What was Ivan Pavlov famous for? Ivan Pavlov short biography

Last update: 03/18/2015

“Science demands from a person his entire life,” wrote Ivan Pavlov. And if you had at least two lives, according to him, they would not be enough for you. Ivan Pavlov called for people to be passionate in their work and in their quests.

The most famous works:

• Works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion.
• 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology.

Birth and death:

• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849.
• He died on February 27, 1936.

First years of life:

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov comes from a small village in Ryazan (Russia), where his father was a village priest. His early studies focused on theology, but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species had a strong influence on his future interests. He soon abandoned his religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science. In 1870 he began to study natural sciences at the University of St. Petersburg.

Career:

Pavlov's main interests were the study of physiology and natural sciences. He helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and continued to oversee the program for the next 45 years.

While researching the digestive function of dogs, he noted that his subjects would salivate before food was served. In a series of famous experiments, he presented a variety of different stimuli before food was presented, eventually finding that after repeating the combinations, the dog would salivate when presented with stimuli other than food. He called this reaction a conditioned reflex. Pavlov also discovered that these reflexes originate in the cortex cerebral hemispheres brain.

Pavlov received significant recognition for his work, including acceptance into the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1901 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1904. The Soviet government also offered significant support for Pavlov's work, and Soviet Union soon became a famous center for physiological research.

Contributions to psychology:

While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly disliked the field of psychology in general, his work was highly influential in the field, particularly in the development of behaviorism. His discovery and research on reflexes was influential in the growing behaviorism movement, and his work is often cited in writings. Other researchers have used Pavlov's work in the study of reflection as a form of learning. His research also demonstrated methods for studying environmental responses using an objective, scientific method.

Publications by Ivan Pavlov:

Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul - English translation books entitled “Conditioned Reflexes” (1923).

Writing about today's hero is very difficult. The first Russian Nobel laureate, the first person to be nominated for a medical prize for the second time while already a Nobel laureate, a man who became an icon of early Soviet science, a man even short biography which will fill a thick book, a man who has become a scientific proverb, a man of a very complex character, conflicted and able to love and hate, and most importantly, always get his way. In general, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.

Ivan Pavlov

Wikimedia Commons

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Born September 26, 1849, Ryazan, Russian Empire. Died February 27, 1938, Leningrad, USSR

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904. Formulation of the Nobel Committee: “For his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.”

The future pillar of Russian and world physiology was born into the family of a priest. Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov, who began his spiritual career in one of the poorest parishes in the Ryazan province, rose to the post of rector of one of the best churches in the provincial city. Parents, of course, wanted Ivan, being the eldest son in the family, to become a priest. In total, Peter and Varvara Pavlov had ten children, half of whom died in early age, three became scientists, the only sister who survived to adulthood became the mother of five children, and only the seventh child in the family, Sergei Pavlov, became, as his parents wanted, a clergyman.

Nevertheless, Ivan Pavlov had to study at the seminary and the Ryazan Theological School. He later recalled about his relationship with God: “I... am a rationalist to the core and have finished with religion... I am the son of a priest, I grew up in a religious environment, however, when at the age of 15-16 I began to read various books and came across this question , I changed myself and it was easy for me... Man himself must throw away the thought of God.”

The books that led him to part with God were different: the British critic Georg Henry Levy, the critic and theorist of revolution Dmitry Pisarev, and then Charles Darwin. Coincidentally, at the end of the 1860s, the government changed the situation, allowing students of theological seminaries and schools not to become priests, but to continue their education in secular educational institutions.

Since Darwin did not fit in with a career as a priest, and there was also the book “Reflexes of the Brain” by Ivan Sechenov in his last year at the seminary, in 1870 the choice in favor of the natural sciences was finally made. True, seminarians were limited in the choice of specialties, so Ivan Pavlov entered the law department of St. Petersburg University. True, the future laureate studied there for 17 days and found a way to transfer to the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. For five years of his studies, he interned with the outstanding experimenter, famous for his filigree operating technique, Ilya Tsion, who studied the work of nerves.

Ilya Zion

Wikimedia Commons

Then Zion will become an agent of the Russian Ministry of Finance in France, an adventurer, a fraudster, and even seemingly one of the authors of the scandalous fake “Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” but that will come later. And at the university, Zion suggested that Pavlov study the secretory innervation of the pancreas. This work became Pavlov's first scientific work, and, among other things, was awarded a gold medal from the university. It was from Zion that Pavlov learned virtuoso surgical technique. Interestingly, like his father, Ivan was left-handed, but constantly trained his right hand, and eventually he became so virtuoso that, according to his assistants, “assisting him during operations was a very difficult task: it was never known which hand he will use next. He stitched with his right and left hand at such a speed that two people could hardly keep up with giving him needles with suture material.”

In 1875, Ivan Sechenov was “squeezed out” from the Medical-Surgical (now Military Medical) Academy, he went to Odessa, and Zion hoped to take the place of professor. Following his teacher, Pavlov, having received a candidate of natural sciences degree, entered the third year of the academy, with which his scientific career would later be connected.

But everything didn’t work out right away. At first, Tsion also had to leave: it turned out that he was a Jew, and the leadership of the academy prevented Tsion from receiving the department. Pavlov refused to work with the teacher’s successor and became an assistant at the Veterinary Institute, and in 1877 he left for the then German Breslau (now Wroclaw in Poland). First he worked for the master of digestion Rudolf Heidenhain, and then for Sergei Botkin. In his clinic, he received a medical degree and was in charge of virtually all scientific work in both physiology and pharmacology. It was at Botkin’s clinic in 1879 that Pavlov’s work on digestion began. They continued for almost a quarter of a century, with short breaks for work on blood circulation. For almost ten years, Pavlov learned to make a gastric fistula - an opening in the stomach through which the experimenter could gain constant access to the stomach of the experimental animal.

Pavlov with students of the Military Medical Academy and an experimental dog

Wikimedia Commons

It was very difficult to perform such an operation, because the gastric juice, which immediately poured out through the incision, corroded the wound and digested both the abdominal wall and the intestines. Pavlov learned to stitch the skin and mucous membrane, edging the fistula with a metal tube and closing it with a stopper.

In 1881, Pavlov returned to Russia, establishing relations with the Medical-Surgical Academy. However, then a more important event happened: in 1881 he married a Rostovite, Serafima Karchevskaya, once again going against the will of his parents. They were against it, firstly, because of the Jewish origin of their son’s bride, and secondly, they had already found a bride for their son, the daughter of a St. Petersburg official. Nevertheless, Ivan decided in his own way and, having received modest funds from the bride’s parents, went to Rostov-on-Don to get married. Only after marriage did Pavlov think about his financial well-being, because he had to take care of his wife. They had to live with their younger brother Dmitry, who worked for Mendeleev, had a government-owned apartment and let them live with him for the next 10 years.

