The essence and features of the process of socialization of youth. Stages of youth socialization

Federal State Educational Institution

Higher professional education

Orenburg State Agrarian University

Faculty of Law

Department of Sociology and Social Work

Course work

Socialization of youth in modern Russian society

Completed:

law student

social work departments

21social group Iskindirov R.K.

Checked:

teacher Spasenkova S.V.

Orenburg 2007

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...2

Theoretical aspects of socialization……………………………........4

1. Basic provisions of the theory of socialization…………………............4

   Phases of socialization………………………………………………………...…...5

   Basic approaches to the periodization of socialization……………….....8

Socialization of youth in modern Russian society............14

1. Channels of socialization of modern Russian youth…….….14

   Mechanism of socialization of young people…………………………...20

   Problems of socialization of youth in modern

Russian society…………………………………………………………….22

Conclusion………………………………………………………………...…..27

List of references……………………………………………………….…..30

Appendix No. 1…………………………………………………………….…32

Appendix No. 2…………………………………………………………….....35

Introduction

An analysis of the problems and characteristics of the socialization of youth cannot but begin with a clarification of the concept of “youth.” In my opinion, youth is not only the future, it is the “living present,” and it is important to understand how much the younger generation today determines the content and character of the future, how much it carries the “spirit of the new time.” But a more specific scientific concept of “youth” should be given. So, youth is a socio-demographic group with its characteristic age, socio-psychological properties and social values, which are determined by the level of socio-economic, cultural development, and characteristics of socialization in Russian society. 1 That is Among the factors of the sociological definition of “youth,” researchers highlight: age limits and socio-psychological characteristics; specificity social status, role functions, sociocultural behavior; the process of socialization as a unity of social adaptation of youth and individualization. 2

The problem of this topic is that the emergence of new and radical changes in traditional channels of socialization of younger generations in a modern transitional society have led to an increase in the number of young people leading an asocial, immoral lifestyle. By virtue of various reasons and to varying degrees these include: disabled people, alcoholics, vagrants, “professional beggars,” persons who have served sentences in correctional labor institutions. At the moment, the lumpenization and criminalization of youth is taking place.

The relevance of this topic, in my opinion, lies in the fact that at the present time, when all social relations and social institutions are radically changing in our country, the study of the characteristics of the socialization of youth is becoming a particularly popular and relevant research problem, attracting the attention of not only scientists, but also practitioners at various levels - from politicians to teachers and parents.

In this regard, the purpose that this paper aims to address is course work, can be formulated as an analysis of the specifics and characteristics of the socialization of youth as a socio-demographic group in modern Russian society, when the latter is in the conditions of the formation of market relations, taking into account the demographic situation in the world and the country.

My interest in this issue is explained by the fact that I am one of the representatives of the current generation of young people experiencing modern processes of change in political, economic and social institutions and organizations in modern Russian society, which has had a contradictory impact on the situation and development of youth, so I want to cover in detail this problem in order to know exactly what problems can actually arise on my life path and the life path of my friends - peers.

Theoretical aspects of socialization

1. Basic provisions of the theory of socialization

Socialization covers all processes of cultural inclusion, training and education, through which a person acquires a social nature and the ability to participate in social life. 1

There are two most expressed views on the essence of socialization. According to one of them, it means the process of development of the born human organism into a full-fledged human personality during the interaction of the individual with the social environment . In this process, on the one hand, the natural psychobiological inclinations inherent in a person are realized, on the other hand, they are transformed into socially significant personality traits in the course of education and upbringing and with the active participation of the person himself. According to another position, socialization acts, first of all, as the self-development of an individual in the course of his interaction with various social groups, institutions, and organizations. As can be seen, in this interpretation the natural-biological side of socialization is not specifically emphasized or highlighted. 2

Leaning more towards the latter point of view, in the most general form, socialization can be understood as the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, values ​​and norms accepted in society, in specific social communities . Socialization can be presented as a process of mastering social norms that become an integral part of an individual’s life not as a result of external regulation, but as a result of the internal need to follow them. This is one aspect of socialization.

The second aspect concerns its characterization as an essential element of social interaction, suggesting; that people want to change their own image, improve their image in the eyes of others, carrying out their activities in accordance with their expectations. Consequently, socialization is associated with the fulfillment of social roles of an individual. 1

This interpretation of socialization is widespread in Western sociology. It was most fully outlined by T. Parsons and R. Bales in a book devoted to the problems of family, socialization and interaction processes. It pays special attention to the consideration of such an organ of primary socialization as the family, which “includes” the individual in social structures. 2

Thus, we can conclude that socialization is a two-sided a process that includes, on the one hand, the individual’s assimilation of social experience by entering the social environment, a system of social connections; on the other hand, the process of active reproduction by an individual of a system of social connections due to his active activity, active inclusion in the social environment.

It should also be said that one of the most important in the theory of personality socialization is the question of its stages and phases. Upon closer attention, it turns out that these are not the same thing. The number of stages is called differently, but the phases, as a rule, are considered the same. Moreover, each stage of personality socialization may include the same phases that are inherent in other stages.

1.2. Phases of Socialization

The phases have a substantive, specific nature, manifesting themselves differently at each stage of socialization. They are usually defined as phases of adaptation and interiorization (internalization). Whether we are identifying the characteristics of the socialization of a child, a schoolchild, a student, or an employee - a member of a work collective, in any case we will have to analyze both of these phases. Therefore, before considering the stages of socialization sequentially, it is necessary to reveal the content of each of its phases.

Adaptation phase.

The concept of adaptation, which occupies one of the central places in biology, means the adaptation of a living organism to environmental conditions. In relation to sociology, it began to denote the process of a person’s adaptation to the conditions of the social environment. 1

The meaning of this development is the individual’s acceptance of the norms and values ​​of the environment, be it a social community, an organization, an institution, the inclusion of a person in various forms of objective activity and interaction available in these social formations. Adaptation is the initial stage of the process of inclusion and integration of an individual into the social, educational, professional environment, based on real, everyday, regular interaction with him. The main function of adaptation is the development of relatively stable environmental conditions, the solution of recurring, typical problems by using accepted methods of social behavior and action.

Adaptation acts as an insufficiently deep, predominantly external process of socialization, while acquiring an active and passive form. The active form consists in the individual’s desire not only to understand and master the norms and values ​​of the social environment, the types of activities and interactions accepted in it, but also to express his individual attitude towards them, often manifested in dissatisfaction with them and the desire to change them. The passive form of adaptation is manifested in the “tacit” acceptance of these norms and values ​​and unconditional submission to them. Of course, it does not necessarily mean approval of everything that needs to be adapted to.

The essence of adaptation processes is the interaction of the individual - the subject of adaptation and the social environment. In the process of this interaction, adaptive activity does not always have a positive orientation. This happens in cases where an individual chooses an adaptive “niche” for himself from conservative elements of the environment, or when the influence of the adapting environment is so strong that it suppresses the possibilities of creative self-realization of the adapter and preserves them for a long time. In such a situation, a state arises, the outcome of which depends not so much on the subjective qualities and properties of the individual, the efforts made by him, but on the activity of the adapting environment.

If this environment provides a number of necessary conditions for an adapter to achieve compatibility with it, then his actions will be aimed at accelerating the pace of this process, consciously mastering certain methods of adaptive activity. As a result, signs of adaptation will increase, and socialization will be carried out safely.

Consequently, the adaptation process can be successful or unsuccessful, which is expressed in the corresponding sociological indicators. In the first case, this may be the high social and professional status of the individual, his satisfaction with the content of the objective activity and interaction with the social environment. In the second case, these indicators will be diametrically opposed, and the extreme form of unsuccessful adaptation will be disadaptation and its specific manifestations - staff turnover, migration, divorce, deviant behavior, etc. It is these characteristics of maladaptation that act as desocializing factors.

Adaptation of young people has a wide variety of species, acting as socio-professional, social-everyday, socio-political, socio-psychological, socio-cultural. 1 This classification is based on the species diversity of adaptation processes. Of course, in objective reality, all these areas of adaptation are not isolated, but are interconnected and interdependent.

In conditions modern Russia, which is experiencing a transitional state from socialism and post-Soviet society to a new social arrangement, the problem of youth adaptation acquires special importance within the framework of the overall process of their socialization. Adaptation turns into the social and psychological ability of young people to survive an emergency, crisis situation of transition from one social order to another.

Internalization phase.

The second phase of personality socialization is internalization (interiorization). It means the essential, deep inclusion of the individual in the process, mastering it in such a way that there is an organic transformation of norms, standards, behavioral stereotypes, values ​​characteristic of the external environment into the internal “belonging” of the individual. This is the process of translating external requirements into a person’s internal attitudes.

Internalization as a phase of socialization is always carried out on the basis of adaptation and in this sense it turns out to be more “drawn out” in terms of the time of its implementation, longer and more fundamental. As a result of internalization, the individual develops a system of solid social regulators of behavior that meet both the requirements of society and a specific social community (or social institution, organization).

Internalization of a personality means its complete inclusion in one or another social structure, in some cases even “merging” with it. The latter occurs when the activities of any particular structure are difficult to imagine without this or that person. This may be the head or founder of this structure (although, in general, this is not at all necessary); A person who becomes necessary and indispensable in a particular environment, the very fact of such status indicates the success of his internalization. Its important factor is active and close interaction with members of a given social environment regarding the implementation of one or another type of substantive activity.

Basic approaches to the periodization of socialization

Now it is necessary to consider the stages of socialization. This problem is controversial, starting with the question of whether socialization has boundaries, and ending with a discussion of the number of its stages. Regarding the first, there are two main points of view. Some authors - the vast majority of them - believe that the process of socialization “accompanies” a person throughout his entire life journey and ends only with his death. Others believe that socialization, beginning in early childhood, ends period of reaching social maturity and entry into the stage of professional and labor activity.

