Many documents depict the actions of the Soviet leadership of the Stalin era in a completely different way than can be imagined based on the inventions of liberal figures.

“Were the people afraid of Stalin? And how! – say “historians of the new wave”. And we won out of fright - they say, the Soviet people were less afraid of Hitler and the Gestapo than they were of Stalin and the NKVD. That’s why he signed up to volunteer en masse, just to avoid the “execution cellars.” And in the rear, people worked solely out of fear of ending up in the Gulag for “ten years without the right to correspondence” just for absenteeism or being late. In general, fear is the driving force of Victory.

Meanwhile, in order to understand how it really was, it’s enough just to look into the archive. In any case, to the Ulyanovsk regional archive modern history(former party member). Here, the most interesting documents are kept in the public domain, which the authors of the “new look” at our history prefer not to notice. Well, it's their choice. We, on the contrary, will carefully read and analyze the documents.

For example, a memo addressed to the assistant director of the Volodarsky plant for hiring and dismissal, state lieutenant. the safety of Comrade Kulagin. (F.13, op. 1, d. 2028, l. 13-17).

A very interesting document. But before moving on to its content, a number of clarifications are necessary.

What is "Volodarka"?

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Ulyanovsk was located approximately within the same borders in which the First World War found it (then Simbirsk). The city was mainly located on the right, high bank of the Volga. Here was his historical and administrative center. There were only a few settlements on the left bank.

In 1916, the grandiose construction of the railway bridge named after His Imperial Majesty Nicholas II, one of the largest in the Volga region, was completed in Simbirsk. Having connected the two banks of the Volga, the bridge also connected two parts of the city, in one of which - in the low-lying left bank - the construction of the Simbirsk Cartridge Plant began in the same year. In July 1917, he produced his first products.

After the revolution, the enterprise retained its specialization, but changed its name - in 1922 it was renamed Cartridge Plant No. 3 named after Volodarsky.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Volodarka had become one of the most important strategic enterprises in the country. The plant produced ammunition for small arms, machine guns, including large-caliber DShKs. According to some sources, every fifth, and according to others, every third cartridge fired by the Red Army at the enemy was made here.

At the same time, grandiose construction was underway - new workshops and housing were erected for workers, of whom thousands were needed. For example, from the letter of the already mentioned assistant to the head of the plant for hiring and firing Kulagin addressed to the first secretary of the Ulyanovsk city committee of the CPSU (b) Greben dated March 5, 1942, it is clear that due to the expansion of production only in the first quarter of that year, the enterprise needed an additional 7,500 workers .

Now let's move on to the text of the note.

“In the workshop, as in battle.”

At its very beginning, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1940 is mentioned. It is called “On the transition to an eight-hour working day, to a seven-day working week and on the prohibition of unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions.”

We read and are surprised: it turns out that under the “bloody Stalinist regime”, in the USSR the working day at enterprises lasted seven hours, and in institutions - generally six! Only in anticipation terrible war it was increased to the modern eight. And one day off a week - Sunday - was also left on the eve of the war. There were two before that. Like now.

And finally, the worst thing is criminal punishment for violations of labor discipline. This is stated in paragraph 5 of the Decree. I will give it in full.

“To establish that workers and employees who voluntarily left state, cooperative and public enterprises or institutions, are put on trial and, by the verdict of the people's court, are subject to imprisonment for a period of 2 months to 4 months (hereinafter it is emphasized by me - V.M.). Establish that for absenteeism without a valid reason, workers and employees of state, cooperative and public enterprises and institutions are brought to trial and, upon the verdict of the people's court, are punished by corrective labor at the place of work for up to 6 months with deduction from wages of up to 25%. In this regard, cancel mandatory dismissal for absenteeism without good reason. Invite the people's courts to consider all cases specified in this article within no more than 5 days and carry out sentences in these cases immediately.” Perhaps, from a modern point of view, these measures seem draconian. However, in the conditions of the impending war, six months of correctional labor for absenteeism and even a “term” of 2-4 months for desertion are punishments that are more sobering than punitive.

So the “Report” notes that with the introduction of the decree and “parallel to this work in workshops of a social and educational nature,” the number of violations of labor discipline decreased by half.

This was the case only before the start of the war. Already in July 1941, the number of violations almost doubled again! This process continued in the first quarter of 1942: “cases of violation of labor discipline are consistently increasing from month to month,” the document states. At the same time, the main offender was the young workers who came to the plant. At first, even the new Decree of the PVS of the USSR, issued on December 26, 1941, “On the responsibility of workers and employees of military industry enterprises for unauthorized departure from enterprises,” was not very helpful in dealing with this liberation. Here the sanctions are already stricter - the actual term is from 5 to 8 years. But! We are no longer talking about absenteeism. They are punished for leaving the enterprise without permission, which in war conditions is considered as desertion. Moreover, not from everyone, but only from the military, to which the Decree includes enterprises in the aviation and tank industries, weapons, ammunition, military shipbuilding and military chemistry. As well as enterprises in other industries serving the military industry on the principle of cooperation. The workers of all these plants and factories are considered mobilized during the war and are assigned for permanent work to the enterprises in which they work.

We note that the decrees do not talk about delays at all. As for absenteeism, they are still punished mainly with correctional labor or short imprisonment. By the way, the report contains a list of those who managed to go to trial for this, including serving... four or five times! There are, however, few of them.

“I skipped because I don’t have clothes or shoes.”

This is a quote from the worker's explanation given in the Report. Many were late because they simply overslept: “I don’t have a watch. There aren't any in the hostel either. Nobody woke me up." In addition, as already mentioned, a significant part of the workers lived on the right bank, and traveled to the plant by the so-called work train, which ran on a schedule. But it did not coincide with the opening hours of the stores where food cards were issued. Therefore, people were faced with a choice - either to be on time for work, but leave their family hungry, or to get food, but be late to the workshop. We were also late due to queues in the workers' canteens - we were unable to have lunch at the allotted time.

As we can see, the bulk of the violations lay not in some exceptional slackness of the workers, but in elementary everyday problems.

Although, of course, there were those who refused to do hard work, citing real or imaginary ill health, who did not want to work outside their specialty, some simply slept at the workplace (we will dwell on this in more detail a little later), and of course , there were truants due to drunkenness.

Regarding the latter, the “Report” says: “If in the first year of applying judicial liability for violations of labor discipline, there were cases of appearing at work while intoxicated, then this is completely lost in subsequent years.”

However, the remaining facts were not left without “organizational conclusions”. As such, State Security Lieutenant Kulagin is recommended to: provide all dormitories with clocks and appoint duty officers who would wake up workers for shifts in advance. Revise the store's work schedule so that employees have time to stock cards without being late for production, organize the work of canteens, etc. In short, a completely adequate response to the current situation. At the same time, not a word about repression: imprisonment, arrest, prosecution, and even more so, shooting!

And further. Perhaps I'm wrong, but the people, oppressed by terrible fear, must behave somehow differently.

Victims of Stalin's repressions

Why, there were also repressions. And there were victims too.

