Semenovsky Preobrazhensky Pavlogradsky Izmailovsky what is superfluous. Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky amusing shelves

Bibliographical sources:

1. The magic of the book. Collection of the State Historical Museum. Exhibition catalog October 30, 2003-January 15, 2004 Moscow 2003, No. 105-106.

2. Antique catalog of the Joint-Stock Island “International Book” No. 14. Fiction and anniversary editions (books in elegant design). Fine books. Moscow, 1934, No. 316.

Black and white phototypes depict the history of s. Preobrazhensky from the middle of the 17th century to the end of the 19th century. Front page and the covers are made according to the drawings of the great Russian artist M.V. Nesterov, engraved by A.S. Yanov. Biography of M.V. Nesterova (1862-1942) is known from his memoirs. He studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture with V.G. Perova and A.K. Savrasov, at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts with P.P. Chistyakova. He wrote in everyday, biblical, portrait and historical genres: “The Connoisseur”, “The Election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Tsardom”, etc. But to end of the 19th century century, the artist moves on to religious themes, in which he is attracted by the beauty of Orthodox rituals and life in harmony with nature: “The Hermit”, “Vision to the Youth Bartholomew”, etc. P.V. Sinitsyn has another elegantly published book: “St. Nicholas Monastery of Edinoverie in Moscow, in Preobrazhenskoye.” 25 sheets of illustrations per sheet of views of ancient icons and surroundings. Text on 15 pages In the publisher's folder. The text is framed with ancient Russian ornament, lithographed with paints and gold. Edition of 50 copies not for sale. Preobrazhenskoye is an area in the east of Moscow, on the left bank of the river. Yauza. It neighbors Bogorodsky in the north, Cherkizovsky in the northeast, and Semyonovsky in the south, from which it was separated by Khapilovsky Ponds. The name comes from the former village, known since the 16th century. like Sobakina Heath (the property of the Alekseevsky Monastery, from the middle of the 17th century a royal estate); after the construction of the Church of the Transfiguration (XVII century; not preserved) it began to be called Preobrazhensky. Here was the royal country palace, where one of the first Russian court theaters, the Comedy Khoromina, was opened. Peter I spent his childhood years in Preobrazhenskoye; The “amusing” regiments he created - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky - became the core of the new Russian army. In 1685, the “amusing fortress” Preshburg was built on the banks of the Yauza, near which maneuvers were carried out. Later it housed the Preobrazhensky Order. In 1685, the Poteshnaya (later Soldatskaya) Preobrazhenskaya Sloboda was created, in which the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment were quartered (hence the names of Poteshnaya Street and Ninth Company Street). In Preobrazhenskoye, the boat of Peter I was launched for the first time. Since the 30s. XVIII century Preobrazhenskoye was populated mainly by Old Believers. After the construction of the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft, Preobrazhenskoye is within the boundaries of Moscow. In 1771 the Preobrazhenskoe cemetery was opened. In the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. in Preobrazhenskoye there were weaving factories of the Old Believers merchants Guchkov and Kotov (hence the name Kotovsky Lane). The name was preserved in the name of Preobrazhensky embankment, square, street and passage, Preobrazhensky Val street. Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad metro station. Not a single area of ​​Moscow, except the Kremlin itself, has such significance in our history as the village of Preobrazhenskoye (with its surroundings). This place is usually connected with Peter and his reforms; but the fact is that the reforms began before Peter, although it was in this area. Preobrazhenskoye owes its foundation, its existence and rise entirely to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who introduced “unprecedented novelty” into it. And then that's it major events took place either here, or were conceived here, ordered, or, finally, celebrated; at the same time, they became persons who either temporarily or permanently lived in it, before the founding of St. Petersburg, and often after. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich began the first innovations in the Romanov family estate, the village of Izmailovo, located three miles from Preobrazhenskoye. There, on a model farm, they began to cultivate the farm with the help of machines that threshed bread with the power of water, others with wheels without water. In Izmailovo there were botanical, apothecary and other gardens. A vast castle with 300 towers was built, the king started manufacturing there, a glass factory, and a menagerie. At the crossroads between Izmailovo and Moscow, where the Yauza River leaves Sokolniki, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich founded a new farm, named Preobrazhensky after the church, and built himself a palace on the mountain near the bridge over the Yauza and the Stromynka road running through it. This whole place used to belong to the Alekseevsky Monastery, and in more early time was called Pine Grove, and then Dog Heath and Grove. In former times, the Yauza River was clean and bright, like crystal, and was full of water, because dense thorny forests grew along its banks, and in them there were springs that fed it. At that time, its banks were deserted, almost undeveloped; only someone, according to legend, either a robber or a sorcerer Hapilo, made a dam on the Sosenka River flowing into the Yauza, which formed a long large pond, and installed a mill. Near the mill (to the north) a village appeared. The pond is called Khapilovsky, and even the river is no longer called Sosenka, but Khapilovka. Soon these shores were populated: first by the peaceful royal economy with all its wonders and overseas, and then exclusively by the military and soldiery; the entire area north of the pond and river was soon built up by Preobrazhensky, and the village of Khapilovka merged with it; to the south of the pond, the former village of Vvedenskoye was renamed Semyonovskoye.