More misfortunes immediately struck: the firstborn died. Nevertheless, Pavlov (with the help of his wife) found the strength to complete his doctoral dissertation “On the centrifugal nerves of the heart.”

In April 1884, the leadership of the Military Medical Academy (as the Medical-Surgical Academy was now called) was preparing to send two candidates for a year-long scientific trip abroad. Back then, this was standard practice for large universities. There were three applicants: the young Vladimir Bekhterev, the equally young clinician Sergei Levashov (Botkin’s student) and the more mature and experienced Ivan Pavlov. To Pavlov's indignation, Bekhterev and Levashov were chosen. The noise was notable, Pavlov still received his business trip, but it is believed that it was from that moment that the enmity between Bekhterev and Pavlov began (more active on the part of our hero). Then they were young scientists, but when they headed scientific schools... However, the confrontation between Bekhterev and Pavlov is a separate issue.

Vladimir Bekhterev

Wikimedia Commons

And research into the gastric system continued. After three years of work abroad (where he studied, among other things, with the founder of experimental psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, as well as Bekhterev, and with the author of fundamental works on the innervation of the heart and blood vessels, Karl Ludwig), Pavlov continued his research in St. Petersburg.

The main thing that Pavlov was able to show over the decades is a full description of how the entire digestive system works consistently, how the salivary and duodenal glands, stomach, pancreas and liver are consistently included, what enzymes they add to food, what they do with it, how break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as they are all absorbed in the intestines. In fact, he completely created the physiology of digestion.

The result was summed up in 1903: Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences, Professor Pavlov makes a triumphant report at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. A year later - Nobel Prize.

“Thanks to Pavlov’s work, we were able to advance further in the study of this problem than in all previous years,” said Karl Moerner, a representative of the Karolinska Institute, who traditionally represents the merits of candidates, at the award ceremony. - Now we have a comprehensive understanding of the influence of one department digestive system on the other, that is, about how the individual parts of the digestive mechanism are adapted to work together.”

It was possible to vary the food and observe how the food changed accordingly. chemical composition gastric juice. And most importantly, for the first time it was possible to experimentally prove that the work of the stomach depends on the nervous system and is controlled by it. In the experiment described, food did not enter directly into the stomach, but juice began to be released. This meant that the signal for the release of gastric juice came through the nerves coming from the mouth and esophagus. If the nerves leading to the stomach were cut, the juice ceased to be released.

It was Pavlov who divided reflexes into conditioned (developed by training) and unconditioned (innate). Actually, Pavlov created the world's first institute for the study of higher nervous activity, primarily conditioned reflexes. Now it is the Institute of Physiology, bearing his name. And it was precisely for his work on conditioned reflexes that Pavlov could become a two-time Nobel laureate in physiology and medicine. From 1925 to 1930 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize fourteen times!

And as for the anecdotes about how Pavlov tortured dogs, let us quote the words of Ivan Petrovich himself: “When I begin an experiment that is associated in the end with the death of an animal, I experience a heavy feeling of regret that I am interrupting a jubilant life, that I am the executioner of a living creature. When I cut and destroy a living animal, I suppress within myself the caustic reproach that with a rough, ignorant hand I am breaking an inexpressibly artistic mechanism. But I endure this in the interests of truth, for the benefit of people. And they propose to put me, my vivisection activity, under someone’s constant control. At the same time, the extermination and, of course, torture of animals only for the sake of pleasure and the satisfaction of many empty whims remain without due attention.

Then, indignantly and with deep conviction, I say to myself and allow others to say: no, this is not a high and noble feeling of pity for the suffering of all living and sentient things; this is one of the poorly disguised manifestations of the eternal enmity and struggle of ignorance against science, darkness against light!”

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14 (26), 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.” He divided the entire set of reflexes into two groups: conditioned and unconditioned.

Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's ancestors on the paternal and maternal lines were clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church. Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother Varvara Ivanovna (née Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).[* 1]

After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In his last year at the seminary, he read a small book “Reflexes of the Brain” by Professor I.M. Sechenov, which changed his whole life. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminarists were limited in the choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission he transferred to the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (he specialized in animal physiology with I. F. Tsion and F. V. Ovsyannikov ). Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, worked a lot on nervous regulation. Because of intrigues, Sechenov had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university. His chair at the Medical-Surgical Academy was taken by Ilya Faddeevich Tsion, and Pavlov adopted Tsion’s masterful surgical technique. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to obtaining a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice pouring out of the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I.P. Pavlov sewed the skin and mucous membranes together in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with plugs, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which is exactly what happened he did it on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food did not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of reflexes for the release of gastric juice. Over the course of 10 years, Pavlov essentially re-created the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a report at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for research into the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I. P. Pavlov first formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not entirely successfully translated into English language how unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, instead of conditional) became the basic concepts of the science of behavior, see also classical conditioning (English) Russian..

There is a strong opinion that in the years Civil War and war communism Pavlov, enduring poverty, lack of funding scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build such an institute as Pavlov wanted. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere.

This was refuted by the historian V.D. Esakov, who found and published Pavlov’s correspondence with the authorities, where he describes how he desperately fights for existence in the hungry Petrograd of 1920. He has an extremely negative assessment of the development of the situation in new Russia and asks to let him and his employees go abroad. In response, the Soviet government is trying to take measures that should change the situation, but they are not completely successful.

Then a corresponding decree of the Soviet government followed, and an institute was built for Pavlov in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.

Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in the city of Leningrad. The cause of death is listed as pneumonia or poison.

Stages of life

In 1875, Pavlov entered the 3rd year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, Military Medical Academy), and at the same time (1876-1878) worked in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich; After graduating from the Military Medical Academy (1879), he was left as head of the physiological laboratory at the clinic of S. P. Botkin. Pavlov thought very little about material well-being and before his marriage did not pay any attention to everyday problems. Poverty began to oppress him only after in 1881 he married Rostovite Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. They met in St. Petersburg in the late 70s. Pavlov's parents did not approve of this marriage, firstly, due to Jewish origin Seraphim Vasilievna, secondly, by that time they had already chosen a bride for their son - the daughter of a wealthy St. Petersburg official. But Ivan insisted on his own and, without receiving parental consent, he and Serafima went to get married in Rostov-on-Don, where her sister lived. The wife's relatives gave money for their wedding. The Pavlovs lived very crampedly for the next ten years. Ivan Petrovich’s younger brother, Dmitry, who worked as an assistant to Mendeleev and had a government-owned apartment, allowed the newlyweds to visit him.

Pavlov visited Rostov-on-Don and lived for several years twice: in 1881 after his wedding and, together with his wife and son, in 1887. Both times Pavlov stayed in the same house, at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. The house has survived to this day. There is a memorial plaque on the façade.

