Chechens in the First World War. How the Chechens and Ingush fought in the First World War

NATIONAL FORMATIONS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

ARSANUKAEVA Malika Sultanovna

Annotation. The article examines such aspects of the topic as the history of creation, features of recruitment, content and military merits of the national formations of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division, which took part in the First World War; joint service of representatives of different nationalities, social classes and religions, their relationships.

Annotation. This article investigates aspects such topics as the history of creation, especially acquisition, maintenance and military merit national formations Caucasian Native Cavalry Division, which took part in World War I; joint service of various nationalities, social classes and religions, their relationships.

Keywords: First World War, Caucasus, Native Cavalry Division, national regiments, highlanders.

Key words: the First World War, the Caucasus, Aboriginal Cavalry Division, national regiments, the Highlanders.

One of the events that left a deep mark on history is, of course, the First World War, the 150th anniversary of which will be celebrated by the world community in July this year. Called the Great, both in European and Soviet historical science before the outbreak of World War II, it had serious political, economic and humanitarian consequences for all participating countries.

Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914. In the Manifesto of July 20 (August 2, new style), 1914, Nicholas II made a statement about Russia’s entry into the war and called on all subjects to come to the defense of the Russian land1. As a result, representatives of many peoples of Russia ended up on the fronts of the First World War2.

Caucasians have served in the Russian army for a long time, participating in many wars, showing examples of military valor and courage. Adjutant General N.P. Ignatiev, former minister Internal Affairs of Tsarist Russia, believed that the region had enormous potential for replenishing the Russian army. He wrote: “...during the conquest of the eastern Caucasus in 1859.

several thousand people in Dagestan and so many in Chechnya asked for military service, saying that they only know how to feed with a gun”3.

By the beginning of the First World War, national formations already existed in the North Caucasus (in Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabarda, Ingushetia, Chechnya). The decision to create the Chechen regiment was made on December 15, 1910 by the administrations of the Terek region, Grozny and Vedeno districts together with representatives from the Chechen people. Officers were recruited from different cavalry regiments. Preference was given to those who knew local customs and traditions, mainly “natives who served in the Russian army, especially Chechens.” In total, it was planned to recruit 750 horsemen4. The already operating 1st Dagestan Regiment served as a model. A similar order also existed in the Kabardian Cavalry Regiment5. This experience was taken into account when recruiting the volunteer regiments that later formed the Native Division. During the general mobilization, which began on July 18, 1914 (old style), regiments of the 2nd stage were deployed. Caucasian native cavalry regiments included the 2nd Dagestan, Kabardian, Tatar,

1 Year of the war: from July 19, 1914 to July 19, 1915 / preface. A. Oglina. M.: Publishing house. D.Ya. Makhovsky, 1915. P. 4.

2 See: Muskhadzhiev S.-Kh. The First World War in the fate of Russia and the Caucasian Native Division // To the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the First World War: Little-known pages of history, lessons of the past and a call to the future: materials of the international. scientific conf. Baku, May 23-24, 2014. Baku: ANAS, 2014. P. 252260.

3 State Archive Russian Federation. F. 678. Op. 1. D. 1657. L. 1.

4th Chechen Regiment // Terskie Vedomosti. 1910. No. 278.

5 See: Arsenyev A.A. Memories of service in Kabardin-

cavalry regiment: website. URL: http://lepassemilitaire.ru/vospo-

tattua-o^1^^e^-kaba^shkot-koppot-ro1ki-okop^ate

Chechen, Circassian, Ingush (in 4 squadrons)6.

Already at the very beginning of the war, the governor in the Caucasus, Adjutant General Count I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov appealed to the General Staff of the Russian Army, headed by Adjutant General Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich,7 with a petition to form five cavalry regiments and one foot squad from representatives of the peoples living in the region for the duration of hostilities. In a “hurried communication” dated August 9, 1914, the Main Directorate General Staff informed the chief of staff of the Caucasian Military District that a special “Regulation on units formed from natives of the Caucasus for the duration of real military operations” had been developed and submitted for consideration to the Military Council. They provided for the formation of: 1) from Chechens and Ingush - the Chechen Cavalry Regiment; 2) from the Circassian tribe of Adyges and Abkhazians - the Circassian Cavalry Regiment; 3) from the population of Greater and Lesser Kabarda - the Kabardian Cavalry Regiment; 4) from the Tatars of the Baku and Elisabeth provinces - the Tatar Cavalry Regiment; 5) from the Lezgin tribes of Dagestan - 2nd Dagestan Cavalry Regiment; 6) from the Adjarian tribes of the Batumi region - the Adjarian foot battalion. All these regiments were combined into one Caucasian native cavalry division8. Contemporaries were surprised that the descendants of peoples who in the recent past participated in Caucasian War, readily responded to the call to join the regiments. Serving in the Kabardian regiment A.A. Arsenyev wrote: “And a strange thing! Faced with the need to submit to Russia and recognize it, people and nations that had hitherto been its enemies ceased to be them.”9

Due to the fact that the new units were formed mainly from residents, mainly volunteers and hunters - people not trained in military affairs and combat training, it was considered necessary to introduce into their composition the lower ranks of the Caucasian Cossack troops. In particular, it was envisaged to have

which: a) in each cavalry regiment - 4 sergeants, 17 senior and 17 junior officers, 1 headquarters trumpeter, 8 trumpeters and 16 clerks and b) in the battalion - 4 sergeants, 17 senior and 32 junior officers, one battalion and 8 hundred buglers, 10 clerks. Front line hunters were appointed by order of the headquarters of the Caucasian Military District10.

The creation of national formations was carried out in accordance with the provisions of the governor in the Caucasus by order of the headquarters of the Caucasian Military District. The officer corps was composed of people who enjoyed the trust of the population, which was supposed to facilitate the process of forming new formations. In total, 363,950 rubles were allocated for benefits to hunters. One-time expenses for the formation of the division amounted to about 600,000 rubles, and permanent expenses for four months amounted to 750 thousand rubles.11

In accordance with the order of Emperor Nicholas II of August 23, 1914 on the creation of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division, it included three brigades of six regiments (each with four squadrons). The emperor's younger brother became the first division commander Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. February 20th

In 1916 he was replaced by Major General D.P. Bug

The lower ranks in the division regiments, called horsemen, received 25 rubles. per month, were exempt from corporal punishment and had the right to address officers on a first-name basis13. The dietary habits and traditions of Caucasians were taken into account14. Each rider entered the service with his own horse, horse equipment, uniforms and personal edged weapons. If the rider did not have such an opportunity, then he was provided with a state-owned horse. Firearms issued at the place of service. In addition, each volunteer upon entering service received an allowance from the treasury in the amount of 150 rubles15. A.A. Arsenyev reports that “most of the Kabardian horsemen came to the regiment with their own horses, saddles, swords and daggers. Were government officials

6 Kersnovsky A.A. History of the Russian Army: website. URL: http://militera.lib.ru/h/kersnovsky1/15a.html

7 See: Personalized Supreme Decree given Governing Senate from July 20, 1914 // Year of the war: from July 19, 1914 to July 19, 1915. P. 8.

8 Russian State Military Historical Archive (hereinafter referred to as RGVIA). F. 1300. Op. 3. D. 1104. L. 1-2.

9 Ingush. Short story, their participation in Russian wars / A.U. Malsagov. Pyatigorsk: RIA "KMV", 2005. P. 219.

10 RGVIA. F. 1300. Op. 3. D. 1104. Lll. 1 rev. 2.

11 Ibid. L. 4-5.

12 See: Opryshko O.L. Caucasian Cavalry Division. 1914-1917. Return from oblivion. Nalchik: Elbrus, 1999. P. 239.

13 RGVIA. F. 3640. Op. 1. Help.

14 See: Markov A.L. In the Ingush Cavalry Regiment: website. URL: http://coollib.eom/b/218204/read#t1

15 Donogo Hadji Murad. About the formation of the Caucasus mountaineers: website. IN: http://www.gazavat.m/history3.php?mb=7&ш"t=744

only rifles and pikes." In the second year of the war, burkas were sent to the horsemen from Kabarda16.

“...The horsemen did not need government horses,” writes N.N. Breshko-Breshkovsky. - They came with their own; there was no need for uniforms - they were dressed in their picturesque Circassian coats. All that remained was to sew on the shoulder straps.”17. In the report of the Chief of Staff of the Caucasian Army to Prince I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov on August 27, 1914 proposed to introduce “uniformity for all regiments, namely: gray Circassian coats, black beshmets, gray or brown hats, but not black.” Individual regiments were provided with their own color of shoulder straps, in particular, red for the Circassian, 2nd Dagestan, Tatar; blue - for the Kabardian, Chechen, Ingush regiments. When going on a campaign, the shoulder straps are gray, khaki.” Lacing of different colors was introduced on regimental shoulder straps: for

2nd Dagestan - 2 Dg, Kabardin - KB, Chechen - Chch, Circassian - Chr, Tatar - Tt, Ingush - Ip.18

Each regiment was served by clergy, mullahs, who monitored the morale of the riders and inspired them before the battle19. “The mullah reads a prayer before the battle, a prayer for the Emperor, for Russia,” the source says. They also performed the funeral ceremony20. “The mullah is all in black, and his hat is wrapped in green,” writes N.N. Berko-Breshkovsky. “Each mullah is in position with his own regiment, and, like everyone else, he has a rifle, a dagger and a saber.”21 For their service they were presented with ranks and military awards22.

In the regiments, in particular the Kabardian regiment, there were trumpeters and zurnachs. In response to the greeting or praise of the chief, the riders said: “Beriket is demonic!”, which meant, translated into Russian, “may the grace of God be with you!”23.

The Chechen cavalry regiment was formed on August 9, 1914. According to the staff, the regiment included 22 officers, three military officials, a regimental mullah and 643 lower ranks.

