The second period of the Caucasian War. Stroke and main stages

The Caucasian War in the history of Russia is called hostilities of 1817-1864, associated with the accession of Chechnya, Mountain Dagestan and the North-West Caucasus to Russia.

Simultaneously with Russia, Turkey and Iran, encouraged by England, France and other Western powers, tried to get into this region. After signing the manifesto on the accession of Kartli and Kakheti (1800-1801), Russia was drawn into the collection of land in the Caucasus. There was a consistent association of Georgia (1801 - 1810) of Azerbaijan (1803 - 1813), but their territories were separated from Russia the lands of Chechnya, mountain Dagestan and the North-West Caucasus, inhabited by the milk peoples who made raids to Caucasian fortified lines , interfered with conquests with conquer. Therefore, by the beginning of the XIX century, the accession of these territories is becoming one of the most important tasks for Russia.

Historiography Caucasian War

With all the variety written about the Caucasian War of Literature, several historiographic directions can be identified directly from the positions of the participants of the Caucasian War and from the position of the "international community". It was within the framework of these schools that estimates and traditions were formed that affect not only the development of historical science, but also on the development of the modern political situation. First, we can talk about the Russian Imperial Tradition, presented in the works of pre-revolutionary Russian and some modern historians. In these works, it is often about the "colonization of the Caucasus", about "colonization" on Klyuchevsky, in the Russian sense of the development of territories, the emphasis on the "predation" of the mountaineers, the religious and militant nature of their movement is emphasized, the civilizing and reconciling role of Russia, even taking into account Errors and "Beggars". Secondly, it is quite well represented and recently develops the tradition of protectors of the movement of the horses. It is based on the antinomy "Conquest - Resistance" (in Western Works - "Conquest-Resistance"). In Soviet times (with the exception of the interval of the end of the 40s - mid-50s, when the hypertrophied imperial tradition was dominated) "tsarism" was announced, and the "resistance" received the Marxist term "national liberation movement". Currently, some supporters of this tradition are transferred to the policy of the Russian Empire, the term of the 20th century "Genocide" (mountainous peoples) or interpret the concept of "colonization" in the Soviet key - as a violent seizing of economically favorable territories. There is also a geopolitical tradition for which the struggle for domination in the North Caucasus is only part of a more global process, allegedly inherent in Russia's desire to expand and "enslave" the affiliates. In Britain XIX century (fearing for the approach of Russia to the "Pearl of the British Crown" of India) and the US century of XX (worried about the approach of the USSR / Russia to the Persian Bay and the oil areas of the Middle East) Highlanders (as well as, say, Afghanistan) were " Natural barrier "On the way of the Russian Empire to South. The key terminology of these works is "Russian Colonial Expansion" and opposing them "North Caucasian shield", or "barrier". Each of the three of these traditions was so established and covered with the literature that any discussions between representatives of different currents are poured into the exchange of spent concepts and selections of facts and do not lead to any promotion on this site of historical science. Rather, we can talk about the "Caucasian War of Historiography", which is sometimes to personal hostility. Over the past five years, for example, it never happened a serious meeting and a scientific discussion between the supporters of the "Gorskaya" and "Imperial" tradition. The modern political problems of the North Caucasus cannot not worry the Caucasian historians, but they are too much reflected on the literature that we continue to consider scientific in the habit. Historians cannot agree on the date of the beginning of the Caucasian War, as well as politicians cannot agree on the date of its end. The very name "Caucasian War" is so broad, which makes it possible to make shocking statements about its alleged 400-year or half-year history. It is even surprising that the point of reference from the hints of Svyatoslav against Jases and Kasov in the 10th century or from Russian naval raids to Derbent in the 9th century (1) has not been adopted. However, even if you discard all these obvious ideological attempts to "periodization", the number of opinions is very large. That is why many historians now say that there were actually several Caucasian wars. They were conducted in different years, in different regions of the North Caucasus: in Chechnya, Dagestan, Kabarda, Adygea, etc. P (2). They are difficult to name Russian-Caucasian, since the mountaineers participated on both sides. However, it remains its right to exist and has become the traditional point of view for the period from 1817 (the beginning of an active aggressive policy in the North Caucasus sent to General A. P. Yermolov) to 1864 (the capitulation of the Mountain tribes of the North-West Caucasus) as for the time constant Martial steps that engulfed the most part of the North Caucasus. It was then that the question was resolved about the actual, and not only the formal entry of the North Caucasus to the Russian Empire. Perhaps, for the best mutual understanding, it is worth talking about this period as a large Caucasian war.

Currently allocate 4 periods in the Caucasian War.

1 period: 1817 -1829–ermolovskylocated with the activities of General Yermolov in the Caucasus.

2. Period 1829-1840–zebanskyafter joining the Black Sea coast to Russia, according to the results of the Adrianopol peace treaty, excitement among the Zebranian Circassians increases. The main island of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Zebubina.

3 period: 1840-1853-muridizsky, the ideology of Muridism becomes unifying the power of the horses.

4 period: 1854 -1859–european interventionduring the years of the Crimean War, the strengthening of foreign intervention.

5 period: 1859 - 1864:finishing.

Features of the Caucasian War.

Connection under the auspices of one war of various political speeches and clashes, a combination of different purposes. So the peasants of the North Caucasus opposed the enhancement of exploitation, the rustic to know the preservation of its former position and rights, the Muslim clergy against the strengthening of the position of Orthodoxy in the Caucasus.

Lack of official start date of war.

Lack of single theater of hostilities.

Lack of a peace treaty upon completion of the war.

Controversial issues in the history of the Caucasian War.

Terminology.

Caucasian War it is an extremely complex, multifaceted and contradictory phenomenon. The term itself is used in historical science In different ways, there are various options for determining the chronological framework of war and its character .

The term "Caucasian War" is used in historical science in different ways.

In the broad sense of the word, it includes all conflicts in the field of the XVSH-XIH centuries. With the participation of Russia. In a narrow understanding, it is used in historical literature and journalism to designate events in the North Caucasus related to the assertion in the region of the Russian administration by military suppression of the resistance of the Mountain peoples.

The term is introduced in pre-revolutionary historiography, and in the Soviet period or was in quotes, or at all rejected many researchers who believed that he creates visibility external War And does not fully reflect the essence of the phenomenon. Until the late 80s, the term "people's liberation struggle" of Highlanders of the North Caucasus was more adequate, but recently the concept of "Caucasian War" was returned to scientific turnover and is widely used.

The concept of "Caucasian War" was introduced by the publicist and historic R. Fadeev.

In the history of our country, there are events related to the accession to the Empire Chechnya and Circassia.

The Caucasian War lasted 47 years old, from 1817 to 1864, and ended with the victory of Russians, breeding around himself many legends and myths, sometimes very far from reality.

What are the causes of the Caucasian War?

As in all wars - in the frontier of the territories: three powerful powers - Persia, Russia and Turkey were the struggle for dominion over the "goal" from Europe to Asia, i.e. Over the Caucasus. At the same time, the attitude of the local population was not taken into account at all.

In the early 1800s, Russia was able to defend his rights to Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from Persia and Turkey, and the peoples of the Northern and Western Caucasus moved to it as if "automatically".

But the mountaineers with their rebellious spirit and love of independence could not accept the fact that Turkey lost to the Caucasus king is simply as a gift.

The Caucasian War began with the emergence of General Yermolov in this region, who offered the king to move to active actions in order to create in mining remote areas of fortresites, where Russian garrisons will be located.

Highlanders were fiercely resisted, possessing the advantage of the war on their territory. But nevertheless, the loss of Russians in the Caucasus, up to the 30s, accounted for several hundreds per year, and they were associated with armed performances.

But then the situation changed dramatically.

In 1834, the head of Muslims became Shamil. It is with him that the Caucasian war took the greatest scope.

Shamil led the simultaneous struggle both against the royal garrisons and against those feudalists who recognized the power of Russians. It was according to his order that the only heir of the Avar Khanate was killed, and the captured treasury Gamzat-Bek made it possible to significantly increase military spending.