An even greater diversity of views is associated with the question of the stages within which the socialization of the individual takes place. One of the most common points of view is that there are three main stages of socialization - pre-labor, labor, post-labor (associated with a person’s retirement). In this position, it is not difficult to detect the well-known thesis of K. Marx and his followers about the decisive role of work in human life as a criterion for identifying the stages of socialization. This approach seems completely justified and has every right to exist and study the main stages of socialization. However, its weak point is the significant, even excessive duration of each stage. In fact, within any of them there are a number of periods of socialization that are more fractional in time.

Another approach is characterized by the same vulnerability, according to which its authors consider it more appropriate to distinguish between primary and secondary socialization (or resocialization). At the same time, the stage of primary socialization includes the period from the birth of a person to the formation of a mature personality, and the stage of secondary socialization (resocialization) includes the period of its social maturity.

When talking about the criteria for the stages of socialization, you need to keep in mind, first of all, three main ones: the time of physical and social maturation; the nature (features) of the dominant forms (types) of activity; main social institutions (agents) of socialization. In accordance with these criteria, the following stages of socialization can be distinguished: 1

The first is infancy (from birth to about three years of age), The main form of activity at this stage is communication. According to some researchers (quite controversial), at this stage, “socialization actually does not yet convey its effects to the child.” The main agents of socialization are the family and immediate relatives.

Second- childhood (from 3 to 6-7 years). Here the main form of activity becomes a game, primarily role-playing. The child learns, “tryes on” various social roles - mother, father, teacher kindergarten, store seller and many others. Along with the family, a new social institution of socialization is emerging - a preschool educational institution.

The third stage covers the period from 6-7 to 13-14 years. Within this stage, several drastic changes occur, real turning points that characterize the features of socialization. Firstly, the main form of activity changes: instead of play (although it often continues to retain a significant place in the child’s life), study appears, which becomes the main means of understanding the world, life, and relationships. Secondly, the preschool institution is being replaced by the institution of school as the main (along with the family) factor of socialization. Thirdly, puberty occurs, leaving its own special stamp on the process of socialization.

Fourth stage has a lower limit of adolescence(13-14 years old) and is characterized by a certain temporary uncertainty of the upper limit. In terms of content, this is the completion of studies and the transition to professional work. For some it occurs at the age of 18, for others at 23-25 ​​and even later. The main form of activity continues to be educational, but serious competition comes from leisure activities and communication. Puberty of the individual ends, and most often sexual activity begins.

Within the framework of this particular stage, the choice of profession, the way to achieve a career, and ways to build a future life occur, which is sometimes of decisive importance in the process of socialization. All conditions are created for ideological reflection, adequate awareness of oneself, one’s abilities and purpose. Considering the role of socialization institutions at this stage, it is necessary to note the decreasing importance of the family, the remaining importance of educational institutions and the sharply increasing importance of the social microenvironment and friendly environment.

The fifth stage covers the time frame for the functioning of thesocially mature personality (from 20-25 to 35-40 years). It is characterized by her (usually) high activity in the professional sphere, the creation of her own family, and in connection with this, the transformation of the individual from an “object” into a “subject” of socialization. At this stage, personal potential is fully revealed, which can be facilitated by the main institutions of socialization - the production (labor) team, family, media, education, etc. The leading forms of activity, along with professional and labor, can be family and everyday, educational, socio-political, leisure, communication activities.

Sixth stage associated with the age period from 35-40 to 55-65 years,those.from the time of peak maturity to retirementZionist existence. Some scientists attach extreme importance to this stage of socialization. Thus, E. Erickson (USA) believes that it is at this time that a person’s pronounced desire for either active development, creativity, or constancy, peace and stability manifests itself. In this regard, the institution of work and its ability to create conditions for interesting, rich, active work acquires a special role.

The main forms of activity, along with professional labor, are family and household (including raising children and grandchildren), socio-political, and leisure. If this stage of socialization, Erikson believes, is not marked by an interest in work and active professional activity, then a desire for stability will arise, and fear of the new and its rejection will stop the process of self-development and become disastrous for the individual.

Finally, the final one,the seventh stage of socialization begins in conditions of retirement age and the individual’s refusal to actively work professionally. Of great importance in the process of socialization can be a person’s switch to other forms of activity that could become dominant for him and bring deep satisfaction.

At this stage, there is a comprehension of the life path passed, its evaluation, which can lead to consequences of a twofold order: there is either an awareness of identity, the integrity of the life lived, or dissatisfaction with it and even despair because it turned out to be worthless and did not bring any benefit to anyone. A person’s not very good physical condition, caused by age and poor health, can worsen psychologically and lead to neuroticism. 1

When considering the socialization of the younger generation, the most important period is either the phase of beginning work activity or professional preparation for it. It is here that self-awareness, social consciousness and value systems are formed that will determine the trajectory of personal development throughout subsequent life. This stage is characterized by a large role of educational influence. Therefore, in almost any society, socialization that occurs in the first stages has a pronounced educational character. Society's refusal to purposefully carry out the educational function through official institutions leads to a deformation of socialization, the dominance in it of the adaptive, i.e. adaptive aspect. This trend is especially dangerous for the socialization of young people in a transitional society, characterized by the loss of clear social guidelines and norms. As modern domestic researchers note, “in the conditions of an extremely negative social environment, in the absence of officially declared norms of behavior and acceptable ways for an individual to achieve his goals, sanctions for violating them, in a word, in the absence of social control, adaptation leads to the subordination of the individual to the environment, its passive perception reality to withdrawal from life as a consequence of rejection of this reality or various types of deviant behavior.” 1

Currently there is a special role at the stage; Socialization plays a role in professional training during the period of studying at a university. This is explained by the fact that the university stage of socialization is distinguished by the content of a large share of educational influence on the individual. Socialization takes place in conditions of spontaneous interaction of the individual with the social environment. Education is a process of targeted influence on an individual, when the educator (whether represented by family members, a teacher, or an entire institution - religion, university) initially has a certain educational program aimed at developing given qualities in the individual. 2

In the context of a decline in production and mass unemployment, which disproportionately affects young people, educational institutions remain the social institution that is aimed at developing professional guidelines and work ethics. Higher school determines the formation of work ethics in the group that will join the ranks of the managerial and intellectual-humanitarian layers of professionals and who, in turn, will determine the vector of further social development. 1

Thus, from all of the above we can conclude that socialization is a lifelong process of personality development, which is carried out in the process of its interaction with diverse factors and the more social factors are involved in the socialization process, the richer and more intense it is.

Socialization of youth in modern Russian society

Channels of socialization of modern Russian youth

First of all, in my opinion, it would be more appropriate to consider in this chapter the theoretical aspects of the factors influencing the process of socialization, so that then, when considering the channels of socialization of modern Russian youth, have a clear idea of ​​the mechanism of influence.

Socialization factors can be considered in their various combinations. One of them is the identification of macro-, meso- and microfactors influencing the socialization of an individual. Macro factors are, first of all, society, the state, its social institutions, and the media. Mesofactors include those that make up the individual’s society in a broad sense: the type of settlement (region, city, village), the ethnic group to which he belongs (or identifies himself), local media, enterprise, educational institution, institution in which the individual works or studies. Apparently, the church should also be considered a mesofactor. Microfactors are those that directly influence the process of socialization of the individual: family, friendly environment, study group, primary labor collective, other structures with which a person directly interacts. In other words, this is a society in a narrow sense, or a microsociety of an individual.

Macro and mesofactors can influence the socialization of an individual both directly and through microfactors. It is obvious that the information a person receives from the media affects the process of his socialization without any “intermediaries.” However, a significant share of this influence spreads through its transformation through factors of a particular society, through agents of socialization, i.e. those people with whom the individual interacts directly. It is clear that at each stage of socialization the composition of people changes, although the “core” of socialization agents may remain the same for many years. This is, first of all, the immediate family environment: parents, wife (husband), children, brothers (sisters), as well as friends or close comrades. 1

Now, having understood the theoretical prerequisites of socialization channels, we can move on to highlighting the problem of factors influencing the socialization of youth in modern society.

Based on the above typology, it is possible to build another hierarchical series of social factors that determine the vector of the socialization process, for example, of student youth.

Macro-level factors are socio-economic and socio-political processes occurring in society as a whole. The possibility of mastering by the younger generation directly depends on them value ideals and norms declared by society.

Medium-level factors - the higher education system, the reform of which should adjust the motivation for studying in higher school and the meaning of educational activities.

Finally, micro-level factors include the influence of the process of organizing educational activities at the university, the student group, and the teaching staff of the university. The nature and content of the educational process at a university directly depend on this group of reasons. 2

The identified three groups of factors should complement each other and resonate. However, such a harmonious interaction is not necessary: ​​a contradiction of these factors is also possible. In the context of a systemic crisis in Russian society, there is no doubt that the dominant role in the process of socialization belongs to factors at the macro and meso levels. Of great interest is not only the study of the specific development of the socialization process, but also the analysis of its contradictions. 3

Let's look at these factors in more detail. The rapid pace of radical changes in the life of modern peoples, the strengthening of probabilistic and stochastic trends in the social life of the Earth's population make the life of any society subject to numerous social risks and especially actualize the processes of human survival; in connection with which the problem of socialization of youth, the main wealth of any society, comes to the fore. 1

The emergence of new and radical changes in traditional channels of socialization of younger generations in Russian society necessarily raise questions about the meaning and essence of the socialization process, about the similarities and differences in the processes of upbringing, education and training of younger generations, about modern youth, which is significantly different from the youth of previous times.