The palace built by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was wooden and quite large. Soon under him, in addition to gardens and other things, a theater was created according to European models - the “Comedy Hall” (the first theater and stage in Russia). It is difficult to imagine that in this, so gloomy Preobrazhensky, music or comedy performances began to be heard! But after ten or twenty years, everything was drowned out by the thunder of drums, the screams of the executed, the laughter of the processions of “the most humorous and most drunken prince-pope of Yauzsky and Zayauzsky,” then everything fell silent, died out, ended with the plague... and the alien, partly sectarian population. There are no traces left of these buildings and structures. After his marriage to Natalya Naryshkina (in 1671), the tsar and his court moved to the village of Preobrazhenskoye; the sovereign visited the capital only on holidays, spending most of his time with his family. In 1673, on October 26, little Tsarevich Peter with his father and mother was brought to Preobrazhenskoye for the first time. Subsequently, Peter spent his childhood and then adolescence mainly in Preobrazhenkoe, and then began to visit the neighboring German Settlement too often. Peter spent the first years of his childhood mainly in Preobrazhenskoe. In the fourth year of his life, he lost his father. Queen Natalya and her relatives, having retired from the court, lived mostly here with the young Peter. Tsar Fyodor and Princess Sophia came here for performances. In 1682 Peter was proclaimed tsar after the death of Tsar Fedor. Soon he decided to form a squad. In the summer of 1684 In Preobrazhenskoe, not far from his father’s palace, on the banks of the Yauza, an amusing town was built, a fortress with walls, towers, trenches, half wooden, half earthen. The king himself worked on the construction of the fortress along with everyone else and installed cannons. He named the fortress Preshburg. A canteen was built in the very middle of the town. Here the bosses and workers of this amusing town gathered for lunch, where there were no ranks between the working people. The amusing town soon began to be called the capital city, that is, it became the permanent home, if not of the king himself, then of his army. Not far from the amusing town, the Yauza River was dammed with a dam to raise water, where there was the so-called Petrovskaya mill. In 1686, small ships, carbuses and boats were launched, which were used to sail to the German settlement. Amusement towns were also built in other places: in Sosnovaya Roshcha, in Sokolnicheskaya Roshcha, in Semenovskoye, near the village of Dyakov, on Kozhukhovsky Meadow.