In fact, the main support of the Shamil was Murids and the local clergy. He repeatedly made raids on Russian fortresses and settlements-apostates.

However, the Russians responded to the same measure: in the summer of 1839, the military expedition took possession of the residence of Imam, and the wounded Shamill managed to move to Chechnya, which became a new arena of hostilities.

General Vorontsov, who stood at the head of the tsarist troops, completely changed the stopping of an expedition to the mountain aules, which were always accompanied by large material and human losses. The soldiers began to cut down in the forests of seeks, to build fortifications, create Cossack Stitsa.

Yes, and the mountains themselves did not trust the imam. And at the end of the 40s of the 19th century, the territory of Imamata began to decline, as a result, fully found in the blockade.

In 1848, the Russians seized one of the strategically important Aules - Gergebil, and then the Georgian Kakheti. They managed to reflect the attempts of Murids to destroy fortifications in the mountains.

Imam despotism, military defeats, repressive policies repelled the potsents from the movement of Muridism, which only increased the inner confrontation.

The Caucasian War with the end passed on its last stage. General Baryatinsky became the governor of the king and the commander of the troops, and the head of the headquarters is the future military minister and the milyutin reformer.

Russians from defense switched to offensive actions. Shamil turned out to be cut off from Chechnya in Mountain Dagestan.

At the same time, Barlyatinsky, who knew the Caucasus well, as a result of his fairly active policy on the establishment of peaceful relations with the mountaineers, soon became very popular in the North Caucasus. The mountaineers were inclined to Russian orientation: the uprisings began to flare up everywhere.

To May 1864, the last focus of the resistance of Murid was broken, and Shamil himself gave a captive in August.

On this day, the Caucasian War ended, the results of which contemporaries reap.

Ivan Pashevich
Mamia V (VII) Guryeli
Davits I Guriel
George (Safarbey) Chachba
Dmitry (Omarbei) Chachba
Mikhail (Hamudbay) Chachba
Levan V Dadiani
David I Dadiani
Nicholas I Dadiani
Mehsi II.
Sulaiman Pasha Tarkovsky
Abu Muslim Khan Tarkovsky
Shamsutdin Khan Tarkovsky
Ahmedhan II.
Musa-Beck
Daniyl-Beck (up to 1844) Gazi-Muhammad †
Gamzat-Beck †
Imam Shamil #
Baysangur Benoevsky # †
Haji Murat †
Muhammad amine
Daniyl Beck (from 1844 to 1859)
Tashev Hadji †
Kyzbach Tuju †
Babulat Thameyev
Haji Berzek Ceranth
Aublaa Akhmat.
Shabby Marshan
Eschou Marshant
Sheikh Mullah Akhtynsky
Agabek Rutulsky

In the book "Unprofitable Chechnya", published in 1997 after the first Chechen war, the public and politician Leo Usmanov called the war of 1817-1864 " First Russian-Caucasian war» .

Yermolov - Caucasus Conquest

But the challenges who fought Yermolov in the North Caucasus demanded that his energies and mind. The Military Georgian road divides the Caucasus into two stripes: to the east of it - Chechnya and Dagestan, to the west - Kabarda, extending to the Verkhovy Kuban, and then - the downtown land inhabited by Circassians. Chechnya with Dagestan, Kabarda Finally, Cherkessia and amounted to the three main theater of struggle, and in relation to each of them were required special measures.

Prehistory

History of Dagestan
Dagestan in the ancient world
Dagestan in middle ages
Dagestan in a new time
Caucasian War
Dagestan as part of the USSR
Dagestan after the collapse of the USSR
History of Dagestan Peoples of Dagestan Portal "Dagestan"

History of Chechnya
History of Chechnya in the Middle Ages
Chechnya and Russian Empire
Caucasian War
Chechnya in civil war
Chechnya in the USSR
Chechnya after the collapse of the USSR
Portal "Chechnya"

Russian-Persian War (1796)

Georgia was at this time in the smoother state. Using this, Yeah Mohammed Shah Kajar invaded Georgia and he took and ruined Tiflis on September 11, 1795. The king of Irakli with a handful of approached in the mountains. At the end of the same year, Russian troops entered Georgia and. Dagestan Wordelae expressed their humility, except for Surhai-Khan II Casicumukhovsky, and Derbent Khan Sheikh Ali. On May 10, 1796, the fortress Derbent was taken despite the resistance. In June was busy Baku. Commanded by the troops, the Lieutenant General Count Valerian's teeth was appointed instead of Gudovich chief chief of the Caucasian Territory; But his activities there soon was laid was the end of the death of Empress Catherine. Paul I ordered the teeth to suspend military actions. The commander of the Caucasian corps was again appointed Gudovich. Russian troops were derived from Transcaucasia, except for two battalions left in Tiflis.

Accession of Georgia (1800-1804)

Russian-Persian War

In the same year, Zizianov also submitted the Shirvan Khanate. Entries a number of measures to promote crafts, agriculture and trade. He founded in Tiflis a noble school, which was then transformed into a gymnasium, restored the printing house, sought for Georgian youth to receive education in higher educational institutions Russia.

Rebellion in South Ossetia (1810-1811)

Philip Paulucci had to simultaneously wage war against the Turks (from Kars) and against Persian (in Karabakh) and fight uprisings. In addition, during the branch of Paulche, Alexander I received statements by the Bishop of the Goriy and Vicar of the Georgian Dociphey, the leader of the Aznogo Georgian feudal group, which made the issue of the illegality of the provision of the Princes of Eristavi feudal possessions in South Ossetia; Aznaya grouping was still hoping that, providing representatives of Eristavi from South Ossetia, she would share the liberated possessions.

But soon, in view of the preparing war against Napoleon, he was called to St. Petersburg.

In the same year, the Abkhazia broke out an uprising led by Aslanbei Chachba-Shervashidze against the power of his younger brother Safarbay Chachba-Sherellshidze. The Russian battalion and militias of the master of Meshrelia Levan Dadiani was then saved then the life and power of the authority of Abkhazia Safarbay Chachba.

Events 1814-1816

Ermolovsky period (-)

In September 1816, Yermolov arrived on the border of the Caucasian province. In October, he arrived at the Caucasian line to the city of Georgievsk. From there immediately left Tiflis, where he was expected by the former commander-in-chief of the general from Infanteria Nikolai Rtishchev. On October 12, 1816, the highest order of Rtishchev was expelled from the army.

"The center of the line lies the cabarda, once a crowded, which residents, revered by the bravestones between the mountaineers, often under crowdedly opposed the Russians in bloody battles.
... Sea ulcer was allocating our our kabardians; For, destroying the entire population of a small cabarda and producing devastation in great, before that they weakened that they could not already be collected in large forces, but did raids with small parties; Otherwise, our troops, on a large space, part of weak scattered, could be dangerous. Very many are taken to the expedition cabardium, sometimes forced them to return or pay for the abductions made."(From the notes A. P. Yermolov during the management of Georgia)

«… The Chechens, the most worst from the robbers who attackers on the line live below the Terek. The society of them is very low, but extremely multiplied in the past few years, for the friendly villains were taken by all other peoples leaving their land for any crimes. Here they found the accomplices, immediately ready or noticing for them, or to participate in the scatteries, and they served them with loyal guides in the lands, they are not familiar with them. Chechnya can be rightfully called the nest of all robbers... "(from the notes A. P. Ermolova during the management of Georgia)

« I have seen many peoples, but such recurrent and unsuitable as Chechens, there is no way and the way to conquer the Caucasus lies through the conquest of Chechens, or rather, through their full destruction».

« Sovereign! .. The mountain peoples are an example of independence in their subjects of your imperial Majesty give rise to the spirit of rebellious and love for independence." From the report A. Yermolov Emperor Alexander I February 12, 1819

In the spring of 1818, Yermolov appealed to Chechnya. In 1818, the fortress of Grozny was laid in the lower rivers. It was believed that this measure put an end to the rebellions of Chechens who lived between the Sunya and Terek, but in fact it was the beginning new war With Chechnya.