16 Arsenyev A.A. Decree. op.

17 Breshko-Breshkovsky N.N. Wild division. M.: Moskovskaya Pravda, 1991. Part I: Under the Three Golden Lions: website. URL: http://militera.lib.ru/prose/russian/breshko1/01.html

18 Donogo Hadji Murad. Decree. op.

19 Opryshko O.L. Decree. op. P. 224.

20 Salahly Ch. Native cavalry division: website. URL: http://www. savash-az. com/rasskazi/tkdiv.htm

21 Breshko-Breshkovsky N.N. Decree. op.

22 Opryshko O.L. Decree. op. P. 31.

23 Arsenyev A.A. Decree. op.

The regiment was formed in Grozny mainly from Chechens from the Grozny and Vedeno districts. The registration of hunters was carried out in ten areas by the heads of the indicated districts and their assistants: in Grozny - by Lieutenant Colonel I.D. Japaridze and captain S.A. Tamaev, and in Vedenskoye - by Lieutenant Colonel S.G. Karalov and K.S. G.D. Malsagov. It happened that entire families24 signed up for the regiment, and even their minor sons fought alongside their fathers. For example, 12-year-old Abubakar Dzhurgaev25. In addition to Chechens, representatives of other nations, mainly Muslims of the Caucasus, also served in the Chechen regiment. Thus, Azerbaijanis fought alongside them, many of whom received high awards for their exploits (Magomed Sadykov, Jabrail Shakhtemirov, Ibrahim Saidov, Magomed Aliyev, Iskender Khan of Nakhichevan

By the highest order of August 29, 1914, Lieutenant Colonel A. S. Svyatopolk-Mirsky was appointed the first commander of the Chechen regiment, and Lieutenant A.-M.A. was appointed as the regimental adjutant. Chermoev (Chechen), who previously served in the imperial convoy27. After the death of Colonel A.S. Svyatopolk-Mirsky from February 17, 1915 to May 30, 1917, the regiment was commanded by the Persian prince Feyzullah Mirza Qajar. He was out of action only for a short time after being wounded. The commander was carried out of the battlefield by the lower ranks of the regiment, representatives of different nationalities, who were subsequently presented with the Cross of St. George. He was replaced by Colonel Dzhemalutdin Musalaev (from the Uzdeni of Dagestan)28.

Beginning in the fall of 1914, the regiment took part in six military operations as part of the 2nd Caucasian Cavalry Corps of the 11th Army of the South. Western Front. On August 15, 1915, it was temporarily assigned to the 12th Cavalry Division. In October of the same year, as part of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division of the 11th Army Corps of the 9th Army, the regiment

24 Opryshko O.L. Decree. op. P. 29.

25 Muskhadzhiev S.-Kh. Decree. op. P. 255.

26 A book has been published about the only national military unit of Azerbaijanis during the First World War: website. URL: http://www.azhistorymuseum.az/index.php?mod=5&id= 1189 ; Khan-Nakhichevan Iskander: website. URL: http://regi-ment.rU/bio/H/65.htm

27 See: Opryshko O.L. Decree. op. pp. 29, 31.

28 Musalaev Dzhemalutdin: website. URL: http://www.grwar. ru/persons/persons.html?id=5479&PHPSESSID=1444a73b4ddc4288 666f659fc1961c71

participated in combat operations on the Southwestern Front. The regiment's participation as part of the division in the famous Brusilov breakthrough is known. For their services, many riders were awarded high awards. Throughout the subsequent period, the Chechen regiment was alternately transferred to different formations: 1st Trans-Amur Border Guard infantry division, 33rd Army Corps of the 9th Army, 3rd Corps, 32nd Infantry Division of the 4th Army Corps of the 9th Army, 11th Infantry Division of the 9th Army,

3rd Zaamur Border Infantry Division of the 11th Army Corps. In November 1916, the Chechen regiment was transferred to the 3rd Cavalry Corps of the 4th Army of the Romanian Front. In June 1917, together with the 3rd Cavalry Corps, he was transferred to the South-Western

The collection of volunteers from the Ingush was carried out by the senior assistant to the head of the Nazran district, Lieutenant Colonel Edil-Sultan Beymurzaev. From September 11, 1914 to May 25, 1917, the regiment commander was Colonel Georgy Alekseevich Merchule, and from May 25

1917 - Colonel Arslanbek Baytievich Kotiev. Officers and horsemen of famous Ingush families served in the Ingush regiment; it even happened that representatives of several generations at the same time. Representatives of the aristocracy enlisted in the regiment fought together with the Ingush: Prince Mikhail Nikolaevich Gruzinsky, Prince Napoleon Akhilovich Murat, Valerian Yakovlevich Svetlov, Pyotr Nikolaevich Shabelsky-Bork30.

During the First World War, national regiments took part in the most important battles and with their exploits repeatedly attracted the attention of the command. So, already on November 4, 1914, in the newspaper “Terskie Vedomosti”, the head of the Terek region, Lieutenant General S.N. Fleischer informed the population: “.The Chechen regiment was made happy by the following telegram from the Grand Duke, the head of the division: “I congratulate the Chechen regiment on the holiday of Kurban Bayram; I wish the ranks of the regiment and their close relatives who remained at home complete well-being. Mikhail”31.

In order No. 1615 dated October 17, 1914, the head of the Terek region reported the following: “The August Commander of the Caucasian Native Division, His Highness Prince Mi-

29 RGVIA. F. 3640. Op. 1. Help.

30 See: Markov A.L. Decree. op.

Khail Alexandrovich telegraphs to me that he received a telegram from His Majesty with the following content: “Tell the representatives of the tribes that formed the regiments of the Caucasian Native Division, My joy at the units going on the campaign, as well as My confidence that the regiments will show military valor in practice.” Nicholas II ""32.

Losses in military operations turned out to be large, therefore, in order to ensure uninterrupted supply of the division’s personnel, spare hundreds were also recruited. Thus, by order of the head of the Terek region, Lieutenant General S.N. Fleisher dated December 2, 1914, captain B.S. is appointed commander of the reserve hundred of the Chechen regiment. Mamyshev33.

All national regiments of the Native Cavalry Division, starting from January 21, 1916, by the highest order, received their own standards. On February 10, the acting division commander, Major General A.V. Gagarin wrote in his telegram to officers and riders: “I congratulate the regiments on the Royal Grace and am confident that the given regimental Standards will be covered with unfading

glory"34.

In total, more than seven thousand horsemen served in the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division in 1914-1917. About three and a half thousand of them were awarded St. George's Crosses and medals "For Bravery", and all officers were awarded orders. Only on September 23, 1915, in the Chechen regiment, 201 horsemen were awarded the Crosses of St. George, of which 144 were Chechens, and medals “For Bravery” - 199 people, including 169 Chechens35. Full Knights of St. George were Chechens and Ingush - Shahid Borshchikov, Abu Muslim Borshchikov, Esaki Dzagiev, Iznaur Dubaev, Mamad Islamgireev, Gusein Kostoev, Magoma Alburi, Murat Malsagov, Musa Malsagov, Beksultan Bekmurziev36. Many Ingush officers were awarded high military ranks (Soslanbek Bezbuzarov, Savarbek Malsagov, Elberd Nalgiev, Tont Ukurov, Khasbulat Poshev). Thanks to the efforts of researchers and archivists, new names of war heroes became known37.

33 Opryshko O.L. Decree. op. P. 118.

34 Ibid. P. 239.

35 Ibid. P. 202.

36 Georgievsky archive: collection. Vol. 2. Ekaterinburg: Ural catalogue, 2002. pp. 66-81, 4, 64-65.

37 See: Dzaurova M.S., Mankieva E.D. Pages of history //

Arch. Vestn. 2013. No. 1. P. 18-25.

All regiments of the cavalry division showed examples of military valor and courage and were repeatedly noted by the command. Before leaving the division, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, appointed by the highest order of February 4, 1916 as commander of the 2nd Cavalry Corps, addressed the message: “Innumerable are all the individual exploits of the Caucasian heroes, representatives of the valiant peoples of the Caucasus, who showed unshakable loyalty with their selfless service To the Tsar and the common Motherland and the young Caucasian regiments, now hardened in bloody battles, who immortalized them with unfading glory. Let the glory of them be sung in the villages of their native Caucasus, let the memory of them live in the hearts of the people, let their merits be written down for posterity in golden letters on the pages of History. Until the end of My days I will be proud of the fact that I was the chief of the mountain eagles of the Caucasus, from now on so close to my heart. Once again I thank you all, my dear comrades-in-arms, for your honest service...”38. The highlanders themselves treated the Grand Duke with great respect. His portrait, as D. de Witt writes, hung in almost every Chechen sakla39.

By order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Infantry General L.G. Kornilov on August 21, 1917, the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division was deployed into the Caucasian Native Cavalry Corps. On September 2, 1917, P.A. was appointed commander of the corps. Polovtsev. The division did not take part in the campaign against Petrograd. On September 17 (30), the chairman of the Union of Highlanders Association T. Chermoev received a telephone message from acting. D. Head of the Political Directorate of the War Ministry, Count Tolstoy: “The native corps is returning to the Caucasus. The Provisional Government is happy to testify that the highlanders, born in freedom, remained faithful to the cause of freedom in these days of past trials, when dark forces tried to deceive them in order to strangle freedom.” On September 25-26, the train arrived in the North Caucasus. The regiments were stationed in the cities where they were formed: Ossetian - in Vladikavkaz, Ingush - in Bazorkino and Nazran, Chechen - in Grozny,

38 Opryshko O.L. Decree. op. P. 240.

39 See: Officers of the Russian Guard in the White Struggle / comp., scientific. ed., preface and comment. V.S. Volkova. M.: Tsentropoli-graf, 2002. P. 463.

Kabardinsky - in Pyatigorsk, 1st Dagestansky - in Khasav-Yurt, 2nd Dagestansky - in Temir-Khan-Shura, Cherkessky - in Ekaterinodar, and his Abkhazian hundred - in Sukhumi, Tatarsky - in Tiflis, Ossetian foot brigade - in Georgievsk. The corps headquarters was located in Vladikavkaz40.

This is how A.A describes it. Arsenyev honoring the Kabardian cavalry regiment that arrived in their homeland: “November 15, 1917. Kabarda hosted a ceremonial dinner in honor of its regiment. A lot of people gathered, in the hall of the real school building tables were set for officers and honored guests, and around the building in the park, tables were set for horsemen and other guests. The sumptuous dinner lasted until the middle of the night, and before it ended, one of the old men, the guests of honor, made a toast: “To the first chief of the division!” There was a general “hurray” in honor of the Grand Duke, which was picked up from outside, and then the shouts of the horsemen were heard: “Officers! Officers!..” We went out to them and were received by them, they began to “pump” us.”41

In October 1917, all regiments of the corps were transferred to the Caucasian Military District. By January 1918, the Chechen regiment of the corps disintegrated42. Some of the mountaineers joined the Volunteer Army. One of the organizers of new formations in Chechnya was General E. Aliyev43.

Eris Khan Sultan Girey Aliyev (04/30/1855-1920), Chechen, artillery general (from December 6, 1914), is one of the prominent representatives of the Russian officers of that time, who went through the entire First world war. Initial military education the future general received in the 2nd Konstantinovsky artillery school and at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School (1876). Later he graduated with first class, that is, excellent, from the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy44. He entered service in 1873. He was awarded the rank of officer on August 10, 187645. He took part in the Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) and Russian-

40 See: Muzaev T. Union of Highlanders. The Russian Revolution and the peoples of the North Caucasus, 1917 - March 1918. M.: Patria, 2007. pp. 188-189.

41 Arsenyev A.A. Decree. op.

42 RGVIA. F. 3640. Op. 1. Help.

43 See: Officers of the Russian Guard in the White Struggle. S. 459467.

44 Who was who in the First World War: biographer. encycl. words / comp. K.L. Zalessky. M.: Publishing house AST; Artel, 2003. P. 18.