Peter generally loved to have fun, and his fun was constant. From ordinary children's fun he moved on to grenade and firearms fun, to military fun on land and on water; the amusing town was built for fun, and not for strategy; For fun, the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments gathered, which later took on a not at all funny appearance and size. The beginning of the creation of our fleet dates back to the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, who planned to have ships for the Caspian Sea. In 1669 The ship "Eagle" was built. In 1696 By order of Peter, a galley built in Holland was brought to the sawmill in Preobrazhenskoye, here ships began to be built according to its model, and by the end of February 1696. parts for 22 galleys and 4 fire-ships were cut down from damp, frozen forest. In 1689 Princess Sophia was imprisoned in a monastery, after which the reign of Peter himself began. Peter, having arrived in Preobrazhenskoye, busied himself, as always, with training, maneuvers, and so on. There were many of these amusing battles in Preobrazhenskoe. Not far from Preobrazhenskoe there was a German settlement (Lefortovo), which played a role in the life of Peter, in his worldview big role, where he often came. Tsarevich Alexei was brought to Preobrazhenskoye after the exile of his mother, Queen Evdokia, where he mainly lived before moving to St. Petersburg (in 1712). In 1716 The prince went abroad in 1718. he was persuaded to return, and already on January 31, 1718. Alexei was taken to Preobrazhenskoye, the place where he grew up and where he, his relatives and loved ones were now tortured. Wife, sisters, uncles, aunts, matchmakers, friends, acquaintances and strangers, bishops, confessors - everyone was taken to Preobrazhenskoye, to the dungeon.

In June, Alexey was taken to St. Petersburg, where he died under torture on June 26 Peter and Paul Fortress. The amusing town became known as the Capital City. Gradually, entire settlements formed around it: Preobrazhenskaya and Semyonovskaya. In 1689 The Moving Hut was built for reprisals and various matters, which served as the basis for the Preobrazhensky Order and subsequently the Secret Chancellery. The Secret Chancellery established by Peter in Preobrazhenskoye was compared to the Roman Inquisition. After the Steretsky riot of 1698. The archers were destroyed, and the guards around Moscow were occupied by the Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky and Butyrsky regiments, in connection with this, all matters of public safety were concentrated in the Preobrazhensky administrative hut. Testimony confirmed by torture was the only legal proof of the validity of the testimony, so torture and searches flourished during the time of Peter. In the village of Preobrazhenskoye under Peter there were many dungeons. Karamzin wrote: “Among the vegetable gardens of the village of Preobrazhenskoye, I was horrified to find basements, dark underground casemates and long corridors in which torture was carried out, merciless searches were carried out in modern terms. Secret Chancery she worked day and night in Preobrazhensky, in whose dens streams of blood flowed." The order was led by Prince Romodanovsky. The Preobrazhensky order was destroyed under Peter II on April 4, 1729 on Good Friday (the final destruction of torture occurred at the very beginning of the reign of Alexander I). From the tsar's buildings Alexei Mikhailovich had nothing left of Peter’s buildings, and in the end he himself valued them little and even burned one of them for fun (by 1690, not even the ruins of all the buildings remained: Buzheninovskaya (named after Moses Buzheninov, who was in charge of the construction of the Preobrazhensky Palace), Suvorovskaya (named after the general clerk Ivan Suvorov); Preobrazhenskaya Square; Cherkizovo; ., built near the village of Khapilovka. Ten years later, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich built the Church of the Ascension of Christ in his yard. There is nothing left of them. In 1765 a stone Church of the Transfiguration was built, which has survived to this day. Until the 19th century, the Transfiguration Church was very poor and in a pitiful state. The reason for this was the small number of parishioners, their poverty and the predominance of schismatic Old Believers in Preobrazhenskoe. In the 19th century, there were fewer Old Believers, some moved to other places, at this time Orthodox Christians began to move to Preobrazhenskoye, factories and firms, mainly manufacturing ones, began to develop. Church revenues naturally increased, the church was restored, there are several valuable ancient icons, and the area of ​​Peter and Paul is beautifully decorated. A cemetery was formed near the church, which still exists today. Old Believers began to settle in Preobrazhenskoye in the first half of the 18th century. This was the only place in Moscow, the most remote - on the banks of the Yauza and near the Khapilovsky pond, where they could secretly gather to perform their services. During the reign of Catherine II, when persecution weakened, the schismatics formed a small society.