Yermolov moved from separate punitive expeditions to the systematic promotion of the depth of Chechnya and Mountain Dagestan by the surroundings of the mountainous areas with a solid ring of fortifications with a disk of prospects in difficult-scale forests, gasket of roads and the destruction of unprofitable ales.

In the grained there were mountaineers, threatening the Shamchoform of Tarkovsky attached to the empire. In 1819, the fortress sudden was built to hold the hustras in humility. An attempt to attack her, taken by Avar Khan, ended in complete failure.

In Chechnya, Russian forces knew the detachments of armed Chechens farther on the mountains and moved the population to the plain under the protection of Russian garrisons. A break was cut into a dense forest to Aul Germenchuk, who served one of the main bases of Chechens.

Caucasus map. 1824.

Central part of the Caucasus. 1824.

Its result was the consolidation of Russian power in Kabarda and Kumyk lands, in the foothills and on the plains. Russians promoted gradually, methodically cutting forests in which the mountains were hidden.

The beginning of Gazavat (-)

The new Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus Corps, General Adjutant Passevich, refused to be planned promotion with the consolidation of employed territories and returned mainly to the tactics of individual punitive expeditions. At first, he was mainly engaged in wars with Persia and Turkey. Successes in these wars contributed to the maintenance of outdoor calm, but Muridism spread more and more. In December 1828, Kazi-Mullah (Gazi-Muhammad) was proclaimed Imam. He first called for Ghazavat, seeking to join the scattered tribes of the Eastern Caucasus in one hostile Russia mass. Only Avarian Khanate refused to recognize his power, and Kazi-Mullai attempt (in 1830) to master Hunzah ended with defeat. After that, the influence of Kazi-Mullah was strongly staggered, and the arrival of the new troops sent to the Caucasus after the conclusion of the world with Turkey, she enclosed him to escape from the Dagestan Aul Gimra to Belokan Lezgin.

In the West Caucasus, the detachment of General Velijaminov in the summer of G. Pshada and Vulana rivers and laid the fortifications of Novotroitsky and Mikhailovskoye there.

In September of the same 1837, the emperor Nicholas I visited the Caucasus for the first time and remained dissatisfied with the fact that, despite the many years of efforts and major victims, the Russian troops were still far from strong results in the cause of the edge. General Golovin was appointed to Baron Rosen.

In the meantime, hostilities began on the Black Sea coast, where the rigorously constructed Russian forts were in a dilapidated state, and garrisons were extremely weakened by fever and other diseases. On February 7, the mountains were traded by Fort Lazarev and destroyed all his defenders; On February 29, the same fate suffered the strengthening of Veliamiovsky; March 23, after a fierce battle, the mountaineers penetrated the strengthening of Mikhailovskoye, whose defenders have undermined themselves with the attackers. In addition, the Highlanders seized (April 2) by the Nikolaev Fort; But their enterprises against Fort Navaginsky and the strengthening of Abinsky were unsuccessful.

On the left flank, a premature attempt to disarm Chechens caused extreme abnormal among them. In December 1839 and January 1840, General Pullo conducted punitive expeditions in Chechnya and ruined several auls. During the second expedition, the Russian command demanded to pass on one gun from 10 houses, as well as to give one hostage from each aul. Taking advantage of the discontent of the population, Shamil raised the Ichkerintsev, Aukhovtsev and other Chechen societies against the Russian troops. Russian troops under the command of General Galafeev were limited by the search for in the forests of Chechnya, it was worthwhile. Especially bloody was the case on r. Valerik (July 11). While General Galafeev went on small Chechnya, Shamil with Chechen detachments subjugated to his power to Saladavia and in early August invaded an accident, where he conquered several auls. With the accession of the German Societies to him on Andysky Kois, famous cybit magome, strength and enterprise, it was extremely increased. By the fall, all Chechnya was already on the side of Shamil, and to successfully combat it, the funds of the Caucasian line were insufficient. Chechens began to attack the royal troops on the banks of the Terek and almost mastered Mozdok.

On the right flank, by autumn, the new fortified line on Laba was provided by Forts Zassovsky, Makhoshovsky and Temirgoevsky. In the Black Sea coastline, the fortifications of Veliamine and Lazarevskoye were resumed.

The failures of Russian troops spread the conviction of infertility in the highest government spheres and even the dangers of offensive actions. This opinion was especially supported by the then Military Minister of the CN. Chernyshev, in the summer of 1842, visiting the Caucasus and the former witness to return the detachment of Grabbe from Ichkerinsky forests. Under the impression of this catastrophe, he convinced the Tsar to sign a decree, prohibiting all expeditions on G. and prescribed to be limited to defense.

This forced inaction of Russian troops encouraged the enemy, and attacks on the line were frequent again. On August 31, 1843, Imam Shamil seized the Fort with. Unzucul, destroying a detachment that went on revenue besieged. There are several more fortifications in the next days, and on September 11, Gotsatl was taken than a message was interrupted with Temir Khan-Shura. From August 28 to September 21, the loss of Russian troops amounted to 55 officers, more than 1,500 lower ranks, 12 guns and significant warehouses: the fruits of many years of effort were dismissed from the Russian forces for a long time, submissive mines and undermined the combat spirit of troops. On October 28, Shamil surrounded the Gergebil fortification, which he managed to take only November 8, when only 50 people remained from the defenders. Highlander detachments, scattered in all directions, interrupted almost every message with Derbent, Kizlyar and the left flank line; The Russian troops in Temir-Khan-Shura stood out the blockade that lasted from November 8 to December 24.

Battle for Dargo (Chechnya, May 1845)

In May 1845, the royal army is several large detachments I invaded the limits of Imamat. At the beginning of the campaign for action different areas 5 detachments were created. Chechensky was led by General Liders, Dagestan - Prince of Babetov, Samurian - Argutinsky-Dolgorukov, Lezgin - General Schwartz, Nazranovsky - General Nesterov. The main forces moving towards the capital of Imamata, headed the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus Count M. S. Vorontsov.

Without meeting serious resistance, the 30-thousand squad passed the mountain Dagestan and on June 13th invaded Andei. At the time of the exit from Ania in Dargo, the total number of detachment was 7940 people of infantry, 1218 people cavalry and 342 artilleryrs. Dargin battle lasted from 8 to 20 July. According to official data, in the Dargin battle, the tsarist troops lost 4 generals, 168 officers and up to 4,000 soldiers. In the campaign of 1845, many future famous military leaders and politicians participated: the governor in the Caucasus in 1856-1862. and Feldmarshal Prince A. I. Baryatinsky; Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus Military District and chief boss civil part in the Caucasus in 1882-1890. Prince A. M. Dontukov-Korsakov; The acting position of the Commander in 1854 before the arrival of the Caucasus Count N. N. Muravyova Prince V. O. Bebutov; Famous Caucasian Combat General, Head of Main Staff in 1866-1875. Count F. L. Gayden; Military governor killed in Kutaisi in 1861, Prince A. I. Gagarin; commander of the Shirvan Regiment Prince S. I. Vasilchikov; Adjutant General, diplomat in 1849, 1853-1855, Count K.K. Benkendorf (heavily wounded in the campaign of 1845); Major General E. von Schwarzenberg; Lieutenant General Baron N. I. Delvig; N. P. Beklemishev, a wonderful draftsman, who left a lot of sketches after a hike in Dargo, also known for its coarse and kalamboras; Prince E. Wittgenstein; Prince Alexander Hessian, Major General, and others.

In the Black Sea coastline in the summer of 1845, the mountaineers were attempted to master Forts Raevsky (May 24) and Golovinsky (July 1), but were repulsed.

With the city on the left flank, actions were implemented actions aimed at strengthening control over employed lands, the construction of new fortifications and Cossack villages and the preparation of the further movement of the keys of Chechen forests by deforestation of wide pros. Victory KN. Bebutova, who spoiled from Shamil's hands, just employed by him hard to reach Aul Kutish (currently included in the Levashi district of Dagestan), had the result of the perfect soothing of the Kumki plane and foothills.

In the Black Sea coastline killed by the amount of up to 6 thousand people. On November 28, a new desperate attack on the Golovin Fort was taken, but were reflected with a big damage.