1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral dissertation “On the centrifugal nerves of the heart.”
1884-1886 - was sent abroad to improve his knowledge to Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in the laboratories of W. Wundt, R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
1890 - elected professor of pharmacology in Tomsk and head of the department of pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the department of physiology, which he headed until 1924. At the same time (since 1890) Pavlov was head of the physiological laboratory at the then-organized Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1904 - Pavlov is awarded the Nobel Prize for his many years of research into the mechanisms of digestion.
1925 - until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1935 - at the 14th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned with the honorary title of “elder physiologists of the world.” Neither before nor after him, no biologist has received such an honor.
1936 - February 27, Pavlov dies of pneumonia. He was buried on the Literary Bridges of the Volkov Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Cotenius Medal (1903)
Nobel Prize (1904)
Copley Medal (1915)
Croonian Lecture (1928)

Collecting

I. P. Pavlov collected beetles and butterflies, plants, books, stamps and works of Russian painting. I. S. Rosenthal recalled Pavlov’s story, which happened on March 31, 1928:

My first collecting began with butterflies and plants. Next was collecting stamps and paintings. And finally, all the passion turned to science... And now I cannot indifferently pass by a plant or a butterfly, especially those that are well known to me, without holding it in my hands, examining it from all sides, stroking it, or admiring it. And all this gives me a pleasant impression.

In the mid-1890s, in his dining room one could see several shelves hung on the wall with specimens of butterflies he had caught. Coming to Ryazan to visit his father, he devoted a lot of time to hunting insects. In addition, at his request, various native butterflies were brought to him from various medical expeditions.
He placed a butterfly from Madagascar, given for his birthday, at the center of his collection. Not content with these methods of replenishing the collection, he himself raised butterflies from caterpillars collected with the help of the boys.

If Pavlov began collecting butterflies and plants in his youth, then the beginning of collecting stamps is unknown. However, philately has become no less a passion; Once, back in pre-revolutionary times, during a visit to the Institute of Experimental Medicine by a Siamese prince, he complained that his stamp collection lacked Siamese stamps, and a few days later the collection of I.P. Pavlov was already decorated with a series of stamps of the Siamese state. To replenish the collection, all acquaintances who received correspondence from abroad were involved.

Collecting books was unique: on the birthday of each of the six family members, a collection of works by a writer was bought as a gift.

The collection of paintings by I. P. Pavlov began in 1898, when he bought a portrait of his five-year-old son, Volodya Pavlov, from the widow of N. A. Yaroshenko; Once upon a time, the artist was amazed by the boy’s face and persuaded his parents to allow him to pose. The second painting, painted by N. N. Dubovsky, depicting the evening sea in Sillamyagi with a burning fire, was donated by the author. And thanks to her, Pavlov developed a great interest in painting. However, the collection for a long time was not replenished; It was only during the revolutionary times of 1917, when some collectors began to sell the paintings they owned, that Pavlov assembled an excellent collection. It contained paintings by I.E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky and others. According to the story of M. V. Nesterov, with whom Pavlov became acquainted in 1931, Pavlov’s collection of paintings included Lebedev, Makovsky, Berggolts, Sergeev. Currently, part of the collection is presented in Pavlov’s museum-apartment in St. Petersburg, on Vasilyevsky Island. Pavlov understood painting in his own way, endowing the author of the painting with thoughts and plans that he, perhaps, did not have; often, carried away, he began to talk about what he himself would have put into it, and not about what he himself actually saw.

Awards named after I. P. Pavlov

The first award named after the great scientist was the I.P. Pavlov Prize, established by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1934 and awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology. Its first laureate in 1937 was Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, one of Ivan Petrovich’s best students, his like-minded person and associate.

In 1949, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the scientist of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov was established, which is awarded for a set of works on the development of the teachings of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Its peculiarity is that works that have previously been awarded a state prize, as well as personal state prizes, are not accepted for the gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov. That is, the work performed must be truly new and outstanding. This award was first awarded in 1950 by Konstantin Mikhailovich Bykov for the successful, fruitful development of the legacy of I.P. Pavlov.

In 1974, a Commemorative Medal was made for the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist.

There is a medal of I.P. Pavlov of the Leningrad Physiological Society.

In 1998, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the birth of I. P. Pavlov Russian Academy Natural Sciences established a silver medal named after I.P. Pavlov “For the development of medicine and healthcare.”

In memory of Academician Pavlov, Pavlov readings were held in Leningrad.

The brilliant naturalist was 87 years old when his life was interrupted. Pavlov's death came as a complete surprise to everyone. Despite his advanced age, he was physically very strong, burned with ebullient energy, worked tirelessly, enthusiastically made plans for further work, and, of course, thought least of all about death...
In a letter to I.M. Maisky (USSR Ambassador to England) in October 1935, several months after contracting influenza with complications, Pavlov wrote:
“Damned flu! It knocked down my confidence in living to be a hundred years old. The tail from it still remains, although I still do not allow changes in the distribution and size of my activities.”

MedicInform.net›History of Medicine›Biographies›Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

You have to live 150 years

Pavlov was in good health and never got sick. Moreover, he was convinced that human body designed to last a very long life. “Don’t upset your heart with grief, don’t poison yourself with tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian (99 years),” said the academician. He generally proposed that the death of a person under 150 years of age be considered “violent.”

However, he himself died at the age of 87, and very mysterious death. One day he felt unwell, which he considered “flu-like,” and did not attach any importance to the illness. However, succumbing to the persuasion of his relatives, he nevertheless invited a doctor, and he gave him some kind of injection. After some time, Pavlov realized that he was dying.
By the way, he was treated by Dr. D. Pletnev, who was executed in 1941 for the “incorrect” treatment of Gorky.

Was he poisoned by the NKVD?

The unexpected death of an old, but still quite strong academician, caused a wave of rumors that his death could be “accelerated.” Note that this happened in 1936, on the eve of the Great Purge. Even then, the former pharmacist Yagoda created the famous “laboratory of poisons” to eliminate political opponents.

In addition, Pavlov’s public statements against Soviet power were well known to everyone. They said that he was then almost the only person in the USSR who was not afraid to do this openly and actively spoke out in defense of the innocently repressed. In Petrograd, supporters of Zinoviev, who ruled there, openly threatened the brave scientist: “After all, we can hurt you, Mr. Professor! - they promised. However, the communists did not dare to arrest the world-famous Nobel Prize laureate.

Outwardly, Pavlov’s death strongly resembles the same strange death of another great Petersburger, Academician Bekhterev, who discovered Stalin’s paranoia.
He, too, was quite strong and healthy, although old, but he died just as quickly after being visited by “Kremlin” doctors. The historian of physiology Yaroshevsky wrote:
“It is quite possible that the NKVD authorities “eased” Pavlov’s suffering.”