45 Officers of the Russian Guard in the White Struggle. P. 774.

Japanese wars (1904-1905). From August 15, 1905, E. Aliyev was at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops at Far East. From May 16, 1906, he commanded the 5th East Siberian Rifle Division46. On August 14, 1908, he was appointed commander of the 2nd Siberian Army Corps47 (Irkutsk Military District, headquarters in the city of Chi-te)48. He held the rank of infantry general from December 6, 1913. By the beginning of 1914, General E. Aliyev had already established himself as a brave military officer and a talented commander. For his services in the military field he received the following awards: Order of St. Anne III degree with swords and bow, St. Stanislav III degree with swords and bow, St. Stanislav I degree with swords, St. George IV degree, St. Anne I degree with swords and golden weapons with the inscription “For bravery”49.

On February 5, 1914, General E. Aliev wrote a report on his transfer to the European part of Russia, motivating his request by difficult service conditions and the unusual climate of Transbaikalia. Otherwise, as he admitted, he had no choice but to “pack up his belongings and quit his favorite business, to which he devoted his life and all his strength”50. The request was granted, and on February 8, 1914, E. Aliyev was appointed commander of the 4th Army Corps, with which he went through the entire First World War. The appointment occurred at the request of the commander of the Vilna Military District. By the time of his appointment, the general was 58% old51. On April 12, 1914, he telegraphed to the emperor that he had taken command of the corps52.

The 4th Army Corps included the 30th (commander - Lieutenant General E.A. Kolyanovsky) and 40th (commander - Lieutenant General N.N. Korotkevich) infantry divisions. Later the 2nd Infantry Division was transferred to him. Upon mobilization, the corps became part of the 1st Army of General P.K. Rennenkamp-fa. At the end of September he was transferred to the 2nd Army of General S.M. Scheidemann. In battles west of Warsaw, troops under the command of artillery general E. Aliyev managed to push back

46 RGVIA. F. 400. Op. 10. D. 1825. L. 25 vol.

47 Who was who. P. 19.

48 RGVIA. F. 400. Op. 10. D. 1825. L. 1, 25.

49 Ibid. L. 25 rev.

50 Ibid. L. 1-1ob.

51 Ibid. L. 25.

52 Ibid. L. 34.

enemy, making it easier for the 2nd Army to go on the offensive. For this operation, on October 20, 1915, he was awarded the Order of St. George, III degree. The corps also participated in most of the most important military operations: Eastern

Prussia and Lodz, the battles of Putlusk and Narva, as well as in the retreat from Romania53. Descriptions of the actions of the 30th division and its commander, General E. Aliyev, during the Gumbinen operation of 1914 have been preserved54. “The IV Army Corps, which was commanded by General Aliyev throughout the war, took part in the most difficult battles of the German front (East Prussia, Lodz, Pultusk and the withdrawal from the Narev) and then withstood the retreat from Romania on its shoulders. - writes A.A Kersnovsky. “This applies to its two indigenous divisions - the 30th and 40th - and to the 2nd Infantry Division attached to the corps.”55 For his services in the First World War, E. Aliyev received the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with swords and the White Eagle with me-

In May 1917, E. Aliyev took part in the First Mountain Congress, held in Vladikavkaz. In May 1918, he left Petrograd, where he was at the disposal of the commander-in-chief, for Chechnya. Having offered his services to the government of the Caucasian mountaineers and having been refused, in November 1918 he was placed at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army. On March 13, 1919, after the occupation of Chechnya by units of General V.P. Lyakhov, arrived in Grozny. At the suggestion of General A.I. Denikin On April 11, at the congress of the Chechen people, E. Aliyev was elected Supreme Ruler of Chechnya. During his reign, Chechen villages that did not recognize the government were destroyed Volunteer Army. In protest against the cruelty and violence against the highlanders by General I.G. Erdeli, who commanded the troops in the North Caucasus, as well as condemnation of the retaliatory actions of the mountaineers, E. Aliyev announced his resignation. After the retreat of the Volunteer Army from the Terek region, he was arrested by the Bolsheviks and imprisoned in Grozny. Presumably, according to the verdict

53 Who was who. P. 19.

54 See: Radus-Zenkovich L.A. Essay on an oncoming battle. Based on the experience of the Gumbinen operation of 1914: A critical-historical study. M., 1920: website. IRL: http://www.grwar.ru/library/ Radus-Gumbinnen7RG_I_12.html

55 Kersnovsky A.A. Decree. op.

56 See: White Russia. Aliyev Eris Khan Sultan Giray: website. IRL: http://belrussia.ru/page-id-1558.html

revolutionary tribunal, executed in 192057. According to other sources, he managed to evacuate along with the white troops to Georgia, and then went to Turkey58. It should be noted that a tragic fate befell many other officers who fought on the fronts of the First World War as part of the national regiments of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division.

Representatives of the Caucasian peoples took an active part in the war also as part of other formations. The Caucasian Native Cavalry Division itself went through the entire First World War with honor. This became possible thanks to the skillful command of the national regiments, taking into account the character characteristics of the representatives of the Caucasian peoples, the traditions and religious feelings of each of them. In the article “Aly e bashlyki” journalist I.L. Tolstoy,

the son of a famous writer,59 noted: “.Caucasus<...>sent his best representatives to us in order to join us in defending the independence of not only our homeland, but thereby the whole of Europe from the destructive invasion of new barbarians...”60.

At the same time, it should be noted that the history of the national regiments of the peoples of the Caucasus, which is not only of great scientific and educational interest, but also of great educational importance, unfortunately, is still poorly studied. Despite the fact that in the last period scientific works More has been published on this topic than ever before; many pages of the military path of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division are unknown. The current situation poses new challenges for researchers.

59 Another son of the writer is warrant officer M.L. Tolstoy -

During the First World War he served in the 2nd Dagestan Regiment.

60 Tolstoy I. Scarlet hoods // Wild Division: collection. math

57 Officers of the Russian Guard in the White Struggle. P. 774. rials / comp. and comment. V.L. Telitsyn. M.: Taus, 2006. P. 65-

58 Who was who. P. 19. 66.

The First World War, which began in August 1914, was caused by the aggravation of contradictions between the great powers of Europe. On the one hand, Germany and Austria-Hungary (with the Ottoman Empire later joining), and on the other, England, France, Russia (joined by Italy in 1915) launched military actions that ultimately involved 38 states in the battle world, including the USA. It was a struggle for hegemony between the imperialist powers on the European continent and throughout the world.

In this war, the Russian Empire sought to establish its influence on the Balkan Peninsula, weaken the German and Austro-Hungarian empires and annex from Turkey the Black Sea straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles, through which up to 90% of the country’s agricultural exports were carried out. The last task involved the deployment of extensive military operations of the Russian army against the Ottoman Empire, primarily in the Caucasus.

Thus, in addition to the main German Front for Russia, the Caucasian Front also arose. Turkish plans in the Caucasus were very ambitious and provided for the spread of direct Turkish influence not only over the entire Caucasus, but also into the regions of the Volga region and Crimea inhabited by Turkic-Muslim peoples. The German military leadership also planned the complete separation of the Caucasus from Russia, while it was planned to create several buffer Caucasian states with a Muslim and Christian population.

Despite the presence of quite noticeable anti-Russian sentiments not only among the Muslim clergy, but also part of the mountain intelligentsia, including in Chechnya, neither the Turks nor the Germans managed to shake the strength of the Russian rear in the Caucasus. However, the Caucasian Front was initially of secondary importance, and on the main one, the German Front, the Russian army suffered the heaviest losses.

Shortly before the First World War, a law on universal military conscription was introduced in Russia. However, this law did not apply to the Muslim population of the Caucasus. The tsarist authorities were afraid to force the highlanders into military service in order to avoid the emergence of new popular unrest. But, as in previous Russian wars of the 19th – early 20th centuries, a recruitment of volunteers was announced. Without much difficulty, 6 national regiments were formed in the North Caucasus, including the Chechen one. These regiments made up a separate Caucasian cavalry division, which soon received a colorful name in everyday life - “Wild Division”. This division was sent to the Austrian front, where it performed well in combat situations. The regiments of the "Wild Division" distinguished themselves during the famous offensive of the Russian army, known as the "Brusilovsky breakthrough". The riders of the “Wild Division,” being at the forefront of the breakthrough, crossed the Dniester River in horse formation, for which the division was awarded the St. George Banner. But the greatest glory for the highlanders was brought by the brilliant defeat of the Brunswick division of the German army. In total, during the First World War, at least 60 riders of the Chechen regiment were awarded the Cross of St. George, which was considered the highest military award in the Russian army.

Different social groups in Chechnya, as among all mountain peoples, had different attitudes towards the war. The peasantry as a whole considered this war completely alien to their interests. Bourgeois and officer circles supported the official slogans about the war to the bitter end. Pro-Turkish sentiments were characteristic only of part of the Chechen clergy.

Gradually, a difficult war caused a deterioration in relations between the highlanders and the Cossacks, which was based on the issue of land. In a number of mountain villages, popular unrest and cases of open disobedience to the authorities are emerging again.

After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in February 1917 and the formation of the Russian Provisional Government, the situation in the North Caucasus, including Chechnya, became even more unstable. Hereditary Cossack M.A. Karaulov was appointed Commissioner of the Provisional Government in the Terek Region. But the transformations he began to carry out were mainly of a formal nature. It was kept the same Administrative division, only the newly appointed district heads were now called commissioners.

M.A. Karaulov intended to carry out the settlement of national problems within the framework of the program of the Provisional Government, which was developed under the influence of the Cadet Party. On March 20, 1917, the Provisional Government issued a decree abolishing all religious and national restrictions. While maintaining the previous administrative-territorial division of the country, the Provisional Government intended to implement “cultural-national self-determination of peoples” in national districts through local government bodies. The provision of state autonomy was envisaged only for Poland and Finland, which enjoyed autonomy under the tsarist regime.

The revolutionary events of February 1917 in Russia intensified national movements in different regions of the country. Chechnya was no exception. In March, a Chechen congress took place in Grozny, attracting up to 10 thousand people. The main speaker at the congress was the famous public figure of Chechnya A.-M. Chermoev. Political and religious figures who were expelled from the Terek region for political reasons during tsarist times took an active part in the congress.

At the congress, two political directions emerged, between which a fierce struggle for power in Chechnya subsequently unfolded. Prominent representatives of the clergy demanded the establishment of theocratic rule in Chechnya. But the sheikhs were unable to achieve their goal - the majority of seats in the Chechen Executive Committee elected at the congress were given to representatives of the secular intelligentsia. The chairman of the Chechen executive committee was a member of the Menshevik party, a lawyer by training, Akhmedkhan Mutushev (later he switched to the side of the Bolsheviks and became an active participant civil war in the Caucasus). The prominent businessman M.K. Abdulkadyrov became the deputy chairman, the first commissioner of the Grozny district was T. Eldarkhanov, the commissioner of the Vvedensky district was the hereditary officer A.V. Aduev.

