EntranceEssence, functions and types of social information. Security assessment of the information management system of the Russian Federation What is social information
The sources of social information are social fact and social process.
Social fact- this is everything that happened, happened in people’s lives and is recorded in human perception, memory and documentary sources. In order for an event to acquire the meaning of a social fact, certain conditions are necessary. What happened must be of a social nature, i.e. be the cause or consequence of social relations; it must be of public interest and have a certain value from the point of view of use in the public process. For example, the shooting of the Supreme Council in the White House in October 1993 and other events in our history can be considered a social fact. This fact is reliable, socially significant, and has a certain value from the point of view of social information.
Unlike social fact social process denotes everything that happens in public life, is in motion, in development, interconnection, mutual influence. For example, the processes of formation of a market economy, processes of criminalization and lumpenization in society, privatization and corruption of government, etc.
With the help of social information, a person reflects the processes occurring in society, systematizes them, describes, analyzes, evaluates, sums up, comes to certain conclusions and makes recommendations. An example of such analysis and synthesis of social information are television analytical programs of leading television journalists specializing in the field of socio-political and economic relations.
In the practice of social management, various types of degrees generalizations social information.
Most high level generalization of information – theoretical, when significant relationships between objects are revealed, the genesis and evolution of the development of an object are revealed, its real models are built, laws are derived, etc. Its source is social sciences: philosophy, economic theory, sociology. This generalized information is used in the scientific community to stimulate scientific research. Authorities and management bodies use this information to develop political and management decisions. IN educational process this information must be mastered and studied within the framework of curricula in the disciplines of the humanitarian cycle.
Empirical (descriptive) level of generalization information is based on facts. It is also called factographic, since the reality of the existence of a particular object is stated and its inherent properties (signs, characteristics) are described. Most of the facts of socio-economic life are presented in statistical data. Statistics, including government statistics, make it possible to systematize phenomena and discover connections and patterns. It is designed not only to record facts and results, but also to develop practical recommendations and suggestions. The empirical level is necessary, but this is a preliminary stage, since true science begins with a theoretical understanding of the collected empirical material.
Social experiment is also a certain source of information and level of communication of information. It involves a certain artificial change public relations with the aim of scientific study and the development of new forms of social relations, especially forms of management. On a scale huge country social experiments are undesirable, since they are associated with certain costs for the entire society and for individual social groups (for example, collectivization and dispossession, the shock economic reform of 1992 for the entire society). The results of a social experiment can be positive or negative.
An important source of social information is documentation, which record almost all events, facts and processes of the socio-economic and spiritual life of the population. Documentary sources concentrated in archives, libraries, scientific and technical information agencies, and museums provide comprehensive information about various aspects of the functioning of society, about people’s lives, their mood, and the socio-psychological climate. This information helps to use positive experiences and avoid negative ones, not to discover what has already been discovered and done.
A valuable source of information for management is direct communication between managers with work collectives, with individuals. To lead effectively, you need to know the mood of people, their needs, study public opinion. Forms of information relations between leaders and the people are referendums, national discussions of the most important laws of the country, speeches in media mass media, reports to teams, visiting workplaces and meeting people, receiving visitors, etc.
Taken together, these sources of social information and the levels of its generalization make it possible to obtain knowledge about society, people and effectively manage social processes.
QUESTION No. 1. The concept of information, its properties. Information processes
The term information comes from the Latin word informatio – explanation, presentation. The original meaning of this term is “information transmitted by people orally, written or otherwise.” In the middle of the twentieth century, the term “information” turned into a general scientific concept, meaning the exchange of information between people, between a person and an automaton, between automata, as well as the exchange of signals in the animal and plant world.
In a philosophical sense, information is a reflection of the real world. This is information that one real object contains about another real object. Thus, the concept of information is associated with a specific object, the properties of which it reflects.
In computer science, information is understood as a message that reduces the degree of uncertainty in knowledge about the state of objects or phenomena and helps solve a given problem.
Information properties
Objectivity of information.
Completeness of information. Completeness of information characterizes the sufficiency of data for decision making.
Adequacy of information. This is the degree of its correspondence to the real state of affairs.
Availability of information. This is a measure of the ability to obtain information. ABOUT
Relevance of information. This is the degree of correspondence of information to the current point in time.