In recent decades, in modern Russia, as in other post-socialist countries, fundamentally new channels of socialization have appeared, which have a strong influence on the processes of formation of youth and their adaptation in a radically changing society. The most significant of these channels are: the labor market, the institute of entrepreneurship, informatization of all spheres social life, the formation of the foundations of a new type of society as its basic characteristics. Under these conditions, the labor market turns into one of the significant social indicators of market relations, which is determined by the existing demand and supply, as well as the availability of free jobs that can be offered to young people entering this market for the first time and having, firstly, a certain level of knowledge, and secondly, specific wishes regarding their future work. It is the market that tests all the qualities of the younger generations: moral and business, their cultural worlds and professional skills. The degree of “security” of young people with such social qualities that will be in demand throughout their active economic life will ultimately determine possible contacts with the world, with partners, as well as form the ability to work in a constantly transforming society and unstable living conditions However, this goal stands before all institutions of society where the socialization of youth takes place. 1

In the conditions of modern Russia, there is an ever-decreasing number of young people, which poses another problem for Russian government institutions related to the replacement of existing jobs with necessary workers, in connection with which immigration to the Russian Federation will be carried out at an accelerated pace over the next three decades, with all associated these complex socio-cultural problems, including the socio-cultural adaptation of immigrants in the context of aggravated emotional relations of Russian youth towards immigrants.

The reality of Russian society in the first half of the 90s. XX century was the inclusion of Russia in the global information space. The means of mass communication, including all types of information operating in this space created with the help of new technologies (multimedia, audiovisual means of communication), have become the most important agent of socialization of youth. They disseminate and popularize certain patterns, styles and norms of behavior, model and introduce into the mass consciousness an image of reality to which it is necessary to strive. Such influence is carried out directly through advertising.

It should be noted that the impact of telecommunications can be assessed as both negative and positive. On the one hand, the commercialization of television channels leads to the predominance on television screens of low-quality Western films, full of violence, aggression, and cruelty. In addition, advertising takes up significant space on the screen. On the other hand, the emergence of new types of video programs helps young people both in their studies and in broadening their horizons, opening up completely new horizons of knowledge. A new type of information field permeates all spheres of social life, affecting socialization processes in various institutions of socialization.

A person’s daily activities are gradually charged with “externalization” due to excessive exposure to audiovisual media, computer games, etc., displacing free thinking, individual thinking, and social communication.

The fundamental difference between Soviet television and current Russian television illustrates the transformation of one of the aspects of social reality. But a person of Russian society, brought up on trust in the media, inclined to trust information, was not immediately ready to select from it what he needed for himself. 1

A widespread phenomenon of Russian reality has become the youth subculture, which is a multifunctional phenomenon that meets the essential needs of personal development, and, above all, the need for social and cultural identity, a person’s “embeddedness” in a certain socio-cultural community. Age groups that are formalized as carriers of a youth subculture become a socializing factor. Their role increases when the main institutions that ensure the socialization of young people (family, school, public organizations, the media) promote very diverse and different values ​​and behavior patterns, which complicates the process of finding oneself and gaining social status. 2

Thus, from all of the above, we can draw a general conclusion that among the new channels of socialization of young people, the media and the Internet are becoming most important. The audiovisual world plays the role of powerful channels of socialization: television, advertising, gaming technologies of modern media, as well as the activities of radically changed social organizations. In contrast to global ones, regional and local traditions are developing and strengthening in the modern spiritual culture of younger generations, which must be taken into account in the process of working with youth.

Mechanism of socialization of young people

Speaking about the influence of these social factors, it should be noted that they manifest themselves through a special reflexive mechanism of socialization of young people. This mechanism acts as their internal dialogue, a kind of auto-communication, within the framework of which they analyze, evaluate, accept or reject the norms, standards, values, and rules “offered” to them by social factors. This dialogue itself, alone with oneself, can probably be represented in two ways: as a mental conversation with other people (who, as it were, represent social factors of socialization: family, friendly microenvironment, public institutions and organizations, the media, work and educational groups, etc.) d.) and with various personal selves.

According to sociologists, there are not only reflexive, but also other mechanisms of socialization. Moreover, such a mechanism should be understood as a certain connection, “coupling” of factors characterizing the conditions of the social environment with intrapersonal factors. In this sense, they speak of a traditional mechanism, which is the process of young people assimilating norms, values, standards of family behavior, and the immediate social environment (comradely, professional, leisure, etc.). They call the interpersonal mechanism of socialization, which means the process of communication of a young person with “significant others” (parents, teachers, respected adults, peers and friends). Here, at the same time, it must be emphasized that communication with “significant others” from certain social groups and organizations and their influence on the socializing individual is not identical to the influence exerted by this group or organization as a whole.

Another mechanism of socialization of young people is called stylized, because it is associated with the lifestyle of a group of people characterized by a certain subculture - a complex of moral, psychological and behavioral traits typical of certain youth groups. A subculture can become a powerful socializing factor for a long time to the extent that its carriers turn out to be representatives of the reference group for a given individual.

Special mention should be made about the institutional mechanism of socialization, which means, as follows from the term itself, the socialization of the individual in the process of his interaction with social institutions created both specifically for this purpose and simultaneously realizing it in the course of their activities. The first should include, first of all, institutions of education and upbringing, the second - production, political, educational, religious, leisure institutions, the media and others.

The importance of social institutions for the process of socialization of young people lies, first of all, in the fact that under their influence, as a result of the proposed patterns of behavior, certain social roles, norms, and values ​​are adopted. Of course, first of all, the institutions of family, education and upbringing have the greatest influence on the individual. However, from the point of view of socialization tasks, they are not identical in their functions. If in the family the individual masters sociocultural standards and universal human norms and values, then within the framework of educational institutions the mastery of knowledge, the social experience accumulated in it, and the realization of the abilities and gifts of the individual take place. 1

Thus, we can conclude that a young man is formed as a personality as his social qualities develop, defining him as a member of a specific historical society. The socialization of the younger generation should be proactive, taking into account possible changes in the future. There are at least three systems of socialization - the “growing in” of young people into the world of adults. The first is the so-called directed socialization . It is created by the social system. The second is the “spontaneous” system socialization. This usually includes everything that is summarized by the word “street” (children’s and teenage companies), as well as the influence of the media, books, art, etc. And the third system is self-education of the individual, her ability to make intelligent decisions.

Problems of socialization of youth in modern Russian society

All mechanisms of socialization, one way or another, relate to solving three groups of problems: socio-psychological, natural-cultural and socio-cultural. . Social and psychological problems are associated with the formation of self-awareness of young people, their self-determination, self-actualization, self-affirmation and self-development. At the stage of youth, these problems of socialization have a special, specific content, and different ways to solve them appear.

Natural-cultural problems also influence the process of socialization of youth in modern Russian society. Its content is associated with a person’s achievement of a certain level of physical and sexual development. These problems often relate to regional differences, since the pace of physical and sexual maturation can vary markedly: in the south they turn out to be much higher than in the north. Natural and cultural problems of socialization may also affect the formation of standards of masculinity and femininity in various cultures, ethnic groups, and regions.

Socio-cultural issues socialization has as its content the introduction of an individual to a certain level of culture, to a particular body of knowledge, skills and abilities.

All of the listed problems of socialization and their solutions are an objective necessity for the individual. If such problems are realized, it is quite capable of solving them fruitfully - of course, if there are the necessary objective prerequisites for this. This means that then a person acts as a subject of his own development, a subject of socialization.

However, it must be borne in mind that if any problems of socialization are not solved at one or another stage, this can hinder the process of personality development and make it incomplete. Understanding such a situation can force a person to set new goals and change the ways of achieving them. Overall it's not scary. It is much worse if unresolved or unsolvable problems are not recognized by the individual, and he does not look for any turns in the process of socialization.

In this case, a phenomenon may arise that some authors, in relation to such a person, define with the term “victim of socialization.” The fact is that the process of socialization is contradictory. On the one hand, it presupposes the individual’s successful assimilation of social values, norms, and standards of behavior; on the other hand, a person’s ability to resist society in a certain way if it (or its individual structures) interferes with the satisfaction of his needs for socialization.

Therefore, it is necessary, on the one hand, to identify the individual with society, on the other hand - isolation in it . Here two extremes are possible, which lead a person to become a “victim of socialization.” Firstly, in the case of complete identification with society and “absolute” acceptance of its role prescriptions and role expectations, the inability to resist it in any way, the individual turns into a conformist. Secondly, rejection of many social demands of a fundamental nature for society can turn a person into a fighter against its foundations (which is especially characteristic of a totalitarian or authoritarian regime). The severity of this contradiction is associated not only with the nature of society, but also with the process of socialization, as well as the influence of social factors on the individual.

Summarize. In the above discussions about personality and its socialization, attention was focused on factors that can make this process effective. Meanwhile, socialization presupposes a high degree of internal activity of the individual, the need for self-realization . In other words, a lot depends on the person and his ability to manage his own activities. But this process takes place when objective living conditions give rise to certain needs and interests and create certain incentives for activity in the individual. This is the essence of the transition from objective determination of personal activity to subjective.

Socialization connects different generations, through it the transfer of social and cultural experience is carried out. The central link of socialization is meaningful activity. And if it is not there, the energy is directed to a “disco-consumer” pastime, establishing oneself only in the entertainment sector. The constant imposition of consumer psychology and lack of spirituality on our youth has led to a crisis of moral ideals and meaning-forming goals, the cultivation of momentary hedonistic pleasures, which contributes to the widespread spread of deviant-delinquent behavior. 1

An example of such behavior is the massive spread of alcoholism among young people. As a result of the analysis of the questionnaire study I presented in hostel No. 2 in Orenburg (Appendix No. 1), I came to the conclusion that addiction to alcohol has taken root among young people. Most young people are susceptible to this bad habit, in particular: 93% of boys and 86% of girls. The main purpose of drinking alcohol is to improve mood – 50% (53% girls, 46% boys). In addition, 46% of young people drink alcohol to keep company – also 46%; Among girls, the most popular reason is stress relief – 53%. 20% of boys and 6.7% of girls can no longer refuse an offer to drink.