In the city of Prince Vorontsov, hesieved Gergebil, but due to the distribution of cholera in the troops, it was supposed to retreat. At the end of July, he undertook a siege of the fortified Aul Salta, which, despite the significance of siege funds from the upcoming troops, lasted until September 14, when he was cleared by the mountaineers. Both of these enterprises were worth the Russian troops about 150 officers and more than 2500 lower ranks, disposed of.

Daniel-Beck detachments were invited to Jaro-Belokansky District, but on May 13 were completely broken at Aul Chardahly.

In mid-November, Dagestan horses invaded casicums and briefly mastered several aules.

In the Outstanding event, the capture of Gergebil (July 7) Prince Argutinsky was taken. In general, no longer was in the Caucasus of such peace, as this year; Only on the Lezghina line was repeated frequent anxiety. In September, Shamil tried to master the strengthening of Acht on the sore, but he failed.

In the town of Osada Aul Choha, undertaken by the CN. Argutinsky, cost Russian troops of big losses, but did not have success. From the side of the Lezghina line was made by General Chilyaev a successful expedition to the mountains, which ended with the defeat of the enemy near Aul Hufro.

In the city of the systematic deforestation in Chechnya continued with the former perseverance and was accompanied by more or less serious clashes. This image of action forced many hostile societies to declare their unconditional humility.

The same system was decided to adhere to and in the right flank, an offensive was taken to the White River in order to transfer the advanced line there and take away fertile lands between this river from hostile Abadsekhov and

Prehistory

Under the contract concluded in Georgievsk on July 24, the king of Irakli II was adopted under the patronage of Russia; In Georgia, it was decided to contain 2 Russian battalions with 4 guns. It was impossible for so weak forces, however, to protect the country from continuously repeated raids of Lezgin - and Georgian militias were inactive. Only in the fall, I decided to take an expedition to p. Jaras and Bellokany, to punish the whips, who were overtaken on October 14, near the village of Muganla, and, the victims defeated, fled to p. Alazan. This victory did not bring essential fruits; The invasion of Lezgin continued, Turkish emissars ride throughout the Transcaucasia, trying to excite the Muslim population against Russian and Georgians. When Umma-Khan Avarian (Omar-Khan) began to threaten in Georgia, Irakli appealed to the command of the Caucasian line of the gene. Potemkin with a request for sending new reinforcements to Georgia; This request could not be respected, since the Russian troops were engaged at this time were engaged in the suppression of unrest on the northern slope of the Caucasian Range who appeared in Chechnya preacher of the Holy War, Mansur. Senched against him a rather strong squad under the head of the Colonel Perya was surrounded by Chechens in the Zarzuzhenskaya Forests and was almost exterminated, and Piuri himself was killed. It raised the authority of Mansur among the Highlanders; The excitement passed from Chechnya to Kabarda and Kuban. Although the attack of Mansur to Kizlyar could not and soon, he was broken in a small cabarda a detachment of the colonel braced, but Russian troops on Caucasian line continued to stay in a tense state.

Meanwhile, Umma-Khan, with Dagestan Hordes, invaded Georgia and devastated her at all without having met resistance; On the other hand, they produced the Akhaltsich Turks on it. Georgian troops, which presented no more than the crowd of poorly armed peasants, were quite untenable, who bred by Russian battalions, Colonel Vurnashev was constrained in his actions by Irakli and his approximations. In the city, in view of the cooked gap between Russia and Turkey, our troops were revoked to the line in the Transcaucasia, which was erected on the coast of Kuban a number of fortifications and formed 2 buildings: Kuban Islesky, under the superior of General-Anshuf Teeth, and Caucasian, Under the bosses of the Lieutenant General Potemkin. In addition, the established or Zemskoy army was established, from Ossetians, Ingush and Kabardians. General Potemkin, and then General Teetelley made successful expeditions for the Kuban, but the state of affairs on the line did not change significantly, and the races of the horses continued continually. Russia's reports with the conquest almost ceased: Vladikavkaz and other fortified points on the way to Georgia were left by Russian troops in the year. Shareli's campaign on Anapa (G.) was not crowned with success. In the city of Turks, together with the mountaineers, moved to the Kabarda, but the gene was broken. Herman. In June 1791, General-Annef Gudovich took Anapa, and Mansur was captured and captured. According to the conditions of the prisoner in the same year, Anapa was returned to the Turks. With the end of the Turkish war, it was impredited to the strengthening of K. line with new fortifications and to the watervation of new Cossack villages, and the coast of Terek and the Upper Kuban was settled mainly by the Donets, and the right bank of Kuban, from the Ust-Labinsk fortress to the shores of the Seas of Azov and Black, was appointed for settlement Black Sea Cossacks. Georgia was at this time in the smoother state. Using this, Yaga-Magomet-Khan Persian, in the second half of the city, invaded Georgia and took on September 11 and ruined Tiflis, from where the king, with a handful of approached, ran into the mountains. Russia could not refer to this indifferent, especially since the dominates of the regions adjacent to the Persia were always leaning towards stronger. At the end of the city, Russian troops entered Georgia and Dagestan. Dagestan authorities stated their humility, except for Derbent Khan Sheikh Ali, which locked in his fortress. May 10 was taken, after stubborn protection, crepe. Derbent, and in June is busy without resistance to Baku. Commanded by the troops, Count Valerian teeth was appointed instead of Gudovich chief head of the Caucasian Territory; but his activities there (see Persian wars) soon laid was the end of the death of Empress Catherine. Paul I ordered the teeth to suspend military operations; Following the commander of the Caucasian Corps, Gudovich was again appointed, and Russian troops, formerly in the Transcaucasia were commanded to return from there: it was allowed only for time to leave 2 battalions in Tiflis, due to reinforced Irakli requests.

In the city of Georgian throne, Georgy XII entered into the Georgian, who replaced the emperor Paul to accept Georgia under his patronage and to provide her armed assistance. As a result, and in view of the obviously hostile intentions of Persia, Russian troops in Georgia were significantly strengthened. When I was invited to Georgia Umma-Khan Avar, General Lazarev with a Russian squad (about 2 thousand) and with a part of Georgian militia (extremely poorly armed), broke it on November 7, on the shores of the Yora River. On December 22, 1800, a manifesto on the accession of Georgia to Russia was signed in St. Petersburg; Following the king of Georgy died. At the beginning of the reign of Alexander I, Russian administration was introduced in Georgia; The commander in chief was appointed gene. Knorring, and the Civic Ruler of Georgia - Kovalensky. Neither the other were not familiar with the nodes, customs and views of the people, and the officials who arrived with them allowed themselves different abuses. All this, in conjunction with the income of the party of disgruntled by the entry of Georgia to Russian citizenship, led to the fact that the unrest in the country was not stopped, and its borders were still subjected to raids of neighboring peoples.

At the end of the city of Knorring and Kovalensky were withdrawn, and the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus was appointed Gen.-Leit. kn. Cycians familiar with the edge. He removed to Russia most of the members of the former Georgian royal house, rightly consider them the main perpetrators sort and unrest. With the Khana and the owners of the Tatar and mountain regions, he spoke to the face of Grozny and imperative. Residents of the Jaro-Belokan region, who did not stop their raids, were defeated by a detachment of the gene. Gulikova, and the most area is attached to Georgia. In Mingrelia, and in 1804, Imeretiy and Guria joined Russian citizenship; In 1803, the fortress of Ganja and all Ganja Khanate are conquered. The attempt of the Persian breeding of Baba Khan to invade Georgia ended with a perfect defeat of his troops near Echmiadzin (June G.). In the same year, the Russian citizenship was adopted by Shirvansky, and in the city of Khanate Karabakh and Shekinskoye, Jhan-Gir-Khan Shagakh and Budag-Sultan Shuragelsky. Baba-Khan again opened offensive actions, but at one to lead about the approach of Ctsianov, the Araks fled (see Persian Wars).