In addition to mobilized civilian workers, the plant was also built by the so-called construction teams - paramilitary construction units consisting of soldiers drafted through the military registration and enlistment offices. One of these units was construction column No. 784, which arrived in Ulyanovsk at the disposal of Trust No. 58 in October 1941.

On August 2, 1942, the secretary of the Ulyanovsk City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) for the defense industry, Artamonov, reported on the situation in this paramilitary unit on August 2, 1942, in a secret letter addressed to the secretary of the Kuibyshev Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) Muratov (Ulyanovsk was then part of the Kuibyshev Region). (F.13, op. 1, d.2028, l. 18).

The unit was unique. It consisted of 634 fighters. Among them were 45.4% Germans, 40% Westernized Ukrainians, 10% Poles and Czechs and 5% other nationalities. For obvious reasons, they did not dare to entrust these people with weapons. And they sent me to the labor front. However, as can be seen from the report, they worked poorly and systematically did not fulfill the production plan. Moreover, in May-June, 64 soldiers deserted from the construction column. This is during wartime! The reason for desertion was the complete lack of labor and military discipline.

Although, what else can you expect from enemies? Albeit hidden. Under their machine guns and that's it! This is exactly what a bloody regime should have done, not sparing either strangers, much less its own. A regime that, some argue, defeated the Nazis by literally overwhelming them with the corpses of Soviet soldiers. But this is in theory. Now let's see how it really happened.

An inspection from the city party committee came to the convoy and found a complete mess there. “Household services were also poor,” the inspectors’ report noted. - While a relatively sufficient amount of linen and clothing was given out, the soldiers were given almost no bed linen throughout the year. So, for example, only 34 sheets were issued, 20 pillowcases, as a result, the soldiers sleep on bare boards. One of the reasons for desertion was the fact that some of the fighters live in private apartments and, thanks to this, they are cut off from everyday monitoring of them.”

The measures to restore order turned out to be quite liberal: one of the oil warehouses of the NPO oil depot was converted into a temporary dormitory. We established political and educational work among the personnel. Of course, they provided everyone with the required bedding and established normal nutrition: “A fighter receives four hot meals daily, 800 grams. bread, 18 gr. sugar. Currently, the convoy receives vegetables from the subsidiary farm, which are used to feed the fighters.” As a result, “The column had a good subscription to the II cash and clothing lottery, subscription on average reached 20%, individual fighters subscribed for 30-40% of their earnings.” But, most importantly, “labor discipline is currently being improved, the number of absenteeism has decreased by 2.5 times, and labor productivity has increased significantly. So, for example, for the II quarter. the construction plan was completed by 106%, for July mc- approximately 120%."

The only thing that can be considered as a punitive and preventive measure is the fact that “all documents - passports and military IDs from the soldiers were taken away and stored by the command of the column.”

And now about the repressions: “On the former. Column commander Karasev and column commissar Litvak for self-supply and theft of socialist property, as well as for a number of other outrages - the material was transferred to the Special Department of the Privo.

The further fate of these military leaders is unknown. However, it may very well be that they also joined the list of “innocent victims of Stalin’s repressions.”

And finally, the last, in my opinion, is the brightest, most blatant fact of the “atrocities of the bloody communist regime.”

The case of the “pests”

“Owl. Secret.

To the Secretary of the Volodarsky District Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks

mountains Ulyanovsk

Comrade Groshev.

Copy: Secretary of the plant party committee

them. Volodarsky to T. Markov.

30/V-1942. No. 53

Based on available materials in the city party committee, it was established that in workshop No. 9 of the plant named after. Volodarsky, machines of the 3rd hood systematically fail, and that the failure of machines occurs for the same reasons. As a result of the inspection, it was established that in workshop No. 9 a group of workers was systematically engaged in disabling machine tools, including Rosa BITYAKOVA, born in 1924, Nina Mikhailovna LIVANOVA, born in 1925, LEPINOVA and GRIGORYEVA. This group of workers, by placing the 3rd draw of iron plates in the feeder of the machine, achieved the failure of the dies or punches.

Through interrogation, it was established that the workers did this for the purpose of creating additional rest for themselves while the service technician was replacing the damaged part...” (F.13, op. 1, d.2027, l 16).

Remember the “Memo”? It names sleeping in the workplace as one of the main violations of labor discipline. Apparently, the work was so hard that the girls (and the “culprits” were 16-17 years old) were exhausted and looked for any opportunity to catch their breath. But why does the “bloody regime” care about this? Do this! At a defense plant! In wartime! Deliberate damage to equipment! Sabotage and sabotage in its purest form!

And, most importantly, the “executioners from the NKVD” don’t even have to invent anything, don’t fantasize or fabricate anything, torture someone, extracting testimony. The villains were caught and confessed to everything. You can bring them to a high-profile trial with all the cruel consequences arising from wartime law. Moreover, the party is already aware.

But, alas, the ending of this story was not at all in the spirit of the “bloody KGB”.

“...The City Party Committee invites you to further check the above facts and discuss the culprits at the shop’s trade union meeting.

Demand that the director of the plant be fired from the plant for such facts, and at the trade union meeting raise the question of their being members of the union.

Secretary of the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) for the defense industry Artamonov.”

Agree, this is not exactly what one would expect from the “cannibalistic Stalinist regime.” Or maybe he wasn’t as cannibalistic as we’ve been portrayed as for many years?

Let's look into the archives more often. And then it will be much more difficult to deceive us again.

The Stalin era is a period in the development of the USSR when Joseph Stalin was actually its leader.

Stalin's period in power was marked by:

On the one hand: the accelerated industrialization of the country, victory in the Great Patriotic War, mass labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, the unprecedented strengthening of the geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union in the world;

On the other hand: the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorial regime, mass repressions, sometimes directed against entire social strata and ethnic groups (for example, deportation Crimean Tatars, Chechens and Ingush, Balkars, Koreans), forced collectivization, which at an early stage led to a sharp decline in agriculture and famine of 1932-1933, numerous human losses (as a result of wars, deportations, German occupation, famine and repression), division of the world communities into two warring camps, the establishment of pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the beginning of the Cold War.

Characteristics of the era

An analysis of the Politburo's decisions shows that their main goal was to maximize the difference between output and consumption, which required mass coercion. The emergence of surplus in the economy entailed a struggle between various administrative and regional interests for influence on the process of preparing and executing political decisions. The competition of these interests partly smoothed out the destructive consequences of hypercentralization.

Collectivization and industrialization

From the beginning of the 1930s, collectivization of agriculture was carried out - the unification of all peasant farms into centralized collective farms. To a large extent, the elimination of land ownership rights was a consequence of the solution to the “class issue”. In addition, according to the prevailing economic views of the time, large collective farms could operate more efficiently through the use of technology and the division of labor. Kulaks were imprisoned in labor camps without trial or exiled to remote areas of Siberia and Far East.

The kulaks were imprisoned in labor camps or exiled to remote areas of Siberia and the Far East (see Law on the Protection of the Property of State Enterprises, Collective Farms and Cooperatives and the Strengthening of Public Property).

Real prices for wheat on foreign markets fell from 5-6 dollars per bushel to less than 1 dollar.