In 1771 Moscow was struck by plague and famine. Due to the plague, the supply of food supplies to the city stopped. Residents were in a hurry to leave Moscow. To stop the flight of residents from the city, who could infect surrounding towns and villages, the government ordered the establishment of quarantines and hospitals. The Old Believers received permission from the government for private quarantine and a cemetery for burying those who died from the plague. They set up a checkpoint on the Stromynka road, built several houses and detained everyone leaving Moscow. They mobilized all means to ensure that these people received food and care during their illness. Word of all this quickly spread and made a great impression on the people. Many people began to flock to Preobrazhenskoye village. Many people went over to the Old Believers and crossed themselves. The Feodosia community and the Preobrazhenskoe cemetery, under the name by which it was known, grew into a vast, powerful institution. Under Catherine II they flourished. Under Paul, the cemetery came under unexpected danger: it was ordered to be destroyed. The execution was delayed (they say that a large pie filled with ducats was presented as a bribe). Soon Paul I died, and the matter of destruction was consigned to oblivion. And during the reign of Alexander I, a manifesto was announced in which freedom was given to all faiths. The community flourished. During the fire of 1812 Preobrazhenskoye was not damaged. Many of the community buildings have survived to this day. During the cholera epidemic in 1831. the community played the same role as in 1771, its influence became even greater. In 1866 Metropolitan Philaret founded the Orthodox St. Nicholas Monastery (partially preserved to this day).

Neighborhood of Preobrazhensky. Krasnoye Selo was founded under Ivan the Terrible. This village is remarkable because during the troubles in Moscow it took the side of False Demetrius and helped him take the throne. Continuing further to Preobrazhenskoye, there is Sokolnichye Field (Sokolniki), on which the Falcon Court was located under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Falconry in Rus' was held in high esteem. The royal falconers lived in a special settlement on Sokolniki Field. On the northern side this field was adjacent to a large ancient forest (Sokolniki). Not far from Sokolniki, near the Yauza River (opposite Preobrazhensky), there was the Catherine Almshouse (Matrosskaya); under Peter I, a sailing factory was located on this site, and an almshouse was set up for honored and poor sailors (now this place is called Matrosskaya Tishina, there is a prison there). Opposite Sokolnichiya Grove (in the east), on the other bank of the Yauza, not far from Preobrazhenskoye, there was the village of Bogorodskoye (this place is now the Bogorodskoye cemetery). Near Preobrazhenskoe there was the village of Cherkizovo - one of the oldest villages near Moscow, known since the 14th century. Then it was a secluded place, surrounded by dense forests. Tsar Ivan the Terrible went hunting to Cherkizovo. Not far from Cherkizov there was the village of Izmailovo, former fiefdom royal ancestors - the Romanov boyars. In the 17th century, this village was famous for its economy: agriculture, cattle breeding, gardening, hop growing, beekeeping and even manufacturing flourished here. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, many ponds were dug in which fish were grown. Watermelons and melons grew in the gardens. In Izmailovo in different times lived Anna Ioanovna, Peter II, Elizabeth. There were great hunts there. Of all the Russian menageries in the 17th century, Izmailovsky was the best. From the middle of the 18th century, Izmailovo remained in oblivion, until in 1849. Nicholas I decided to build a military almshouse there. Izmailovsky Park still exists, which is the largest in Europe. From Izmailovo, on the way back to Moscow, there was the ancient village of Vvedenskoye, on the Sosenka River. The village of Vvedenskoye was named after the Church of the Entry of the Blessed Virgin Mary into the Temple, which was built in 1643. Already under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the village began to be more often called Semenovsky, where the Semenovsky Guards Regiment later settled. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, in the village of Semyonovskoye there was a vast Amusing Yard, where rare birds lived, were raised and learned how to catch and prey: falcons, gyrfalcons and hawks. Under Peter, the population grew into an entire soldiers' settlement, so in 1692. here a special Semyonovskaya regimental retreat hut was built, in every way similar to the Preobrazhenskaya one. Near the village of Semyonovsky there was the village of Rubtsovo (Pokrovskoye), it was the patrimony of the mother of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, Princess Martha. This was the resting place of kings. In 1625 and 1626 there were elephants. Peter rarely visited the village of Pokrovskoye; it was declining. Under Elizabeth I, the economy flourished. She loved staying here. Not far from the village of Pokrovskoye, downstream of the Yauza River, there was a German settlement. The appearance of foreigners in Russia dates back to the 15th century, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, who granted them some freedom and benefits, and allocated them a place for a special settlement. The Moscow tsars invited all sorts of craftsmen, pharmacists, doctors, architects, etc. from Italy and Germany. Many Germans appeared under Boris Godunov. Under False Dmitry, many Germans who were in the service of the Poles remained in Moscow. In the second half of the 17th century, all Germans were resettled to one place - to the German Settlement. Vast wastelands, arable fields and vegetable gardens between the Kukuy stream and the Yauza river were lined with beautiful houses with gardens and vegetable gardens, in the form of a populous village. Residents of the settlement entered into marriages exclusively between their fellow believers. Life in the settlement was fun and wild. In the German settlement, on the banks of the Yauza, there was a large building called the Lefortovo Palace. Young Peter II died in the Lefortovo Palace...