On February 8, 1805, the Prince of Tsizianov, who came up with a detachment to Baku, was changed to be changed by Khan. In his place was appointed again the graph Gudovich, well acquainted with the position of affairs in the Caucasian line, but not in the Transcaucasia. Recently conquered the molded of different Tatar regions, having ceased to feel firm hand of Cycianov, again they were obviously hostile to the Russian administration. Although actions against them, in general, were successful (Derbent, Baku, Nukh) were taken, but the state of affairs became complicated by the invasions of Persian and the rupture with Turkey followed in 1806. In view of the war with Napoleon, all combat forces were tightened to the Western borders of the Empire; Caucasian troops remained without staffing. With a new commander-in-chief, gene. Tormasov (since G.), it took interference in the internal affairs of Abkhazia, where the members of the ruled house were arguing among themselves for help from Russia, while others - to Turkey; At the same time, the fortresses of the Poti and Sukhum were taken. I also had to doubt the uprisings in Imereti and Ossetia. Tormasov successors were gene. Marquis Pauducci and Rtishchev; In the last, thanks to the victory of the gene. Kotlyarevsky under the aslandum and the capture of Lankaran, was concluded with the Persia Gulistan world (). The new uprising in the fall of the city of Kakheti, excited by the Big Georgian Tsarevich Alexander, was successfully suppressed. Since hessuras and brushes (mountain Chechens) accepted in this indignation (mountain Chechens), Rtishchev decided to punish these tribes and in May G. took an expedition to a little-known Russian Hebusuria. The troops sent there under the head of the gene-Major Simonovich, despite the incredible natural obstacles and persistent defense of the horses, reached the main Hevsur Aula Shatil (in the upper reaches of Arguni), mastered them and ruined all the enemy villages lying on their way. Established by Russian troops near the same time, raids in Chechnya were not approved by Emperor Alexander I, who commanded General Rtishchev to try to watery calm in the Caucasian line to be friendly and indulgent.

Ermolovsky period (-)

"... The Chechens, the most worst from the robbers who attackers on the line live below the Terek. The society of them is very low, but extremely multiplied in the past few years, for the friendly villains were taken by all other peoples leaving their land for any crimes. Here they found the accomplices, immediately ready or noticing for them, or to participate in the scatteries, and they served them with loyal guides in the lands, they are not familiar with them. Chechnya can be fairly called the nest of all robbers ... "(from the notes A. P. Yermolov during the management of Georgia)

The new (since G.) The head of all royal troops in Georgia and in the Caucasian line, A. P. Yermolov, convinced, however, the sovereign in the need to humble horses solely by the power of weapons. It was decided to maintain the conquest of the mountain peoples gradually, but strongly, occupying only those places that could be kept for themselves and not going further until the acquired.

Own activities on the line of Yermolov, in the city, began with Chechnya, intensifying the Nazranovsky depleted on the journal and laying the fortress of Groznaya on the bottom of this river. This measure stopped the rebellion of the Chechens living between the Sunya and Terek.

In Dagestan, the horses were grated, threatening Chamhalu Tarkovsky captured by Russia; To hold them in the cab was built () Fortress sudden. Attempt against her, taken by Avar Khan, ended in complete failure. In Chechnya, Russian detachments destroyed auly and forced the indigenous inhabitants of these lands (Chechens), retaining further and further from the seven; Through the dense forest, a view was cut down to Aul Hermenechuk, which served as one of the main protective points of the Army of Chechens. In the city of Chernomorskaya Cossack army was found to be the composition of a separate Georgian corps renamed separately Caucasian. In the city, the fortress was stormy, which was broken by the crests of the Avarian Khan Ahmet, who tried to interfere with Russian works. On the right flank of the Zubbansky Circassians, with the help of Turks, the boundaries began to be more stronger; But the army of them, invading the Black Sea troops in October, suffered a cruel defeat from the Russian army. In Abkhazia KN. Gorchakov broke rebellious crowds near Cape Code and introduced into possession of the CN country. Dmitry Shervashidze. In the city, for a complete pacification of the Kabardians, a number of fortifications are arranged at the soles of the Black Mountains, from Vladikavkaz to the Verkhov Kuban. B and GG. The actions of the Russian command were directed against the downtown horses, who did not stop their raids. In the city, the Abkhazians who rebelted against the successor of the KN were forced. Dmitry Shervashidze, KN. Mikhail. In Dagestan, in the 20s, the new Magometan teaching, Muridism, which was subsequently created by a lot of difficulties and dangers. Yermolov, visiting Cuba, ordered Aslanhana Kasikumukhsky to stop the unrest, initiated by followers of a new teaching, but, disheveled by other affairs, could not follow the execution of this order, as a result of which the main preachers of Muridism, Mullah Mullah, and then Kazi-Mullah continued Like the minds of the hustras in Dagestan and Chechnya and expose the proximity of Gazavat, that is, the sacred war against the wrong. In 1825, the general revolt of Chechnya occurred, during which the mountaineers had time to master the post of Amir-Agi-Yurt (July 8) and tried to take the strengthening of Herzel-Aul, a detachment of the Gen.-Leit detachment. Lisanevich (July 15). On another day, Lisanevich and the former gene. Greeks were killed by one Chechen intelligence. From the very beginning of the Kuban, from the very beginning of the city, began to undergo raids of large batches of Shapsov and Abadsekhov; Kabardians also worried. In the city, there was a number of expeditions to Chechnya, with the cutting of pros in the dense forests, the lap by new roads and the destruction of the Aulov free from the Russian troops. This ended the activities of Yermolov, in the city of left the Caucasus.

Ermolovsky period (1816-27) is considered one of the greatest for the Russian army. Its results were: on the northern side of the Caucasian Range - the consolidation of Russian power in the Kabarda and Kumyk lands; The seizure of many societies who lived in the foothills and plains against the lion. Flange lines; For the first time, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for gradual, systematic actions in the country, similar, according to the correct remark of the associate of Ermolov, the gene was carried out. Veljaminova, an enormous natural fortress, where we had to master consistently by each Redota and, just established in it reliably, to keep approaches further. In Dagestan, Russian authorities were supported by the betrayal of the local dominates.

The beginning of Gazavat (-)

The new Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus Corps, Gen.-Adult. Paskevich, at first, was busy with wars with Persia and Turkey. The successes who wished to them in these wars contributed to maintaining outdoor calm in the country; But Muridism has ever more and more, and Kazi-Mullah sought to connect the East tribes scattered Dotola. Caucasus in one hostile Russia mass. Only the accident was not amented to His power, and his attempt (in the city) to master Hunzakh ended with defeat. After that, the influence of Kazi-Mullah was strongly shaken, and the arrival of the new troops sent to the Caucasus after the conclusion of the world with Turkey entertained him to escape from his residence, Dagestan Aul Gimra, to Belokan Lezgin. In April, G. Count Paskovich-Erivanian was withdrawn for the command of the army in Poland; In his place, temporarily appointed commander of the troops: in the Transcaucasia - gene. Pankratyev, on line - gene. Velijamins. Kazi-Mullah suffered its activities in Shamkhalitan possessions, where, by choosing a selection of a low-cost tract of Chumkent (at the 13th century to 10 from Temir-Khan-Shura), began to call all the potners to fight the wrong. Attempts to take the fortress rapid and sudden, failed; But it was not crowned with the success and movement of General Emanuel in Aukhovsky forests. The last failure, greatly exaggerated by the skilled carriers, multiplied the number of Kazi-Mullah's adherents, especially in the middle of Dagestan, so he loosened Kizlyar and caught, but unsuccessfully, to master Derbent. Attacked, December 1, Regiment. Miklashevsky, he had to leave Chumkent and went to Ghimra. New chief of the Caucasus Corps, Baron Rosen, on October 17, 1832, took Gimons; Kazi-Mullah died during the battle. The successor was Hamzat-Beck (see), who in the city invaded an accident, disgraced Hongzah, destroyed almost all the Khany family and thought already on the conquest of all Dagestan, but died of a killer's hand. Shortly after his death, October 18, 1834, the main attachment of Murids, Aul Gotsatl (see acc. Article), was taken and ruined with a detachment of Colonel Key-background Clogenau. On the Black Sea coasture, where the mountaineers had many convenient items for messages with the Turks and bargaining by slaves (the Black Sea coastline did not exist then), foreign agents, especially the British, spread between the head tribes hostile to us and delivered military supplies. It enclosed the bar. Rosen instruct the gene. Veljaminov (in the summer of 1834) a new expedition in the backier, for the device of the cordon line to Gelendzhik. She ended with the construction of the strengthening of Nikolaevsky.