Collectivization was a disaster for agriculture: according to official data, gross grain harvests decreased from 733.3 million centners in 1928 to 696.7 million centners in 1931-32. Grain yield in 1932 was 5.7 c/ha compared to 8.2 c/ha in 1913. Gross agricultural production was 124% in 1928 compared to 1913, in 1929-121%, in 1930-117%, in 1931-114%, in 1932-107%, in 1933-101% Livestock production in 1933 was 65% of the 1913 level. But at the expense of the peasants, the collection of commercial grain, which the country so needed for industrialization, increased by 20%.

Stalin's policy of industrialization of the USSR required more funds and equipment obtained from the export of wheat and other goods abroad. Larger plans for the delivery of agricultural products to the state were established for collective farms. The massive famine of 1932-33, according to historians [who?], was a consequence of these grain procurement campaigns. Average level The life of the population in rural areas did not reach the levels of 1929 until Stalin’s death.

Industrialization, which, due to obvious necessity, began with the creation of basic branches of heavy industry, could not yet provide the market with the goods necessary for the village. The supply of the city through normal trade was disrupted; in 1924, the tax in kind was replaced by a cash tax. A vicious circle arose: to restore the balance it was necessary to accelerate industrialization, for this it was necessary to increase the influx of food, export products and labor from the countryside, and for this it was necessary to increase the production of bread, increase its marketability, create in the countryside a need for heavy industry products (machines ). The situation was complicated by the destruction during the revolution of the basis of commercial grain production in pre-revolutionary Russia - large landowner farms, and a project was needed to create something to replace them.

This vicious circle could only be broken through radical modernization of agriculture. Theoretically, there were three ways to do this. One is a new version of the “Stolypin reform”: support for the growing kulak, redistribution in its favor of the resources of the bulk of middle peasant farms, stratification of the village into large farmers and the proletariat. The second way is the elimination of pockets of capitalist economy (kulaks) and the formation of large mechanized collective farms. The third way - the gradual development of labor individual peasant farms with their cooperation at a “natural” pace - by all accounts turned out to be too slow. After the disruption of grain procurements in 1927, when it was necessary to take emergency measures (fixed prices, closing markets and even repression), and an even more catastrophic grain procurement campaign of 1928-1929. the issue had to be resolved urgently. Extraordinary measures during procurement in 1929, already perceived as something completely abnormal, caused about 1,300 riots. The path to creating farming through the stratification of the peasantry was incompatible with the Soviet project for ideological reasons. A course was set for collectivization. This also implied the liquidation of the kulaks.

The second cardinal issue is the choice of industrialization method. The discussion about this was difficult and long, and its outcome predetermined the character of the state and society. Not having, unlike Russia at the beginning of the century, foreign loans as an important source of funds, the USSR could industrialize only through internal resources. An influential group (Politburo member N.I. Bukharin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars A.I. Rykov and Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions M.P. Tomsky) defended the “sparing” option of gradual accumulation of funds through the continuation of the NEP. L. D. Trotsky - forced version. J.V. Stalin initially supported Bukharin’s point of view, but after Trotsky was expelled from the party’s Central Committee at the end of 1927, he changed his position to the diametrically opposite one. This led to a decisive victory for the supporters of forced industrialization.

The question of how much these achievements contributed to victory in the Great Patriotic War remains a matter of debate. IN Soviet time the view was accepted that industrialization and pre-war rearmament played a decisive role. Critics point out that by the beginning of the winter of 1941, the territory on which 42% of the population of the USSR lived before the war was occupied, 63% of coal was mined, 68% of cast iron was smelted, etc. As V. Lelchuk writes, “the victory was cannot be forged with the help of the powerful potential that was created during the years of accelerated industrialization.” However, the numbers speak for themselves. Despite the fact that in 1943 the USSR produced only 8.5 million tons of steel (compared to 18.3 million tons in 1940), while the German industry that year smelted more than 35 million tons (including those captured in Europe metallurgical plants), despite the colossal damage from the German invasion, the USSR industry was able to produce much more weapons than the German industry. In 1942, the USSR surpassed Germany in the production of tanks by 3.9 times, combat aircraft by 1.9 times, guns of all types by 3.1 times. At the same time, the organization and technology of production quickly improved: in 1944, the cost of all types of military products was halved compared to 1940. Record military production was achieved due to the fact that all new industry had a dual purpose. The industrial raw material base was prudently located beyond the Urals and Siberia, while the occupied territories were predominantly pre-revolutionary industry. The evacuation of industry to the Urals, Volga region, Siberia and Central Asia played a significant role. During the first three months of the war alone, 1,360 large (mostly military) enterprises were relocated.

According to Western historians A. M. Nekrich and M. Ya. Geller, collectivization was a disaster for the agriculture of the USSR: according to official data, gross grain harvests decreased from 733.3 million centners in 1928 to 696.7 million centners in 1931 -32. Grain yield in 1932 was 5.7 c/ha compared to 8.2 c/ha in 1913. Gross agricultural production was 124% in 1928 compared to 1913, in 1929-121%, in 1930-117%, in 1931-114%, in 1932-107%, in 1933-101% Livestock production in 1933 was 65% of the 1913 level. But at the expense of the peasants, the collection of commercial grain, which the country so needed for industrialization, increased by 20%.

For the years 1928-1940, according to CIA estimates, the average annual growth of the gross national product in the USSR was 6.1%, which was inferior to Japan, was comparable to the corresponding figure in Germany and was significantly higher than the growth in the most developed capitalist countries experiencing the “Great Depression” . As a result of industrialization, the USSR took first place in terms of industrial production in Europe and second in the world, overtaking England, Germany, France and second only to the United States. The USSR's share in world industrial production reached almost 10%. A particularly sharp leap was achieved in the development of metallurgy, energy, machine tool building, and the chemical industry. In fact, a whole series of new industries arose: aluminum, aviation, automobile industry, bearing production, tractor and tank building. One of the most important results of industrialization was overcoming technical backwardness and establishing the economic independence of the USSR.

The rapid growth of the urban population has led to a deterioration in the housing situation; a period of “densification” passed again; workers arriving from the villages were housed in barracks. By the end of 1929, the card system was extended to almost all food products, and then to industrial products. However, even with cards it was impossible to obtain the necessary rations, and in 1931 additional “warrants” were introduced. It was impossible to buy food without standing in huge lines. According to data from the Smolensk party archive, in 1929 in Smolensk a worker received 600 g of bread per day, family members - 300, fat - from 200 g to a liter of vegetable oil per month, 1 kilogram of sugar per month; a worker received 30-36 meters of calico per year. Subsequently, the situation (until 1935) only worsened. The GPU noted acute discontent among the workers.

In 1933, a counter-revolutionary conspiracy of the “society of pederasts” was discovered in Moscow and Leningrad, in which 130 people were arrested. The OGPU identified and suppressed the activities of several groups that were engaged in “creating a network of salons, centers, dens, groups and other organized formations of pederasts with the further transformation of these associations into direct spy cells.” On Stalin's direct orders:

“The scoundrels need to be roughly punished, and appropriate guidelines must be introduced into legislation.”