The degree of dependence on alcohol is shown by the following indicators:

6.7% of men and 0% of women drink alcohol daily.

no more than three times a week – 67% of men and 46% of women.

no more than three times a month – 33% of men and 46% of women

Thus, the defect in the socialization of young people is clearly visible, when the role of a socializing agent was the street, communication with any informal youth groups (the word “informal” in this case is used to emphasize the fundamental difference with officially registered and led by adult public youth organizations ), a negative impact of the family in which the young man lives and is raised is also possible.

The most dangerous thing in the current state of Russian society is the growing feeling of spiritual emptiness, meaninglessness, futility, and temporaryness of everything that is happening, which visibly embraces more and more layers of Russians. The breakdown of value orientations is reflected in the mood of young people. The most important and fundamental thing here is the growing disappointment in prospects, the psychology of “nouvism” (“here and now”), the spread of legal nihilism, and the decline of moral criteria. The younger generation finds itself in an absurd, difficult and difficult situation when, by the logic of history, called upon to continue development on the basis of inherited material and spiritual values, it is forced, being in the formative stage, to participate in the development of these values, often to carry out this work independently, often in spite of relapses of the old thinking of their fathers, their attempts to restore the past. As a result, the natural contradictions between “fathers and sons” in our society have taken on an exaggerated character and have also become a source of conflict against the background of the processes of alienation of young people in society, the decline in their social status, the reduction of social youth programs, opportunities for education, work, and political participation. 1

From all of the above, we can conclude that the present, isolated from the past and future, remains in its “own juice” - in a self-closed, hopeless space. Socialization disintegrates when, along with the necessary culture cultivated for centuries (cult of spirit, tradition, space, quality) arises, grows, takes shape as a cult (external temporary, everyday, quantitative). The socialization of modern Russian society is a kind of socialization that does not teach, but teaches not to rely on anything either in the past, or in the future, or - finally - in the present, i.e. - exist on the basis of vacuum. Socialization is a process with a delayed effect. But in the no longer traditionally fast New Time, there is no time to wait, and therefore they do not wait long for the effect; they strive for a quick, or rather urgent, “recoupment of costs.” Essential, proper knowledge developed over centuries loses its authority - and along with it, faith in the past loses its meaning. For the time being, there remains hope for the future. But no matter how delayed the effect of neglecting the past is - it is postponed indefinitely, it comes and is expressed in the loss of hope for the future.

Conclusion:

Based on the above, we can draw a general conclusion that one of the most important universal aspects of the relationship between generations is the socialization of children and youth. The term "socialization" denotes the totality of all social processes through which an individual assimilates and reproduces a certain system of knowledge, norms and values ​​that allow him to function as a full member of society. Socialization is a process that plays a significant role in the life of both society and the individual, ensuring the self-reproduction of social life.

Socialization includes not only conscious, controlled, targeted influences, but also spontaneous, spontaneous processes that in one way or another influence the formation of personality.

Thus, the reform of Russian society led to a change in the standards of successful socialization of youth, the set of rules for the transmission of social norms and cultural values ​​from generation to generation. We can highlight the following features of the socialization of Russian youth at the turn of the century, taking into account the transition from the Soviet model of socialization (uniform in normativity, with equal starting opportunities and guarantees that ensure predictability of the life path) to another model (so far only emerging, variable, stratified): transformation of basic institutions socialization; regulation and formation new system social control; imbalance of organized and spontaneous processes of socialization towards spontaneity; changing the balance of public and personal interests towards expanding the autonomy of the emerging personality and space for individual activity, creativity and initiative.

In three reports to the Government on the situation of youth in 1993, 1994, 1996. Research Center researchers emphasized that despite the severity of the socio-economic situation of youth, one cannot help but see the overall positive results of the impact of “perestroika” and “reforms” on the younger generation. The main achievement of the post-Soviet period, as noted in the first report, is the acquisition of freedom by young people as a necessary condition for fruitful activity, self-affirmation of every young person and the entire socio-demographic group (youth received economic freedom, freedom of political beliefs, freedom of civil convictions, freedom of religion). 1

We can conclude that a significant part of young people have fit into the economic development program and are contributing to its development. This is manifested through the not always obvious, but no less significant result of the changes that are introduced into social relations. Youth is the most important source of the formation of new structures and layers of the non-state sector of the economy (41-43% of older categories of youth), in the process of gradual “rejuvenation” of the leading elite of society, in that “youth wave” of 30-40 year olds who came to politics, banks, entrepreneurship, business of the highest level; is that the value system of the developing entrepreneurial Layer, its guidelines are becoming more and more attractive for a significant part of the younger generation (the share of those who managed to open their own business ranges from 2.5 to 3.5% of the total number of young people, and desire to start a business up to 55% of respondents). At the same time, young businessmen become a factor in the “cultivation” and selection of the upper stratum of entrepreneurs and the growth of the middle class. To an increasing extent, the economic activity of young people is realized in the sphere of new economic relations - in trade, intermediation, personal services (16% of the number of respondents). 2

For the majority, attitudes towards paternalistic care of the state and society have changed, turning into orientations towards their own independence. In their minds work the values ​​characteristic of a private, private person - hope in oneself, one’s strengths, one’s home, family. It is the reliance on personal initiative and activity, as world experience shows, that really develops the market. Research shows that market standards of behavior are emerging (economic freedom of action, entrepreneurship, risk-taking). The stability of life and value orientations can be seen in the answers to the question of how they would like to see themselves in 15 years (for 17-year-olds), in 7-8 years (for 24-year-olds) (research by the Research Center for MI in 1998) , i.e. approximately at the end of the upper limit of youth age (Appendix No. 2).

At the forefront and responsible areas of transformation of a transitive society there should be young people who, through socialization channels, are included in innovation processes, its activities are directed, formed and organized by older generations, organically combining the activity of youth and their desire for something new with the existing cultural traditions of a post-socialist society, with ethno-national norms and mentality.

Bibliography:

A.M. Karaev Socialization of youth: Methodological aspects of the study. Humanities and socio-economic sciences. – 2005. No. 3, pp. 124-128.

A.V. Marshak Features of social connections of socially disoriented youth // Sociological research. 1998. №12.

A.I. Kovaleva, V.A. Lukov Sociology of youth: Theoretical issues - M.: Sotsium, 1999. - 325 p.

B.A. Ruchkin Youth and formation new Russia– Socis. No. 5. 1998 - 90 p.

V.V. Kasyanov, V.N. Nechipurenko, S.I. Samygin Sociology. Rostov-n/D, 2000 – 306 p.

IN AND. Chuprov Socialization of youth in post-communist Russia. Socio-political magazine, No. 6. 1996

V.T. Lisovsky Sociology of Youth: Textbook. St. Petersburg, 1996 – 141 p.

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D.P. Derbenev Social adaptation of adolescents // Social Journal. 1997. No. 1/2.

E.Emchura Modern youth and channels of its socialization. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 18. Sociology and political science. 2006. No. 3 – 135 p.

E.S. Topilina Features of socialization of the younger generation in modern Russia. Humanities and socio-economic sciences. 2006. No. 3 – 140 p.

E.P.Belinskaya, O.A.Tikhomandritskaya Social psychology of personality. – M.: Prospekt, 2001. – 573 p.

L.L. Shpak Sociocultural adaptation in Soviet society: philosophical problems. Krasnoyarsk, 1991. – 21 p.

L.G.Borisova, G.S. Solodova Sociology of personality. Novosibirsk, 1997. – 427 p.

L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. Human and society. Social science. Textbook for 11th grade students. general image Institutions. Part 2. – M.: Education, 2003. – 214 p.

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T.N. Goryaeva Socialization of Youth – Postgraduate student and applicant. No. 2. 2006 -164 p.

T.V. Kovaleva, S.P. Stepanov Teenagers of troubled times. On the problems of socialization of high school students. Sociological research. 1998. No. 8.

The university is an environment for the socialization of youth. Higher education in Russia. – 2006, No. 10, pp. 97-99.

Yu.V. Mugil Some aspects of social conflict and conditions for its stabilization. Social education, social work in the countryside: Materials of the interuniversity scientific and practical conference. – Orenburg: Publishing Center of OSAU, 2001. – 136 p.

Appendix No. 1

Dear student!

We ask you to answer the questions in this questionnaire; anonymity and confidentiality are guaranteed. Most questions require you to choose one of the options provided; you can skip questions that do not apply to you.m b. Thanks in advance!

What's your gender

a) male

b) female

Do you drink alcohol?

a) yes

b) no

For what purpose do you drink alcohol? (several answer options are possible)

a) to relieve tension (stress)

b) to improve your mood

c) to support the company

d) your answer option ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Can you always refuse an offer to drink?

a) yes

b) no

How often do you drink alcohol?

a) daily

b) no more than three times a week

c) no more than twice a month

What alcoholic drinks do you prefer?

a) vodka

b) beer

c) wine

d) gins, cocktails

e) your own version ______________________________________________

Do you know about the harm alcohol causes to the body?

a) yes

b) no

Do you think that the alcoholic drinks you drink are harmful to your health?

a) yes

b) no

Do you like being drunk?

a) yes

b) no

How does a person who refuses alcohol during a feast make you feel?

a) surprise

b) dissatisfaction

c) resentment that he refuses to drink with you

d) pity

e) your own version _______________________________________________

How old were you when you first tried an alcoholic drink?

a) up to 12 years old

b) 12 – 16 years old

c) 17 – 20 years old

d) after 21

Table for recording data obtained as a result of carrying out a nquetting among residents of Dormitory No. 2 in Orenburg

Question No.	Possible answer	Number of responses		Percentage		Total percentage
4.

Appendix No. 2 1

They want to see themselves at the upper limit of youth age (at % to the number of respondents)

2 Belinskaya E.P., Tikhomandritskaya O.A. Social psychology of personality. – M.: Prospekt, 2001. – 294 p.

1 Goryaeva T.N. Socialization of youth. Postgraduate student and applicant, No. 2, 2006 – 166 p.

1 Kasyanov V.V., Nechipurenko V.N., Samygin S.I. Sociology. Rostov-n/D, 2000 – 325 p.

2 The university is an environment for the socialization of youth. Higher education in Russia. – 2006, No. 10, pp. 97-99.