Source(http://www.spbdnevnik.ru/?show=article&id=1499)
justsay.ru›zagadka-smerti-akademika-1293

Perhaps every Russian person is very familiar with the surname Pavlov. The great academician is known both for his life and death. Many people are familiar with the story of his death - in last hours life, he called on his best students and, using the example of his body, explained the processes occurring in a dying body. However, there is a version that he was poisoned in 1936 for his political views.

Many experts believe that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the greatest scientist of St. Petersburg, second only to Lomonosov. He was a graduate of St. Petersburg University. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion and circulation. It was he who was the first Russian to become a laureate of this award.

His works on the physiology of the nervous system and the theory of “conditioned reflexes” became famous throughout the world. Outwardly, he was stern - a thick white beard, a firm face and rather bold statements, both in politics and in science. For many decades, it was by his appearance that many imagined a true Russian scientist. During his life, he received many invitations to the most prestigious world universities, but he did not want to leave his native country.

Even after the Revolution died down, when life was quite difficult for him, like many representatives of the intelligentsia, he did not agree to leave Russia. His home was repeatedly searched, six gold medals were taken, as was the Nobel Prize, which was kept in a Russian bank. But what offended the scientist most of all was not this, but Bukharin’s impudent statement, in which he called the professors robbers. Pavlov was indignant: “Am I the robber?”

There were also moments when Pavlov almost died of hunger. It was at this time that the great academician was visited by his friend the science fiction writer from England, Herbert Wells. And seeing the life of an academician, he was simply horrified. The corner of the office of the genius who received the Nobel Prize was littered with turnips and potatoes, which he grew with his students so as not to die of hunger.

However, over time the situation changed. Lenin personally gave instructions according to which Pavlov began to receive enhanced academic rations. In addition, normal communal conditions were created for him.

But even after all the hardships, Pavlov did not want to leave his country! Although he had such an opportunity - he was allowed to travel abroad. So he visited England, France, Finland, and the USA.

Tainy.net›24726-strannaya…akademika-pavlova.html

The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of death of the Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV according to his FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

16 17 20 32 47 50 60 63 64 78 94 100 119 136 151 154 164 188
P A V L O V I V A N P E T R O V I C H
188 172 171 168 156 141 138 128 125 124 110 94 88 69 52 37 34 24

10 13 14 28 44 50 69 86 101 104 114 138 154 155 158 170 185 188
I V A N P E T R O V I C H P A V L O V
188 178 175 174 160 144 138 119 102 87 84 74 50 34 33 30 18 3

PAVLOV IVAN PETROVICH = 188.

188 = 86-DIES + 102-FROM DISEASE.

101 = DIES O*(t)
____________________
102 = O*T DISEASE

188 = 138-DYING + 50-FROM P(neumonia).

188 = 172-DYING FROM + 16-P(neumonia).

16 = P*(neumonia)
___________________________________
188 = DYING FROM P*(neumonia)

Marked with an asterisk (reference letters of the NAME code).

Reference:

Med-kurator.com›organy-dyhaniya/pnevmoniya…
Turbo
Pneumonia, or pneumonia, is a viral disease that... increases the temperature to any number - it can be a high fever (39-40 degrees) or a prolonged low-grade fever (37-37.5 degrees)...

50 = LIGHT*
____________________________
144 = HAD PNEUMONIA*(s)

154 = HAD P*NEUMONIA
____________________________
50 = FROM P*(neumonia)

DATE OF DEATH code: 02/27/1936. This = 27 + 02 + 19 + 36 = 29-(27 + 2)-...PAL + 55-(19 + 36)-...ENIYO(gkih) = 84.

84 = (re)BURNING LЁ(gkih).

5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 104 110 115 144 157 172 178 199 205 208 225 226 238 270
T W A D C A T S E D M O E F E V R A L Y
270 265 262 261 256 233 232 213 184 166 160 155 126 113 98 92 71 65 62 45 44 32

D(breathing) (prev)B(ano) + (stop)A (ser)DCA + (death)TH + CE(r)D(tse) (stopped)b + (pnev)MO(niya) + (dying) E + (catastro)F(a) + (mon)EV(monia) + (zakupo)R(k)A L(light) + (deceased)I

270 = D,B, + ,A,DCA + ,TH + CE,D,L + ,MO, + ,E + ,F, + ,EV, + ,P,A L, + ,I.

101 = (c)THE FUCKING PHYSICAL (liar)
__________________________
102 = (two)Twenty (double)

101 = DIES O*(t)
____________________
102 = O*T DISEASE

Number code full YEARS LIVES: 164-EIGHTY + 97-SIX = 261.

3 18 36 42 55 84 89 95 113 145 164 189 195 213 232 261
EIGHTY SIX
261 258 243 225 219 206 177 172 166 148 116 97 72 66 48 29

145 = PASSED AWAY
__________________
148 = choked

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

VOS(burning) (pulmonary)E + (s)M(ert)b + D(yhan)E (interrupted)SYA + (death)T(b) + (died)SH(iy) + (stopped)E(but ) + S(heart) + (death)TH

261 = BOS,E + ,M,b + D,E,SIA + ,T, + ,Sh, + ,E, + S, + ,Т.

Reference:

Pulmonary inflammation - articles verified by doctors
Yandex.Health
The term “pneumonia” refers to a special vocabulary, “pneumonia” – to a commonly used one, but both of them are widely known today and, unfortunately, are heard often. We are talking about an infectious inflammatory process in the lungs...

Look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:

86 = (c) EIGHT (is)
__________________________
119 = (eighty)YAT SIX(s)

86 = FROM VOSP (lung loss)
______________________________
119 = (from inflammation) of the lungs (x)

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich

(born in 1849) - physiologist, son of a priest of the Ryazan province. He graduated from the course of science at the Medical-Surgical Academy. in 1879, in 1884 he was appointed privat-docent of physiology and in the same year received a 2-year business trip abroad for scientific purposes; in 1890 he was appointed extraordinary professor at Tomsk University. in the Department of Pharmacology, but in the same year was moved to Imp. military medical acad. extraordinary professor, and since 1897 ordinary professor of the academy.