On March 7, 1934, Article 121 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR was introduced, according to which sodomy was punishable by imprisonment.

As a result of Stalin's collectivization policy, gross grain harvests began to fall in 1930-1933. Livestock production has almost halved. The standard of living of the overwhelming majority of rural residents declined sharply and, before Stalin’s death, never reached the levels of 1929. Malnutrition swept across the entire territory of the USSR. In 1932, in the grain-producing regions of Ukraine, North Caucasus, the Lower and Middle Volga, the Southern Urals, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, a massive famine broke out, which in two years claimed the lives of 4 to 11 million people. Despite the famine, the country's leadership continued to sell grain for export.

Changes in living standards

Despite rapid urbanization starting in 1928, by the end of Stalin's life the majority of the population still lived in rural areas, far from large industrial centers. On the other hand, one of the results of industrialization was the formation of a party and labor elite. Taking these circumstances into account, the change in living standards during 1928-1952. characterized by the following features (see below for more details):

The average standard of living throughout the country underwent significant fluctuations (especially associated with the first Five-Year Plan and the war), but in 1938 and 1952 it was higher or almost the same as in 1928.

The greatest increase in living standards was among the party and labor elite.

According to various estimates, the standard of living of the vast majority of rural residents has not improved or has worsened significantly.

Introduction of the passport system in 1932-1935. provided for restrictions for residents of rural areas: peasants were prohibited from moving to another area or going to work in the city without the consent of the board of a state farm or collective farm, which thus sharply limited their freedom of movement.

Cards for bread, cereals and pasta were abolished from January 1, 1935, and for other (including non-food) goods from January 1, 1936. This was accompanied by an increase in wages in the industrial sector and an even greater increase in state ration prices for all types of goods. Commenting on the abolition of cards, Stalin uttered what later became a catchphrase: “Life has become better, life has become more fun.”

Overall, per capita consumption increased by 22% between 1928 and 1938. Cards were reintroduced in July 1941. After the war and famine (drought) of 1946, they were abolished in 1947, although many goods remained in short supply, in particular there was another famine in 1947. In addition, on the eve of the abolition of cards, prices for ration goods were raised. The restoration of the economy allowed in 1948-1953. repeatedly reduce prices. Price reductions have significantly increased living standards Soviet people. In 1952, the cost of bread was 39% of the price at the end of 1947, milk - 72%, meat - 42%, sugar - 49%, butter - 37%. As noted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, at the same time the price of bread increased by 28% in the USA, by 90% in England, and more than doubled in France; the cost of meat in the USA increased by 26%, in England - by 35%, in France - by 88%. If in 1948 real wages were on average 20% lower than the pre-war level, then in 1952 they were already 25% higher than the pre-war level.

The average standard of living of the population in regions remote from large cities and specializing in crop production, that is, the majority of the country's population, did not reach the levels of 1929 before the start of the war. In the year of Stalin's death, the average calorie content of the daily diet of an agricultural worker was 17% lower than the level of 1928 of the year.

Demographics in the era

Stalin's repressions

On December 1, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, after the murder of Kirov, adopted a resolution “On amendments to the existing criminal procedural codes of the union republics” with the following content, signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR M. I. Kalinin and the Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A. S. Enukidze: Make the following changes to The current criminal procedural codes of the union republics for the investigation and consideration of cases of terrorist organizations and terrorist acts against employees of the Soviet government:

1. The investigation in these cases should be completed within no more than ten days;

2. The indictment must be served on the accused one day before the hearing of the case in court;

3. Hear cases without the participation of the parties;

4. Cassation appeals against sentences, as well as filing petitions for pardon, should not be allowed;

5. A sentence of capital punishment shall be carried out immediately upon delivery of the sentence.

The mass terror of the Yezhovshchina period was carried out by the then authorities of the country throughout the entire territory of the USSR (and, at the same time, in the territories of Mongolia, Tuva and Republican Spain controlled at that time by the Soviet regime), based on the figures of “planned targets” for identifying and punishing people who harmed the Soviet government (the so-called “enemies of the people”).

During the Yezhovshchina, torture was widely used against those arrested; sentences that were not subject to appeal (often to death) were passed without any trial - and were carried out immediately (often even before the verdict was passed); all property of the absolute majority of arrested people was immediately confiscated; the relatives of the repressed themselves were subjected to the same repressions - for the mere fact of their relationship with them; Children of repressed persons left without parents (regardless of their age) were also placed, as a rule, in prisons, camps, colonies, or in special “orphanages for children of enemies of the people.” In 1935, it became possible to subject minors, starting from the age of 12, to capital punishment (execution).

In 1937, 353,074 people were sentenced to death (not all those sentenced were shot), in 1938 - 328,618, in 1939-2,601. According to Richard Pipes, in 1937-1938 the NKVD arrested about 1.5 million people, of whom about 700 thousand were executed, that is, on average, 1,000 executions per day.

Historian V.N. Zemskov names a similar figure, arguing that “in the most brutal period - 1937-38 - more than 1.3 million people were convicted, of whom almost 700,000 were shot,” and in another of his publications he clarifies: “according to documented data, in 1937-1938. 1,344,923 people were convicted for political reasons, of which 681,692 were sentenced to capital punishment.” It should be noted that Zemskov personally participated in the work of the commission, which worked in 1990-1993. and considered the issue of repression.

As a result of Yezhov’s activities, more than seven hundred thousand people were sentenced to death: in 1937, 353,074 people were sentenced to death, in 1938 - 328,618, in 1939 (after Yezhov’s resignation) - 2,601. Yezhov himself was subsequently arrested and sentenced to death. More than 1.5 million people suffered from repression in 1937-1938 alone.

As a result of famine, repression and deportations, mortality exceeded the “normal” level in the period 1927-1938. amounted, according to various estimates, from 4 to 12 million people.

In 1937-1938 Bukharin, Rykov, Tukhachevsky and other political figures and military leaders were arrested, including those who at one time contributed to Stalin’s rise to power.

Post-war period

However, human losses did not end with the war, in which they amounted to about 27 million. The famine of 1946-1947 alone claimed the lives of from 0.8 to two million people.

State security agencies took harsh measures to suppress nationalist movements that were actively manifested in the Baltic states and Western Ukraine.

Science in the era of Stalin

Whole scientific directions, such as genetics and cybernetics, with the direct participation of Stalin, were declared bourgeois and banned, which slowed down the development of these fields of science in the USSR for decades. According to historians, many scientists, for example, academician Nikolai Vavilov and other most influential anti-Lysenkoists, were repressed with the direct participation of Stalin.

The first Soviet computer M-1 was built in May-August 1948, but computers continued to be created further, despite the persecution of cybernetics. The Russian genetics school, considered one of the best in the world, was completely destroyed. Under Stalin, state support was given to trends that were sharply condemned in the post-Stalin era (in particular, the so-called “Lysenkoism” in biology).