Imam Shamil

Imam Shamil

At the Eastern Caucasus, after the death of Gamzat-Bek, Shamil was at the head of Murid. The new imam, gifted by outstanding administrative and military abilities, soon turned out to be an extremely dangerous opponent, simulating under its despotic authority, all the dotole scattered tribes of V. Caucasus. Already at the beginning of the city, he had increased so much that he was removed to punish Hongzakh for the killing of his predecessor. Aslan-Khan-Kasikumukhsky, temporarily delivered by us, asked to take Huns to Russian troops, and Baron Rosen agreed to his request, in view of the strategic value of the named item; But this entailed the need to occupy many other items, to provide messages with Hongzakh through an impartial mountains. The main reference point on the path of Hongzach with the Caspian coastal was elected again built on the Tarkovsky plane Temir-Khan-Shura Fortress, and for the provision of the pier to which the courts came from Astrakhan were built, the bottomroom strengthening was built. The message Shura with Hunsah was covered with the strengthening of Zeão, with p. Avar Koisu, and Burunduk-Kale. For a direct message, Shura with a fortress sudden was arranged and covered with Miatlin's tower crossing over Sulak; The road from Shura to Kizlyar was ensured by the strengthening of Kazi-Yurt.

Shamil, more and more strengthening his power, elected Koysubu district with his stay, where, on the banks of the Andiy Kois, began to arrange the strengthening called by him Ahulgo. In 1837, the Fesi General took Hunzakh, took Aul Ashilty and strengthen the old Ahulgo and laid out Aul Tilitle, where Shamil was covered. When, on July 3, we took part of this village, Shamil entered into negotiations and promised humility. I had to accept his proposal, since in our squad, which suffered great losses, it turned out to be a strong lack of food and, moreover, it was obtained to news about the uprising in Cuba. The expedition of the Fesy general, despite its external success, brought more use Shamil, rather than us: the retreat of Russians from Tilital gave him an excuse for distribution in the mountains of the conviction about the obvious patronage of him Allah. In the Western Caucasus, the detachment of General Velijaminov, in the summer of G. P. Pshad and Vulan's mouths and laid the fortifications of Novotroitsky and Mikhailovskoye there.

In September of the same 1837, the emperor Nicholas I visited the Caucasus for the first time and remained dissatisfied with the fact that, despite the many years of efforts and major victims, we were still far from solid results in the case of the edge of the edge. General Golovin is appointed in the place of Baron Rosen. In the city of Chernomorsk coastal, the fortifications of Navaginskoye, Veliamovskoye and Tenginsky were built and built the fortress of Novorossiyskaya, with a military harbor.

В г. Actions were carried out in various districts, three detachments. The first, the landing squad of General Raevsky erect new fortifications in the Black Sea coastal (Forts Golovinsky, Lazarev, Raevsky). The second, Dagestan detachment, under the authorities of the most corpus commander, collapsed, on May 31, quite strongly position Highlanders on Agiahur altitudes, and on June 3 she took with. Ahty, who has erected to strengthen. The third detachment, Chechen, under the superior of General Grabbe, moved against the main forces of Shamil, strengthened from with. Argvani, on the descent to Andiy Koisu. Despite the strength of this position, Grabbe seized her, and Shamil with several hundreds of Murids had hidden in the resumed Ahulgo. It fell on August 22, but Shamil himself managed to run.

Highlanders, apparently, submitted, but in fact they prepared an uprising, in continuation of 3 years holding us in the most stressful state. Military actions began in the Black Sea coastal, where our row-built forts were in a dilapidated state, and garrisons were extremely weakened by fever and other diseases. On February 7, the mountains were traded by Fort Lazarev and destroyed all his defenders; On February 29, the same fate suffered the strengthening of Veliamiovsky; March 23, after a fierce battle, the enemy penetrated into the strengthening of Mikhailovskoye, the balance of the garrison of which exploded into the air, together with enemy crowds. In addition, the Highlanders seized (April 2) by the Nikolaev Fort; But their enterprises against Fort Navaginsky and the strengthening of Abinsky were unsuccessful.

On the left flank, a premature attempt to disarm Chechens caused an extreme abnormal among them, taking advantage of which, Shamil raised Ichkerintsev, Aukhovtsev and other Chechen societies against us. Russian troops under the command of General Galafeev were limited to search in the forest of Chechnya, it was worthwhile. Especially bloody was the case on r. Valerik (July 11). While the gene. Galafeev went on M. Chechnya, Shamil subordinated to his power to Saladavia and in early August invaded an accident, where he conquered several auls. With the accession of the German Societies to him on Andysky Kois, famous cybit magome, strength and enterprise, it was extremely increased. By the fall, all Chechnya was already on the side of the Shamil, and to successfully combat it, the funds of K. Lines were insufficient. Chechens spread their raids to Terek and almost mastered Mozdok. On the right flank, by autumn, the new Labe line was provided by Forts Zassovsky, Makhoshovsky and Temirgoevsky. In the Black Sea coastline, the fortifications of Veliamine and Lazarevskoye were resumed. In 1841, the accident broke out unrest excited by Haji Murat. The battalion was sent to pacify their battalion with 2 mountain weapons, under the authority of the gene. Bakunina, failed in the village of Klemes, and Colonel Pastek, who accepted the team after the deadly wounded Bakunin, only hardly managed to remove the decay residues in Huns. Chechens made a raid on the Military Georgian Road and captured the Military settlement Alexandrovskoye, and Shamil himself approached Nazran and attacked the detachment of Colonel Nesterov located there, but did not have success and hid in the forests of Chechnya. On May 15, Golovin and Grabbe generals attacked and took the position of Imam near Aula Chirki, after which the most Aul was busy and the strengthening of Evgenievsky was laid. Nevertheless, Shamil has managed to spread his power to the rigine societies of the right coast r. Avar Coyu and again appeared in Chechnya; Murids again mastered Aul Gergebil, who climbed the entrance to Mehtulin's possessions; Our messages with an accident were temporarily interrupted.

Spring G. Expedition gene. Fesy corrected our affairs in the accident and Koysuba. Shamil tried to raise South Dagestan, but unsuccessfully. General Grabbe moved through the dense forests of the Ichkeria, in order to master the residence of Shamil, Aul Dargo. However, already on the 4th day of the movement, our detachment was to stop, and then start the retreat (always the hardest part of the Action in the Caucasus), during which he lost 60 officers, about 1,700 lower ranks, one gun and almost all the total. The unfortunate outcome of this expedition strongly elevated the spirit of the enemy, and Shamil began to recruit the army, intending to invade an accident. Although Grabbe, having learned about this, moved there with a new, strong detachment and mastered the battle with the battle of Yagali, but then removed from the accident, where our garrison remained in one Hunzakh. The overall result of the actions of 1842 was far unsatisfactory, in the already in October, the neidgardt General Adjutant was appointed in place. The failures of our weapons spread the persuasion of infertility in the highest government spheres and even the dangers of offensive actions. The then Military Minister of the KN was especially rebelled against this action. Chernyshev, in the preceding summer, visiting the Caucasus and the ex-witness to return the detachment of Grabbe from Ichkerinsky forests. Under the impression of this catastrophe, he found the highest command, which was paid to the city of all expeditions and was prescribed to be limited to defense.