Meanwhile, serious agrarian unrest continued to gain momentum in Chechnya. Cases of unauthorized seizure by peasants of not only state-owned lands, as well as lands belonging to the Cossacks, but also the possessions of large Chechen owners have become more frequent. Banditry became increasingly widespread, from which Chechen villages and Cossack villages suffered equally. Local authorities, torn apart by political differences, were virtually unable to do anything to counter the rampant crime.

In Russia, the campaign of loyalty to determine who is the greatest patriot does not subside. The leaders of the campaign are the top leaders of Chechnya. Meanwhile, as history shows, when Russia weakens, Chechens go over to the side of the enemy. In 1941-42, almost the entire republic sided with Hitler.

There were several such critical situations with the mountaineers in the history of Russia - in the middle of the 19th century, when their environment was stuffed with English agents (the Interpreter's Blog wrote about this); during the Revolution and Civil War 1917-21; finally, during the formation of statehood of the Russian Federation in the 1990s, when hundreds of thousands of people of other nationalities (primarily Russians) were expelled from Chechnya, and the republic itself turned into a terrorist enclave (thousands of Russian soldiers died during the liquidation of this gang).

The Great Patriotic War is a special example of the betrayal of representatives of Chechnya. We will touch only on its first period - 1941-42, and will present only a small part of the collaboration of the Chechens.

DESERTION

The first charge that should be brought against the Chechens following the Great Patriotic War is mass desertion. This is what was said about this in a memo addressed to people's commissar Internal Affairs Lavrentiy Beria “On the situation in the regions of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, compiled by Deputy People's Commissar of State Security, State Security Commissioner of the 2nd Rank Bogdan Kobulov based on the results of his trip to Checheno-Ingushetia in October 1943 and dated November 9, 1943:

“The attitude of the Chechens and Ingush towards Soviet power was clearly expressed in desertion and evasion of conscription into the Red Army.

During the first mobilization in August 1941, out of 8,000 people subject to conscription, 719 people deserted. In October 1941, out of 4,733 people, 362 evaded conscription. In January 1942, when recruiting the national division, it was possible to call up only 50% of the personnel.

In March 1942, out of 14,576 people, 13,560 people deserted and evaded service (i.e. 93%), who went underground, went to the mountains and joined gangs.

In 1943, out of 3,000 volunteers, the number of deserters was 1,870.”

In total, during the three years of the war, 49,362 Chechens and Ingush deserted from the ranks of the Red Army, another 13,389 people evaded conscription, which makes a total of 62,751 people.

How many Chechens and Ingush fought at the front? Local historians compose various fables about this. For example, doctor historical sciences Hadji-Murat Ibrahimbayli states:

“More than 30 thousand Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts. In the first weeks of the war, more than 12 thousand communists and Komsomol members - Chechens and Ingush - joined the army, most of whom died in battle.”

The reality looks much more modest. While in the ranks of the Red Army, 2.3 thousand Chechens and Ingush died or went missing. Is it a lot or a little? Half the size Buryat people, which was in no way threatened by the German occupation, lost 13 thousand people at the front, one and a half times less than the Chechens and Ingush Ossetians - 10.7 thousand.

As of March 1949, among the special settlers there were 4,248 Chechens and 946 Ingush who had previously served in the Red Army. Contrary to popular belief, a number of Chechens and Ingush were exempted from being sent to settlements for their military merits. As a result, we get that no more than 10 thousand Chechens and Ingush served in the ranks of the Red Army, while over 60 thousand of their relatives evaded mobilization or deserted.

Let's say a few words about the notorious 114th Chechen-Ingush Cavalry Division, the exploits of which pro-Chechen authors love to talk about. Due to the stubborn reluctance of the indigenous inhabitants of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to go to the front, its formation was never completed, and the personnel who were able to be drafted were sent to reserve and training units in March 1942.

Bandit Khasan Israilov

The next charge is banditry. From July 1941 to 1944, only in the territory of the Chi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which was later transformed into the Grozny region, state security agencies destroyed 197 gangs. At the same time, the total irretrievable losses of the bandits amounted to 4,532 people: 657 killed, 2,762 captured, 1,113 turned themselves in. Thus, in the ranks of the gangs that fought against the Red Army, almost twice as many Chechens and Ingush died or were captured as at the front. And this is not counting the losses of the Vainakhs who fought on the side of the Wehrmacht in the so-called “eastern battalions”!

By that time, the old “cadres” of abreks and local religious authorities, through the efforts of the OGPU and then the NKVD, had been largely driven out. They were replaced by young gangsters - Komsomol members and communists raised by the Soviet regime, who studied in Soviet universities.

Its typical representative was Khasan Israilov, also known under the pseudonym “Terloev,” which he took from the name of his teip. He was born in 1910 in the village of Nachkhoy, Galanchozh district. In 1929 he joined the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and in the same year he entered the Komvuz in Rostov-on-Don. In 1933, to continue his studies, Israilov was sent to Moscow, to the Communist University of the Toilers of the East named after. I.V. Stalin. In 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years in forced labor camps, but was released in 1937. Returning to his homeland, he worked as a lawyer in the Shatoevsky district.

Uprising of 1941

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, Khasan Israilov, together with his brother Hussein, went underground, developing activities to prepare a general uprising. For this purpose, he held 41 meetings in various villages, created combat groups in the Galanchozh and Itum-Kalinsky regions, as well as in Borzoi, Kharsinoy, Dagi-Borzoi, Achekhne and other settlements. Representatives were also sent to the neighboring Caucasian republics.

The uprising was initially scheduled for the autumn of 1941 in order to coincide with the approach of German troops. However, since the blitzkrieg schedule fell through, its deadline was postponed to January 10, 1942. A single coordinated action did not take place, resulting in scattered premature actions of individual groups.

Thus, on October 21, 1941, residents of the Khilokhoy village of the Nachkhoevsky village council of the Galanchozhsky district plundered the collective farm and offered armed resistance to the task force trying to restore order. An operational detachment of 40 people was sent to the area to arrest the instigators. Underestimating the seriousness of the situation, his commander divided his men into two groups, heading to the villages of Khaibakhai and Khilokhoy. This turned out to be a fatal mistake. The first of the groups was surrounded by rebels. Having lost four people killed and six wounded in the shootout, as a result of the cowardice of the group leader, she was disarmed and, with the exception of four operatives, shot. The second, hearing the firefight, began to retreat and, being surrounded in the village of Galanchozh, was also disarmed. As a result, the uprising was suppressed only after the deployment of large forces.

A week later, on October 29, police officers detained Naizulu Dzhangireev in the village of Borzoi, Shatoevsky district, who was evading labor service and inciting the population to do so. His brother, Guchik Dzhangireev, called his fellow villagers for help. After Guchik's statement: “There is no Soviet power, we can act” - the gathered crowd disarmed the police officers, destroyed the village council and plundered the collective farm's livestock. Together with rebels from the surrounding villages who joined, the Borzoevites offered armed resistance to the NKVD task force, however, unable to withstand the retaliatory strike, they scattered through the forests and gorges, like the participants in a similar protest that took place a little later in the Bavloevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district.

Here Israilov intervened in the matter. He built his organization on the principle of armed detachments, covering with their activities a certain area or group of settlements. The main link was the aulkoms, or threes or fives, which carried out anti-Soviet and rebel work on the ground.

Already on January 28, 1942, Israilov held an illegal meeting in Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz), at which the “Special Party of Caucasian Brothers” (OPKB) was established. As befits a self-respecting party, the OPKB had its own charter, a program providing “the creation in the Caucasus of a free fraternal Federal Republic of the states of the fraternal peoples of the Caucasus under the mandate of the German Empire”.

Later, to better please the Germans, Israilov renamed his organization the National Socialist Party of the Caucasian Brothers (NSPKB). Its number, according to the NKVD, soon reached 5,000 people.

Uprisings of 1942

Another large anti-Soviet group on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia was the so-called “Checheno-Mountain National Socialist” created in November 1941. underground organization" Its leader, Mairbek Sheripov, like Israilov, was a representative of the new generation. The son of a tsarist officer and the younger brother of the famous commander of the so-called “Chechen Red Army” Aslanbek Sheripov, was born in 1905. Just like Israilov, he joined the CPSU (b), was also arrested for anti-Soviet propaganda - in 1938, and released in 1939. However, unlike Israilov, Sheripov had a higher social status, being the chairman of the Forest Industry Council of the Chi ASSR.

Having gone illegal in the fall of 1941, Mairbek Sheripov united around himself gang leaders, deserters, fugitive criminals hiding in the Shatoevsky, Cheberloyevsky and part of the Itum-Kalinsky districts, and also established connections with religious and teip authorities of the villages, trying with their help to persuade the population to an armed uprising against Soviet power. Sheripov’s main base, where he hid and recruited like-minded people, was in the Shatoevsky district. He had extensive family connections there.

Sheripov repeatedly changed the name of his organization: “Society for the Rescue of Mountain People”, “Union of Liberated Mountain People”, “Checheno-Ingush Union of Mountain Nationalists” and, finally, “Checheno-Mountain National Socialist Underground Organization”. In the first half of 1942, he wrote a program for the organization, in which he outlined its ideological platform, goals and objectives.

After the front approached the borders of the republic, in August 1942, Sheripov managed to establish contact with the inspirer of several past uprisings, the mullah and associate of Imam Gotsinsky, Dzhavotkhan Murtazaliev, who had been in an illegal situation with his entire family since 1925. Taking advantage of his authority, he managed to raise a major uprising in the Itum-Kalinsky and Shatoevsky regions.

The uprising began in the village of Dzumskaya, Itum-Kalinsky district. Having defeated the village council and the board of the collective farm, Sheripov led the bandits who had rallied around him to the regional center of the Shatoevsky district - the village of Khimoi. On August 17, 1942, Khimoi was taken, the rebels destroyed party and Soviet institutions, and the local population plundered and stole the property stored there. The capture of the regional center was successful thanks to the betrayal of the head of the department for combating banditry of the NKVD CHI ASSR, Ingush Idris Aliyev, who maintained contact with Sheripov. A day before the attack, he prudently recalled the operational group and military unit from Khimoy, which were specifically intended to guard the regional center in the event of a raid.

After this, about 150 participants in the rebellion, led by Sheripov, set out to capture the regional center of Itum-Kale of the district of the same name, joining rebels and criminals along the way. Itum-Kale was surrounded by one and a half thousand rebels on August 20. However, they were unable to take the village. The small garrison located there repulsed all attacks, and the two companies that approached put the rebels to flight. The defeated Sheripov tried to unite with Israilov, but the state security agencies were finally able to organize a special operation, as a result of which on November 7, 1942, the leader of the Shatoev bandits was killed.