The development of Soviet natural sciences (except biology) and technology under Stalin can be described as taking off. The created network of fundamental and applied research institutes, design bureaus and university laboratories, as well as prison-camp design bureaus, covered the entire front of research. Such names as physicists Kurchatov, Landau, Tamm, mathematician Keldysh, creator space technology Korolev, aircraft designer Tupolev, are known all over the world. In the post-war period, based on obvious military needs, the greatest attention was paid to nuclear physics.

The decision to build Moscow State University was supplemented by a set of measures to improve all universities, primarily in cities affected by the war. Large buildings in Minsk, Voronezh, and Kharkov were transferred to universities. Universities in a number of union republics began to actively create and develop.

Why is she so hated by the authorities in the Kremlin, the home-grown “liberal democrats” and the masters of the “civilized world”.

I live in Mordovia and have witnessed the historical events of the last 35 years. Now it is fashionable to remember, and mostly invent, about the blue blood or at least the kulak origin of family ancestors.

My parents’ generation in pre-revolutionary Russia consisted entirely of workers and peasants, and therefore I am proud of them. It was they who created the great Soviet state, where social justice was not an empty word, where people had confidence in the future. Everything is relative. I have something to compare with, past and present. There is something to compare with other eyewitnesses. That is why it is so important for the enemies of Russia to destroy this memory. They give a special place to the Stalin era, therefore our historical past is a cudgel in the political struggle.

From my childhood, I remember my grandmother, a Mordovian by nationality. She, like my grandfather, were illiterate peasants from the poor. Nowadays they are called drunks and parasites. I remember her soft, calm character, how she rejoiced and fussed when my father and I came to visit her from the city, to the Mordovian village of Otradnoye.

I didn't notice that she ever prayed, obviously she was an atheist. A special place, I remember her words when the conversation turned to the death of Stalin. She explained that when he died, the whole village cried. She also cried, because she was sure that the landowners and kulaks would now come to power. Not much wrong.

You think the kulaks of the Soviet era, as they are now called, were hard workers and honest entrepreneurs. You are wrong. These were ordinary world-eaters or “effective owners.” They received their main income from the needs of fellow villagers, giving them grain on credit at 250-300%, and for agricultural rent. inventory, burdening them with various quitrents. The kulak created reserves of grain, buying it from fellow villagers and really influenced prices on the market. It was economic power, and therefore, in many ways, political power in the countryside. Having caused a grain procurement crisis in 1927, withholding grain from sale, because complicated international situation and the smell of war was in the air. No hard feelings, just business. As they say, they got caught up in greed and got collectivization. And when they started killing collective farm activists and burning collective farm barns, they deserved to be dispossessed.

Now it is fashionable to condemn terrorists, but it was the kulaks who carried out mass terror, both against fellow villagers who joined the collective farm, and against party activists in the countryside. Realizing the power floats away from their hands. True, now this terror is considered legitimate and justified. Do you think that their fellow villagers felt sympathy for them during dispossession? You are wrong again. My grandmother hated them. Ask yourself how you feel about a person who is in debt bondage and he is sucking all the juice out of you. Remember those evicted by banks from mortgaged apartments.

A similar exile or dispossession was carried out by Stolypin, only the peasants were driven to a new place by hunger and need. According to many historians, the Stolypin reform failed because was not prepared by the authorities, so most of the settlers returned, but they had already lost what little they had previously had. This means that, apart from fate, they become farm laborers, they had no food for the stew. Nobody was waiting for them in the cities.

Stolypin dreamed of eliminating communities and creating more kulaks. I didn’t understand that I was digging the grave of tsarism and my class when I destroyed the community. Now they try not to remember that during this period of time, 7 million farmers in the United States were kicked out of their land by banks for non-payment of debts. Most of them died of hunger. By the way, almost all the photographs shown at the exhibitions of “Nezalezhnaya”, as victims of “Stalin’s tyranny” and the “Holodomor” he organized in 32-33, are photographs of precisely the consequences of famine in the USA during the Great Depression. The more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is.

According to official data, about 380 thousand families, total number 1,803,392 h., of them were settled on specific land plots 1,421,380 h., the rest mostly fled, because... The passport system was introduced in the USSR in 1934. This is a note to those who claim that peasants under Soviet rule were serfs.

Tvardovsky’s father was also dispossessed and ran away from exile to join his son in Moscow. Tvardovsky sent him back at his own expense. During Stalin’s lifetime, this writer praised him to the skies; after his death, he was in the forefront of denunciations of the “cult of personality.”

Immigrants before 1934 were exempt from taxes.. These special. migrants by 1938, according to the “Certificate on the state of the GULAG labor settlements in the NKVD of the USSR”: They had 1,106 primary, 370 junior high and 136 secondary schools, 12 technical schools and 230 vocational schools. A total of 217,456 students are children of labor settlers. For cultural and mass work in these villages, there was 813 clubs, 1202 reading rooms, 440 cinemas, 1149 libraries. Gradually they were restored to all civil rights. With special status migrants by 1950, there were about 20 thousand people.

You say innocent people suffered. The concept of innocent is different for everyone. I believe that guilt is determined by the law of that era. If you don’t like the law, then call those convicted of that time fighters against “Stalin’s tyranny,” but not innocent.

The Bolsheviks did not call themselves innocent victims of tsarism; these words would have sounded stupid and ridiculous. Yes, there have been and always will be innocent people, both here and throughout the world. But many who committed chaos during dispossession are now recorded as victims of “Stalin’s tyranny.” These victims of “Stalin's tyranny” committed terror and abuse of power; now many of their actions can safely be called terrorist acts.

And many “innocent” people dreamed and sought to divide the USSR, for their loved ones, in order to settle down at the feeding trough, new “independent” states, as happened in 1991. Or squander state lands, that is, donate them to the “civilized world” in order to receive them recognition and support. How do you feel about them? Everyone relates differently. Many terrorist attacks by Chechen religious obscurantists, ISIS, and Binder’s Nazis are considered justified by the struggle for democracy and freedom. They just forget to say that in the USSR at that time, as now in the Russian Federation, the laws are more humane than in “civilized countries.” Eg. On May 16, 1918, the U.S. Congress passed an amendment to the Espionage Act, according to which anyone “speaks orally or in writing in a disloyal, slanderous, rude or insulting tone about the form of government or in relation to the Constitution of the United States or in relations with the armed forces forces,” faces up to 20 years in prison or a fine of up to $10,000. This is what “democracy” is like there. What is prohibited among them is encouraged and considered democracy among others. Currently, the legislation there and in other “civilized countries” has been sufficiently improved, that is, the concept of a crime against the state has been expanded, and the punishment has become more severe.

Many “liberal democrats” argued that there were no saboteurs, spies, or terrorists in the USSR. I give statistics only for the RSFSR, but there were other republics of the USSR. In the period from 1921 to June 22, 1941, over 936 thousand people, approximately 128 people each, were detained for violators of the USSR border alone. in a day! In addition, during this period, over 30 thousand spies, saboteurs, over 40 thousand armed bandits were detained, and 1,119 gangs were liquidated. So little things. Even from these figures, it is obvious what kind of living conditions the “civilized guys” suited us.