This forced inaction encouraged opponents, and raids on the line were frequent. On August 31, 1843, Imam Shamil seized the Fort with. Unzucul, destroying the detachment, walking on the revenue of the deposited. The next few days of five more fortifications, and on September 11 to take Gotsatl than a message was interrupted with Temir Khan-Shura. From August 28 to September 21, the losses of Russian troops amounted to 55 officers, more than 1,500 lower ranks, 12 guns and significant warehouses: the fruits of many years of effort were disappeared, the submissive public societies have long been separated from our power and was shocked by our moral charm. On October 28, Shamil surrounded the Gergebil fortification, which he only managed to take it on November 8, when only 50 people were left of the defenders. Highlanders, scattered in all directions, interrupted almost every message with Derbent, Kizlyar and Lion. flank line; Our troops in Temir-Khan-Shura have stood the blockade that lasted from November 8 to December 24. Strengthening the lower, defense for only 400 people, kept for 10 days attacks of a multi-volume crowd of highlands, until the gene was reversed. Freint. In mid-April, Copy Shamil, the hardened Haji-Murat and Kibit-Magoma, approached Kuyu, but the 22 numbers were completely broken by Prince Argutinsky, near. Margi. For about this time, Shamil himself was defeated, from the der. Andreva, where he met his detachment of Colonel Kozlovsky, and with. Gilly Highlanders were broken down by a squad of the PRESS. On the Lezghina line, the former, until then, we were faithful to Alisuy Khan Daniel Beck. A detachment of General Schwartz was directed against him, who scattered the rebels and mastered the aul Alice, but Hanu himself managed to run. The actions of the main forces of the Russians were quite successful and ended with the seizure of the Dargelia District (Akush and Tsudar); Then it was attached to the device of the advanced Chechen line, the first link of which was the strengthening of Vozdizhenskoe, on p. Arguni. The right flank was brilliantly removed by the storms of the Hydrests to strengthen the Golovinskoye, on the night of July 16.

At the end of the city was appointed to the Caucasus new commander in chief, Count M. S. Vorontsov. He arrived in early spring G., and in June moved with a large detachment in Andiya and then to the residence of Shamil - Dargo (see). The expedition ended with the extermination of the named Aula and delivered the princely title to Vorontsov, but it cost us huge losses. In the Black Sea Coastline, in the summer of 1845, the mountaineers were attempted to master Forts Raevsky (May 24) and Golovinsky (July 1), but were repulsed. With the city on the left flank, it was attached to the consolidation of our power in the lands, the construction of new fortifications and Cossack villages, and to prepare the further movement of the depart of the Chechen forests, by defining wide pros. Victory KN. Bebutova, who escaped from the hands of Shamil, just busy with him, difficult to accessible Aul Kutishi (in the medium. Dagestan), had the result perfect calmness of the Kumki plane and foothills. In the Black Sea coastline of the killes (up to 6 thousand people) were taken on November 28, a new desperate attack on the Golovin Fort, but were reflected with a big damage.

In the city of Prince Vorontsov, hesieved Gergebil, but due to the distribution of cholera in the troops, it was supposed to retreat. At the end of July, he undertook a siege of fortified Aul Salta, which, despite the significance of our siege funds, lasted until September 14, when he was cleared by the mountaineers. Both of these enterprises cost us about 150 officers and more than 2 1/2 tons of the lower ranks that were out of order. Copsy Daniel-Beck invaded the Jaro-Belokansky district, but on May 13, they were completely broken with Aul Chardahly. In half of November, the crowds of Dagestan Highlanders invaded casicumi and managed to master, but for a while, several aules.

In the city of an outstanding event is the capture of Gergebil (July 7) Prince Argutinsky. In general, no longer was in the Caucasus of such peace, as this year; Only on the Lezghina line was repeated frequent anxiety. In September, Shamil tried to master the strengthening of the Acht, on the sore, but he did not succeed. In the town of Osada Aul Choha, undertaken by the CN. Argutinsky, cost us big losses, but did not have success. From the side of the Lezghina line was made by General Chilyaev a successful expedition to the mountains, which ended with the defeat of the enemy near Aul Hufro.

In the year, the systematic deforestation in Chechnya continued with the former perseverance and was accompanied by more or less hot cases. This image of action, putting hostile societies in a hopeless situation, forced many of them to declare unconditional humility. The same system was decided to adhere to the right flank, an offensive was taken to the White River, in order to transfer our advanced line there and take away fertile lands between this river and Laba from hostile Abadsekh; In addition, the offensive in this direction was caused by the appearance of Agent Shamil in the West Caucasus, Magomet-Eminem, who collected large batches for raids to our pristine settlements, but was defeated on May 14.

Marked by brilliant actions in Chechnya, under the leadership of the head of the left flank, KN. Barjatinsky, imbued with the inaccessible forest shelters and the exterminated many hostile aules. The successes of these were overshadowed were only an unsuitable expedition to Colonel Baklanov to Aulu Gurdali.

In the city of rumors about the upcoming break with Turkey, new hopes were opened in the mountains. Shamil and Magomet-Emine, gathering the mountainous foreman, declared them about the firms received from Sultan who command all Muslims to rebel against the general enemy; They talked about the soon arrival of the Turkish troops in Georgia and Kabarda and the need to decisively act against Russians, as if weakened by sending most of the military forces on Turkish borders. However, in the mass of Highlanders the Spirit has already fallen as much as a result of a number of failures and extreme impoverishment, which shamil could subordinate their will only through cruel punishments. The raid-conceived raid on the Lezghin line ended in a full failure, and Magomet-Emine, with a copy of the zubban gentlers, was defeated by the detachment of General Kozlovsky. When the final gap was followed with Turkey, then at all points of the Caucasus, it was decided to hold on our part of a predominantly defensive image of actions; However, the clarification of forests and extermination of the opponent of food products continued, albeit in more limited sizes. In the city center of the Turkish Anatolian army entered into an intercourse with Shamil, inviting him to move to the connection with him from Dagestan. At the end of June, Shamil invaded Kakheti; The mountaineers managed to ruin the rich village of Qingonda, capturing the family of his breeding and to plunder several churches, but, having learned about the approach of Russian detachments, turned into flight. The attempt of Shamil to master peaceful Aul Ostsas (see) was not successful. On the right flank, the space between Anapa, Novorossiysk and the mouths of Kuban was left by us; The garrisons of the Black Sea coastline were taken to the Crimea at the beginning of the year, and the forts and others are blown up (see East War 1853-56). Kn. In March, Vorontsov left the Caucasus in March, having transferred the control of the gene. Reed, and at the beginning of the city of the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus was appointed gene. N. I. Muravyev. The landing of the Turks to Abkhazia, despite the treason of the breeding of it, KN. Shervashidze, did not have harmful consequences for us. At the conclusion of the Paris World, in the spring of 1856, it was decided to take advantage of those in force in Az. Turkey by troops and, amplifying by K. Corpus, proceed with the final conquest of the Caucasus.

Baryatinsky

The new commander-in-chief, Prince Baryatinsky, focused on Chechnya, the conquest of which was entrusted to them on the head of the left wing line, General Evdokimov - the old and experienced Caucasian; But in other parts of the Caucasus, the troops did not remain inaccessible. B and GG. Russian troops have reached the following results: on the right wing of the line is occupied by the Adagum Valley and the strengthening of Maykop is arranged. On the left wing, the so-called "Russian road", from Vladikavkaz, in parallel to the Black Mountain Range, to the strengthening of Kurinsky in the Kumyk plane, was completely completed and strengthened by newly arranged fortifications; In all directions, wide requests are worn; The mass of the hostile population of Chechnya is communicated to the need to conquer and evaluate to open spaces, under state supervision; District Auchis is busy and strengthening it in the center. In Dagestan finally occupied by Saladavia. By Labe, Urup and Sunzhe arranged several new Cossack villages. Troops are close to advanced lines everywhere; rear is secured; The huge spaces of the best lands are cut off from hostile population and, thus, a significant proportion of resources for the struggle is escaping from Shamil's hands.