Royal guard

Before the revolution itself, there were two infantry divisions. The first included the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, formed personally by Peter I from the “amusing” regiments and received their name after two villages near Moscow. It also included the Izmailovsky Regiment, founded in 1730 by the dynasty of Ivan V “in defiance” of Peter’s Guard, and the Jaeger Regiment. The second division included the Life Grenadier, Moscow, Pavlovsk and Finland regiments.

In addition to the infantry, there were two cavalry regiments in St. Petersburg: the Cavalry Guard and the Horse Guards. The Guards artillery, the Guards crew, the third battalion of riflemen and the Guards sapper battalion were also located there.

But that was not all. In Tsarskoe Selo there were Her Majesty’s cuirassiers, who were called “yellow” - to match the color of their uniform; life hussars and three battalions of riflemen of the imperial family. Her Majesty's "blue" cuirassiers were stationed in Gatchina, and mounted grenadiers, lancers and life dragoons were stationed in Peterhof.

All this " royal army" had to fully correspond to its status. After all, the capital's service included numerous parades, participation in receptions of distinguished guests and, finally, standing guard in the royal chambers. Therefore, future guardsmen, who were brought from all over Russia, were selected in the most careful manner.

Every year at the beginning of October, recruits began to arrive in St. Petersburg in small batches, all of them tall and physically healthy. As they accumulated, a division into regiments was assigned in the Mikhailovsky Manege, which at all times was considered a difficult but important task.

Emperor Alexander II, for example, always produced it personally. Is it true, Alexander III I had little interest in the front and observation areas and didn’t go to the campsites. Later he dealt with this matter Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, who for many years commanded the troops of the Guard of the St. Petersburg Military District. And from 1904 until the beginning of the First World War, the breakdown was always carried out by the commander of the guards corps.

Snubnosykh - to the Pavlovsky regiment

The commanders of the guards regiments selected their soldiers according to long-established rules and canons. Enough interesting description These rules are given in his memoirs by the former officer of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, Yu. V. Makarov: “The preobrazhentsy were selected to be sturdy guys, brunettes, dark brown-haired or red-haired. No attention was paid to beauty. The main thing was height and heroic build.

Mostly beautiful brunettes were recruited into the Horse Guards. The Semyonovites were tall, blond and “clean-faced”, if possible with blue eyes, to match the color of the collar. The cavalry guards were approximately the same type, only slimmer and more skillful.