Outstanding scientific works of prof. P. can be divided into 3 groups: 1) work related to the innervation of the heart; 2) work related to the Ekkov operation; 3) work regarding the secretory activity of the glands of the digestive tract. When evaluating it scientific activity one must take into account the totality of scientific results achieved by his laboratory, in which his students worked with the participation of himself. In the 1st group of works concerning the innervation of the heart, prof. P. experimentally showed that during its work the heart is regulated, in addition to the already known delaying and accelerating nerves, also by the strengthening nerve, and at the same time he gives facts that give the right to think about the existence of weakening nerves. In the 2nd group of works, P., having actually carried out the operation of connecting the portal vein with the inferior cava, previously conceived by Dr. Eck, and thus arranging the bypass of the liver with blood rushing from the digestive tract, pointed out the importance of the liver as a cleanser of harmful products , carried with blood from the digestive canal, and together with prof. He also pointed out to Nensky the purpose of the liver in the processing of carbamide ammonia; Thanks to this operation, in all likelihood, it will be possible to clarify many more important questions, one way or another related to the activity of the liver. Finally, the 3rd group of works and the most extensive, clarifies the regulation of the separation of the glands of the gastrointestinal canal, which became possible only after the execution of a number of operations conceived and carried out by P. Of these, esophagotomy should be put in the foreground, i.e. cutting the esophagus in the neck and engraftment its ends apart at the corners of the wound, which made it possible to accurately determine the full meaning of appetite and observe the secreted pure gastric juice (from the gastric fistula) due to mental influence (appetite). No less important is his operation of forming a double stomach with preserved innervation; the latter made it possible to monitor the secretion of gastric juice and to clarify the entire mechanism of this separation during normal digestion in the other stomach. Then he developed a method for forming a permanent fistula of the pancreatic duct: namely, by sewing it with a piece of the mucous membrane, he obtained a fistula that remained indefinitely. Using both these operations and others, he found out that the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal canal has, like the skin, a specific excitability - it seems to understand that it is given bread, meat, water, etc. and in response to This food is sent by one or another juice and of one or another composition. With one food, more gastric juice is secreted and with a greater or lesser content of acid or enzyme, with another there is increased activity of the pancreas, with a third liver, with a fourth we can observe a brake for one gland, and at the same time increased activity of another, etc. Pointing to This specific excitability of the mucous membrane, he also indicated the neural pathways along which the brain sends impulses for this activity - he pointed out the importance of the vagus and sympathetic nerves for the sections of the stomach and pancreas. From the works we will mention: from the 1st group - “Strengthening nerve of the heart” (“Weekly Clinical Newspaper”, 1888); 2nd group: “Ekkovsky fistula of the inferior vena cava and portal veins and its consequences for the body” (Archive of Biological Sciences of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine (1892 vol., I); from the 3rd “Lecture on the work of the main digestive glands” (1897; all related works of P. himself are listed here. and his students). He also owns the study: “Centrifugal nerves of the heart” (St. Petersburg, 1883).

(Brockhaus)

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich

Rus. scientist-physiologist, creator of materialistic science. doctrines of higher nervous activity of animals and humans, Acad. (since 1907, corresponding member since 1901). P. developed new physiological principles. research that provides knowledge of the activity of the organism as a single whole, located in unity and constant interaction with its environment. Studying the highest manifestation of life - the higher nervous activity of animals and humans, P. laid the foundations of materialistic psychology.

P. was born in Ryazan into the family of a priest. After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School, he entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary in 1864. The years of study at the seminary coincided with the rapid development of natural science in Russia. P.’s worldview was greatly influenced by the ideas of the great Russian thinkers, revolutionary democrats A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, and the works of the educational publicist D. I. Pisarev and others. .and especially the work of the “father of Russian physiology” I.M. Sechenov - “Reflexes of the Brain” (1863). Getting carried away natural sciences, P. entered St. Petersburg in 1870. univ. While studying in the natural sciences department of physics and mathematics. fact, II. worked in the laboratory under the guidance of the famous physiologist I. F. Tsion, where he carried out several scientific studies; for the work “On the nerves that control the work in the pancreas” (jointly with M. M. Afanasyev), the university council awarded him a gold medal in 1875. Upon graduation from university (1875) II. entered the third year of medical-surgical. Academy and at the same time worked (1876-78) in the laboratory of prof. physiology by K. N. Ustimovich. While taking the course at the academy, he carried out a number of experimental works, for which he was awarded a gold medal (1880). In 1879 he graduated from Medical-Surgical. Academy (reorganized in 1881 into the Military Medical Academy) and was left with it for improvement. Back in 1879, P., at the invitation of S.P. Botkin, began working in physiology. laboratories at his clinic (later he headed this laboratory); P. worked there for approx. 10 years, actually managing all pharmacological. and physiological research.

In 1883 P. defended his dissertation. for the degree of Doctor of Medicine and next year received the title of private associate professor of Military Medical. academies; since 1890 he was prof. there in the department of pharmacology, and from 1895 - in the department of physiology, where he worked until 1925. Since 1891, he was also in charge of physiology. department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, organized with his active participation. Working for 45 years within the walls of this institute, P. carried out major research on the physiology of digestion and developed the doctrine of conditioned reflexes. In 1913, for research into higher nervous activity, on P.’s initiative, a special building was built at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, in which for the first time soundproof chambers were equipped for the study of conditioned reflexes (the so-called tower of silence).

P.'s creativity reached its greatest flourishing after the Great October Revolution. socialist revolution. Communist the party and the Soviet government always provided P. with constant support, surrounding him with attention and care. In 1921, signed by V.I. Lenin, a special decree of the Council was issued People's Commissars on creating conditions that would ensure P.’s scientific work. Later, Biological Sciences was organized for P. according to his plans. station in the village Koltushi (now the village of Pavlovo) near Leningrad, which became, in P.’s words, “the capital of conditioned reflexes.”

P.'s works have received recognition from scientists all over the world. During his lifetime, he was awarded honorary titles from numerous domestic and foreign scientific institutions, academies, high fur boots and various societies. In 1935, at the 15th International Congress of Physiologists (Leningrad - Moscow), he was crowned with the honorary title of “elder of physiologists of the world.”

I.P. Pavlov died at the age of 87 in Leningrad. He was buried at the Volkov cemetery.

During the first period of scientific activity (1874-88), P. was mainly engaged in the study of the physiology of the cardiovascular system. His diss relates to this time. “Centrifugal nerves of the heart” (1883), in which the existence of special nerve fibers that strengthen and weaken the activity of the heart was shown for the first time in the heart of a warm-blooded animal. Based on his research, P. suggested that the amplifying nerve he discovered exerts its effect on the heart by changing the metabolism in the heart muscle. Developing these ideas, P. later created the doctrine of trophic. functions of the nervous system (“On trophic innervation”, 1922).

A number of P.’s works dating back to this period are devoted to the study of the nervous mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. In exceptionally thorough and accurate experiments, he established that any change in blood pressure reflexively causes such changes in the cardiovascular system, which lead to the return of blood pressure to the original level. P. believed that such reflex self-regulation of the cardiovascular system is possible only due to the presence of receptors with specific properties in the walls of blood vessels. sensitivity to fluctuations in blood pressure and other irritants (physical or chemical). With further research, P. and his colleagues proved that the principle of reflex self-regulation is a universal principle of functioning not only of the cardiovascular, but also of all other systems of the body.

