, but completely not related in meaning(as opposed to an ambiguous word). For example, world “universe” and “absence of war”, mine “projectile” and “facial expression”, key “tool” and “spring”.

There are different types of homonymy.Lexical homonymsthese are words of different meanings of one part of speech that coincide in sound and spelling in all forms, for example, braid “type of hairstyle”, “long sandbank”, “mowing tool”, German. saite string and side, English. spring spring and spring. If words coincide only in part of their forms, they are calledincomplete lexical homonyms, such as glasses (for the eyes) and glasses (unit of counting) are the same only in the plural form.

It is customary to distinguish from lexical homonymy phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonymy, which is called relative.

Phonetic homonyms, or homophones these are words and forms that have the same sound but different spellings:pond and rod, span(noun) and five (number), English. night (night) and knight (knight), fr. le champ (field) le chant (singing), etc.

Homophones , or phonetic homonyms - words and forms of different meanings, identical in sound, but different in spelling.

Omoforms,

Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms these are different words that have the same sound and spelling only in certain forms, for example: three (num.) and three (imperative mood of the verb “to rub”), glass (n.) and glass (past tense, cf. verb drain), English. can (to be able) and can (can).

Omoforms, or morphological homonyms - words that have the same sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms.

Graphic or homographs these are words that have the same spelling but different pronunciation, for example: lead (noun) lead (verb), road (noun) road (cr. adj.), English. rou [ rou ] - row and [ rau ] scandal.

Homographs (spelling homonyms) words and forms that are different in meaning and sound, but identical in spelling

The phenomenon of homonymy is inherent in almost all languages. In each of them, its occurrence is explained by the peculiarities of the specific historical development of the language system, but universal reasons for the appearance of homonyms can also be named:

• Sound coincidences that arose in a language as a result of changes in the phonetic system. So in the words “ reap" (from zhnti I reap rye) and “reap” (from press I shake hands) in place of [н], [ьм] in closed syllables there was a nasal vowel [ę], which changed after sibilants into a pure vowel [a].
• The collapse of polysemy, i.e. loss of semantic connections between the meanings of a polysemantic word: linden deciduous wood and fake, rook boat and chess piece, darkness absence of light and countless numbers.
• Coincidences as a result of the word-formation process and morphology, for example: shelf (from put) and shelf (from hollow), critical (from “crisis” and from “critic”).
• Borrowing words, e.g. marriage marriage (from the verb brethren, Slavic word) and marriage thing with a flaw from German ( brecken - to break), slope gentle slope and stingray predatory sea fish (Scandinavian. skata), Wednesday day of the week (from Old Church Slavonic) and Wednesday (environment, semantic tracing paper, French. milieu), etc.

Homonymy must be distinguished from polysemy (polysemy).The problem of distinguishing between these phenomena is complex, as evidenced primarily by lexicographic practice: often words in one dictionary are presented as homonyms, and in another as polysemantic lexemes.

The most recognized and effective are the followingtechniques for distinguishing between the phenomena of polysemy and homonymy:

Selection of synonyms, for example, bench - bench and shop - shop;

Selection of words with the same root and comparison of word forms, they are different for homonyms cf.:peace peaceful, reconcile and peace world; braid braid and braid mow, mow;

Taking into account lexical and syntactic compatibility: shaft (wave) high, ninth, rolling shaft (embankment) serf, city, fortify; ask (whom) ask (from whom), etc.; care (from work, from home) care (behind the child); (polysemantic words and homonyms have different compatibility)

Taking into account the etymology (origin) of words, for example: Russian. club (smoke) and English. club (club), raid (raid) from English raid (water area at the pier) from Dutch and others.