Our Mordovian family of 8 people, before the war, had two cows, piglets, and chickens. Grandmother worked on a collective farm. Grandfather was a hired shepherd. IN free time, in an artel, he dug wells in villages. These people are now called shabashniks or small entrepreneurs. And he was never a member of any collective farm. This is about a fairy tale, about serfs before the war. The fields of collective farms were cultivated by tractors, and the harvest was harvested by MTS combines. The experience with MTS is currently being used in the USA. Why should a farm buy expensive equipment if it can be hired during the agricultural period without the risk of ruin? works This was the case in WWII. Our family sold the surplus milk through the collective farm, to the Consumer Cooperation (KOPTORG). Even in perestroika times, scarce products were sold there without problems, naturally more expensive than in state stores. But most importantly, collective farmers could sell the products from their personal farms, because there were markets. Who understands how much food these animals need? He will understand that without the support of the collective farm, this is not possible.

The older children studied at a seven-year school. In 1935, the card system was abolished and there were no problems with food and basic goods. Even in August 1941 in Leningrad, sausage was freely available in stores. My mother's half-sister told me about this. She lived in Leningrad and was a member of the militia that defended the city. I didn’t believe it and asked to confirm what was said. She confirmed that food was on sale in stores in August, even sausage, but it never occurred to her to buy more than she could immediately eat.

Many people now tell tales about the insignificance of the size of personal plots of that era. In 1935, at the 11th Congress of Collective Farmers - Shock Workers, the size of collective farmers' private farms was established from 0.2 to 0.5 hectares, and in some areas - up to 1 hectare. Household land did not include residential buildings. The quantity was set: up to 2 - 3 cows, 2 - 3 pigs, sows, from 20 - 25 sheep and goats, etc., an unlimited number of poultry and rabbits, up to 20 beehives. And only under Khrushchev these plots were cut right under the walls of the villagers’ houses.

Yes, there was starvation during and immediately after the war. My father told me that they made dung from cow dung and subsequently used it to heat the stoves in the huts. Weaved bast shoes, because... there was nothing to wear. We ate bread with quinoa. The first cow was slaughtered because... there was no feed, the second died in 1944. I remembered how their children stole spikelets from the collective farm fields and how they were persecuted for this, how their younger brother died of exhaustion and illness. He also remembers that his father went missing near Kharkov in 1942, so the pension was paid in a smaller amount than those recognized as dead. And I think it's right. He remembers that they cut down the apple trees, because... Before 1947, there was a tax on literally all household plots. But most importantly, with rare exceptions, it was hard for everyone, and therefore no one complained, everyone brought victory closer as best they could. Children studied in schools. Despite the difficulties they survived the war. How do you think? Now a single woman can raise and raise five children.

After the war, life became better every year. After the currency reform in 1947, taxes on personal plots and personal agriculture were abolished. animals. People began to acquire farming. animals, from that time there were luxurious gardens, I remember the cherry orchard on seven acres, planted by my father and his older brother in 1951. Every year until 1953, prices for literally everything were reduced, salary. increased. And prices on average fell 2.5 times for almost all products and goods. My parents said that everyone was already used to it and was waiting New Year with joy. The elder brother moved to the village of Chamzinka, the sisters moved to Nizhny Tagil in the late 40s. years. This is a note to those who tell the tale about the collective farm serfdom after wartime.

But then Khrushchev came to power, the denouncer of “Stalin’s tyranny”, and during Stalin’s life, his main public admirer and sycophant. He was in the forefront, kissing Stalin in one place, and he kissed this place less than thirty times during one performance. Khrushchev, along with Eikhe, Kasior, Postyshev, Chubar, Kosarev, were the most active initiators of “mass repressions” in 1937 - 1938. It was they who, at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b) in 1937, demanded for themselves special powers to fight with "enemies of the people". They were given these powers. They distinguished themselves by destroying their opponents and those who disagreed with their policies in the party. For their bloody lawlessness and abuse, they were shot. There were no untouchables then. You earned it, so get what you deserve.

It was for them that Khrushchev shed tears at the 20th Congress, as innocent victims of “Stalin’s tyranny.” Now these guys have naturally been rehabilitated; how else could they be victims of a “tyrant.” He had shed tears before. He himself recalled:

“When Stalin was buried, I had tears in my eyes. These were sincere tears."

As they say, super hypocritical scum, how can one not believe such a thing, the Lord God himself “recommends” believing such a thing. He himself wrote denunciations:

“Dear Joseph Vassarionovich! Ukraine monthly sends 17-18 thousand repressed enemies of the people, and Moscow approves no more than 2-3 thousand. I ask you to take urgent measures. N. Khrushchev, who loves you.”

He talked about approving sentences. And when Stalin reproachfully asked him whether he had found too many enemies in Ukraine, he replied that there were “in fact much more”

After coming to power, Khrushchev told a fairy tale that Stalin was going to increase the tax on collective farmers and only the death of this “tyrant” saved the peasants from poverty, that is, he showed himself to be a defender of the peasants. But Khrushchev started with personal plots, almost completely took them away from collective farmers and established taxes on agriculture. animals. Collective farmers put the animals under the knife. This led to a shortage of meat products. He explained his policy by saying that collective farmers should not be distracted by personal farming, because the USSR should build communism. Then at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU he announced the construction of Communism in 2000, not forgetting to tell another tale about the “tyrant Stalin”, who destroyed 2/3 of the participants in the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1934, this congress is called the “Congress of Winners” .

The corn saga has begun. She was planted where needed and where not needed. As Khrushchev said, corn is food for animals and people. MTS was disbanded and transferred equipment to collective farms, of course for money, which led not only to downtime due to breakdowns, because... there was no repair base, but also to the debt bondage of collective farms, and subsequently to their miserable existence. Stalin in his work: « Economic problems socialism". He warned that the transfer of agricultural equipment to collective farms will lead to their bankruptcy and their forced consolidation, which will lead to the formation of unpromising villages. Like looking into the water.

After Khrushchev’s art, a shortage began, from bread and meat to shoes. Prices have skyrocketed. They raised prices, naturally, on behalf of and for the people, just as they are now planning to raise the retirement age for the people. It was not for nothing that Stalin called him an ever-experimenting agronomist, which means he must be looked after. At that time, Khrushchev repented and promised to improve. I didn’t forget to give a speech of praise to the “teacher.” Yes, he was a rare piece of rot, like most of the Soviet creative intelligentsia, and even the modern Russian intelligentsia, he is not particularly different from them.

It’s not surprising that modern “democrats” and “liberals” value Khrushchev so much, but the people then really hated him. But our fighters for “democracy” and “free enterprise” forget to say that before Stalin’s death, in the USSR they produced products, 114,000 workshops and industrial enterprises, they were called an artel, at the moment they are called small and medium-sized businesses. But the difference was that the artels were engaged in the production and marketing of their products, but the prices were no more than 10-15% of the state ones. There were 2 million such entrepreneurs. And they produced mainly consumer goods, which amounted to 6% of GDP. Which made up 40% of furniture, 1/3 of knitwear, almost all children's toys. Stalin understood that some industries needed rapid changes in the products themselves. For example, tailoring of clothes and shoes, because... fashion changes quickly. Having come to power, Khrushchev determined that artels are a relic of capitalism. The result, many remember, was that stores sold products in excess, which no one wanted to buy, these are the consequences of Khrushchev’s “thaw.” With him, the gradual destruction of socialism and its gains began; it was no longer communists who fought for social justice, but animal careerists who began to penetrate into the party. As they say, such is the priest, such is the arrival. The result is known. Showing off and fraud have become ordinary life, including in real Russia.