The next uprising was organized in October of the same year by the German non-commissioned officer Reckert, who was sent to Chechnya in August at the head of a sabotage group. Having established contact with Rasul Sakhabov’s gang, he, with the assistance of religious authorities, recruited up to 400 people and, supplying them with German weapons dropped from airplanes, managed to raise a number of villages in the Vedensky and Cheberloevsky districts. However, thanks to the operational and military measures taken, this armed uprising was liquidated, Reckert was killed, and the commander of another sabotage group, Dzugaev, who had joined him, was arrested. The actives of the rebel formation created by Reckert and Rasul Sahabov, numbering 32 people, were also arrested, and Sahabov himself was killed in October 1943 by his bloodline Ramazan Magomadov, who was promised forgiveness for bandit activities for this.

To the 100th anniversary of the First World War Government Archives Department Chechen Republic has prepared a series of publications dedicated to war heroes who came from Chechnya. We present a publication from this series dedicated to the virtually unknown general - the hero of the First World War.

Looking through the file of the Chronicle of War magazine, published in St. Petersburg during the First World War, we discovered an interesting photograph from 1916. It depicts holders of the Order of St. George and the Arms of St. George at the celebration of the Porechensky Infantry Regiment. In the first row are generals and senior officers, among whom the “division commander, Major General Chermoev” is listed.

The name of Major General Artsu Chermoev, hero of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, holder of the highest degrees of the Russian Imperial Orders and the Military Order of St. George, is well known to everyone who is interested in the past of our region. But Artzu died in 1895, 19 years before the outbreak of the First World War. None of his six sons rose to the rank of general. The most famous son of the general, Tapa (Abdul-Mezhid) Chermoev at that time served in the Chechen regiment of the Caucasian Native (“Wild”) Division with the rank of headquarters captain.

In the “List of generals by seniority”, compiled on July 16, 1916, indeed, there is: Chermoev Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Major General in the Army Infantry (11/30/1914), brigade commander of the 67th Infantry Division (09/16/1915). In the personal file of V. A. Chermoev, which is stored in the Central Military Historical Archive in Moscow, the general’s origin is succinctly stated: “from the nobles of the Terek region.”

Until 1917, Chechnya, divided into two districts, was part of the Terek region. It is also known that the family of Artsu Chermoev in 1899, by decree of the Government Senate, received hereditary nobility. From the materials of the commission for the analysis of the estate and land rights of the Native population of the Ku¬myk (Khasav-Yurt district of the Terek region), discovered in the Central Administration of the Republic of Dagestan by A. I. Dukhaev, it was possible to establish that officer Chermoev (presumably Arsemik Chermoev-Baryatinsky) is the nephew Artsu Chermoeva 4 Little is known about Baryatinsky-Chermoev: he graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg, from August 3, 1843 he served as a squire in the imperial convoy, and later was an officer in the Caucasian Army. Awarded the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree and the silver medal “For service in the E.I.V. Convoy.” (His Imperial Majesty).

Arsemik Baryatinsky-Chermoev died on March 31, 1867. Having checked the lists of officers of S.E.I.V. Convoy, we find: Chermoev Alexander Alexandrovich, cornet (zyu!). Enlisted in a half-squadron of students from the 1st Cadet Corps (zyu!). On March 31, 1967, he was excluded by the deceased. Based on the coincidence of five significant characteristics (last name, military rank, place of study, place of service, exact date death) can be done.

In some studies, V.A. Chermoev is called the son of one of Artsu’s sons - Arsemik Chermoev (who is sometimes called “Chermoev-Baryatinsky”). However, this is an obvious mistake: Arsemik Artsuevich Chermoev was born in 1856, and Vladimir Chermoev only 10 years later, in 1866. Thus, Vladimir could not possibly be the son of Arsemik. Note that it is unlikely that Vladimir Chermoev could have been the son of the eldest of Artsu’s sons, Arslakhan, who was 17 years old at the time of Vladimir’s birth. At the same time, the name of Arsemik Chermoev-Baryatinsky deserves more detailed attention.

His track record includes: Baryatinsky (Chermoev) Arsemik. From the honorable Belgatoev family of the military class. Cornet. 1st Cadet Corps. in the officer rank from August 4, 1844. Based on these data, cornet Arsemik Baryatinsky-Chermoev, who held the officer rank since 1844, could in no way be the son of General Artsu Chermoev Arsemik, born 12 years after Baryatinsky received - Chermoyev of officer rank.

So, we have a new character - Arsemik Baryatinsky-Chermoev, an officer since 1844, that is, approximately born in 1825/30. Probably a close relative of Artsu Chermoev. According to recollections, he often accompanied Artsu on campaigns. The regiment was stationed in Pskov. The day before, in July, celebrations took place on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the regiment. Arrived in Pskov for the holiday | the emperor himself, who presented the new regimental banner.

Reasonable assumption: Arsemik Baryatinsky-Chermoev was listed on the staff of the imperial convoy under the name of Alexander Alexandrovich. Thus, most likely Vladimir Aleksandrovich Chermoev is the son of Arsemik-Alexander Chermoev-Baryatinsky. His fate is easy to trace from the documents of his personal file.

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Chermoev was born on February 23, 1866. If our version is correct, a year later he lost his father. Vladimir received his education in the 2nd cadet corps in St. Petersburg. The 2nd Corps traditionally focused on training future artillerymen and military engineers. On September 28, 1882, Chermoev was assigned to military service. He entered the Nikolaev Engineering School - the leading military educational institution of the Russian Empire, training officers engineering troops. The teachers of the school were the great chemist Dmitry Mendeleev, the inventor of the electric motor, academician Boris Jacobi, the electrical engineer-inventor Pavel Yablochkov (developer of the “Yablochkov candle”), the author of works on military history, strategy and tactics, General Heinrich Leer and other prominent scientists.

In 1885, Vladimir Chermoev graduated from engineering school. By that time he had the rank of second lieutenant and was assigned to the 12th Velikolutsky Regiment. Soon after graduating from college, on August 7, 1885, the young military engineer was transferred to the Moscow Life Guards Regiment. The Moscow regiment, despite its name, was stationed in St. Petersburg, in the Fontanki area. Like all Russian guards regiments, it had glorious military traditions: it received its first baptism at the Battle of Borodino, then participated in the battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Leipzig, Paris and other battles of the Napoleonic Wars.

Vladimir Chermoev served in the Moscow Regiment for almost three decades - from 1885 to 1913. In 1891 he received the rank of lieutenant, in 1897 - staff captain, in 1900 - captain, 1907 - colonel. During his years of service he was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav 3rd and 2nd degrees (the last in 1908), St. Anna 3rd and 2nd degrees (last in 1911), St. Vladimir 4th degree (1913 ).

On October 8, 1913, Colonel Chermoev was appointed commander of the 94th Yenisei Infantry Regiment. Exactly a year later, in July 1914, the Yenisei regiment under the command of Chermoev was sent to the western border. At this time, the relations of the Russian Empire with Germany and Austria-Hungary were rapidly approaching a military conflict. On August 1, 1914, Russia entered the First World War. Chermoev's regiment was included in the 24th Infantry Division, which was part of the 2nd Army under the command of General Samsonov.

At the beginning of August 1914, the army of Samsonov I launched a successful offensive in East Prussia, inflicting a number of defeats on the German war! scam However, Samsonov became too carried away with the offensive and allowed the German command to lure the army into a trap. In mid-August, the 2nd Army was surrounded and defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg.

The Yenisei regiment under the command of Chermoev I fought in the front ranks and suffered heavy losses.

In the fall of 1914, Russian troops had to go on the defensive, repelling the German offensive on Warsaw and Ivangorod. It turned around in October! a fierce battle on the Ravka River, in central Poland, not far from the border between Warsaw and Petrokovskaya provinces. At this time, the 24th Division received an order to cross the river near the villages of Kvasovets and Kazi-I Mirzhev, drive out the Germans from the left bank and strengthen the bridgehead. On the morning of October 10, the offensive began, in which the 94th Yenisei and 93rd Irkutsk regiments took part. The rear was covered by the 96th Omsk Regiment, and fire cover was provided by the 24th Artillery Battery.

Since the bridge over Ravka was destroyed, the soldiers crossed the river on rafts, logs, even on gates obtained from a nearby farm. When, with great difficulty, they managed to cross to the enemy shore, the Russian units encountered powerful German defenses. German artillery opened fire on the enemy. Only with the onset of darkness did the battle stop. At a price big casualties the bridgehead on the left bank of the Ravka was captured. Let us note that at that time, among officers of the Russian army of Caucasian origin, although not often, there were facts of “Russification” of mountain or Muslim names: Fedor-Tembot Bekovich-Cherkassky, Alexander-Zaurbek Dautokov-Serebryakov, Ignatiy-Aslanbek Tuganov, Joseph-So Zyrko Khoranov and others.

On October 2, the battle resumed with new strength. The Yeniseis were advancing on the Marianov farm (estate), behind which there were German cannons firing at Russian positions. By evening, the enemy defenses were broken. With a decisive blow, the soldiers burst into the battery, capturing six enemy guns. For the battle on Ravka, the Yenisei regiment received the St. George Banner, and its commander, Colonel Chermoev and Captain Alexander Fedorov, who led the attack on Marianov, were awarded the Order of George IV degree. Chermoev and his brigade took part in fierce battles near Vilna and Minsk.

At the end of August 1915, German troops under the command of General Eichhorn broke through the Russian defenses north of Vilkomir (Ukmerge, Kovno province) and approached Molodechno (near Minsk). Units of the Western Front (10th, 5th and newly formed 2nd armies) stopped the breakthrough, and then launched a counterattack on the enemy group, throwing it back to Lake Naroch. The 67th Division, as part of the 35th Corps, covered the left flank of the defense and carried out a counterattack operation in the direction of Baranovichi. After heavy fighting, the division was withdrawn to the area for replenishment railway station Columns.

At the end of 1915, after replenishment, the division returned to the front. Its units occupy positions to the west of the southern part of Lake Naroch, near the Stakhovtsy farm. In March-April 1916, the division took part in the Naroch offensive, which was generally unsuccessful for the Russian army. The division occupied positions in the rear of the 2nd Army, effectively constituting its reserve. In fierce battles, the 2nd Army, having suffered heavy losses, eventually advanced no more than 10 km forward. The 67th Division was sent to the front line, to the Stakhovtsy region, replacing units exhausted by the battle.

In July 1916, the 67th division, as part of Dragomirov’s strike group, took part in the Baranovichi operation. In the valley of the Servech River and Skrobovsky Stream, units of the division continuously attacked German fortifications in the direction of Drobyshi, Karchova, Grechikhi, Litarovshchina. As a result, in 6 days of fighting the first lines of trenches were repulsed from the enemy. For the division, these battles were the bloodiest. The losses were so great that the 67th Division was transferred to army reserve before the planned completion of the operation. For excellent command of the brigade in these battles, Major General Chermoev was awarded the St. George's Arms.