Processes associated with searching, storing, transmitting, processing and using information are called information processes. Basic information processes:
1. Information retrieval is the retrieval of stored information.
Information search methods: direct observation; communication with specialists on an issue that interests you; reading relevant literature; watching videos, TV programs; listening to radio broadcasts, audio cassettes; work in libraries and archives; request to information systems, databases and computer data banks, etc.
2. Collection and storage. Information storage is a way of distributing information in space and time.
3. Transfer. In the process of transmitting information, a source and a receiver of information necessarily participate: the first transmits information, the second receives it. Between them there is an information transmission channel - a communication channel.
4. Information processing - transformation of information from one type to another, carried out according to strict formal rules.
5. Use.
6. Protection. Information protection, in a broader sense, is understood as a set of organizational, legal and technical measures to prevent threats information security and eliminating their consequences.
QUESTION No. 2. Classification of information by type. Social information
Classification of information:
by way of perception:
Visual - perceived by the organs of vision.
Auditory - perceived by the hearing organs.
Tactile - perceived by tactile receptors.
Olfactory - perceived by olfactory receptors.
Gustatory - perceived by taste buds.
according to presentation form:
Text - transmitted in the form of symbols intended to denote lexemes of the language.
Numerical - in the form of numbers and signs indicating mathematical operations.
Graphic - in the form of images, objects, graphs.
Sound - oral or in the form of recording and transmission of language lexemes by auditory means.
by purpose:
Mass - contains trivial information and operates with a set of concepts understandable to most of society.
Special - contains a specific set of concepts; when used, information is transmitted that may not be understandable to the bulk of society, but is necessary and understandable within a narrow framework social group where this information is used.
Secret - transmitted to a narrow circle of people and through closed (protected) channels.
Personal (private) - a set of information about a person, defining social status and types of social interactions within the population.
by value:
Up-to-date - information that is valuable in this moment time.
Reliable - information obtained without distortion.
Understandable - information expressed in a language understandable to those to whom it is intended.
Complete - information sufficient to make a correct decision or understanding.
Useful - the usefulness of information is determined by the subject who received the information depending on the scope of possibilities for its use.
in truth:
true
Social information
Social information includes any information circulating in society that ensures that it performs its functions as a social system. Accordingly, if these functions are provided by any of the above types of information, it can also be considered as social. At the same time, for society it is possible to highlight some information that is relevant for its members highest value. Such information is called socially significant.
Socially significant information is information that includes, among other things, the following information:
about the state of the economic sphere;
about events of public life within the country and abroad that are of interest to a significant number of people;
on the activities of political parties and movements, leaders of society and the state;
about the labor and capital markets, etc.
Concept of social information
From the perspective of the information approach, social information should be considered information models, which determine the desire, fear, intentions, informational and real actions of individuals in relation to the human (social) environment; integration of these models in social systems of varying size and complexity; reflection of the integrated complexity of the social model in individual consciousness. This is followed by the correction of social models, both at the lower and at the upper levels of information - people change their behavior depending on the change of ideas, laws, rules, and the change of ideas, laws, rules occurs taking into account the changed behavior of people.
Social information lower level represents models of desire, fear, intention, informational and real action of one person in relation to another person. What one person wants to convey to another person, how to convey it and the fulfillment of intentions through informational and real action is only one side of the exchange processes occurring between two people. The other side of the exchange processes will be information about what this person expects from another person as his desire, his fear, his intention, his informational and real action. Such an exchange of social information is the control of a person by a person (in explicit or implicit forms).
Since people are united in groups, there is group social information - social information of the family, nation and universal social information. Accordingly, there is a desire, fear, informational intention and real action of the family, nation, humanity as a whole.
Actually, desire, fear, intention, informational and real action are social information in the description using certain information means. In their real existence, these phenomena receive a different and different status as an information act of the form: “model - reality - answer (YES or NO).”
Thus, desire is a psychological phenomenon, as a certain property of an individual, as a feeling of some kind of “need” by an individual. Fear is a feeling of possible danger from the external environment that threatens the life and freedom of the individual, family, nation, and all humanity.
Intention is also a psychological phenomenon, but more formalized in the form of a “need”, when both the goal and a possible set of means for realizing the goal for an individual are clear.
An information action is an announcement of intent. But real action is the implementation of intentions, the implementation of models for transforming the social environment to achieve a goal by the same individual in the form of an information act. At this level of the individual (I), psychological information is studied by psychologists and described in the specific language of psychology. To what extent does psychology do this adequately to actual motives? human activity, will be reflected at the level of consideration of social information.