Before perestroika, the Mordovian village of Otradnoye, my father’s homeland, had about 300 households, almost every family had a cow and piglets, many had calves. There were three herds, which were tended by fellow villagers in turns. Collective farms provided feed and the opportunity to prepare it. The potatoes were sold. Now there is devastation in Otradnoye and neighboring villages. I ask one of my relatives why you don’t raise livestock. I received the answer that at such a price for feed, raising animals is not profitable. Potatoes are not sold because... purchase prices are too low.

It's the same story with milk. Now they are creating landowner farms, the same slippage, there are no honest slaves who are ready to work for a bowl of stew, cheap loans are not available, expensive equipment, mostly imported. Where is the domestic one? They tell us the equipment is not of high quality. So “effective owners” and the existing government, why do we need you if you cannot create high-quality equipment, under socialism it was high-quality. They created a state where all the people and entrepreneurs work on the profits of commercial banks, which, with the help of the authorities, put almost all enterprises and the majority of the population into debt bondage. Where will high-quality equipment come from, miracles cannot happen.

They sing to us that the farmer will feed us, Stalin is to blame, he slaughtered the hard-working peasants and destroyed the gene pool. My grandmother has already spoken about these men. But what about the gentlemen, the Soviet men and women who fed the country and the army during the Second World War and the entire Soviet people under socialism. Why haven’t you created the government in 30 years of “hard-working peasants”? No one needs these “hard-working men” except you. The state and the people need agronomists, livestock specialists, machine operators, agricultural specialists...

We do not live in the 19th century, when we plowed on horses with plows and mowed with sickles. Expensive equipment will pay for itself only if the production is large-scale. In the USA, more than 10 thousand small and medium-sized farmers go bankrupt every year. Nothing better than a large collective farm has been invented. In Israel, 90% is agricultural. Products are not even produced by collective farms, something similar to communes. You choose, the revival of landowners or, as in Israel, collective farms. But for this, very little to the state was led by a patriot and business executive, and not by a colonial manager and the great swindler of Russia. I have not personally met an agricultural resident. localities, namely workers who dreamed of working for landowners or as farm laborers for farmers. If they had a choice, they would prefer something similar to a collective farm.

Why is the Stalin era hated by the enemies of the country from the “civilized world” and the modern “democratic-liberal” public of Russia? Statistics are stubborn things. Everything is relative. According to the agricultural census:

• In 1927 (basically the USSR was equal in GDP volume to Russia in 1913), the gross grain harvest was 40.8 million, in 1940 - 95.6 million tons, peasants owned 29.9 million heads of cows,
• in 1941 - 54.8 million cows.

In 1942, 10 million heads of cattle were evacuated from Ukraine. Now there are only 5 million heads on the Square. This is food for thought for some.

Granulated sugar production increased in 1927 - from 1283 thousand tons to 2421 thousand tons in 1937.

By industry: Cars were produced by 1913 (screwdriver production) - 0.8 thousand units. In 1937 alone - 200 thousand units were produced.

Email energy, in 1913 they produced 2 billion kW, in 1940 - 48.37 billion kW.

Between 1932 and 1936, collective farms received 500 thousand tractors and more than 150 thousand combines. Since 1934, the country has completely abandoned agricultural imports. equipment and cars.

In 1928, 0.8 thousand machine tools were produced (before 1913, machine tools were imported), in 1940 - 48.5 thousand machine tools.

Now lathes are imported from Bulgaria. We've reached it. And it should be especially interesting for our “liberal democrats” who claim that growth was due to heavy industry. In 1913, 58 million pairs were produced, and already in 1940 -183 ml. steam. leather shoes. The list can be endless.

In the period from 1913 (1927), GDP grew more than 10 times. Everything is relative. In 1913, the Russian Empire ranked fifth in the world in terms of GDP, that is, 5.3% of the world. In 1938, the USSR occupied second place in the world in terms of GDP, that is, in production, namely 13.7%. Second only to the United States, which produced 41.9% of the world.

Who doesn’t understand what achievements there were. I'll try to explain. Money is paper. The equivalent of this paper is GDP, which is mainly production. How could the population live worse in the Stalinist era, as we are constantly told, compared to 1913, if the money supply backed by products, and therefore the purchasing power of the population, increased almost 10 times. Under Stalin, capital was not exported abroad; Soviet workers did not have accounts there. Guys like Pyatakov, who received kickbacks for purchasing technology in the “civilized world,” were put up against the wall.

Man does not live by bread alone. In 1914, there were 91 universities in the Russian Empire and 112 thousand students studied there, most of them with paid education, as in gymnasiums. In 1939, there were 750 universities in the USSR, with 620 thousand students studying there. This does not include technical schools.

Nowadays there is a lot of “broadcast” that the Russian Empire before 1913 was industrialized and fed the whole world. I indicated above what kind of industry it was. A country cannot have a scientific and technical base and developed industry if during this period about 15% of the population lived in rural areas, if 80% of the population was illiterate. For comparison.

In the United States during this period, 50% were literate, only among black US citizens. We are also “broadcast” that Russia ranked first in terms of growth rates. For some reason, Russia did not show its growth during the First World War (WWII). Here are the official statistics. During the WWII period, weapons were manufactured in units, I will give an example: 1. For machine guns; Russia – 28 thousand, England – 23.9 thousand, USA – 75 thousand, Germany – 280 thousand, Austria-Hungary – 40 thousand..2. Artillery; Russia – 11.7 thousand, England – 25.4 thousand, USA – 4 thousand, Germany – 64 thousand, Austria – 15.9 thousand; 3. Airplanes - Russia - 3.5 thousand (80% of engines are imported), England - 47.8 thousand, USA - 13.8 thousand, Germany - 4.73 thousand, Austria - Hungary 5.4 thousand. , 4. Tanks; Russia - 0, England - 3 thousand, France - 4.5 thousand, Germany - 70. Even Italy produced 4.5 thousand aircraft.

The result of this industrial development famous. Yes, there were those who fought valiantly, there were also heroes. But everything is learned by comparison. And the truth is this. According to Tsentrollenbezh, 3.9111 million former military personnel of the Russian army were captured by the enemy. Of these, there are 2.385 million in Germany, of which more than 70 are generals. Compared. On September 1, 1918 Russian army took more than half as many prisoners. You will say that there were the same number of prisoners during the Great Patriotic War (WWII). But you forget about 2 million Russian military personnel died in WWII. Empire, and in the Second World War there were about 8 million spacecraft and self-propelled forces of the USSR. The difference is significant. There is something to compare with. This is called the concept of courage.