Already in his work on the physiology of blood circulation, P.'s high skill and innovative approach to conducting experiments were evident. Having set himself the task of studying the effect of ingesting liquid and dry food on a dog’s blood pressure, P. boldly departs from traditional acute experiments on anesthetized animals and is looking for new research techniques. He accustoms the dog to experience and, through long training, ensures that without anesthesia it is possible to dissect a thin arterial branch on the dog's paw and re-record the blood pressure over many hours after various influences. Methodical the approach to solving the problem in this (one of the first) work is very important, since in it one can see, as it were, the emergence of a remarkable method of chronic experience, developed by P. during the period of his research on the physiology of digestion. Another major experimental achievement was P.’s creation of a new method for studying the activity of the heart using the so-called. cardiopulmonary drug (1886); Only a few years later, in a very similar form, a similar cardiopulmonary drug was described in English. physiologist E. Starling, after whom this drug was incorrectly named.

Along with work in the field of physiology of the cardiovascular system, P. during the first period of his activity was engaged in the study of certain issues of the physiology of digestion. But systematically He began to conduct research in this area only in 1891 in the laboratory of the Institute of Experimental Medicine. The guiding idea in these works, as well as in studies on blood circulation, was the idea of ​​nervism, adopted by P. from Botkin and Sechenov, by which he understood the “physiological direction”, seeking to extend the influence of the nervous system to the greatest possible number of body activities" ( Pavlov I.P., Complete collection of works, vol. 1, 2nd ed., 1951, p. 197).However, the study of the regulatory function of the nervous system (in the process of digestion) in a healthy normal animal could not be carried out with methodological possibilities , which the physiology of that time had.

P. devoted a number of years to the creation of new methods, new techniques of “physiological thinking.” He developed special operations on the organs of the digestive tract and introduced the chronic method into practice. experiment, which made it possible to study the activity of the digestive apparatus in a healthy animal. In 1879, P., for the first time in the history of physiology, imposed a chronic pancreatic duct fistula. Later they were offered chronic surgery. bile duct fistulas. Under the leadership of P. in 1895, D. L. Glinsky developed a technique for applying a simple and convenient fistula of the ducts of the salivary glands, which subsequently had exceptional significance in the creation of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. One of the most remarkable achievements of physiology. The experiment was a method created by P. in 1894 for monitoring the activity of the gastric glands by separating part of it from the stomach in the form of an isolated (solitary) ventricle, which completely preserves the nervous connections with the central nervous system (small ventricle according to Pavlov). In 1889, P., together with E. O. Shumova-Simanovskaya, developed the operation of esophagotomy in combination with gastrostomy on dogs. An experiment with imaginary feeding was carried out on esophagotomized animals with a gastric fistula - the most outstanding experiment in physiology of the 19th century. Subsequently, this operation was used by P. to obtain pure gastric juice for medicinal use.

Mastering all these methods, P. actually re-created the physiology of digestion; for the first time, with extreme clarity, he showed the leading role of the nervous system in regulating the activity of the entire digestive process. P. studied the dynamics of the secretory process of the gastric, pancreas and salivary glands and the functioning of the liver when consuming various nutrients and proved their ability to adapt to the nature of the secretion agents used.

In 1897 P. published. the famous work - "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands", which became a reference guide for physiologists around the world. For this work in 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Like Botkin, he sought to combine the interests of physiology and medicine. This was expressed, in particular, in his justification and development of the principle of experimental therapy. P. was engaged in the search for scientifically based methods of treating experimentally created pathologies. states. In direct connection with his work on experimental therapy are his pharmacological studies. problems. P. considered pharmacology as a theoretical one. honey. discipline, development paths are closely related to experimental therapy.

The study of the connections of the organism with its environment, carried out with the help of the nervous system, the study of the patterns that determine the normal behavior of the organism in its natural relationships with environment, determined P.’s transition to studying the functions of the cerebral hemispheres. The immediate reason for this was his observations of the so-called. psychic secretion of saliva in animals, occurring at the sight or smell of food, under the influence of various stimuli associated with food intake, etc. Considering the essence of this phenomenon, P. was able, based on Sechenov’s statements about the reflex nature of all manifestations of brain activity, to understand that the phenomenon is mental. secretion allows the physiologist to objectively study the so-called. mental activity.

“After persistently pondering the subject, after a difficult mental struggle, I finally decided,” wrote Pavlov, “even before the so-called mental excitement, to remain in the role of a pure physiologist, that is, an objective external observer and experimenter, dealing exclusively with external phenomena and their relationships" (Complete collection of works, vol. 3, book 1, 2nd ed., 1951, p. 14). P. called an unconditioned reflex a constant connection between an external agent and the body's response to it, while a temporary connection formed during an individual's life - a conditioned reflex.

With the introduction of the method of conditioned reflexes, there was no longer any need to speculate about the internal state of the animal when exposed to various stimuli. All the activities of the body, previously studied only using subjective methods, became available for objective study; the opportunity has opened up to learn experimentally the connection between the body and external environment. The conditioned reflex itself has become, in P.’s words, a “central phenomenon” for physiology, using the Crimea it has become possible to study both normal and pathological more fully and accurately. activity of the cerebral hemispheres. P. first reported on conditioned reflexes in 1903 in the report “Experimental psychology and psychopathology in animals” at the 14th International Medical Sciences. congress in Madrid.

For many years, P., together with numerous collaborators and students, developed the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Step by step, the subtlest mechanisms of cortical activity were revealed, the relationship between the cerebral cortex and the underlying parts of the nervous system was clarified, and the patterns of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cortex were studied. It was found that these processes are in close and inextricable connection with each other, capable of widely radiating, concentrating and mutually influencing each other. According to P., all the analyzing and synthesizing activity of the cerebral cortex is based on the complex interaction of these two processes. These ideas created the physiological. basis for studying the activity of the sense organs, which before P. was built largely on subjective method research.

Deep penetration into the dynamics of cortical processes allowed P. to show that the basis of the phenomena of sleep and hypnosis is the process of internal inhibition, which widely radiated throughout the cerebral cortex and descended to the subcortical formations. Many years of studying the characteristics of the conditioned reflex activity of various animals allowed P. to classify the types of the nervous system. An important section of the research of P. and his students was the study of pathological. deviations in the activity of the higher nervous system, occurring both as a result of various operational effects on the cerebral hemispheres, and as a result of functional changes, the so-called. breakdowns, conflicts leading to the development of “experimental neuroses”. Based on the study of experimentally reproducible neurotic. states II. outlined new ways of their treatment, gave physiological. rationale for therapeutic effects of bromine and caffeine.

IN last years During his life, P.'s attention was drawn to the study of higher nervous activity in humans. Studying the qualitative differences in the higher nervous activity of humans in comparison with animals, he put forward the doctrine of two signal systems of reality: the first - common to humans and animals, and the second - characteristic only of humans. The second signaling system, being inextricably linked with the first, ensures the formation of words in a person - “pronounced, audible and visible”. The word is a signal of signals for a person and allows for distraction and the formation of concepts. With the help of the second signaling system, higher human abstract thinking is carried out. The totality of the studies carried out allowed P. to come to the conclusion that the cerebral cortex in higher animals and humans is “the manager and distributor of all the activities of the body”, “keeps under its control all phenomena occurring in the body”, and thus provides the most subtle and perfect balancing of a living organism in the external environment.