At the level of social information, psychological information is transformed into the interaction of many, at least two individuals, and receives different designations for the quantities of social action, a different dimension and a different language of description, although “at the junction” of these different sciences the interpenetration of terms is possible. Most people are guided in social interactions by “common sense,” in which scientific social information occupies a very modest place. Actually " common sense"and should be understood as genuine social information, since the entire course of people’s lives is determined by it, and not by the degree of familiarity with scientific knowledge, even where scientific knowledge constitutes a significant component of “common sense”.
Within each group, social information has a different potential for “tension” of information processes - family members have different status and subordination with different degrees of responsibility; the nation is divided into social strata with their own specific information; universal information turns out to be integrated, composed of national information blocks; and this whole structure is permeated with individual human information with the individual potential of wanting, fearing, intending and acting.
Social information, thus, turns out to be a very complex construct, the complexity of which is explained not only by the complexity of the relationship between, in Hegel’s words, the particular and the universal, when the particular and the universal have different dimensions, depending on the levels of this universal, but also on the very nature of social information - will it be of an extremely entropic nature, such as, for example, an unformed social idea (or lack thereof), when the need for an idea is expressed as “yearning laziness”, as an unclear desire; or will be of an extremely negentropic nature in the form of a theoretical concept, an intention to implement this concept, an instruction, a requirement, a technological map and the technological process itself in action.
Social information located in information centers of different levels of the universal is a “cast” of integrated information, including all lower levels of social information, and at the same time subject to the influence of the universal level of social information. This cast can have very different degrees of “clarity”.
An individual person has his own social experience, that is, an individual array of information, and information about the social experience of the group to which he belongs, the nation to which he belongs, information about the social experience of all humanity. Individual social experience can be assessed as entropy, as cultural phenomenon, and measured, that is, assessed as an amount of information greater or less in comparison with the social experience of another person in a group, a nation, in all of humanity. The assessment of the cultural (information entropy) potential of an individual occurs without detail, intuitively, - the result is expressed in the form of a polar assessment: “friend or foe.”
The basis for measuring the amount of information (civilization potential) is the presence of formalized and conscious models of a person’s intentions and actions in relation to a particular information center (person, group or social institution). Such models are accepted in society by agreement as necessary, and in their completed form they constitute the concept of law. All models social behavior- both cultural and civilizational - are polarized in relation to the universal goal of “LIVING” on the basis of “GOOD-EVIL”.
Cultural (entropy) models are not structured (continuous), and represent so-called “general” concepts, such as “beauty-ugliness”, “high-low”, “justice-injustice”, etc. Due to their universality, these models are conservative (eternal), and can never be fully filled with specific content, in relation to which they turn out to be an “information field” that polarizes the specific behavior of a social unit on the basis of GOOD-EVIL in a specific historical space-time (here-now ), but extended into the past and future and into another space. Due to their universality, these models are both perceived from the outside and transmitted to society intuitively (sensually), since the restoration of a logical structure connecting a given event with another time and another space is most often impossible.
Civilization (negentropy) models represent directive information about proper and improper behavior in a specific historical space-time and in a specific space-time of a given social unit, presented in the form of repeating (constant) demands, actions (in a family, in an informal group) or in the form of documents in social institutions (rules, instructions, laws)1.
The “information approach” presupposes the presence of duality in every single entity. Therefore, social information can be (and sometimes should be) presented as a unity of social entropy and social negentropy. Theoretical basis applications of the information approach to social phenomena were developed within the framework of the Brussels School, led by the Belgian scientist of Russian origin I. Prigogine.
Social entropy
Social general entropy represents a set of (n) social models and actual things that have ever existed in the past, that exist randomly (not totally) now and that exist in the description of the future throughout the entire space of human habitation. Local social entropy can be identified, which, nevertheless, has an explicit or implicit connection with general entropy.
If we are quite strict in defining the concept of “culture,” then social entropy can be identified with this concept, since culture refers to everything that is created by humanity in its social activities. Now it is difficult to imagine any natural space not affected by human (social) activity, at least in fantasies. Therefore, any interaction with natural factors turns out to be social, that is, through human mediation, as through the property of some society. From here the dimension of universal social entropy becomes clear - the infinity of time and space (limited, however, by the flight of human imagination).