3 Kovaleva T.V., Stepanov S.P. Teenagers of troubled times. On the problems of socialization of high school students. Sociological research. 1998. No. 8.

1 Emchura E. Modern youth and channels of its socialization. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 18. Sociology and political science. 2006. No. 3 – 135 p.

1 Topilina E.S. Features of socialization of the younger generation in modern Russia. Humanities and socio-economic sciences. 2006. No. 3 – 140 p.

1 Bogolyubova L.N., A.Yu. Lazebnikova. Human and society. Social science. Textbook for 11th grade students. general image Institutions. Part 2. – M.: Education, 2003. – 214 p.

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The concept of youth socialization

Youth is a special socio-demographic group and age group that has been studied for many decades.

Youth is, first of all, a period of formation of ideals, mastery of basic social norms, attitudes, acquisition of new skills and knowledge, development of one’s creative potential, as well as self-realization. All this helps young people to exist and function successfully in society.

Note 1

Youth are people whose age is approximately 18-25 years. During this period, the most significant events for young people occur: coming of age, entering adulthood, choosing a specialty and future profession, university for study. Upon completion of higher education educational institution(approximately 21-22 years old) the person also makes decisions regarding his employment. During this period, boys undergo compulsory military service, which also influences their worldview and consciousness, instills in them such qualities as tolerance, patriotism, love for the Motherland, and the value of human life. Many at this age get married, taking on new, previously unknown roles: wife, husband, father, mother.

Thus, we can say that this is the most intense period in a person’s life, where he constantly has to change his social roles, status, make choices in favor of some aspects of life and abandon others. The most important characteristic of these actions is the obligatory deliberation, and then responsibility for one’s choice.

Let's take a closer look at this process, which modern world called youth socialization.

Socialization has several basic definitions; we will list three particularly interesting ones that reflect the specifics of this process:

1. The process of assimilation by an individual throughout his life of the social norms and cultural values ​​of precisely the society to which he belongs;
2. The process of assimilation and further development of socio-cultural experience by an individual;
3. The process of personality formation, learning and assimilation by an individual of values, norms and attitudes inherent in a given society or a separate social group.

The socialization of youth, just like any other socialization of any other socio-demographic group, is a two-way process. Firstly, this is the constant transmission by society, and secondly, this is the assimilation by an individual, who belongs to the “youth” age group, of the entire set of social norms, cultural and historical values, traditions and patterns of behavior. All of these help a young person to function successfully in society without violating generally accepted norms and rules and without receiving appropriate punishment for this violation.

Specifics of youth socialization

Note 2

The main specific feature that distinguishes the socialization of youth from all main types is age characteristics. In fact, a young man and his socialization is a transitional stage from primary socialization to its second stage - secondary socialization, respectively.

A feature of primary socialization is the individual’s initial mastery of norms and values, rules, and traditions. Thus, the individual, like a sponge, absorbs all common values ​​in the process of communication in the family circle, as well as with friends and other significant people who are several levels higher than themselves (due to age characteristics and a certain level of accumulated social experience) . At this stage, the individual does not have the right to make his own choice; this choice is made for him by others: his parents.

Secondary socialization is fundamentally different from primary socialization in that for the individual his environment, like himself for others, manifests itself in other features that differ from those that he perceived during primary socialization. This leads to the fact that the young man begins to see the world and other people based on his own considerations, and not those that were instilled in him during the first stage of socialization.

Dynamics of youth socialization

Note 3

In Russian society, reforms are carried out annually that have an impact on all sectors of society, and especially on young people. The reform led to a change not only in the structure of society, but also in some standards of youth socialization. The set of transmission of social norms and cultural values, which were initially transmitted from generation to generation - from older to younger, has also changed.

The features of the socialization of Russian youth (taking into account the transition from the former Soviet system to the modern one) are expressed as follows. Basically, the changes occurred due to the fact that a uniform normative model, with equal starting opportunities, some monopolization and predictability, was replaced by a variable and stratified model of socialization. In addition, the following features can be noted:

1. Transformation of the main institutions of socialization (preschool, school, university and postgraduate);
2. Deformation of the value-normative mechanism of social regulation and the formation of a new system of social control. This occurs due to dynamic and spontaneous changes in the social structure, the emergence of a large number of new social organizations (including informal associations that influence the worldview and consciousness of young people);
3. The imbalance of organized and spontaneous processes of socialization towards spontaneity is also influenced by a large selection of organizations, movements and directions. Often a young man himself does not fully understand what he really needs, therefore, having escaped from parental care, he strives to use all the possibilities of his independence and freedom, which can sometimes be uncontrollable and spontaneous;
4. Changes in the relationship between public and personal interests towards expanding the autonomy of the emerging personality, space for initiative and self-realization in creativity.

CHAPTER I. YOUTH IN MODERN TIME

IN A CHANGING WORLD

1.1. Cognition of social objects: philosophical and 23 sociological analysis

1.2. Theoretical and methodological foundations of modern 40 sociology

1.3. Heuristic potential of Polish social and humanitarian knowledge 55

1.4. Sociocultural processes in post-socialist countries

1.5. Youth as a socio-demographic group of society

CHAPTER II. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AS CHANNELS

SOCIALIZATION OF YOUTH

2.1. General understanding of social institutions and their functions

2.2. The process of socialization and its sociological analysis

2.3. Traditional channels of socialization: family, 132 education system, sociocultural environment

2.4. Priority channels of socialization in a transitive society: 157 labor market, institute of entrepreneurship, media and the Internet

2.5. New content of education and its socializing role

CHAPTER III. MASS CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS ROLE IN

SOCIALIZATION OF MODERN YOUTH

3.1. Mass consciousness as a sociocultural phenomenon

3.2. The structure of mass consciousness: theoretical aspect

3.3. Concepts of stereotypes of consciousness and social ideas and 239 their significance for the formation of mass consciousness of youth

3.4. Value orientations and their evolution in conditions of radical 257 changes

3.5. Ideas about the Polish national character and 268 ethno-identification as a channel of socialization

CHAPTER IV. BROADCASTING CULTURE IN THE MODERN 290 WORLD

4.1. The phenomenon of culture and its modern understanding

4.2. Mastering culture in the modern world

4.3. Sociological studies of Polish youth in the 60s. XX 334 centuries

4.4. Youth as a factor in changing the world

4.5 Theoretical forecasts of world development for the next 373 decades

Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “Social structure, social institutions and processes”, Emchura Teresa

CONCLUSION

Consideration of youth as a specific socio-demographic group of modern society shows that it has a number of common features associated with its basic characteristics. These include:

Mismatch of somatic, psychological, social and chronological ages, which distinguishes all youth in the modern world;

It is also obvious that the period of adolescence is lengthening due to the complication of social practice and the lengthening of the period of obtaining education;

Modern youth increasingly have the learning process as their leading activity, thanks to which the value of human capital, the main wealth of any society, increases;

The process of primary and secondary socialization of youth requires increasing financial, economic, socio-political and moral costs on the part of older generations, and therefore not all countries of the world are able to implement targeted and effective youth policy, which is typical only for the most developed and democratic countries ;

An increasing number of young people, especially in developed countries, are born and socialized in an urban environment, where social control is weakened, and therefore the deviant and delinquent behavior of young people increases.

A more detailed study of the youth of the Earth shows that they differ significantly not only across countries and regions, due to the specific historical features of the development of certain countries, but also differ in their stereotypes of consciousness, value orientations and social ideas within their country, influenced by the pace of its development, the relationship between various social groups and the characteristics of government institutions, traditional/innovative trends in the development of the country. The characteristics of youth cohorts are determined by many objective factors that act diversely and chaotically, therefore, for the most part, young people grow up in social systems exposed to various social risks and each such social risk significantly affects the formation of youth, their adaptive or maladaptive attitude to social institutions and processes that dominate in society.

Let us illustrate this using the example of demographic forecasts that guide educators of the younger generations for the near and longer term. What will humanity be like by 2050? Will it contain over 60% of youth, as was the case in the total population of the Earth in the 60s? last century?

Demographers believe that in the first half of the 21st century. The predominance of men compared to women in the total population of the Earth will increase. Already at the present time, the preponderance of men is about 20 million.134 F. Fukuyama noted that in the 20-30s. XXI century millions of angry men will not be able to find a married couple, this preponderance is especially noticeable in the countries of Asia, Africa and Oceania. In modern China, there are 1,059 men per 1,000 women. In this regard, the exception is Russia, where there are 878 men per 1,000 women. In general, starting from the time of victory in the Great Patriotic War, with its huge losses of the predominantly male population, the proportion of women in the USSR per 1000 men was 1339, i.e. more than

134 Francis F. Our posthuman future. - M., 2004. - P. 95 et seq. a third more. This could not but affect both the formation of sociocultural characteristics based on gender and the social behavior of the population - family and marriage relations, migration processes, supply and demand in the labor market, gender and age structure of the education system, etc. were significantly influenced by the predominance of the female gender in all spheres of life.

The first half of the 21st century, demographers note, will be characterized by a significant aging of the population of developed countries in Europe and Japan. Given the persistence of small families, the required number of workers for the normal functioning of the economy of these countries will be replenished by migration from labor-abundant regions of the Earth, which will increase the multi-ethnicity of most countries and require special measures in the field of adaptation of migrants to new socio-cultural living conditions. Due to the fact that most migrants, as a rule, are young people, male, this imposes special specifics on their adaptation.

Since the 60s. last century, all researchers already consider youth as a specific and particularly significant socio-demographic group of society. It is studied by all social and humanitarian knowledge regarding how the processes of primary and secondary socialization of children, adolescents and young people occur in the existing social institutions of society, what are the mechanisms of adaptation of youth into society, how the system of values, norms and cultural traditions of society influences the formation of social ideas, stereotypes of consciousness and fixed attitudes of young people towards their mass behavior.