In the works “Twenty years of experience in the objective study of higher nervous activity (behavior) of animals. Conditioned reflexes” (1923) and “Lectures on the work of the cerebral hemispheres” (1927), P. summed up the results of many years of research and gave a complete systematic. presentation of the doctrine of higher nervous activity.

P.'s teaching fully confirms the fundamentals. dialectical positions materialism that matter is the source of sensations, that consciousness, thinking is a product of matter that has reached a high level of perfection in its development, namely a product of the brain. P. was the first to clearly show that all life processes of animals and humans are inextricably linked and interdependent, in movement and development, that they are subject to strict objective laws. P. constantly emphasized the need to know these laws in order to learn how to manage them.

P.’s tireless and passionate activity and his irreconcilable struggle against idealism and metaphysics are associated with an unshakable faith in the powers of science and practice. P.'s teaching on higher nervous activity is highly theoretical. and practical meaning. It expands the natural scientific basis of dialectic. materialism, confirms the correctness of the provisions of Lenin's theory of reflection and serves as a sharp weapon in ideological. the fight against any and all manifestations of idealism.

P. was a great son of his people. Love for the fatherland, pride for his homeland permeated all his thoughts and actions. “Whatever I do,” he wrote, “I constantly think that I am serving as much as my strength allows me, first of all, my fatherland, our Russian science. And this is both the strongest motivation and deep satisfaction” (Complete collection, vol. 1, 2nd ed., 1951, p. 12). Noting the concern of the Soviet government about encouraging scientific research, P. at the government reception of the delegation of the 15th International Congress of Physiologists in Moscow in 1935 said “... we, the heads of scientific institutions, are directly in anxiety and worry about whether we will be in able to justify all the funds that the government provides us." P. also spoke about a high sense of responsibility to the Motherland in his famous letter to young people, written by him shortly before his death (see Complete collection of works, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1951, pp. 22-23).

Numerous students and followers of P. successfully develop his teaching. At the joint session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine. Sciences of the USSR (1950), dedicated to the problem of physiological. P.’s teachings, further ways of developing this teaching were outlined.

P.'s name was assigned to a number of scientific institutions and educational institutions(Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1st Leningrad Medical Institute, Ryazan Medical Institute, etc.). The Academy of Sciences of the USSR established: in 1934 - the Pavlov Prize, awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology, and in 1949 - a gold medal named after him, for a set of works on the development of P.

Op.: Complete collection works, vol. 1-6, 2nd ed., M., 1951-52; Selected works, ed. E. A. Asratyan, M., 1951.

Lit.: Ukhtomsky A. A., The Great Physiologist [Obituary], “Priroda”, 1936, No. 3; Bykov K. M., I. P. Pavlov - the elder of physiologists of the world, L., 1948; his, Life and work of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Report... M.-L., 1949; Asratyan E. A., I. P. Pavlov. Life and scientific creativity, M.-L., 1949; Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. , Intro. article by E. Sh. Airapetyants and K. M. Bykov, M.-L., 1949 (Academic Sciences of the USSR. Materials for the biobibliography of scientists of the USSR. Series of biological sciences. Physiology, issue 3); Babsky E. B., I. P. Pavlov. 1849-1936; M., 1949; Biryukov D. A., Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Life and activity, M., 1949; Anokhin P.K., Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Life, activity and scientific school, M.-L., 1949; Koshtoyants Kh. S., A story about the work of I. P. Pavlov in the field of physiology of digestion, 4th ed., M.-L., 1950; Bibliography of the works of I. P. Pavlov and literature about him, ed. E. Sh. Airapetyantsa, M.-L., 1954.

P A Vlov, Ivan Petrovich

Genus. 1849, d. 1936. Innovative physiologist, creator of the materialist doctrine of higher nervous activity. Author of the conditioned reflex method. He was the first to establish and prove the connection between mental activity and physiological processes in the cerebral cortex. He made an invaluable contribution to the development of physiology, medicine, psychology and pedagogy. Author of fundamental classical works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion. He introduced a chronic experiment into research practice, thereby making it possible to study the activity of a practically healthy organism. Nobel Prize winner (1904). Since 1907, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925).

Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .

See what “Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich” is in other dictionaries:

Soviet physiologist, creator of the materialistic doctrine of higher nervous activity and modern ideas about the digestive process; founder of the largest Soviet physiological school;... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is a Nobel Prize laureate and a scientific authority recognized throughout the world. Being a talented scientist, he made a significant contribution to the development of psychology and physiology. It is he who is considered the founder of such a scientific direction as He made a number of major discoveries in the field of regulation of digestion, and also founded a physiological school in Russia.

Parents

The biography of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov begins in 1849. It was then that the future academician was born in the city of Ryazan. His Dmitrievich came from a peasant family and worked as a priest in one of the small parishes. Independent and truthful, he constantly clashed with his superiors, which is why he lived poorly. Pyotr Dmitrievich loved life, had good health and loved working in the garden.

Varvara Ivanovna, Ivan’s mother, came from a spiritual family. In her younger years she was cheerful, cheerful and healthy. But frequent childbirth (there were 10 children in the family) greatly undermined her well-being. Varvara Ivanovna had no education, but her hard work and natural intelligence turned her into a skilled teacher of her own children.

Childhood

The future academician Ivan Pavlov was the first-born in the family. His childhood years left an indelible mark on his memory. In his mature years, he recalled: “I remember very clearly my first visit to the house. The surprising thing is that I was only a year old, and the nanny carried me in her arms. Another vivid memory speaks for the fact that I remember myself early. When they buried my mother’s brother, they carried me out in their arms to say goodbye to him. This scene still stands before my eyes.”

Ivan grew up cheerful and healthy. He willingly played with his sisters and younger brothers. He also helped his mother (in household chores) and father (when building a house and in the garden). His sister L.P. Andreeva spoke about this period of her life like this: “Ivan always remembered his dad with gratitude. He was able to instill in him the habit of work, accuracy, precision and order in everything. Our mother had lodgers. Being a big worker, she tried to do everything herself. But all the children idolized her and tried to help: bring water, light the stove, chop wood. Little Ivan had to do all this.”