Social entropy, as already mentioned, in its general concepts is polarized in relation to the universal human goal of “LIVING” on the basis of good and evil. Such polarization is generally possible only in the presence of facts of social behavior that may be in agreement with the pan-human goal or contradict it. Social experience suggests that social entropy in a certain rather large volume of space-time is filled with “good” events and “evil” events in equal measure. (Recall from information theory that entropy is maximum when the probability of opposite outcomes of an event is equal to 0.5). Human experience suggests that things created by man are destroyed over time, and the number of people born is on average equal to the number of people who died in a fairly large volume of space-time society. Thus, it should be recognized that both culture and, consequently, social entropy contain an equal number of events of GOOD and events of EVIL. (Note that, in accordance with this position of the “information approach”, the identification of culture with a benevolent principle as with unconditional good is illogical). The polarization of social entropy occurs under the influence of a sense of denial of the “natural” course of things (the action of the multiplier logpi in the information entropy formula). As soon as a person cried out: “Nooo!”, he then began to look for the opportunity to change the natural course of things with the help of such models that can prolong, either in time or in space, the existence of what he wants. This feeling of denial of the fragile past, combined with the perceived probability of achieving a goal better than before and better than others, is what is commonly called “will” - p i log p i.
Social negentropy
Social negentropy as mathematical formula almost identical to social entropy, but opposite in sign and in the characteristics of “events”. Therefore, social negentropy (civilization) should include a certain number of social models, limited in the space-time of society, adopted in a given society under the influence of will by agreement, which are isolated from local social entropy (maybe even from general social entropy) as directives. Such models, when implemented, represent general view“technology” of social life, filled with technical means of ensuring people’s vital needs and models of their management (including scientific ones); filled with models of social connections that ensure the effective use of technical means and the employment of people in the process of producing social negentropy. Social negentropy is “embedded” in social entropy, and in their unity they represent the existence of society. The unity (consistency of two entities) of the existence of society is ensured by the presence of the universal goal “LIVE” and its consistency with the “mini-goals” of each lower-order system - family, group, firm, corporation, state, community of states. Each of the “mini-cells” is a “cast” of a universal goal and has the information potential of significance or will ( p i log p i). Therefore, in the existence of a social negentropic formation, it is possible to achieve significant information potential; so significant that the action of the universal potential turns out to be imperceptible. (For such an occasion, N. Berdyaev uttered words about the “death of culture”). But the weakening of the action of the universal potential, which is intended only to provide foresight, does not cancel the action of the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, the achievement of “power” by a certain social system necessarily gives rise to a difference in information potentials in relation to social systems that are lagging behind in development. This difference in social information potentials is the cause of a social movement of such strength that is proportional to the difference in potentials. The forces of the social movement are directed in all directions, but the determining vector operates where the greatest difference in information potentials exists. (As a measure to counteract the exponential growth of, for example, corporations, some societies with a fairly powerful foresight potential have adopted a progressive taxation scale and antimonopoly legislation, which, together with the right of employees to demand improvements in living conditions, harmonizes the process of social development).
For an individual, being in society means a plurality (n) of opportunities to realize life’s needs. In this sense, being in society is represented by entropy, consisting of a set of events, the probability of implementation (p i) of which depends on personal will and personal skill in an environment that carries the possibility of choice - “universal freedom” - in Hegel’s words. Therefore, the value of social entropy will be greater, the more possible events it promises - more goods on the market, more jobs, more transport and information connections, etc.; ultimately, more freedom of choice. (In this sense, giving the expression “growth of social entropy” a negative assessment is illogical, since this part of social entropy is polarized by the field of GOOD).
The negentropic part of a person’s existence in society is the actual satisfaction of his vital needs by choosing from the social entropy of possibilities. A certain stable part of a person’s life needs in society is satisfied in one way or another. This means that the social model is realized with a probability close to one in the expected size of space-time. With the growth of social entropy in external environment(for example, with an increase in the variety and number of goods on the market), a difference in information potentials arises between a stable individual model and the entropy of supply on the market. As a result, the individual consumer model is replaced by a model with a greater information capacity, the implementation of which may or may not occur in the actual space-time of individual existence. Such a change in the probability of implementing the modified model gives rise to a feeling of dissatisfaction. In this case, we can talk about the growth of negative social negentropy. We can also talk about the growth of negative social negentropy in the case when the probability of the implementation of a social model of any social institution(for example, a court) “overturns” (the court makes an unjust decision).