In the fall of 1916, the 67th Division returned to the front and took up positions in the Gornoye Skrobovo area, and at the end of the year again at Stakhovtsy. Preparations are being made for trench warfare, wire fences are being installed, local clashes and firefights with the enemy occur. The confrontation on Ravka lasted several months, the autumn of 1914 and the winter of 1914/15.

At the beginning of 1915, Russian troops launched a new offensive. The Yenisei regiment stood on the southern flank of the main attack. A particularly heated battle took place near the village of Mozarzhe, in the valley of the Bobr (Bibrzha) River, Lomzhinsk province. The attack began on the night of February 19. The task of the Yeniseis was to drive the Germans out of a well-fortified point. A company under the command of Second Lieutenant Andreev, despite heavy fire, burst into enemy trenches; the officer himself was seriously wounded. The Germans fought back very stubbornly. Only at the cost of great sacrifices was Mozarzhe taken. As a result of the successful breakthrough of Russian troops, the German command, in order to avoid encirclement of its units, was forced to order a retreat from the Chernivtsi-Tsurin line to Franzental.

A few days later, on February 23, 1915, Vladimir Chermoev was granted the rank of major general by the highest order. The Yenisei Regiment spent the summer of 1915 in battle. On August 13, in a battle near the town of Maishlitz (Naidenburg district of East Prussia, near Soldau), a machine-gun team of Yeniseis diverted German artillery fire, allowing Russian units to group for an attack. For this feat: the team commander, Captain Alexander Chaikov, received the Order of St. George, 4th degree.

On September 16, 1915, Major General Chermoev was appointed commander of the 1st Brigade of the 67th Infantry Division. This division was formed at the very beginning of the war in Veliky Novgorod, based on the personnel of the 22nd Novgorod Division that went to the front. The 1st brigade included the 265th Vyshnevolotsky and 266th Porechensky regiments. Since the autumn of 1914, as part of the 6th Army Corps, the 67th Division took part in the battles on the North-Western Front, in particular, in the attack on Belyava. After the “great retreat” of 1915, when the Russian army was forced to leave Poland and retreat to the territory of Belarus, the division was sent to the newly created Western Front.

In a climate of revolutionary anarchy, government leapfrog and the increasing collapse of the army, the formation of new divisions turned out to be unrealistic: free citizens did not want to go to the front. The command tried to save at least those units that were in the active army. For several revolutionary months, Chermoev was actually out of work, being in the reserve of the Moscow Military District. On October 1, 1917, he was appointed commander of the 1st Grenadier Division. Two months later, after the October Revolution, Russian army completely collapsed.

Unfortunately, there is practically no information about the fate of Chermoev after 1917. It is only known that he did not take part in the White movement and after the end of the civil war he remained in the USSR. By the beginning of the 1930s, Vladimir Chermoev was unemployed and living in Leningrad. At this time, mass repressions against former officers of the imperial army began in the Soviet Union. One of the most high-profile cases was the “Spring” case (also known as the “Guards Case”), which was personally conducted by Yagoda’s closest assistant, State Security Commissioner Israel Leplevsky - later one of the main organizers of the famous Moscow NKVD trials of Zinoviev, Kamenev, Ryutin, Radek, etc. .

In Leningrad, more than 2 thousand people were arrested in the “Spring” case. Among those arrested: Lieutenant General A. Snesarev - former head of the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army, Major General A. Svechin - former chief of the All-Russian Main Staff under the command of the Red Army, Major General P. Sytin - member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Major General M Bonch-Bruevich is the former chief of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Forces, the brother of a famous Soviet figure and many other tsarist officers who went over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

Vladimir Chermoev also fell into the GPU’s net. In 1931, he was arrested on charges of belonging to the Leningrad counter-revolutionary organization. The further fate of Chermoev is unknown. Most likely, he was shot or died in the basements of the GPU. Presumably, Vladimir Chermoev had a son, Alexander, who graduated from the 2nd Cadet Corps in 1913. His fate is also unknown.