The Izmailovites and the Life Grenadiers were dark-haired, the former more handsome, the latter more terrible. Life huntsmen are brown-haired, broad-shouldered and broad-faced. Muscovites are redheads. The Pavlovians were not very tall blondes, but in memory of the founder of the regiment, Emperor Paul, they were snub-nosed. The hussars were short, slender brunettes. The same type was retained for the riflemen, and the most beautiful in appearance were selected for the fourth battalion of the Imperial Family.”

Compliance with such strict rules could not be entrusted to simple adjutants, and therefore all regiment commanders gathered in the arena at the appointed hour. Upon the arrival of the commander of the guards corps, the senior general came forward and announced to the recruits that their future commander would now greet them, to whom they must answer: “We wish you good health, Your Excellency!” It’s clear that no “Good health…” didn’t work out right away. Blinded by so many uniforms and shoulder straps, simple village boys were simply lost: some muttered something to themselves, others simply bowed deeply. However, this did not bother the commanders - the guard will teach everything.

Then the actual breakdown began. Starting with the right flank, the corps commander carefully examined the recruits, after which he put a certain number on each person’s chest with chalk. The numbers indicated the following: one - in Preobrazhensky, two - in Semenovsky, three - in Izmailovsky, and so on. The underlined one “registered” the conscript to the Cavalry Regiment, the two - to the Horse Guards; the underlined eight designated a hussar regiment.

Following the corps commander was a huge non-commissioned officer, who with his strong hands snatched the recruit frozen in place out of the ranks and, roaring at the top of his lungs: “Semyonovsky” or “Hussars,” according to the prompt issued by the commander’s hand, with a mighty push he sent the future guardsman to the named group. It was a kind of ritual, a centuries-old tradition. The conscript could have reached the indicated place on his own, but he had to be thrown, and in such a way that he would definitely be picked up by the hands of his future colleagues.

Start of service

For most recruits, it didn’t matter at all which regiment they ended up in. But if one of them expressed a desire to serve in a certain place, then his request was usually taken into account. Most often it happened that the younger brother asked to join the regiment where the elder brother was already “pulling the strap” and was never refused.

After a couple of hours, both commanders and recruits began to feel tired. The last rows were passed through hastily, guided mainly by the fact to which part how many more guardsmen needed to be added for an even count. By eight o'clock in the evening the breakdown was over, the command was leaving, and the newly minted guardsmen, accompanied by non-commissioned officers, dispersed to their barracks to the accompaniment of loud music.

However, this was not the end. That same evening, near the regimental office, the recruits were divided into companies, each of which also had its own external differences. And only very late in the evening, tired from the huge number of bosses and new impressions, the young guards had dinner and went to bed. And the next day, at exactly five o’clock in the morning, there followed a bathhouse, breakfast and long service for the benefit of the Tsar and the Fatherland...

The Miloslavskys, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan and Princess Sophia through their mother, saw in the proclamation of Peter as tsar an infringement of their interests. The Streltsy, of whom there were more than 20 thousand in Moscow, had long shown discontent and waywardness; and, apparently incited by the Miloslavskys, on May 15 (25), 1682, they came out openly: shouting that the Naryshkins had strangled Tsarevich Ivan, they moved towards the Kremlin. Natalya Kirillovna, hoping to calm the rioters, together with the patriarch and boyars, led Peter and his brother to the Red Porch. However, the uprising did not end. In the first hours, the boyars Artamon Matveev and Mikhail Dolgoruky were killed, then other supporters of Queen Natalia, including her two Naryshkin brothers.

On May 26, elected officials from the Streltsy regiments came to the palace and demanded that the elder Ivan be recognized as the first tsar, and the younger Peter as the second. Fearing a repetition of the pogrom, the boyars agreed, and Patriarch Joachim immediately performed a solemn prayer service in the Assumption Cathedral for the health of the two named kings; and on June 25 he crowned them kings.