According to the mathematical law of sign reversal, negative social negentropy is translated into space-time entropy of society, polarized by the Evil field.
Social Information Language
Social information is transmitted using various information media, which are commonly called language. It turns out that the entropic part of social information corresponds to entropic means, and the negentropic part corresponds to negentropic means. For example, a person’s entropic psychological state, referred to as “mood,” is transmitted to society through facial expressions, posture, and breathing rhythms. Songs correspond to individual moods, and fundamentals correspond to social moods. musical works. Gestures can be vague, related to “mood,” or they can indicate a direct action of protection or violence. A word in human language carries within itself a double possibility of communication. - it can denote social entropy (for example, “social justice”) and can carry extremely negentropic directive information (for example, “give”). In any case, language serves to control human beings or human masses. Two components of control can be distinguished - entropy and negentropy.
The entropy component of control refers to that property of control called “foresight” (a property of information); the negentropic component relates to direct directive control (energy, and in the limit to power).
In the family, as in an elementary social unit, the methods (and therefore the languages) of managing children are continuous - they are equally possible in the early stages of the family’s existence, then forceful methods of control, energy and information, begin to dominate.
In society, the equal possibility of control languages is also observed in the early stages of development. Then, as development progresses, which can be clearly traced by the example of the development of the West, “power” methods of control begin to dominate, then energy and, finally, information.
Forceful methods of control within society reach their apogee with the use of force machines in the production of social negentropy (means of ensuring life). In external relations, forceful methods of control most often mean seizing some space where negentropy is produced or protecting one’s own space where negentropy is produced. At this time there is new language- the language of science containing entropy general concepts and negentropy of the mathematical description of physical phenomena with the dominance of the concept of force in physics.
Energy control methods begin to dominate during the period when the paradigm of force was replaced by the paradigm of energy in physics. This is a period of rapid development of capitalism in Europe and the USA. In managing the production of social negentropy, the language of money began to be used completely. The language of money turns out to be unusually convenient, since it is extremely continuous, that is, it is capable of expressing and reflecting elementary labor actions that lead to the creation of unusually large things, the comparison of the production of which with small things would be (in the absence of money) simply impossible in the process of exchange. The language of money has a double function - the function of information and the function of energy as defined as possible. The informational function of money lies in the fact that money contains information about the entropy of life, that is, information about what is required, in the words of K. Marx, for the “reproduction of labor power,” and from this requirement the average wage arises. The negentropy nature of money information about the process of production of a product is determined on the market through a huge multiplicity of information acts of purchase and sale. Thus, the information contained in money is the most complete, since it contains both the entropy of life and the negentropy of the production process. The information contained in money is potential energy until the moment the money is presented in exchange for something. As soon as money is presented for exchange for something - for goods, for labor, for information - the energy function of money begins to operate, launching (or supporting) power, energy, information processes. Since the negentropic component of money carries information about the “energy” of the production process (about labor productivity), this amount of information determines the value of the entropy of life, understood as “ free time worker,” which, of course, is by no means free - “reproduction of labor power” turns out to be a process of spending money, if there is enough money for this “reproduction,” or labor in running a household and raising children in an amateur way, if there is not enough money.
The example of the development of the West and the United States clarifies the essence of the development of society, understood from the point of view of the “information approach” as a consistent change in the phases of the dominance of power, energy and information methods of controlling a person with a change in the dominance of “languages of control”. In developing countries with undeveloped production and exchange, when the information capacity of one’s own money does not reflect the processes of production of vital goods, there cannot be conditions for the emergence of energy-based methods of managing society, since the monetary “language” of management turns out to be false and dependent on the information capacity of donor countries . As soon as the infusion of other people's money stops, the rampant inflation of one's own money "explodes" the energy management process. Attempts to contain inflation with the simultaneous “forceful” use of monetary language lead to a paradoxical delay in the launch of the economy of an undeveloped society.