It is these processes that ensure the socialization of young people and their successful integration into the social whole.

Each society is interested in a certain type of personality that best suits it and therefore makes its own demands on the formation of the social character of the younger generations. This is embodied in the system of education and upbringing, in the media, in the forms and methods of adaptation of the younger generations to the life of society. The process of personality formation is difficult and multiply mediated. Based on an objectively identical social position, but due to different subjective-evaluative attitudes towards it, different personality types can develop, therefore the process of socialization is not controllable, it is quite chaotic and random.

Social behavior rising generations can be assessed quantitatively - by the level of social activity of young people, and qualitatively - by the nature and direction of this activity, which can be creative and destructive, conscious and spontaneous, oriented towards globalization or regional affairs, etc.

Everything depends, firstly, on the social structure of society, secondly, on its normative culture and value orientations, including the normative credo of the subject, his ideas about what he should or should not be, and thirdly, behavior depends on fixed attitudes , style of thinking and level of self-awareness of the individual, therefore real behavior corresponds to the normative-ideal very little.

Model social type personality is a product of a complex interweaving of historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions of people’s life and activities. Sociology offers various options for social typology of personality. Thus, M. Weber takes the specifics of social action as the basis for typification, more specifically, the degree of its rationality. In this connection, he distinguishes between goal-rational, value-rational, affective and traditional orientations of people and the typology of their characters.

His classification was put forward by F. Znaniecki, who believed that the typology can be built on the basis of studying the behavior of people, their social interaction and their performance of social roles.

The typification proposed by P. Sorokin is based on the dominant value systems, according to which each type of society corresponds to a specific historical social type. His student and successor of the theory of sociocultural dynamics, T. Parsons, believed that in order to identify social typology, it is necessary to turn to the analysis of the role of cultural symbols that ensure interaction and understanding between people.

There were approaches to defining social typology back in the 19th century. proposed by K. Marx and F. Engels (material production and class affiliation form social types); then 3. Freud and K.-G. Jung (the entry of an asocial individual into a taboo culture, hence the initial neuroticism of the subjects, their libidinousness and the great significance of the “collective unconscious” in deeds and actions).

In the concept of interactionism by J. Mead, social typology is a consequence of interpersonal interaction between people, as a result of which mutually conforming behavior arises, and conformity becomes the main feature of a person in mass society and this must be taught, which is what American sociology and psychology do, publishing all kinds of prescriptions in millions of copies behavior that ensures effective interpersonal contacts.

Modern sociological understanding of a young person involves, first of all, the study of personality as a social type, the study of historically specific social connections and relationships of a person, as well as the study of personality as an element of a real social system.

The general sociological theory of personality is closely related to the philosophical problems of man. Its main problems include: revealing the social essence of man and the specific historical nature of man’s appropriation of his essence: identifying the most general sociological laws of personality development in society and the historical forms of its implementation; study social activities as a way of implementing social relations; revealing the dialectics of personality as a subject and object of social relations and a number of others. Great importance For the study of personality as a specific social type, there are special sociological theories, in particular, the role concept of personality by T. Parsons and the concept of P. Sorokin, which considers personality as the bearer of a certain system of value orientations.

Analyzing the role concept, it should be noted a number of its important advantages - the ease of empirical interpretation of personality in its terms, the possibility of its correlation with social relations and the entire system of social reality. However, the role concept of personality cannot provide a complete and adequate understanding of personality, because it does not even raise a number of problems of knowledge about a person, leaving in the shadows such important problems of personal existence as self-awareness and self-knowledge of a person, his freedom and self-realization and others. Role theory considers a person as a set of functions given by the social whole, and not by the individual-personal existence of the subject.

The concept of value orientations attempts to overcome this limitation. In its terms, personality is determined by the social whole (personality as an object of social relations), and the source of its social activity is in its life position (personality as a subject of social relations). However, by exploring the problem of the formation of value orientations, studying the orientation of the individual, this concept increasingly merges with the socio-psychological understanding of the individual, which is noted by the adherents of the theory of value orientations themselves.

A special place in the analysis of personality is given to the work of social psychologists, in which the relationship of the individual with the social whole (group) is considered through the inner world of the individual, identifying interpersonal relationships and analyzing the degree to which a person is aware of their significance for his activity, cognition and communication. Social psychology also studies the problems of personality orientation, self-esteem, well-being and self-esteem, conformity and adaptation, collective suggestions and anxiety, personal prospects and frustrations. In this regard, social psychology considers and interprets the individual as the subject and object of group relations, as the subject and object of group activity.

Analysis of the literature on activity allows us to conclude that modern social and humanitarian knowledge defines activity as a way of existence and formation public person; reveals the subjectivity of the activity; its consciousness and expediency; transformative and creative character; social character and conditioning by past experience; the interchange of activities is specifically studied; its versatility; the relationship between freedom and the active relationship of the subject to the world.

A detailed analysis of social and philosophical problems of activity is given in a number of works by L.P. Buevoy. Analyzing the initial positions of human analysis, the author showed that the Marxist tradition of analyzing activity considers its attributes to be activity, objectivity and instrumentality of activity and emphasizes the connection with the concepts of work, practice, method of activity, type of life activity, way of life.

An important point in Marx’s concept of man in the modern world is the problem of alienation, which has gone beyond philosophical discussions and acquired modern practical significance. In this sense, mass society and its ideology make a person even more alienated from his essence than was the case in the 19th century, in industrial society. The concepts of “a consuming person” and a “playing person” proposed by sociologists and cultural scientists could not overcome the alienation of a person from his generic essence - active creativity. The development of media and information systems, instead of man’s active participation in the world, offered him a “global village” and “virtual reality”, i.e. the illusion of real life.

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Please note the above scientific texts posted for information purposes and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). Therefore, they may contain errors associated with imperfect recognition algorithms. IN PDF files There are no such errors in the dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Samygin Sergey Ivanovich

Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Personnel Management and Sociology, Rostov State University of Economics [email protected]

Popov Mikhail Yurievich

Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology

Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia [email protected]

Zagutin Dmitry Sergeevich

Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Public Relations, Don State Technical University [email protected]

as a social institution

socialization of youth

Sergey I. Samygin

Doctor of Sociology, professor of staff s management department and Sociology of Rostov state economic university [email protected]

Michael Ju. Popov

Doctor of Sociology, professor, faculty head of scientific and pedagogical personnel"s training at Russian MVD"s Krasnodarskiy university [email protected]

Dmitriy S. Zagutin

Doctor of Philosophy,

PR department at

Donskoy state technical university

[email protected]

Social networks as

SOCIAL INSTITUTE OF YOUNG PEOPLE'S socialization

Annotation. In the conditions of intensive development of information and communication technologies, addressing the problem of socialization of youth in society becomes extremely important on the path to the formation of a highly cultural, intellectual society. In this article, the researchers set a goal to identify and evaluate, from the point of view of socialization of youth, key scientific approaches in considering this issue.

Annotation. Under the circumstances of information communicative technology"s intensive development, the appeal to the problem of young people"s socialization in the society gains in a crucial importance on the way of highly cultured, intelligent society"s formation. The researchers pursue the aim to find out and appreciate from the view of young people's socialization key scientific approaches while considering this question in the present article.

Keywords: information-

communication technologies, socialization of youth, social networks, social institution.

Keywords: information communicative technology, young people's socialization, networks, social institute

The development of information and communication technologies and the introduction of Internet social networks to the masses causes profound shifts in the development of youth culture and its socialization.

These trends influence the formation of a fundamentally new model of society, in which horizontal network communications dominate and many different actors appear who participate in the formation of the personality of a young person, driven by their own motives and having relevant experience for this. At the same time, one must understand that in in social networks more often we observe actors acting as collective subjects, social groups,

communities of people who perform actions aimed at other participants.

In the modern era information technologies The role and importance of network structures in the education of young people and the formation of their culture and intelligence is increasing.

In these conditions, the role of the main actor, the state, increases as a key institution that ensures coordination of the process of developing public decisions and creates institutional conditions for the implementation of network management in the issue of socialization of youth in the era of information technology.

And here, in our opinion, an important question arises: how does modern youth see Russia?

This image, formed over the years, by the media, and the Internet, is very monotonous, and it follows from it the social interests, needs, and life prospects of young people: a television show, delicious food, a smartphone.

How to reach young people? What methods of socialization are relevant today?

Exist scientific works, touching on certain aspects of the problem under consideration from the standpoint of philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, psychology, and pedagogy.

The concept of a post-industrial and information society was developed in the studies of D. Bell, Z. Brzezinski, E. Masuda, A. Touraine, globalization processes were studied by Z. Bauman, F. Fukuyama. The formation of global culture and the latest information and communication technologies on a global scale were the subject of consideration by such authors as J. Baudrillard, M. Castells, D. Naisbitt, G.E. Toffler.

A separate area consists of research devoted to social networks. The term “social network” was coined in 1954 by sociologist James Barnes, but became widespread in the early 2000s with the development of Internet technologies. We can distinguish two intersecting interpretations of a social network - as a social structure and its specific Internet version.

It is obvious that in line with the first approach, the concept has been studied to a greater extent (the study of the structure of social objects has been actively carried out in sociology since the 50s of the twentieth century). The problem of computer social networks as an integral cultural phenomenon is insufficiently studied both from the point of view of conceptual analysis and from an empirical point of view. Among domestic authors studying computer social networks as a sociocultural phenomenon, the works of V.A. deserve attention. Bokareva, R.V. Konchakovsky, E.A. Lavren-chuk, A.S. Fomenko.