A war cannot be won if a country is economically backward. When its elite is rotting and it is not able to think adequately, it is not able to create a scientific and technical base and industry. And at the same time, she believes that bad people, who are brilliant and kind, always owe something. And therefore, according to their views, it is the people who are to blame for the country’s troubles. That is, the boyars are good, the tsar is good, the people are not full-fledged. There is also ideological research - the king is good, the boyars are bad, the people are also good. Nowadays this theory is often applied to V.V. and Putin.

By the way, the same ideology is professed by the Chief Euro - the communist Zyuganov. The same theory is professed by the Euro communist Zyuganov. The third indoctrination of the consciousness of the people - the bad and stupid Russian people can only be ruled by tyrants, and since its king and its elite are soft and fluffy, therefore, these people need to be introduced to the “democratic values” of the “civilized world”. The last “brilliant idea” comes from over the hill. Who reads the statements of Kyiv trolls on social media? networks will understand me. This is exactly what the Russian Empire was like at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The same situation is in the modern former USSR, that is, Russia.

It doesn’t work out with the great agricultural power that fed the whole world. Yes, indeed, Russia exported a significant part of grain crops. In 1913, it ranked first in the world in exports, that is, 22.10%. Argentina – 21.34%. USA – 12.15%, Canada – 9.58%. But they forget to clarify that this year, with a record harvest in Russia, 30.3 pounds of grain were collected per capita, in the USA - 64.3 pounds, Argentina - 87.4 pounds, Canada - 121 pounds. And this is all grain, including for feeding livestock. That is, Russia itself did not have enough bread and at the same time it exported, mainly at the expense of landowners’ farms. What else could Russia export besides grain and raw materials?

China also exported rice during the Cultural Revolution, as did the USSR until 1941. Food shortages often led to famine when the harvest failed, even in certain areas of the country. The main periods of the Tsarina - famine occurred in 1901, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1911 - 1912.

In the winter of 1900/01, 42 million starved, 2 million 813 thousand Orthodox souls died of hunger. And in 1911 (after such much praised Stolypin reforms), 32 million were starving, 1 million 613 thousand people lost. By the way, Stolypin himself told us this while speaking before the State Duma. Information about the hungry and those who died of hunger was provided from church parishes, elders and landowners. And how many were not taken into account, Old Believers and non-Orthodox.

By the way, in 1912, 54.4% of all grain was exported, because prices on the world market for these products have increased. Some “historians” claim that Russia at that time was selling a record amount of butter on the world market. As they say, the more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is. Interesting. How exactly were these products imported if the shelf life of butter is several days. Refrigerated containers were almost non-existent back then. I quote the words of the Minister of Agriculture of Russia. Empire from 1915 - 16: “Russia actually does not get out of the state of hunger, in one or another province, both before the war and during the war.”

The “broadcasters” don’t even have the power of the gold ruble. Vvito, or as Witte - Polusakhalinsky then began to call him, he was something like a mixture of Kudrin and Greff, so the “liberals” pray to him, with his “brilliant” reforms, he put Russia on a debt needle, subsequently the debt increased, and with debts and interest on them from 4.5 to 6%. By 1913, the external state. The Empire's debt was 8.85 billion, and by the summer of 1917 it reached 15.507 billion gold rubles. Who doesn't understand what kind of money these are? I remind you that the gold reserve Russian Empire amounted to about 3 billion gold rubles. That is, Russia was in debt bondage. You've probably heard about Kolchak's gold.

Facts are stubborn things, they are difficult to refute. Then they came up with another story. Achievements Stalin era, were achieved by monstrous methods, innocent prisoners and their slave labor. The USSR had no enemies or swindlers, only angels. The population of the USSR, naturally, during collectivization and industrialization, was subjected to repression by tens of millions. There were achievements due to their inhumane exploitation, but tens of millions of children were not born because of the “tyrant Stalin”. A special place in this tale is given to the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars dated August 7, 1932, now called the “Law on Three Spikelets”, naturally they were shot and imprisoned for 5 to 10 years, for three spikelets. Only the denouncers of “Stalin’s tyranny” forget to clarify that these punishments were applied for major thefts, while for small things the criminal law of the Union Republics was in effect. By official version authorities of the Russian Federation, the most monstrous and bloodiest year of 1937, in the ITR, ITC and prisons (prisons were then pre-trial detention centers), then 1,196,246 people were kept, with a population of about 164 million. In 1934 - 511 thousand prisoners, that is, to completion of the first five-year plan. This means that there was no one to carry out industrialization on the scale of the “liberal democrats” who “broadcast” to us. In the Russian Federation in 1998, with a population of about 145 million, there were 1.8 million prisoners. According to official data, now there are about 800 thousand prisoners, hundreds of thousands of suspended prisoners, in reality there are more. At the moment, for theft of state property on an especially large scale, they are given suspended sentences. Everyone knows Vasilyeva, who is always singing and drawing pictures, and who does not understand what kind of documents Serdyukov signed. Yes, these guys under the “tyrant” Stalin, at best, have long been waving their picks in Magadan, mining for gold, because they love him so much. Now they have found a warm place for Serdyukov again. Surely because of his “professionalism,” how could it be otherwise, the criminal case against him for negligence was dropped due to an amnesty. And therefore, he can again be called an irreplaceable specialist.

I cited official statistics. And where is the incredible number of prisoners here? And who told you that tongues should not work, they did not come to the resort and on the necks of the Soviet people, then it was forbidden to sit. This has always been the case everywhere, especially in the countries of the “civilized world.” Of course, there was a difference, in the USSR, even in the GULAG system, labor law was in force, that is, a 40-hour work week and a system of clubs and other cultural institutions. There are even private prisons in the USA, try not to work there, the administration will immediately add to your sentence, this is allowed by law, they are such “democrats”. Now, in the Russian Federation, prisoners indulge in excesses out of idleness, and the taxpayer feeds them.

The denouncers of “tyranny” also fail with a monstrous mortality rate. According to the census, about 164 mln. people lived in the Russian Empire in 1912. subjects, taking into account the lost territories in 1920, about 138 million subjects. Censuses in the USSR showed in 1926 - 147 million, 1937 - 164 million, 1939 - 170 million. citizens, without annexed territories. On average, population growth is about 1.36% per year. In the countries of the “civilized world”, during this period the population growth was: in England - 0.36%, Germany - 0.58%, France - 0.11%, USA - 0.66%, Japan - 1.37%. And as luck would have it, the “tyrant” Stalin was not there. According to the 1989 census, the RSFSR population was 147.6 ml. citizens, in the Russian Federation in 2009 - 142 mln., and this is with a million refugees from Kazakhstan and other republics former USSR. At the moment, without the annexed Crimea, according to ROSSTAT estimates there are about 144 million, and according to unofficial estimates, about 139 million of its citizens live in the Russian Federation. Explain, gentlemen, “democrats-liberals”, the authorities of the Russian Federation and the intelligentsia that feeds them, who carried out and is carrying out genocide and famine of their people. Everything is relative.

In conclusion, I will quote Stalin’s famous saying:

“I know when I’m gone, more than one bucket of dirt will be poured on my head, a heap of garbage will be placed on my grave. But I’m sure that the winds of history will scatter everything!”

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