On the Lezghine line, due to the deforestation of forests, predatory raids changed with small steam. On the Black Sea, the secondary exercise of the GAGR marked the beginning of providing Abkhazia from the invasions of the Circassian tribes and from hostile propaganda. The actions of G. Chechnya began to occupy the impregnable gorge of the Argun River, where Eldokimov ordered to lay a strong fortification called by Argunsky. Lifting up the river, he reached, at the end of July, Ayov of the Chateauological Society; In the upper reaches of Argun laid them had a new fortification - Evdokimovskoye. Shamil tried to distract the attention of the diversion to Nazrand, but he was defeated by the detachment of General Mishchenko and barely managed to escape into an early part of the Argun Gorge. Making sure that his power is finally undermined, he retired to the serving - his new residence. From March 17, the bombardment was attached to the bombardment of this fortified aul, and on April 1, he was taken by storm.

Shamil fled to Andiy Kois; All Ichkeria told us humility. In taking the leading, three detachments were concentrated in the valley of Andiy Kois: Chechen, Dagestan and Lezgin. Shamil, who temporarily settled in Aula Karate, strengthened Mount Kilitl, and the right bank of the Andiy Koisu, against Konchidat, covered with solid stone slabs, having visited their defense to his son Kazi-Mom. With any energetic resistance of the latter, the crossing of the crossing in this place would be worth the huge victims; But he was forced to leave his strong position, due to his exit to him in the flank of the troops of the Dagestan detachment, who committed a wonderful brave crossing through the Andiy Koisu at the Sagrohtlo. Shamil, seeing danger from everyday, fled to his last refuge on Mount Hunib, having only 332 people with him. The most fanatic murids from all over Dagestan. On August 25, Gunib was taken by storm, and Shamil himself captured by Prince Baryatinsky.

Completion of the War: Conquest Circassia (1859-1864)

Guniba and Shamil's capture could be considered the last act of war in the Eastern Caucasus; But there was another western part of the edge, inhabited by militant and hostile Russia tribes. Actions in the zubbansky region were decided to lead in accordance with the assimal last years system. Native tribes were supposed to be subjugated and moved to the plane point indicated by them; Otherwise, they were pushed further into fruitless mountains, and the land left by them settled with the Cossack styles; Finally, according to the poverty of the natives from the mountains to the seabed, they remained or go to the plane, for our closest supervision, or move to Turkey, which was supposed to provide them with possible assistance. To rather make this plan, kN. Baryatinsky decided at the beginning of the city, strengthen the troops of the right wing very large reinforcements; But the uprising that flashed in just soothered Chechnya and part in Dagestan, made temporarily abandon it. Actions against the local shakes, led by persistent fanatics, were dragged until the end of G., when all attempts to indignation were finally suppressed. Then it was only possible to start decisive operations on the right wing, the leadership of which was entrusted to the conqueror of Chechnya,

In 1817, the Caucasian War began for the Russian Empire, which continued without a small 50 years. Caucasus has long been a region that Russia wanted to expand its influence, and Alexander 1, against the background of success foreign Policy, I decided on this war. It was assumed that it would be possible to achieve success in several years, but the Caucasus became a big problem of Russia for almost 50 years. Interesting that the three Russian emperors were caught: Alexander 1, Nikolai 1 and Alexander 2. The winner was as a result of Russia, however, the victory was given great efforts. The article proposes an overview of the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, its causes, the course of events and the consequences for Russia and the peoples of the Caucasus.

Causes of war

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian empire actively sent efforts to seize land in the Caucasus. In 1810, the Katchetian kingdom was included with its composition. In 1813, the Russian Empire joined the Transcaucasian (Azerbaijani) Khanate. Despite the decoration of the ruling elites and consent to the accession, the regions of the Caucasus, populated by peoples, in the main professing Islam, declare the beginning of the struggle for liberation. Two main regions are formed, in which the readiness for disobedience and armed struggle for independence: Western (Circassia and Abkhazia) and Northeast (Chechnya and Dagestan) are formed. It is these territories that have become the main arena of combat operations 1817-1864.

Historians allocate such basic reasons for the Caucasian War:

1. The desire of the Russian Empire to entrenched in the Caucasus. Moreover, it is not easy to include territory in your composition, but to fully integrate it, including spreading its legislation.
2. The unwillingness of some peoples of the Caucasus, in particular Circassians, Kabardians, Chechens and Dagestanis join the Russian Empire, and most importantly - willingness to conduct an armed resistance to the invader.
3. Alexander 1 wanted to save his country from endless raids of the peoples of the Caucasus to his lands. The fact is that from the beginning of the 19th century, numerous attacks of individual detachments of Chechens and Circassians on Russian territories are recorded with the aim of robbery, which created large problems for border settlements.

Stroke and main stages

The Caucasian War of 1817-1864 is an extensive event, but it can be divided into 6 key stages. Next, consider each of these stages.

First stage (1817-1819)

This is the period of the first partisan speeches in Abkhazia and Chechnya. Finally complicated the relationship between Russia and the peoples of the Caucasus General Yermolov, which began to build a fortified fortress for control over local peoples, and also ordered the mountaineers to the plains around the mountains, for more strict supervision. This caused a wave of protest, which further strengthened the partisan war and further aggravation of the conflict.

Map of the Caucasian War 1817 1864

Second Stage (1819-1824)

This stage is characterized by the agreements of the local ruling elites of Dagestan against joint combat operations against Russia. One of the main reasons for the association is the Black Sea Cossack Corps replicated to the Caucasus, which caused mass discontent with Caucasian. In addition, during this period, fights occur in Abkhazia between the army of Major Gorchakov General and local rebels, which were defeated.

Third stage (1824-1828)

This stage begins with Taimazov's uprising (Babulata Thaimaeva) in Chechnya. His troops tried to capture the fortress of Grozny, however, near the village, the Kalinovsky leader was captured by the rebel. In 1825, the Russian army also won a number of victories over the Kabardians, which led to the so-called, with the pacification of a large cabarda. The resistance center has completely moved to the northeast, to the territory of Chechens and Dagestanis. It is at this stage that there is a flow in Islam "Muridism". Its foundation is the responsibility of Gazavat - the Sacred War. For Hards, the war with Russia becomes a duty and part of religious belief. The stage ends in 1827-1828, when a new commander of the Caucasian Corps was appointed I. Passevich.

Muridism is the Islamic doctrine of the path to salvation by a connected war - Gazavat. The basis of Murizh in compulsory participation in the war against "incorrect".

Historical reference

Fourth stage (1828-1833)

In 1828, there is a serious complication of the relations of the griefs and the Russian army. Local tribes create the first Minsk independent state during the war years - Imamat. The first imam is Gazi-Muhamed, the founder of Muridism. He is the first who declared Russia to Gazavat, but in 1832 he died during one of the battles.

Fifth stage (1833-1859)

The longest period of war. He lasted from 1834 to 1859. During this period, the local leader Shamil declares himself imam and also declares Gazavat Russia. His army establishes control over Chechnya and Dagestan. For several years, Russia completely loses this territory, especially during participation in the Crimean War, when all military forces were abandoned to participate in it. As for the hostilities themselves, for a long time They were conducted with varying success.

The fracture occurred only in 1859, after Noula Gunib Shamil was captured. It was a fracture in the Caucasian War. After the captivity of Shamil, they drove through the central cities russian Empire (Moscow, Petersburg, Kiev), arranging meetings with the first persons of the empire and generals-veterans of the Caucasian War. By the way, in 1869 he was released on pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, where he died in 1871.

Sixth Stage (1859-1864)

After the defeat of Imamata Shamil from 1859 to 1864, the final period of war occurs. These were small local resistance, which was very quickly resolved. In 1864, it was possible to completely break the resistance of the mountaineers. Russia has completed a complex and problematic victory for himself.

Main results

The Caucasian War of 1817-1864 ended for Russia victory, as a result of which several tasks were solved:

1. The final capture of the Caucasus and the distribution of its administrative device and the legal system there.
2. Strengthening influence in the region. After capturing the Caucasus, this region becomes an important geopolitical point to enhance influence in the East.
3. The beginning of the settlement of this region with Slavic peoples.

But despite the successful completion of the war, Russia acquired a complex and troubled region, which required reinforced resources to maintain order, as well as additional protection measures in connection with the interests of Turkey in this area. Such was the Caucasian War for the Russian Empire.