T. M. MUZAEV, Assistant Head of the Archive Department of the Government of the Chechen Republic

We need to write about this. Not to walk around proudly, saying this is what we are like. The fateful exploits of our Chechens are an excellent example for us to strive for. This is a testament to determination. You need to look up to them, strive, and achieve success.
Many times our Chechens have represented and are presenting themselves in the most decisive manner on the world stage. When the fate of life and death of the entire Soviet people was being decided, when the survival of representatives of Europe, North Africa and other parts of the world was at stake, it was the Chechens who began to show themselves selflessly for the benefit of humanity. As in many epoch-making events, the Chechens show the world the wonders of heroism! Yes! Exactly miracles! Because only this can explain the unanimous decision of the management Soviet Union set the exploits of the Chechen Khampashi Nuradilov as an example to everyone Soviet wars. And indeed, about a thousand single-handedly destroyed enemy and dozens of prisoners - this is an action that has never happened.
Much has been said about the heroic deeds of the defenders of the Brest Fortress. A significant number of documentaries and feature films dedicated to this significant event have been shot in cinema and television. Each of them reflects the events that took place “in its own way.” However, there were not many people with the determination to tell the truth. Of this number, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin: Not many people know that approximately one third of the defenders of the Brest Fortress consisted of Chechens. “This recognition was a revelation not only for domestic journalists, but also for foreign guests who took part in the forum. (//New news. 07/01/05. Forum “Russia at the turn of the century: hopes and realities”. President of the country Vladimir Putin.)
Ingratitude is often shown towards the Chechen people. During the Soviet period, entire people were deported. They were considered accomplices of the German fascists; they did not speak differently about the Chechens. And among them there were 146 Heroes of the Soviet Union. (I.P. Rybkin. Towards security - through consent and trust. 1997. Moscow, Old Square. December 11, 1996)
However, in difficult times, all arrogance goes away. Marginalized people and their hidden games become too obvious and unnecessary at a time like this. The time has come for people of action.
Examples of Chechens serving for the common good are replete with courage and dedication. The actions of the sons of the Chechen people in the Second World War also became significant. Chechen Heroes fought against 20th century fascism ON EARTH, IN THE SKIES AND AT THE SEA.
Elbe, Wittenberg Schwedt, Hammelyppring, Rheinsberg (Germany) Kirdanami (Ukraine). Movladi Visaitov.
On the Elbe, the first Soviet soldier was the Hero of the Soviet Union, regiment commander Movladi Visaitov, for which he was awarded the American Order of the Legion of Honor.(// Russian newspaper. - Central issue No. 4062 dated May 10, 2006 Timofey Borisov. Memory is more important than the parade.) The commander of the 28th Chechen Guards Cavalry Regiment of the 6th Guards Cavalry Division of the Guard, Lieutenant Colonel of the Red Army, Hero of the Soviet Union, Movladi Visaitov, was a brave son of the Chechen people. He fought with his regiment in the hottest spots of hostilities, both in Soviet Ukraine and on the fields of Europe. The “wild division” of Movladi Visaitov consisted of 80% Chechens and 20% Ingush.
Movladi Visaitov is the only representative of the Soviet Union to be awarded the highest US award, the Order of the US Legion of Honor - the Purple Heart. Soviet Chechen officer Movladi Visaitov was awarded the highest American order - the “Legion of Honor” by US President Harry Truman.
M. Visaitov was the first with his regiment to meet with the Anglo-American Allied forces on the Elbe on April 25, 1945. Movladi Visaitov was the first to shake hands with the famous Eisenhower. In May 1945, Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky signed the nomination of officer M. Visaitov for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. However, the colonel’s presentation to the Golden Star simply did not take place, as in the cases of hundreds of other Chechen Heroes. Lavrenty Beria imposed his ban. The title of Hero was awarded only on May 5, 1990 posthumously.
Among the awards of Movladi Visaitov: the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, Suvorov 3rd degree, the Red Star, medals: “For Military Merit”, “For the Defense of Stalingrad”, “For Victory over Germany”, as well as the Order of the Legion of Honor (the highest award in the United States) 1945.
Italy. Magomet Yusupov.
In the Italian Resistance movement, in the ranks of the 5th shock brigade named after Arturo Capettini, from May 1, 1944 until the end of the war, Chechen Magomet Yusupov fought against the German invaders.
French Alps. France. Italy. Alavdi Ustarkhanov.
A Chechen, Alavdi Ustarkhanov, a Soviet officer, fought in the ranks of the French resistance, the first holder of the Legion of Honor from the Soviet Union - the highest award of France. He knew the famous French general, French President Charles de Gaulle. He received the award personally from General de Gaulle. Alavdi Ustarkhanov also fought in the ranks of the Italian partisans, then in the French Resistance movement in 1943-1945. In the French Resistance he was given the name Andre - Commander Andre. He knew both German and French perfectly.
Good help Alavdi Ustarkhanov learns from his experience of serving in the special unit SMERSH (deciphering the abbreviation: Death to Spies), which was personally subordinate to Stalin. According to the stories of those in the know, in addition to other special skills, the unit’s fighters mastered the art of “Makedonian shooting,” i.e. shooting at targets with both hands at the same time.
Having received such great honors, Alavdi Ustarkhanov did not stay in Europe, but returned home. However, envious and ungrateful representatives of the Soviet state turned the famous hero into an “enemy of the people.” The international exploits of Alavdi Ustarkhanov were assessed in their own way, sentenced to ten years as a traitor to the Motherland and exiled to Magadan. However, even there, in difficult conditions, Alavdi showed himself to be highly respectable, rising to the rank of brigade chief. At the end of his term, Alavdi returned to his homeland in Chechnya.
Charles de Gaulle helped shed light on yet another hushing up of the exploits of the Chechens when he asked during a meeting with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev: How is our commander Andre doing. And then things started to spin. As in a fairy tale, the dilapidated home began to turn into a worthy mansion. French comrades of Alavdi Ustarkhanov came to the Republic and brought him a motorcycle as a gift, the same one on which Commander Andre broke into small towns captured by the Nazis settlements.
The surname of Alavdi Ustarkhanov was one of the first recorded on the monument to veterans of the French resistance.
Reichstag, Berlin (Germany). Abdul-Khakim Ismailov
In 2006, celebrations took place in Khasavyurt to celebrate the 90th anniversary of veteran Abdulkhakim Ismailov. During the Great Patriotic War, the Chechen, together with his compatriots, fought as part of the 83rd separate reconnaissance company. It was he who hoisted the Victory Banner. This fact became famous thanks to a photograph by front-line correspondent Yevgeny Khaldei, where the hero of the day, together with his comrades in arms - Kyivian resident Alexei Kovalev and Minsk resident Leonid Gorychev - was captured on the roof of the Reichstag. Moreover, in 1996, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the holder of the Order of Military Glory, III degree, was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
For many years, Soviet propaganda hid the name of the Chechen Abdul-Khakim Ismailov, who was the first to hoist the World Famous Victory Banner on the Reichstag. The command was afraid to report this to Stalin. The Chechens by that time were considered enemies of the people. Instead, to please the great Stalin, they recorded Kantaria and Egorova, who hung up the banner after the end of hostilities and who were filmed. The filming clearly shows that no fighting takes place.
As Abdul-Khakim Ismailov recalls:
On April 28, our 83rd Guards Reconnaissance Company of the 82nd Guards Rifle Division goes to the Reichstag. The density of troops is enormous, the shelling is merciless, but for the Germans the Reichstag is a shrine and a symbol, and they resist a thousand times more stubbornly than usual. Four times on this day troops storm the Reichstag. With huge losses and without success. Being in the immediate vicinity of the Palace of the German Parliament, we cannot move a meter. The commander of our reconnaissance company, Shevchenko, receives an order to send reconnaissance and, in turn, entrusts this task to three intelligence officers - me and two of my friends: Ukrainian Alexey Kovalev and Belarusian Alexey Goryachev. We approached the palace. We passed through the first floor of the building, full of Germans, mad and drunk. We went up to the second one. I almost died there. Accident saved me. Pausing at the threshold of the huge hall in which the fascists were lying down as they were firing, I saw in the large palace mirror two German machine gunners hiding behind the door. Killed them. He ran on, doing his reconnaissance work. In the end, the three of us and our comrades ended up on the roof. There was a battle below. Shootout. The roar of artillery. We were not given such a task - to hoist the flag. But everyone who stormed the Reichstag had a flag with them, just in case. We had one too. So we installed it."
In order for the Pravda newspaper to capture the triumph of the winners, the division commander first called the reconnaissance company commander to see him, after which the three reconnaissance officers, now accompanied by photographer Khaldei, who had flown in from Moscow, had to repeat the ascent to the Reichstag.
Photo of Chaldea, depicting the installation by Abdul-Khakim Ismailov soviet flag victory over the Reichstag in 1945 Pravda didn’t publish it. Abdul-Khakim Ismailov told many in his circle the truth of the epoch-making event. But not many accepted what was stated, despite the fact that all the facts, as is known, are recorded in war time, especially the details of an event of this magnitude. Besides this it was a large number of witnesses. Abdul-Khakim Ismailov himself did not have that very evidence - a photograph of Khaldei.
However, justice prevailed. Thanks to the professionalism and accuracy of Evgeniy Khaldei, who carefully preserved not only the photographs, but also the names of the soldiers depicted on them. Television also helped matters. In 1995, Alexey Kovalev, who took part in the program in connection with the 50th anniversary of the Victory and climbed with Ismailov to the Reichstag tower in May 1945, not only told the whole story, not forgetting the photographer Khaldei, but also directly named from the screen those with who is depicted in the photograph. And then everyone realized Ismailov’s historical feat. In 1996, Abdul-Khakim Ismailov became a Hero of Russia.
Poland. Brothers V. T. and A. T. Akhtaev.
The brothers V.T. and A.T. Akhtaev also showed heroism at the front. Commanding the regiment, Lieutenant Colonel A.T. Akhtaev in the summer of 1944 participated in breaking through enemy defenses near the city of Krasno (Poland). When the combat mission, on which the success of the advance of the Soviet troops forward depended, was completed, Abdul Tokazovich was seriously wounded. Dying in the arms of his military friend, the famous war hero General Kh. Mamsurov, he said: “I honestly fulfilled my duty to the Motherland!”
Abdula's younger brother V.T. Akhtaev was the commander of a separate reconnaissance cavalry squadron of the formation. He was also distinguished by his courage, bravery and resourcefulness in battle. He died a heroic death in the summer of 1944 near the Polish city of Brody. There, in Poland, two brave commanders, glorious sons of the Chechen people, the Akhtaev brothers, who honestly and completely fulfilled their military and filial duty to the country, to its people, were buried almost simultaneously. (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru)
Leningrad. Akhmat Magomadov, N. Khanbekov, Y. Samkhadov, A. Shaipov, A. Magomadov, M. Ochaev and hundreds of others.
The name of the legendary defender of Leningrad, 19-year-old sniper Akhmat Magomadov, is significant. Together with the defenders of Leningrad, N. Khanbekov, Yu. Samkhanov, A. Shaipov, A. Magomadov, M. Ochaev and hundreds of others bravely fought against the enemy.
The heroic defenders of Leningrad wrote to Grozny about the sniper Akhmat Magomadov: “We met Akhmat Magomadov while defending the city of Lenin, falling in love with him for his courage, heroism and fearlessness. He is only 19 years old, but in part he is called a veteran. He killed 87 fascists with his sniper rifle. He prepared and taught sniper work to eleven fighters, who killed 165 fascists. (V. Soloviev. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru)
Battles for Melitopol (Ukraine). Yahya Alisultanov, Irbaikhan Beybulatov, Magomed Beybulatov, Makhmud Beybulatov, Beysolt Beybulatov and many other Chechens who fought desperately together.
“The faithful son of the Chechen people, Yahya Alisultanov, bravely and selflessly fights the fascist invaders... More than once he was in heated battles in Ukraine. For exemplary performance of combat missions, Alisultanov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The glorious warrior Alisultanov enjoys universal respect in the unit. His heroism and courage serve as an example for the fighters...”, wrote the party organizer of the military unit in the newspaper “Grozny Rabochiy”. (V. Soloviev. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru)
Vivid examples of courage in the battles for the city of Melitopol were shown by Irbaikhan Beybulatov and his brothers Magomet, Mahmud and Beisalt. On June 22, 1941, the teacher of the village of Osman-Yurt, Irbaikhan Beybulatov, and his brothers Magomed, Makhmud and Beisalt were drafted into the army. Saying goodbye to his mother, Irbaikhan said: “Mother, there will be no man left in our house, we are all going to war... But do I have the right to stay with you? Look into my eyes, mother, and tell me: will you love a son who, in the hour of such danger, will put the home above the happiness of the people? I know you, mother, I know that you would rather see me dead on the battlefield than alive, hiding from the battle...”
And the mother, whose heart was breaking from separation from her beloved sons, said: “You are going to war, leaving me with pride, but not tears...”.
Irbaikhan Beybulatov showed himself to be a brave and determined warrior from the very beginning. Commanding a rifle battalion in the battles for the city of Melitopol, I. Beibulatov showed extraordinary ability as a tactician in difficult conditions of street combat. Fearlessly led his soldiers to storm enemy positions. The battalion under his command repelled 19 enemy counterattacks and destroyed 7 tanks and more than 1,000 Nazis. Irbaikhan Beybulatov himself destroyed one tank and 18 enemy soldiers. In these battles, the glorious son of the Chechen people died.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated November 1, 1943, Irbaikhan Beibulatov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru). One of the streets is named after the Chechen regiment commander Irbaikhan Beybulatov, who died a hero’s death in the battle for Melitopol. (//Russian newspaper. - Central issue No. 4062 dated May 10, 2006 Timofey Borisov. Memory is more important than the parade.)
Fights near Moscow. Abukhaji Idrisov, Lechi Bisultanov, Duki Mezhidov, Khasan Shaipov and many others.