On May 29, the archers insisted that Princess Sofya Alekseevna take over control of the state due to the minor age of her brothers. Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna was supposed to, together with her son Peter - the second Tsar - retire from the court to a palace near Moscow in the village of Preobrazhenskoye. In the Kremlin Armory, a two-seat throne for young kings with a small window in the back was preserved, through which Princess Sophia and her entourage told them how to behave and what to say during palace ceremonies.

Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky amusing shelves

All free time Peter spent time away from the palace - in the villages of Vorobyovo and Preobrazhenskoye. Every year his interest in military affairs increased. Peter dressed and armed his “amusing” army, which consisted of peers from boyhood games. In 1685, his “amusing” men, dressed in foreign caftans, marched in regimental formation through Moscow from Preobrazhenskoye to the village of Vorobyovo to the beat of drums. Peter himself served as a drummer.

In 1686, 14-year-old Peter started artillery with his “amusing” ones. Gunsmith Fyodor Zommer showed the Tsar grenade and firearms work. From Pushkar order 16 guns were delivered. To control the heavy guns, the tsar took from the Stable Prikaz adult servants who were keen on military affairs, who were dressed in foreign-style uniforms and designated as amusing gunners. The first to put on a foreign uniform was Sergei Bukhvostov. Subsequently, Peter ordered a bronze bust of this first Russian soldier, as he called Bukhvostov. The amusing regiment began to be called Preobrazhensky, after its place of quartering - the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.

In Preobrazhenskoye, opposite the palace, on the banks of the Yauza, an “amusing town” was built. During the construction of the fortress, Peter himself worked actively, helping to cut logs and install cannons. The “Most Joking, Most Drunken and Extraordinary Council”, created by Peter, was also stationed here - a parody of Orthodox Church. The fortress itself was named Presburg, probably after the famous at that time Austrian fortress Presburg (now Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia), which he heard about from Captain Sommer. At the same time, in 1686, the first amusing ships appeared near Preshburg on the Yauza - a large shnyak and a plow with boats. During these years, Peter became interested in all the sciences that were related to military affairs. Under the guidance of the Dutchman Timmerman, he studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences.

One day, walking with Timmerman through the village of Izmailovo, Peter entered the Linen Yard, in the barn of which he found an English boot. In 1688, he instructed the Dutchman Karsten Brandt to repair, arm and equip this boat, and then lower it to the Yauza River. However, the Yauza and Prosyanoy Pond turned out to be too small for the ship, so Peter went to Pereslavl-Zalessky, to Lake Pleshcheevo, where he founded the first shipyard for the construction of ships. There were already two “Amusing” regiments: Semenovsky, located in the village of Semenovskoye, was added to Preobrazhensky. Preshburg already looked like a real fortress. To command regiments and study military science, knowledgeable and experienced people were needed. But there were no such people among the Russian courtiers. This is how Peter appeared in the German settlement.

Main article: Amusing troops

Soldier of the elective regiment of Gordon, or Butyrsky regiment

Peter spent all his free time away from the palace - in the villages of Vorobyovo and Preobrazhenskoye. Every year his interest in military affairs increased. Peter dressed and armed his “amusing” army, which consisted of peers from boyhood games. In 1685, his “amusing” men, dressed in foreign caftans, marched in regimental formation through Moscow from Preobrazhenskoye to the village of Vorobyovo to the beat of drums. Peter himself served as a drummer.

In 1686, 14-year-old Peter started artillery with his “amusing” ones. Gunsmith Fedor Sommer showed the king grenades and firearms. 16 guns were delivered from the Pushkarsky order. To control the heavy guns, the tsar took from the Stable Prikaz adult servants who were keen on military affairs, who were dressed in foreign-style uniforms and designated as amusing gunners. Sergei Bukhvostov was the first to put on a foreign uniform. Subsequently, Peter ordered a bronze bust of this the first Russian soldier, as he called Bukhvostov. The amusing regiment began to be called Preobrazhensky, after its place of quartering - the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.