In general, despite the fact that the dominance of certain languages of management in various periods of the existence of society takes the functions of other languages into the shadows, they, once they arise, continue to exist and be used irreplaceably. This especially applies to human language itself, which, although divided into many specific languages, nevertheless retains a common communicative function. Therefore, it seems undoubted that the information phase of the development of human society will be characterized by the dominance human language, which will be changed so as to lower the barriers between specific knowledge (religion, philosophy, science) to allow the interpenetration of knowledge from different aspects of human life. The fact is that the universal human goal “LIVE,” even if it is described mathematically, will require “deciphering” so that it can become the goal of every person.
The information period of the development of society, therefore, will represent a period of dominance of knowledge, expressed in a language understandable to everyone (with the preservation of the national composition) because, as one of the English philosophers noted back in the 18th century, “it is easy to govern an enlightened people.” General knowledge, access to which is facilitated by social conditions, undoubtedly lowers (or eliminates) social boundaries, the presence and strength of which are the source of social explosions (extreme behavior).
Social information is a body of knowledge, information, data and messages that are formed and reproduced in society and are used by individuals, groups, organizations, and various social institutions to regulate social interaction, social relations and processes.
From the perspective of the information approach, social information should include information models that determine the desire, fear, intentions, information and real actions of individuals in relation to the human (social) environment; integration of these models in social systems of varying size and complexity; reflection of the integrated complexity of the social model in individual consciousness. This is followed by the correction of social models, both at the lower and at the upper levels of information - people change their behavior depending on the change of ideas, laws, rules, and the change of ideas, laws, rules occurs taking into account the changed behavior of people.
Since people are united in groups, there is group social information - social information of the family, nation and universal social information. Accordingly, there is a desire, fear, informational intention and real action of the family, nation, humanity as a whole.
Actually, desire, fear, intention, informational and real action are social information in the description using certain information means. In their real existence, these phenomena receive a different and different status as an information act of the form: “model - reality - answer (YES or NO).”
Types of social information
|
Sphere of social activity |
Type of social information |
|
Industrial and agricultural production |
Production, technical |
|
Art and artistic creativity |
Aesthetic |
|
Sports |
|
|
Policy |
Political |
|
Mass information and propaganda |
Mass, popular, journalistic |
|
Education |
Pedagogical |
|
Control |
Management |
At the same time, for society it is possible to identify some information that is of greatest importance to its members. This information is called socially significant .
Socially significant information – this is information that includes, among other things, the following information:
On the state of the economic sphere;
About events of public life within the country and abroad that are of interest to a significant number of people;
On the activities of political parties and movements, leaders of society and the state;
About the labor and capital markets, etc.
In general, socio-psychological information is socially refracted in the subjective space of consciousness meaningful topic, which has become a socio-psychological phenomenon that combines semantics, aesthetics and energy. Socio-psychological information has its own information space, formed from specific information fields, correlating with other spaces and fields (social and psychological).
“Information exchange in social systems is based on interaction, i.e. on the process of mutual (joint) influence – direct or indirect – of objects (subjects) on each other, giving rise to their mutual conditionality and connection.”
At the level of social information, psychological information is transformed into the interaction of many, at least two individuals, and receives different designations for the quantities of social action, a different dimension and a different language of description, although “at the junction” of these different sciences the interpenetration of terms is possible. Most people are guided in social interactions by “common sense,” in which scientific social information occupies a very modest place. Actually, “common sense” should be understood as genuine social information, since the entire course of people’s lives is determined by it, and not by the degree of familiarity with scientific knowledge, even where scientific knowledge constitutes a significant component of “common sense.”
Within each group, social information has a different potential for “tension” of information processes - family members have different status and subordination with different degrees of responsibility; the nation is divided into social strata with their own specific information; universal information turns out to be integrated, composed of national information blocks; and this whole structure is permeated with individual human information with the individual potential of wanting, fearing, intending and acting.
Social information , located in information centers of different levels of the universal, is a “cast” of integrated information, including all lower levels of social information, and at the same time exposed to the influence of the universal level of social information. This cast can have very different degrees of “clarity”.
An individual person has his own social experience, that is, an individual array of information, and information about the social experience of the group to which he belongs, the nation to which he belongs, information about the social experience of all humanity. Individual social experience can be assessed as entropy, as a cultural phenomenon, and measured, that is, assessed as an amount of information greater or less in comparison with the social experience of another person in a group, a nation, in all of humanity. The assessment of the cultural (information entropy) potential of an individual occurs without detail, intuitively, - the result is expressed in the form of a polar assessment: “friend or foe.”