Creation of personal profiles (public or semi-public), which often require you to indicate real personal data and other information about yourself (place of study and work, hobbies, life principles, etc.);

Providing an almost full range of opportunities for information exchange (posting photographs, video recordings, posting text entries (in blog or microblog mode), organizing thematic communities, exchanging personal messages, etc.);

Ability to set and maintain a list of other users with whom he has some relationship (for example, friendship,

kinship, business and work connections, etc.).

Of particular importance for us are the works of M. Castells, since they pay a lot of attention to the development and influence of the Internet, in the space of which computer social networks arose.

Thus, Castals characterizes the modern culture that young people absorb as a “culture of real virtuality,” a culture determined by global interactive electronic systems communications. As he writes, “this is a system in which reality itself... is completely captured, completely immersed in virtual images, in a fictional world, a world in which external images are not just on a screen through which experience is transmitted, but become experience themselves.” " This environment is capable of “embracing and integrating forms of expression as well as diversity of interests, values ​​and imagination.” Therefore, it has its own structure and logic.

Thus, we can safely talk about social networks as a public institution that has a direct impact on the socialization of young people. We can define virtual social networks as a set of formal and informal rules, norms, guidelines that regulate various areas activities of young people and organizing them into a system of roles and statuses.

Thus, young people partially or completely satisfy many of their needs through information and communication networks - in the virtual world, breaking away from real, present life.

An analysis of the influence of the Internet as a fundamentally new means of communication on people and culture was also carried out in the works of V.P. Goncharova,

N.V. Korytnikova, K.E. Razlogova, G.L. Tulchinsky, M.N. Epstein.

Also, a number of authors highlight the socio-philosophical and socio-psychological aspects of socialization and virtualization of society. The consequences of the influence of virtual reality on humans and society are studied by T.A. Bondarenko, B.V. Markov, A.Yu. Fimin et al.

The decisive role, as noted by a number of authors, in the first stages of socialization belongs to the traditional mechanism of socialization, i.e. the assimilation of behavioral norms in the family, while in adolescence the institutional mechanism of socialization comes to the fore, namely information and communication networks that consist of virtual social groups.

The world can be represented as a sphere of signs and meanings, the interpretation of which is carried out by two interpretive systems: consciousness and the unconscious. Let us note that the social unconscious as a system of interpretation is the most ancient for humans, while consciousness is an acquired system, not originally

inherent in a person, formed in the process of his development and socialization. As noted in their studies by O.E. Radchenko, N.E. Emelyanov consciousness, being a social component of the psyche, is based on knowledge and rational mechanisms of interpretation. We consider the separation of the social unconscious from the category of the unconscious to be important because it includes not just mental components, but such structures of the psyche that are characteristic specifically of people belonging to one social group or one virtual social group.

Answer the questions noted at the beginning of the article: “How to reach young people? What methods of socialization are relevant today? the mechanisms and laws of the existence of a young person within a virtual group, between an individual and a virtual group, and the mechanisms of the existence of virtual social groups with each other will help.

The components of a virtual social network are young people, social connections and actions, social interactions and relationships, social groups, communities, norms and values. Each of these elements is more or less close connection with others and plays a specific role in the functioning of the youth community as a whole. It is thanks to its structure that the virtual youth community is qualitatively different from real youth associations. A virtual youth community is a social organism that functions and develops according to its own laws.

The relationships of virtual social groups are characterized by the phenomena of intra-group favoritism and inter-group discrimination, which consist in strengthening the positive orientation when characterizing one’s own group and strengthening the negative characteristics when describing a group of strangers, which can also extend to actions.

As noted by N.I. Semechkin, social unconscious thinking manifests itself in the horizontal structuring of the world into the categories of “us” and “strangers”. And although in the modern world the boundaries between these groups are blurred and in many cases are conditional, the mythological component of the psyche preserves this division and the corresponding attitudes and systems of interpretation at an unconscious level.

The beginning of the 1990s is characterized by interest in computers associated with their socialization, rooting in our Everyday life. These two lines have a single source, which can be called technotheology. There is a fairly large body of literature on the so-called cultural studies of software - software studies, which appeared in the late 1990s with the publication of Lev Manovich's book “The Language of New Media”. Most books on software studies are limited to studying the sociocultural effects that can have on society

influence through applications and programs.

Philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of virtuality originates in the era of antiquity. Developing Aristotelian ontology, Thomas Aquinas defined the “virtual” as potential. In this meaning, this category was used in the works of Duns Scotus and Nicholas of Cusa. Among modern researchers, a significant contribution to the interpretation of the concept of “virtuality” was made by representatives of the scientific direction - virtual studies O.I. Genisaretsky and N.A. Nosov. Detailed philosophical analysis of the category of “virtual” is given in the dissertations of T.A. Kirik, V.L. Silaeva, in the monograph by E.E. Taratuts.

From the standpoint of computer technology, virtuality is studied in the works of such specialists as M. Kruger, J. Lanier, I. Sutherland. M.Yu. Openkov, determines the ontological status of virtual reality, carrying out its onto-dialogical interpretation.

Today, in fact, arose new form language interaction - written spoken language. The Russian language exists on the Internet mainly in written form, but in the conditions of interactive network communication, the rate of speech is close to its oral variety.

Internet surfers are almost completely deprived of auxiliary (paralinguistic) means: timbre of speech, accentuation of part of the utterance, emotional coloring, timbre of the voice, its strength, diction, gestures and facial expressions.

First of all, the “emotional deficit” was compensated by introducing surrogate, partially typified emotional reactions- “emoticons” (from the English “smile” - “smile”), which have become extremely widespread.

In addition to “emoticons”, to compensate for the timbre and emphasize part of the statement in virtual communication, the so-called “caps” are used (from the English “CapsLock” - blocking the upper case of the keyboard; writing a phrase or part of it in CAPITAL LETTERS), which is interpreted everywhere on the Internet as raising the voice.

Slang developed by Internet users passes into common vocabulary, the revival of the epistolary genre in the form of electronic correspondence also has its own linguistic specifics, the gaming conditions of the virtual space contribute to bringing communication closer to the game, which at the level of language is manifested in a tendency towards the manner of oral conversation on the most serious site . It is quite possible that we are talking about the formation of a new style in the Russian language - the style of Internet communication, which is not only a specific feature of the Internet community, but also seriously affects the speech behavior of the entire society as a whole.

One cannot ignore the “Albany language”, a popular language of communication in modern social networks. It is most often used when writing comments on texts in blogs, chats and web forums.

The basis of the “Albanian” language is the elevation of errors to a rule, in other words, a kind of cult of error, which turns into the only recognized principle. It, in turn, is accompanied by several technical techniques that provide, if necessary, a “translation” from Russian into “Albanian”. This is, firstly, the credo “write as you hear”, and secondly, the writing at the end of words of those noisy voiced consonants that are impossible to pronounce (classic examples - “preved” instead of “hello” or “krasa-vcheg” instead of “ handsome"), and thirdly, the use of the letter combination “sch” in place of the letter “sch”, etc.

Literature:

1. Samygin S.I. Organizational behavior / S.I. Samygin, D.S. Zagutin. Publisher: Phoenix. Rostov-on-Don. 2014 p. 224.

2. Maltseva D.V. On modern network theories in sociology / D.V. Maltseva, N.V. Romanovsky // Sociological studies. 2011. No. 8. P. 28-37. Bibliography

3. Samygin S.I. Developmental psychology, age psychology / S.I. Samygin, D.S. Zagutin Ed. : Phoenix. Rostov-on-Don. 2014 p. 248.

4. Castells M. Galaxy Internet: Reflections on the Internet, business and society; lane from English A. Matveev, ed. V. Kharitonov. Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria (with the participation of the Humanitarian University), 2004. 328 p. (Academic Bestseller Series).

5. Goncharov V.P. Means of communication and their sociocultural impact: N. Postman on the “disappearance of childhood” // Humanitarian and Social sciencies 2011. No. 6. p. 106.

6. Samygin S.I. Family and social security of Russia / S.I. Samygin, A.V. Vereshchagina // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. 2014. No. 2.

7. Radchenko O.E. The role of the social unconscious in the formation of personal tolerance / O.E. Radchenko, N.E. Emelyanova // News of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Issue volume 312 no. 6. Tomsk: 2012.

8. Semechkin N.I. Psychology of social groups: tutorial. Ed. Vlados. 2011. p. 287.

9. Kurtov M.A. About the way of existence of technical objects. Translit, No. 9, 2011. pp. 94-105.

10. Monograph by E.E. Taratuta. Philosophy of virtual reality. St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2007.

11. Openkov M.Yu. Virtual reality dia-

So, in modern Russia the role of the state is increasing as a key institution that ensures coordination of the process of developing public decisions and creates institutional conditions for the implementation of network management in the issue of socialization of youth in the era of information technology.

However, the problem of cultural and spiritual degradation, which is most closely connected with the socialization of youth, is even more acute, since ensuring the latter is impossible in conditions where youth are left to themselves and not only in the virtual social space.

In other words, we need a full-fledged strategy for the development of a modern model of youth socialization, taking into account all the challenges from information and communication networks as part of the development of an all-Russian concept of cultural and spiritual improvement of society.

1. Samygin S.I. Organizational behavior

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3. Samygin S.I. Organizational behavior

5.1. Samygin, D.S. Zagutin of Prod.: Phoenix. Rostov-on-Don. 2014. page 248.

4. Castells M. Galaktika Internet: Reflections about the Internet, business and the society / Lane from English A. Matveev under the editorship of V. Kharitonov. Yekaterinburg: The U-trading station (with the participation of Humanitarian un-that), 2004. 328 pages. (Academic Best-seller series)

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5.1. Samygin, A.V. Vereshchagina // Humanitarian, social and economic and social sciences. 2014. No. 2.

7. Radchenko O.E. role of social unconscious in the formation of tolerance of the personality / O.E. Radchenko, N.E. Yemelyanov. // News of tomsk polytechnical university. Release volume 312 No. 6. Tomsk: 2012.

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10. Taratut's E.E. monograph. Philosophy of virtual reality. Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 2007.