Letter from Peter I to his mother Natalya Kirillovna

In Preobrazhenskoye, opposite the palace, on the banks of the Yauza, an “amusing town” was built. During the construction of the fortress, Peter himself worked actively, helping to cut logs and install cannons. The “Most Joking, Most Drunken and Most Extravagant Council”, created by Peter, was stationed here - a parody of the Orthodox Church. The fortress itself was named Preshburg, probably named after the then famous Austrian fortress of Presburg (now Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia), which he heard about from Captain Sommer. At the same time, in 1686, the first amusing ships appeared near Preshburg on the Yauza - a large shnyak and a plow with boats. During these years, Peter became interested in all the sciences that were related to military affairs. Under the leadership of the Dutchman Timmerman he studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences.

One day, walking with Timmerman through the village of Izmailovo, Peter entered the Linen Yard, in the barn of which he found an English boot. In 1688 he entrusted the Dutchman Carsten Brandt repair, arm and equip this boat, and then lower it to the Yauza River. However, the Yauza and Prosyanoy Pond turned out to be too small for the ship, so Peter went to Pereslavl-Zalessky, to Lake Pleshcheevo, where he founded the first shipyard for the construction of ships. There were already two “Amusing” regiments: Semenovsky, located in the village of Semenovskoye, was added to Preobrazhensky. Preshburg already looked like a real fortress. To command regiments and study military science, knowledgeable and experienced people were needed. But there were no such people among the Russian courtiers. This is how Peter appeared in the German settlement.

14 banners of the Preobrazhensky regiment of 1742. One is made of white, the rest are made of orange silk material. All with a narrow double side and red. Embroidered with silks double headed eagle. On the eagle's chest is the monogram of Elizabeth Petrovna. 13 with flat copper gilded spears, red shafts with copper underflows. The banners were deposited in the Artillery Museum in 1796. In 1762 they were replaced with new ones in the regiment.

"Inventory of banners, standards, ensigns, ensigns, badges, trumpets for distinction, certificates, staples and other military regalia stored in the Artillery historical museum, indicating the affiliation of such troop units." - St. Petersburg, 1903.

On February 19, 1762, a new design for regimental banners was approved. On the banner panel there is a widened cross. In the center of the banner in an orange circle is a double-headed eagle surrounded by Holstein coats of arms. The main regimental banner had a white cross, the colored banners had a red cross. The corners are red. The shafts are yellow. In the corners are the golden imperial monograms of Peter III. According to V. Zvegintsov, white banners have a white cross and blue corners, while colored banners have a red banner and blue corners. Gilded spear. Silver cords and tassels.

Handwritten drawing from Zvegintsov's work

After the palace coup on June 29, 1762, which brought Catherine II to the throne, the monograms on the banners changed to the appropriate ones.

In 1763, the Guards regiments received one white banner and several black ones with gold fringe (16 in Preobrazhensky). In the center there is an orange circle framed by a laurel wreath, in which there is a black double-headed eagle with a St. Andrew's cross on the chest. The corners are red, in the corners are the golden monograms of the Empress. The banners had gold cords and tassels. At the top there is Catherine's monogram.

An illustration was used from the book “Banners of Russian Regiments”, comp. V. Gonikberg, A. Meshcheryakov, I. Ostarkova. Text by A. Viskovatov. On the right is a handwritten drawing from the book by V. Zvegintsov

13 banners of 1762 entered the Artillery Museum for storage in 1797 in the presence of Paul I. One of white silk material, 12 of black material. In the center, on an orange silk oval, the state eagle is embroidered in black and yellow silk. On the chest of the eagle is the crucifix of St. Andrew. In the corners there are triangular inserts made of red material, with the monograms of Catherine II on them. In 1796 they were replaced in the regiment with new ones.

"Inventory of banners, standards, ensigns, ensigns, badges, trumpets for distinction, certificates, staples and other military regalia stored in the Artillery Historical Museum, indicating the affiliation of such military units." - St. Petersburg, 1903.