In the battles near Moscow in the fall of 1941 - early 1942, hundreds of soldiers from Checheno-Ingushetia distinguished themselves. Among them are Lechi Bisultanov. Duki Mezhidov, Khasan Shaipov and others. Heroic feats in the battles for Moscow were performed by the Chechen sniper Abukhadzhi Idrisov (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru), who served in the 1232nd regiment of the 125th Infantry Division. The newspaper “Evening Moscow” wrote about him on April 22, 1943: “309 fascists were defeated by the son of free Chechnya - Communist Idrisov. He beats them both in defense and on the offensive, day and night. He does not give respite to the enemy.”
The defender of Moscow is the sniper Abukhadzhi Idrisov, the only one who has killed more than 350 fascists. To destroy the legend of the Red Army, on the orders of Hitler, he came to Stalingrad best sniper- German instructor Horvald.
Stalingrad. Khanpashi Nuradilov.
In the battles for Stalingrad, more than a thousand soldiers from Checheno-Ingushetia performed immortal feats. The name of Hero of the Soviet Union, commander of a machine gun platoon of the 5th Guards Cavalry Division, Khanpashi Nuradilov, became known throughout the country. Using his machine gun, he destroyed 920 fascist soldiers, captured 7 enemy machine guns, and captured 12 Nazis. One of the first Chechens, Red Army soldier Nuradilov, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. About the national hero of the Chechen people, who died a brave death in the battle for the Volga, the Izvestia newspaper wrote on October 31, 1942: “and years will pass. Our life will shine with new bright colors.... And the happy youth of Checheno-Ingushetia, the girls of the Don, the boys of Ukraine, will sing songs about senior guard sergeant Khanpash Nuradilov.” Posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the USSR.
Khanpasha was a simple fighter, like everyone else. Modest, he did not like to talk about his exploits, but he loved his machine gun very much. And having met the enemy dozens of times, he always emerged victorious from the battle.
Only in last battle Khanpasha destroyed over 200 fascists. The hero was wounded twice, he was bleeding, his strength was being undermined, but he stood and defended his line. The hero died as a valiant knight of his native homeland. But his exploits are immortal. The government recognized the Hero’s military merits with the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of the Red Star.
On the occasion of the unprecedented heroism of Khampasha Nuradilov, the Appeal of the Political Directorate of the Don Front to the soldiers of the Soviet Army, issued on the eve of the Battle of Stalingrad (1943), became widely known.
“Look, fighter, at the heroic image of the hero, mountain eagle, machine gunner Khanpashi Nuradilov. feats of arms Hero of the Caucasus, son of the Chechen people, will become an example of valor in battle for you and your comrades. Hold your rifle firmly in your hands, red warrior. Make sure that your fame thunders along the entire front, as the Komsomol guardsman Nuradilov. Fight the enemy so that legends and epics are written about your exploits, so that songs are sung about them. The Motherland hopes for you, believes in your strength, your resilience and your courage. Look, don't let us down! Be brave like the immortal hero Khanpasha Nuradilov. Know no fear in battle, boldly conquer death, as the valiant son of the Chechen people conquered it.
The German killed the heroic machine gunner. Kill the German, soldier. Kill as quickly as possible, kill everyone, and you will win. Your homeland will glorify you. Your mother and wife will tell you through tears of joy: “Thank you. Victory is in your hands. Look, don’t miss it - kill the enemy...” (Appeal of the Political Directorate of the Don Front to the soldiers of the Soviet Army, issued on the eve of the Battle of Stalingrad (1943)
Brest Fortress (Belarus). Aindi Lalaev, Adam Malaev, Akhmed Khasiev, M. Isaev, Sh. Zakriev, A.-Kh. Elmurzaev, A. Saadaev and the rest of the four hundred immortal heroes of Checheno-Ingushetia.
A battalion of more than 400 Chechens and Ingush from Checheno-Ingushetia under the command of Lieutenant Aindi Lalaev defended the Brest Fortress to the last, covering the retreat Soviet army. 99% of them died and 149 of them were awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union, but this fact was hidden until 1997, which was announced to the whole world by Ivan Rybkin, the former secretary of the Russian Security Council. Ivan Petrovich Rybkin notes: Of the Chechens and Ingush, more than 400 people were among the defenders of the Brest Fortress, which was the first to take the blow, and for 28 days instead of the 12 hours allotted to the border guards, it withstood the blow of the fascists. (I.P. Rybkin. Towards security - through consent and trust. 1997. Moscow, Old Square. December 11, 1996). The dashing horsemen of the Chechen-Ingush cavalry regiment fought bravely. Eyewitnesses of the events of the heroic defense of the Brest Fortress still live in the republic today. Last year, two participants in the legendary defense of Brest traveled to the places of their military glory and participated in events dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the defense of the fortress. Today, 84-year-old Adam Malaev and 87-year-old remember the front-line events at home - age is taking its toll and is no longer conducive to such long journeys. They fought bravely against the Nazi aggressors. The brave Chechen defenders of the Brest Fortress died a heroic death on the battlefield. Among them are M. Isaev, Sh. Zakriev, A.-Kh. Elmurzaev, A. Saadaev, Lalaev and many others.
City on the Volga. Makhmud Amayev.
In a city on the Volga, 177 German soldiers and officers were killed by sniper Makhmud Amayev. Tula gunsmiths made a personalized sniper rifle for him, and the command of the unit gave him a dagger with the inscription: “The enemy cannot extinguish the sun, but we cannot be defeated.” (State Internet channel "Russia". In the memory of generations. 05/8/2007. www.strana.ru)
Murmansk and Karelia. Gaidabaev, Aidulaev, Daurov, Madagov, Okunchaev, Lalaev.
In the regions of Murmansk and Karelia, Gaidabaev, Aidulaev, Daurov, Madagov, Okunchaev, Lalaev fought bravely with the enemy.
Air battles. DI. Akaev, A.G. Akhmadov, A. Imadiev.
Among the heroes of the Soviet Union were Chechen pilots. On March 1, 1945, the commander of the attack air regiment, Konstantin Abukhov, repeated the heroic feat of the pilot Captain Nikolai Gastello. (//Russian newspaper. - Central issue No. 4062 of May 10, 2006 Timofey Borisov. Memory is more important than the parade.) Made 64 combat missions, destroyed 13 tanks, 27 vehicles, a tank and a large number of enemy personnel. On March 1, 1945, during an attack near the city of Lübben (Germany), he directed a burning Il-2 towards a concentration of enemy equipment. Hero of the Soviet Union 1945 posthumously.
Soviet pilots - Chechens Akaev, Akhmadov, Imadiev - showed high examples of heroism in battles with Hitler's aces. Major D. Akaev even rose to the rank of commander of an assault aviation regiment. The famous pilot, commander of the 35th Assault Aviation Regiment, Major D.I. Akaev, bravely fought with enemies on the Leningrad Front.
As Admiral V.F. Tributs, who commanded the Baltic Fleet during the war, notes in his book “The Baltics Are Advancing,” “The commander of the 35th Assault Aviation Regiment, Major D.I. Akaev, set an excellent example in fulfilling his duty. He was the first to deliver a sensitive blow to the enemy operating in these areas (Gostlitsy - Dyatlitsy - Zaostrovye).” Admiral Tributs writes that D.I. Akaev, together with the commander of the aviation division, Colonel Manzhoev, Chelnokov, Lieutenant Colonel Mironenko, and Captain Pysin, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. However, he did not receive the reward he deserved. While performing a combat mission, Major D.I. Akaev died a hero’s death on February 26, 1944, three days after the deportation of his people. At the same time, they completely destroyed 11 enemy bombers and destroyed the airfield.
Battles at sea. P.S. Kuzmin
Residents of post-war Leningrad were well aware of the feat of Grozny resident P.S. Kuzmin, who commanded the Shch-408 submarine in the Baltic. In May 1943, after a fierce battle with an enemy destroyer, the crew of the submarine, led by its commander, died unconquered, repeating the legendary feat of the cruiser Varyag. (//Polit.ru. May 06, 2006. Valery Yaremenko. “They embodied best features Chechen people...")
Tank battles. Matash Mazaev
There were also many tank heroes from among the soldiers of Checheno-Ingushetia: M.A. Mazaev, Kh.D. Aliroev, A. Mankiev, M. Malsagov, A. Malsagov and others. Thus, the Pravda newspaper dated July 1, 1941 reported on the feat of border guard tankman Captain Matash Mazaev, committed together with his unit on the western border at Sadovaya Vishnya, near the city of Przemysl. This was the first news received by Checheno-Ingushetia about the military affairs of their fellow countrymen at the front. The article said: "... the battalion of M. Mazaev as part of the regiment came out to meet the enemy, who was trying to press our units to the Western Bug, and suddenly struck the right flank of the Nazis. The Nazis directed fierce fire at him from a camouflaged gun. An enemy shell hit the head Nu, another - into the caterpillar of his tank, and the third disabled the machine gun. The turret gunner was killed, Mazaev himself was wounded in the leg and stomach. The mechanic, following the captain's order, went for reinforcements.
The Germans considered that the tank’s crew had been destroyed and began to drag their damaged gun with the help of a tractor. Mazaev threw grenades at them and opened fire with a pistol. The enraged fascists began to shoot at the tank from a close range with a cannon and a machine gun. The combat continued for more than an hour. Mazaev began to lose consciousness from loss of blood. But he rushed to the rescue at full speed soviet tank. The Nazis retreated."
After treatment, Matasha Mazaev returned to the front. In the battles near Stalingrad, he commanded a separate cavalry unit, which was part of the infantry school. In one of the battles, M. Mazaev died a heroic death.
Crossing of the Dnieper. X. Magomed-Mirzaev and Dachiev X. Ch.
A fearless warrior Sergeant Magomed Mirzoev, who worked as the director of the Alkhakzurov school before being drafted into the Red Army, showed himself on the battlefields. In September 1943, he was among the first to cross the right bank of the Dnieper, cleared the bank of enemy soldiers with machine gun fire, and thereby ensured the successful crossing of the river by units of his regiment. This was his last fight. Wounded three times, bleeding, he continued to hit the enemy with a machine gun. 144 fascists were destroyed by Kh. Magomed Mirzoev in his last battle, in which, without letting go of his weapon, he died a heroic death. For courage and heroism, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 15, 1944, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
For the courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Dnieper, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to Kh. Ch. Dachiev, who now lives in Gudermes.
Guerrilla resistance. 3. A. Akhmatkhanov.
In the partisan detachment named after. Suvorov since November 1941. bravely fought against the Nazi aggressors 3. A. Akhmatkhanov. In November 1943 in one of the battles in the Pskov region he died a heroic death.
Junior lieutenant Salman Midaev escaped from fascist captivity at the beginning of 1942 and fearlessly fought in a partisan detachment in Belarus under the nickname “Kazbek”. On May 1, 1944, S. A. Midaev died and was buried in the village cemetery in Yasenoviki.
Interesting Facts the heroism of the Chechens is presented by the famous journalist, a worthy son of Russia - Vladimir Solovyov. They are set out in his true landmark article, entitled: "Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War." The fair narrative of the respected Vladimir Solovyov begins with the words:
“It’s hard to imagine a more unimaginable lie that surrounds the participation of the Chechens and Ingush in the Great Patriotic War. Here is universal cooperation with the Nazis, uprisings in the rear of the Red Army and a white horse presented personally to the Fuhrer. Nonsense...”
Solovyov reveals to us little known facts.
In December 1942, volunteer soldiers of the 299th Guards Mortar Regiment, formed in Perm, picked up a goner boy near the Black Sea village of Anchor Slit. Dirty, hungry, he was on the verge of dystrophy and bribed the mortar men with his sad olive eyes and his shyness. Unadapted, the soldiers decided, he would not survive without help. This is how the Chechen Zelimkhan Maksutov became the son of the regiment. The boy soon showed a talent for composing short poems in prose, and he also amazed everyone with his fearlessness. Those. complete absence of fear of any danger. Death did not frighten him; it seemed that he was frightened by death. In November 1943, near Kharkov, he shot two fascists who had captured the wounded platoon commander, Lieutenant E. Rusakov. On the same day, the regiment commander presented him with the medal “For Courage” in front of the formation. In 1944, the regiment fought in Poland, when, after the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, an order was issued to demobilize representatives of these peoples from the army. Nobody wanted to part with Zelik, as his fellow soldiers called him, and the command issued the boy a document addressed to Alexander Alladinov, a Kazakh, born in 1929. The regimental special officer was not particularly nomadic - everyone wants to live, but no one is safe from a “stray” bullet on the front line...
At the end of May 1945, the regiment, together with parts of its corps, left liberated Czechoslovakia, passing through the eastern part of Austria and stopping at the Hungarian city of Sopron. Here it was necessary to transfer older soldiers and sergeants to the reserve - a good quarter of the regiment.
In front of the formation of the unit, the banner of the Ternopil Guards, the orders of Suvorov, Kutuzov, Alexander Nevsky, Bohdan Khmelnitsky and the Red Star of the regiment was carried out. The photograph literally captured the battle flag, the standard bearer and two assistants, riddled with shrapnel and bullets. One of the assistants is Zelimkhan Maksutov. They marched solemnly to last time in front of the banner are veteran volunteers Dyuzhenkov, Gavrilov, Hoffman, Polyakov, Terentyev and many others. Each chest is decorated with military orders and medals. To whom did they say goodbye with their eyes - to the battle banner or to their favorite Aladdin? Who knows... But we can understand what was going on in the boy’s soul. He had already lost his family once, and now he was parting with his second forever. During the regiment's farewell parade, he died of a broken heart."
There are still a huge number of examples of the heroism of the Chechen-Ingush people. Historically, the Chechen people are deliberately slandered by precisely that part of “society” that behaved passively during a nationwide threat, especially during times of massive ordeal. These outcasts and their descendants are working their magic today, inventing new approaches to denigrating heroes. The cowardly are always uncomfortable in front of the brave. Why are they doing that? In all likelihood, in order not to be grateful to this selfless people, their worthy representatives.
Fortunately, in our world there are many decent individuals of the peoples of the world. After all, only the worthy recognize the truth. It was these worthy ones who always illuminated the eternal exploits of the Chechen people. After all, like the Chechens, they know the value of such acts.

Literature

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2. State Internet channel "Russia". In the memory of generations. 05/08/2007. www.strana.ru
3. Museum for war veterans. 05/06/2005. Information server of the President and Government of the Chechen Republic
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12. //Polit.ru. May 06, 2006. Valery Yaremenko. "They embodied the best features of the Chechen people..."