School and trauma

He began studying literacy at the age of 8, but only got to school when he was 11. It was all due to an accident: one day a boy was laying out apples to dry on a platform. Having stumbled, he fell down the stairs and fell straight onto the stone floor. The bruise was quite severe, and Ivan fell ill. The boy turned pale, lost weight, lost his appetite and began to sleep poorly. His parents tried to cure him at home, but nothing helped. Once the abbot of the Trinity Monastery came to visit the Pavlovs. Seeing the sickly boy, he took him home. Enhanced nutrition fresh air and regular gymnastics classes returned Ivan’s strength and health. The guardian turned out to be an intelligent, kind and highly educated person. He led and read a lot. These qualities made a strong impression on the boy. The first book that Academician Pavlov received in his youth from the abbot was the fables of I. A. Krylov. The boy learned it by heart and carried his love for the fabulist throughout his life. This book always lay on the scientist’s desk.

Seminary studies

In 1864, under the influence of his guardian, Ivan entered the theological seminary. There he immediately became best student, and even helped his comrades as a tutor. Years of study introduced Ivan to the works of such Russian thinkers as D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, etc. The young man liked their desire to fight for freedom and progressive changes in society. But over time, his interests switched to natural science. And here I. M. Sechenov’s monograph “Reflexes of the Brain” had a huge influence on the formation of Pavlov’s scientific interests. After graduating from the sixth grade of the seminary, the young man realized that he did not want to make a spiritual career, and began preparing for entrance exams to university.

Studying at the University

In 1870, Pavlov moved to St. Petersburg with the desire to enter the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. But I managed to get into law school. The reason for this is the limitation of seminarians in terms of choice of professions. Ivan petitioned the rector, and two weeks later he was transferred to the physics and mathematics department. The young man studied very successfully and received the highest scholarship (imperial).

Over time, Ivan became more and more interested in physiology and from the third year he devoted himself completely to this science. He made the final choice under the influence of Professor I. F. Tsion - a talented scientist, a brilliant lecturer and a skilled experimenter. This is how Academician Pavlov himself recalled that period of his biography: “I chose animal physiology as my main specialty, and chemistry as an additional specialty. At that time, Ilya Fadeevich made a huge impression on everyone. We were amazed by his masterfully simple presentation of the most complex physiological issues and his artistic talent in conducting experiments. I will remember this teacher all my life.”

Research activities

The first Pavlovas date back to 1873. Then, under the leadership of F.V. Ovsyannikov, Ivan examined the nerves in the frog’s lungs. In the same year, together with a classmate, he wrote the first one. The leader, naturally, was I. F. Tsion. In this work, students studied the effect of the laryngeal nerves on blood circulation. At the end of 1874, the results were discussed at a meeting of the Society of Natural Scientists. Pavlov regularly attended these meetings and communicated with Tarkhanov, Ovsyannikov and Sechenov.

Soon, students M. M. Afanasyev and I. P. Pavlov began studying the nerves of the pancreas. The University Council awarded this work gold medal. True, Ivan spent a lot of time on research and did not pass the final exams, losing his scholarship. This forced him to stay at the university for another year. And in 1875 he graduated brilliantly. He was only 26 (a photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov at this age, unfortunately, has not survived), and the future seemed very promising.

Physiology of blood circulation

In 1876, the young man got a job as an assistant to Professor K.N. Ustimovich, head of the laboratory at the Medical-Surgical Academy. Over the next two years, Ivan conducted a series of studies on the physiology of blood circulation. Professor S.P. Botkin highly appreciated Pavlov’s works and invited him to his clinic. Formally, Ivan took the position of laboratory assistant, but in reality he became the head of the laboratory. Despite the poor premises, lack of equipment and meager funding, Pavlov achieved serious results in the study of the physiology of digestion and blood circulation. His name became increasingly famous in scientific circles.

First love

In the late seventies, he met Serafima Karchevskaya, a student pedagogical department. The young people were united by similarity of views, common interests, loyalty to the ideals of serving society and the struggle for progress. In general, they fell in love with each other. And the surviving photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya shows that they were a very beautiful couple. It was the support of his wife that allowed the young man to achieve such success in the scientific field.

Looking for a new job

Over the 12 years of work at the clinic of S.P. Botkin, the biography of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was replenished with many scientific events, and he became famous both at home and abroad. Improving the working and living conditions of a talented scientist has become a necessity not only for the sake of his personal interests, but also for the sake of the development of Russian science.

But during the times of Tsarist Russia, achieving any changes for a simple, honest, democratically minded, impractical, shy and unsophisticated person, like Pavlov, turned out to be extremely difficult. In addition, the scientist’s life was complicated by prominent physiologists, with whom Ivan Petrovich, while still young, publicly entered into heated discussions and often emerged victorious. Thus, thanks to the negative review of Professor I.R. Tarkhanov about Pavlov’s work on blood circulation, the latter was not awarded a prize.

Ivan Petrovich could not find a good laboratory to continue his research. In 1887, he wrote a letter to the Minister of Education, in which he asked for a position in the department of some experimental university. Then he sent out several more letters to different institutes and received a refusal from all of them. But soon luck smiled on the scientist.

Nobel Prize

In April 1890, Pavlov was elected professor of pharmacology at two and Tomsk. And in 1891 he was invited to organize the department of physiology at the newly opened University of Experimental Medicine. Pavlov headed it until the end of his days. It was here that he performed several classic works on the physiology of the digestive glands, which were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904. All science community remembers the speech that Academician Pavlov made “On the Russian Mind” at the award ceremony. It should be noted that this was the first prize awarded for experiments in the field of medicine.

Despite the famine and devastation during the formation of Soviet power, V.I. Lenin issued a special decree in which Pavlov’s work was highly appreciated, which testified to the exceptionally warm and caring attitude of the Bolsheviks. In the shortest possible time, the most favorable conditions were created for the academician and his staff to conduct scientific work. Ivan Petrovich's laboratory was reorganized into the Physiological Institute. And for the 80th anniversary of the academician, a scientific institute-town was opened near Leningrad.

Many dreams that academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov had nurtured for a long time came true. Scientific works professors published regularly. Clinics for mental and nervous diseases appeared at his institutes. All scientific institutions headed by him received new equipment. The number of employees has increased tenfold. In addition to budget funds, the scientist received amounts every month to spend at his own discretion.

Ivan Petrovich was excited and touched by such an attentive and warm attitude of the Bolsheviks to his scientific work. After all, under the tsarist regime he was constantly in need of money. And now the academician was even worried about whether he could justify the government’s trust and care. He spoke about this more than once, both in his circle and publicly.

Death

Academician Pavlov died at the age of 87. Nothing foreshadowed the death of the scientist, because Ivan Petrovich had excellent health and rarely fell ill. True, he was susceptible to colds and suffered from pneumonia several times. Pneumonia was the cause of death. On February 27, 1936, the scientist left this world.

All Soviet people mourned when Academician Pavlov died (a description of Ivan Petrovich’s death immediately appeared in the newspapers). Gone big man and a great scientist who made a huge contribution to the development of physiological science. Ivan Petrovich was buried not far from the grave of D.I. Mendeleev.