11. Openkov M.Yu. Virtual reality of dialogue /

Sociology of youth is a branch of applied sociology, the subject of which is youth as a special social group. In any society, one way or another, the problem of differences between generations exists and manifests itself: people of different ages, who were formed as individuals in different historical periods, who received different upbringing and education, are not always capable of mutual understanding. Usually the most active party to the generational conflict is young people. Young people are often characterized by an acute rejection of the image of the world around them that is offered to them by their parents, teachers and, in general, people of the older generation, coupled with the confidence that it is really possible and necessary to change it.

Adults and youth often find it difficult to find common language, which would provide the opportunity for a more or less constructive dialogue. Mutual alienation finds expression in the hypercritical, sometimes unjustifiably hostile attitude of representatives of two adjacent generations towards each other. Young people tend to blame their fathers for all the imperfections of society and historical mistakes, while adults accuse youth of frivolity and a dependent attitude to life. By their appearance, clothes, hairstyle, hobbies, and manner of behavior, many young people strive to indicate their difference from the “adult world”, to emphasize their right to a different vision of the world and an understanding of their place in it. Thus, in modern society young people tend to identify themselves as members of a special social group, to a certain extent opposed to the “adult world”.

Modern society, being much more complex and differentiated, puts forward more complex requirements for the education, knowledge, skills and abilities of its members. For social adaptation and socialization of a young individual, his acquisition of education and a certain social capital takes a long time. The specificity of youth as a special social group in modern society is that all its members in their lives, one way or another, are in the process of forming their social personality, discovering and realizing their social potential. A significant number of young people, primarily students and pupils, do not have their own specific social status, occupying a place in the status structure of society depending on the social status of their parents or on their future status related to obtaining a profession. At the same time, if the status of an adult is entirely determined by his professional demand, the amount of accumulated social capital and his actual position in the status structure, a young individual is often, in addition to his main occupation, included in the structure of informal relations, participating in youth movements, subcultural formations, political, religious or other organizations, and this informal status is essential for him.

The process of socialization continues throughout a person’s childhood and adolescence. And thus, society “seems to” adjust the individual to its standard throughout his life, he discovers for himself more and more new facets of existence in a social group, learns to meet the various requirements placed on him, and consistently masters new social roles.

The group, collectively referred to as “youth,” includes not only young men, but also people of older age, which can be designated as “early adulthood.” After twenty years, the direction of the socialization process changes somewhat: the main life task at this age becomes finding a partner to enter into a marriage and begin self-realization in professional activities.

A young, developing personality needs purposeful, value-oriented education on the part of society.

“Values,” wrote V.P. Tugarinov, “this is what people need to satisfy their needs and interests, as well as ideas and their motivation as a norm, goal and ideal.” Tugarinov V.P. Selected philosophical works. L., 1998. P.271. Today, values ​​that seemed stable just yesterday are collapsing, because... Social guarantees are disappearing, economic disasters are growing. Sociology of youth. Textbook. Rep. ed. V.T. Lisovsky. St. Petersburg, 1996. Young people are much more susceptible to outside influences, they more actively seek to obtain information, they usually have a wider and more diverse circle of contacts, due to which their value systems undergo greater external pressure. This circumstance, as well as emotional lability. Emotional lability is the instability of emotional states, the rapid change of one emotion to another (for example, joy - sadness and vice versa). Emotional lability is one of the signs of higher incoordination nervous activity. Psychophysiology. Dictionary/Auth. MM. Bezrukikh, D.A. Farber // Psychological Lexicon. encyclopedic Dictionary in six volumes / Ed.-comp. L.A. Karpenko. Under general ed. A.V. Petrovsky. - M.: PER SE, 2006. - 128 p. young people are explained by the increased dynamism of their value orientations.

Young people are optimistic about the future, expecting successful self-realization. For a significant portion of young people, success in life is embodied in achieving high property status. Today, young people are far superior to older people in terms of the quality of education. Today, education has become a factor in strengthening social inequality. The children of the “powers that be” and the rich have the opportunity to fall into a narrow group that in the future will have access to the levers of power in economics and politics. Sociology in Russia. Ed. V.A. Yadova. Second edition, revised and expanded. M., 1998. Receipt higher education is considered as a path to success in life and, accordingly, as a value.

The choice of specialty and place of work, according to the answers of young respondents, is also mainly determined by financial considerations, the possibility of receiving higher incomes, and career growth and professional self-realization as value guidelines are left far behind. Zorkaya N., Duke N. Values ​​and attitudes of Russian youth. VTsIOM magazine “Public Opinion Monitoring”

Real prospects for achieving life success, including material success, are assessed by young people depending on their situation in life today.

The future of society directly depends on the institution of marriage and family, on the place in the minds of people that the corresponding values ​​occupy - love, harmonious relationships, the birth of children, relatives and friends, family and family well-being. The analysis shows that in the conditions of the general social crisis that we are experiencing today, both the family and education are also in a state of crisis. There is still a high number of divorces, abandoned children and elderly people, children running away from home, cruelty towards children and elderly people is not uncommon - all these are signs of social ill health of the family. Man and education in modern Russia. Ed. L.A. Verbitskaya, V.T. Lisovsky, V.T. Pulyaeva. St. Petersburg, 1998. A serious problem for the present and future of Russia is the threat of depopulation, the birth rate crisis and the decline in average life expectancy. Thus, the demographic situation in Russia requires urgent special measures to provide material and social support to families, especially young ones, and to promote a family lifestyle.

In adolescence and young adulthood, political socialization acquires specific features, which are determined by the fact that the attitude of a teenager and young person to politics is much more conscious than the attitude of a child. The essence of the political socialization of young people therefore lies in the purposeful education of a culture of political thinking, a rational approach to solving political problems, and the ability to resist attempts to manipulate mass consciousness on the part of certain political forces and figures. The political maturity of an individual occurs when he learns to resist the pressure of propaganda, understand the play of political interests and influences, form his own rational judgments about political events and independently take responsibility for his political choices.

As for cultural values, their role in society is especially great, since it is on their basis that the cultural self-identification of young people is carried out. This process consists of developing an idea of ​​oneself as an integrity by defining the boundaries of one’s own cultural identity, when an individual feels himself to be part of a particular cultural community, identifying himself with a specific culture - ethnic, religious, classical, mass, or other subculture - criminal, street etc. The formation of young people’s values ​​in the cultural sphere is greatly influenced by popular media that promote examples of a certain style and lifestyle, behavior patterns, and worldviews. The cultural values ​​of modern youth are the basis of the youth subculture. Despite the social, financial, educational heterogeneity of the youth environment and taking into account the many youth subcultures, it cannot be denied that they have common qualities and characteristics. Thus, the Russian subculture is characterized by a countercultural orientation, embodied in a conscious and often aggressive alienation from the values ​​of older generations. Among young people, the entertainment and recreational orientation of their free time dominates (parties, TV, “pleasant idleness”)

Thus, the state of the cultural values ​​of the younger generation indicates the development of negative processes in this area, which together can be called impoverishment and degradation, alienation from classical and generally traditional models. These processes are associated with the search for new forms of cultural self-identification that are adequate to the times and demands of the youth audience.

2. Essay on the topic: “Sociology of health and medicine” based on the article by V.A. Aleksunina, S.A. Mitkova " Social aspects paid medical services", 2006

ALEKSUNIN Vladimir Alekseevich - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor of the Department of Marketing and Advertising of the Russian Trade and Economic University (RGTEU).

MITKOV Sergey Alekseevich - graduate student of the Moscow University of Consumer Cooperation.

One of the first social tasks of the development of Russian society is to improve medical care. Many problems arise during the transition from free healthcare to compulsory insurance and commercial medicine. As practice shows, in rare cases the state is able to fully and efficiently satisfy the population’s need for necessary medical services.

Paid medical care has not surprised the population for a long time. An extensive and unique market for paid services has formed in the country. Unfortunately, the parameters of this market and the factors shaping it, for objective and subjective reasons, have not yet been sufficiently studied. At the same time, such information is of practical interest for organizations and institutions related to both paid and free medical care.

So, to the question “What motivates you to use paid medical services?” - received the following data: the most significant factors for citizens turning to paid medical institutions:

1. quality medical care - (62.7% of respondents),

2. high level of service - (43.3%),

3. inability to receive services for free - (24%),

4. reputation and fame of the medical institution - (22%)

5. high speed of service - (18%).

These indicators indicate a transition from the practice of price competition between enterprises in this area (which is typical for underdeveloped markets with low purchasing power of the population) to the practice of competition based on high quality and the provision of a wide range of additional services.

It is worth noting that when deciding to go to a medical institution, a potential patient least thinks about the distance of the medical institution from his place of residence or work (2.7%), giving priority to the quality of service.

The reputation of a medical institution, which consists of the professionalism of doctors and service personnel, the length of the enterprise’s operation and the guarantees received by the patient for the work performed, is becoming increasingly important.

The main group of private competitors medical institutions are paid departments of state medical institutions. They are the ones who are able to bear minimal maintenance costs and can offer low prices. However, in many cases the level of qualifications of doctors in these institutions is lower than in commercial institutions.

The survey showed that the greatest demand of patients seeking paid medical care is the following services:

1. dentists (32% of all calls),

2. therapist (25%),

3. gynecologist (21%).

In conclusion I would like to add:

Paid medicine, in my opinion, will always prevail in terms of quality and guarantees. What is there to discuss if everyone understands that it’s easier to pay more and have enough for a long time don't think about it. In such a situation, the need for research into the market for paid medical services increases.

Aleksunin emphasizes that significant differences in the socio-economic indicators of the country’s regions and the peculiarities of the development of paid medicine in them make regional studies the most valuable.

The information obtained can be effectively used in the field of public health care, as well as by entrepreneurs to determine the volume, structure and quality characteristics of the activities of commercial institutions in the paid medical services market, which is becoming increasingly saturated.